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Background parenchymal enhancement assessed at postoperative surveillance breast MRI was independently associated with the future second breast cancer risk in women with a personal history of breast cancer.

Recent considerable research efforts have been directed toward optimizing ceramic/polymer composite materials at the design stage, with a focus on enhancing thermal conduction pathways through distinct structures. This study introduces a simple process of adopting the template method followed by sintering to create a lightweight, self-supporting MgO framework with smooth-surfaced, highly thermally conductive MgO spheres. The segregated structure of inorganic ceramic particles significantly reduces thermal resistance and increases the thermal conduction path. Consequently, these composites exhibit notably higher thermal conductivity (6.61 W/mK) at a filler loading of 51.94 vol% compared to those with randomly dispersed particles. Additionally, 20.27 vol% 3D-MgO/epoxy composites with a thermal conductivity of 2.71 W/mK display a relatively low dielectric constant (3.78 at 1 kHz), only slightly higher than pure epoxy (3.39 at 1 kHz) with a thermal conductivity of 0.19 W/mK. This low dielectric constant is advantageous for electronic and electrical engineering applications. The study proposes an effective strategy for using MgO as an alternative to Al2O3fillers in high-power-density electronic devices, making 3D-MgO/epoxy composites a promising next-generation thermally dissipating material for electronic devices.

In women with a personal history of breast cancer, screening with abbreviated breast MRI showed comparable sensitivity and superior specificity to the full-protocol MRI.

COVID-19 vaccine–associated lymphadenopathy should be interpreted considering the vaccine type and interval from vaccination; follow-up US examination at least 12 weeks after vaccination may be reasonable, particularly for recipients of the messenger RNA vaccine.

Microcalcifications on mammograms obtained before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), peritumoral edema on MRI scans obtained after NAC, and clinical-pathologic variables were associated with survival of luminal breast cancer treated with NAC.

Supplemental screening US demonstrated additional node-negative early breast cancers that were overlooked by mammography and artificial intelligence in women with dense breasts, while increasing false-positive findings.

Among the solution-processed devices, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 25%; tremendous efforts are being undertaken to improve their stability. Recently, all-inorganic CsPbI2Br-based PSCs were reported to exhibit a significantly improved device stability, with a promising PCE of up to 16.79%. In this study, we report stable all-inorganic PSCs by incorporating novel dopant-free hole-transporting materials (HTMs). The synthesis strategy of the newly synthesized polymeric HTMs was similar to that of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), with the exception that they were designed to exhibit dopant-free characteristics. In particular, their polymeric backbone structure was significantly simpler than that of spiro-OMeTADs, and they were easily synthesized in two steps from commercially available chemicals, with an overall yield of ∼50%. The cost of synthesis at the laboratory scale was calculated to be at least 2.4 times cheaper than that of spiro-OMeTADs. The PCE of dopant-free HTM-based PSCs was 11.01%, which is 1.5 times higher than that of the dopant-free spiro-OMeTAD-based devices (7.52%) and comparable to that of the doped spiro-OMeTAD-based devices (12.22%). Notably, the stability of the device based on our dopant-free HTM to atmospheric oxygen and moisture as well as heat and light irradiation was superior to that of devices based on doped and dopant-free spiro-OMeTAD HTMs. On consideration of the synthesis cost, device efficiency, and device stability, our dopant-free HTM is highly promising for all-inorganic PSCs.

Following curative liver resection (LR), resectable tumor recurrence in patients with preserved liver function leads to deciding between a repeat LR and a salvage liver transplantation (LT), if a donor’s liver is available. This retrospective study compared survival outcomes and recurrence pattern following salvage living donor LT (LDLT) and repeat LR in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent repeat LR (n= 163) or LDLT (n= 84) for recurrent HCC following curative resections, between January 2005 and December 2017 at a single institution. A 1:1 propensity score matching led to 42 patients per group. Disease‐specific and recurrence‐free survival were significantly better in the salvage LDLT group than in the repeat LR group (p= .042; HR = 2.40; 95% CI, 0.69–6.00 and p< .001; HR = 4.23; 95% CI, 2.05–8.71, respectively). Despite significant differences in recurrence patterns between the two groups (p= .019), the patient death rates, after recurrence, were similar for both groups (p= .760). This study indicates that salvage LDLT is superior to repeat LR for treating patients with transplantable, intrahepatic HCC recurrence, even in patients with Child‐Pugh class A liver cirrhosis. Salvage living donor liver transplantation is superior to repeat liver resection to treat patients with transplantable, recurrent intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma, even in patients with Child–Pugh class A liver cirrhosis.

Ti3C2TxMXene is a member of the recently discovered two-dimensional early transition metal carbide and nitride family of MXenes with potential applications in energy storage and heterogeneous catalysis at elevated temperatures. Here, we apply a suite of in situtechniques to probe Ti3C2TxMXene’s thermal evolutions, including in situX-ray diffraction (XRD), in situdiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and integrated thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry–mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-MS). In light of this set of in situinvestigations, we find heterogeneity in the layering of Ti3C2TxMXene revealed only at higher temperatures. Our findings present behavior up to 600 °C, particularly interlayer water and −OH surface end-capping groups. In one group of layers, their interlayer spacing shrinks as water deintercalates, but the other group of layers unexpectedly shows no change in the interlayer spacing. This is strong evidence that intercalants act as guest pillaring agents in the latter layering group, which stabilize these layers at higher temperatures while keeping the interlayer space accessible.

The glandular tissue component of the fibroglandular tissue as assessed by using screening breast US is an independent predictor of future breast cancer risk in women with dense breasts.

A nomogram incorporating hormone receptor status, Ki-67 index, and post–neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) MRI variables can predict pathologic compete response following NAC in breast cancer.

AgBiS2nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as attractive absorbers in eco-friendly photovoltaics because of their nontoxic components and high absorption coefficient. Native long-chain ligands of AgBiS2NCs should be replaced with short-chain ligands for their photovoltaics; however, conventional approaches have been performed using solid-state ligand exchange (SSLE), resulting in inhomogeneous NC aggregation, broad bandtail, large trap density, and resultantly low open-circuit voltage (VOC) in devices. Herein, we first report that long-chain ligands of AgBiS2NCs are replaced with halometallate-based short ligands via solution-phase ligand exchange (SPLE). AgI and BiI3are used as halometallate sources, and we find that colloidally stable, highly concentrated AgBiS2NC inks in polar solvents are prepared via SPLE using AgI-based halometallates, enabling one-step-deposition suitable for roll-to-roll process. This leads to higher degree of ligand exchange, sharper bandtail, lower trap density, and resultantly higher VOCin devices compared to conventional SSLE. We also first demonstrate that the photovoltaic performance can be improved by introducing ethanedithiol-exchanged AgBiS2NCs on SPLE-prepared AgBiS2NC solids because of favorable band alignment and extended depletion width. Thus, this enables improving device performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 4.08% with the highest VOCof 0.55 V among the AgBiS2NC photovoltaics reported so far.

Accurate imaging assessment of nodal disease burden in breast cancer plays an important role in planning initial surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and guiding axillary management.

Supplemental breast US screening in women with a personal history of early-stage breast cancer had lower sensitivity and higher interval cancer rate but higher specificity compared with women without a personal history of breast cancer.

Chemical separation membranes, drug delivery agents, and other nascent applications of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) benefit from preparing MOFs as nanoparticles (nanoMOFs) and by controlling their particle surfaces. Despite the lack of deliberately added surface ligands, or surfactants, common examples of nanoMOFs exhibit multiweek colloidal stability in a range of polar solvents. Whereas nanocrystal colloidal stability in general arises from a combination of electrostatic repulsion, steric hindrance between surface species, and favorable interactions with solvent, nanoMOFs present the unusual combination of interior and exterior surfaces for these interactions to transpire. Here, we demonstrate that nanoMOFs suspend only in solvents that dissolve the constituent MOF linkers. Moreover, the maximum “solubility” of nanoMOFs, i.e., the concentration of saturated particle suspensions, correlates with the solubility of the linkers in the same solvent. Calorimetry measurements indicate that nanoMOF immersion enthalpies resemble the solvation enthalpies of the linkers, suggesting solvent–linker interactions dictate nanoMOF colloidal stability. As a proof-of-concept, whereas nanoMOFs generally suspend only in polar solvents, we achieve nanoMOF suspensions in toluene by identifying linkers soluble in the same solvent. Furthermore, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that solvents best at dissolving nanoMOFs are those that pack densely into the pores and interact with the MOF linkers. These results provide a predictive tool for achieving nanoMOF colloidal stability and highlight the uniqueness of defining a MOF “surface”, where solvents access both interior and exterior surfaces.

The presence of an extensive intraductal component does not affect overall survival or recurrence-free survival in invasive breast cancer.

The diagnostic performance and unnecessary biopsy rate of current practice guidelines are strongly influenced by nodule size cutoff for biopsy; understanding the impact of size cutoffs will be an important consideration in future guideline revisions.

We demonstrate morphological and optical engineering by using processing additives and optical spacers for polymer solar cells. Among various processing additives, introduction of diphenyl ether (DPE) into the active layer results in the smoothest surface roughness with uniform and well-distributed donor/acceptor domains, and the device with DPE shows the highest device efficiency of 10.22% due to enhanced charge collection efficiency and minimized recombination loss. Additional ZnO optical spacers on the active layer controls the distribution of the electric field in the whole device and enhances the light absorption within the active layer, thereby improving device efficiency up to 10.81%.

A NiMo‐ceria‐zirconia catalyst was developed for an inert‐substrate‐supported tubular single cell running on isooctane fuel. The tubular single cell consisted of an inert porous yttira‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) supporter, Ni‐Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(Ni‐SDC) anode, YSZ/SDC bilayer electrolyte and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ(LSCF) cathode. The NiMo‐ceria‐zirconia catalyst was packed in the tubular channel of the single cell as a reforming unit. With application of the catalyst in the tubular cell, the mixture of isooctane and air can be efficiently reformed to simple syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) at 750 °C. Compared to electrochemical performance of the single cell without the catalyst, applying the catalyst increased maximum power density of the single cell from 240 to 306 mW cm−2, and the single cell exhibited significantly improved stability during the 18 h performance test. The results suggest the feasibility of applying the NiMo‐ceria‐zirconia catalyst for operating the tubular single cell using isooctane fuel. Heterogenous Catalysis in Fuel Cells: A liquid‐fuel solid oxide fuel cell has been successfully demonstrated. By applying a novel NiMo‐ceria‐zirconia reforming catalyst in the tubular cell, complex liquid fuels can be efficiently reformed into synthesis gas before electrochemical oxidation. The internal reforming unit acts as a fuel‐cleaning filter, which significantly suppresses carbon deposition and improves the cell lifetime.

To compare the diagnostic efficacy, complication rate, and core needle biopsy (CNB) specimen yield in 18‐ versus 20‐gauge ultrasound (US)‐guided CNB for diagnosis of thyroid nodules. We included 81 consecutive thyroid nodules with US‐guided biopsy by a 20‐gauge core needle and 86 consecutive thyroid nodules with US‐guided biopsy by an 18‐gauge core needle during 2 years. The rate of inconclusive results, including nondiagnostic or atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance, was compared. The diagnostic performance for malignancy was assessed in nodules with a final diagnosis. The complication rate and CNB specimen yield were also compared. Eighteen‐gauge CNB showed a lower rate of nondiagnostic results (1.2% versus 8.6%; P= .024) than 20‐gauge CNB; however, the rates of atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance and inconclusive results were not significantly different between the groups (P> .05). In addition, 18‐gauge CNB showed higher sensitivity (75.0% versus 66.7%), a higher negative predictive value (83.9% versus 75.9%), and higher accuracy (78.3% versus 74.4%) for detecting malignancy than 20‐gauge CNB, although the results did not achieve statistical significance. No major complications occurred in either of the CNB groups. The 18‐gauge needle group had significantly fewer CNBs and larger specimen diameters (P< .001). Core needle biopsy with an 18‐gauge needle could be more effective for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules than CNB with a 20‐gauge needle.

Although the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0, 11 March 2011) occurred more than 1,000 km from South Korea, it significantly changed the magnitudes and orientations of Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity vectors in the country, which took two years to return to preearthquake values. Then, areas with relatively thick crust show contractional surface deformation, whereas areas with thinner crust show dilatation, suggesting that the deformation pattern is long‐term. Although there is no one‐to‐one correlation between earthquakes and surface deformation, earthquakes tend to be concentrated in areas with higher shear strain rates. In South Korea, the stress field inferred from earthquake data is inconsistent with surface deformation calculated from GPS data. This may arise because stress orientations at earthquake focal depths are different from those at the surface, or surface deformation measured by GPS may represent interseismic elastic deformation leading to future large earthquakes, while recent earthquakes without surface ruptures might not contribute to the surface deformation. Some effects of crustal thickness on surface deformation and inconsistency between surface deformation from GPS data and kinematics from earthquake data may be a common feature of intraplate regions. This paper deals with surface deformation of South Korea after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (earthquake magnitude = 9.0), using Global Positioning System (GPS) data. By analyzing the relationship between deformation of crust and earthquake activity, we conclude that earthquakes in South Korea occur most commonly in areas with higher strain rates. We also show that the effects of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake on the Korean Peninsula lasted for two years after the earthquake. Surface deformation of South Korea determined by GPS data shows the effect of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquakeContracting areas have thicker crust and dilating areas have thinner crustSurface deformation from GPS data and kinematics from earthquake data are inconsistent

Preoperative breast MR imaging is beneficial in optimizing surgical planning in invasive lobular carcinoma, with detection of additional malignant foci and reduction in the chances of repeat surgery without increasing the rate of mastectomy.

AbstractAlthough rice bran consumption is reportedly has numerous beneficial effects on human health, the relationship between rice bran and the prevention of photoaging has not been investigated in detail. We sought to investigate whether consumption of rice bran supplement (RBS) can elicit preventive effects against UVB-induced photoaging in vivo. Dorsal skin sections of hairless mice were exposed to UVB over 16 weeks. RBS consumption suppressed UVB-induced wrinkle formation and inhibited the loss of water content and epidermal thickening in the mouse skin. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that repeated exposure to UVB upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, while consumption of RBS suppressed MMP-13 and COX-2 expression, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These findings suggest that RBS could be a potential bioactive ingredient in nutricosmetics to inhibit wrinkle formation and water content loss via the suppression of COX-2 and MMP-13 expression.

Supplemental semiannual screening using US or MRI revealed second breast cancers in patients with a personal history of breast cancer in whom prior semiannual incidence US examination showed negative findings.

Power generation from electrochemical devices based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is in great demand for both stationary and automotive applications to achieve carbon neutrality goals by 2050. In particular, SOFCs are known for their fuel-flexible operations; for example, SOFCs can operate on simple and complex renewable fuels (such as ethanol, natural gas, jet fuel, propane, etc.). Unlike H2-based fuel cells, liquid and hydrocarbon fuels in SOFCs adopt the existing fuel infrastructure and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions significantly. This article presents the potential of using metal-based SOFCs (metal cells) as highly performing and durable power generators. The metal cells technology could be the most accessible solution for using SOFCs for versatile industrial needs.

A Metal-Supported-SOFC (MS-SOFC) has been modified by infiltrating a non-noble metal ceria-zirconia supported cobalt (Co/CZ) internal reforming catalyst to improve its reforming activity and inhibit the carbon deposition or coking under ethanol steam reforming conditions. Non-noble metal catalysts can still be deactivated during long-term cell operation in a severe coking-inducing environment. Therefore, an in-situ regeneration procedure was performed by pulsing air into the anode surface to burn the deposited carbon on the anode and catalyst layer during the cell operation. Upon the cell regeneration steps, the cell voltage was recovered to its initial condition at ~0.8 V, while the peak power density of the cell showed up to 116% recovery under H2and 111% recovery under ethanol. These data show that the air pulsing regeneration steps in the MS-SOFC can improve the lifetime by removing the coking deposit within the anode and further enhancing its electrochemical and catalytic activity.

The transparent characteristic of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) makes them suitable for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) devices. However, the diffusive scattering layer, which is usually used to increase the efficiency of these devices, greatly lowers the transparency of the DSC. This paper described a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC) reflector with a sub-micrometer characteristic length that can improve the efficiency of these devices while maintaining transparency. This 2D PCs were fabricated directly onto TiO2photoelectrodes using colloidal lithography and have the structure of a nanopillar array. A nanopillar with a height of 430 nm was observed to selectively reflect up to 40% of the light of 400–500 nm wavelength. The perceived transparency of the 2D PC electrode was 52%, which is much higher than 0.3% of the conventional scattering layer. The DSC fabricated using the 2D PC electrode demonstrated a maximum photon-to-electric conversion efficiency of 8.23%, which is 18% higher than the pristine electrode. The 2D PC is a highly efficient and wavelength-selective reflector that can be applied to various photoelectric conversion devices.

Photoelectrochemical devices rely on porous photoelectrodes because of the formation of heterojunctions with the electrolyte solution. We evaluate the electrolyte ion-diffusion transport in mesoscopic inverse opal (meso-IO) structures with a uniform pore network by comparison with the diffusion in the conventional random pore electrode. The ion diffusivity through porous photoelectrodes was obtained using the modified Fick’s law with the diffusion-limiting current in the current–voltage characteristic. We observe that the ion diffusivity of iodine-based electrolytes through the meso-IO electrode film was 1.5 times greater than that through the random pore structure. More importantly, the diffusion of larger ions, cobalt-based ions, was 58% more enhanced in the meso-IO structure than in the random pore structure. In practice, we confirmed the effect of electrolyte ion diffusion on the photovoltaic performance of the dye-sensitized solar cell, and about 11% higher efficiency at the meso-IO electrode compared to the random pore electrode when the electrolyte contains large cobalt ions. This study suggests that, with bulky electrolyte ions and a highly viscous polymer gel matrix, a uniform pore electrode structure, such as the IO structure, can be advantageous to achieve the best photoelectrochemical performance.

Owing to its high conductivity, solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and transparency, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been extensively explored for use in functional devices including solar cells, sensors, light-emitting diodes, and supercapacitors. The ability to fabricate patterned PEDOT:PSS on a solid substrate is of significant importance to develop practical applications of this conducting polymer. Herein, we describe a new approach to obtain PEDOT:PSS patterns that are based on a polymerizable supramolecular concept. Specifically, we found that UV irradiation of a photopolymerizable diacetylene containing PEDOT:PSS film followed by development in deionized water and subsequent treatment with sulfuric acid (glass and silicon wafer) or formic acid (PET) produces micron-sized PEDOT:PSS patterns on solid substrates. The newly designed photolithographic method, which can be employed to generate highly conductive (>1000 S/cm) PEDOT:PSS patterns, has many advantages including the use of aqueous process conditions, a reduced number of process steps, and no requirement for plasma etching procedures.

To decrease the deactivation of the Ni/YSZ electrode during hydrocarbon oxidation in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and coelectrolysis of H2O and CO2in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), it is very important to first understand oxygen vacancy formation at the triple-phase boundary (TPB) of Ni/YSZ because such vacancies are the active sites for coke formation and sulfur poisoning. Furthermore, the effect of the electric fields on oxygen vacancy formation must be investigated because such fields could potentially be used to alter the Ni/YSZ system and directly modify its electrocatalytic performance. In this study, three scenarios were considered: (i) oxygen vacancy formation in YSZ with and without a Ni cluster, (ii) oxygen vacancy formation and oxygen diffusion in YSZ and Ni/YSZ at different oxygen vacancy concentrations, and (iii) the effect of the electric fields on scenarios (i) and (ii). Our computational results show that the oxygen-enriched Ni/YSZ (Ni/YSZ+O) electrode is most likely to occur in an oxygen-enriched environment, even in the presence of different electric fields. Both large negative and positive electric fields could lead to more active TPB vacancies by reducing the vacancy formation energies of the Ni/YSZ+O electrode to a certain degree. Both charge distribution and effective dipole moments verify the qualitative findings concerning field influences on oxygen vacancy formation in Ni/YSZ. Overall, this investigation provides guidance for designing a Ni/YSZ electrode with an improved electrocatalytic performance via the simulated electric fields.

For the solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), nickel–yttrium‐stabilized zirconia (Ni–YSZ) cermet anodes operating with complex liquid hydrocarbon fuels display severe carbon formation on the Ni surface and sulfur poisoning. In this present study, we fabricate molybdenum dioxide (MoO2)‐based anodes with an optimum microporous structure that leads to a maximum power density over 3 W cm−2at 750 °C under the direct feeding of n‐dodecane fuel mixture. The cell resisted the carbon (coke) formation for over 24 h of continuous cell testing and was also resistant to deactivation with 500 ppm of sulfur in the fuel stream. It works with liquid fuels: A MoO2‐based anode with an interconnecting network of pores exhibiting both ion and electron transfer is fabricated. This anode is successfully operated in a solid‐oxide fuel cell (SOFC) by directly feeding an n‐dodecane fuel mixture (i.e., a Jet‐A fuel surrogate), showing resistance to coking and the introduction of 500 ppm of sulfur.

Density functional theory calculations are performed to examine how an external electric field can alter the reaction pathways on a stepped Ni(211) surface with regard to the decomposition of methyl species. We compare our results to those previously obtained on a close-packed Ni(111) surface and a bimetallic Au/Ni surface. The structures, adsorption energies, and reaction energy barriers of all methyl species on the Ni(211) surface are identified. The calculated results indicate that the presence of an external electric field not only alters the site preferences for the adsorbates on Ni(211), but also significantly changes the adsorption energies of the CHxspecies. By comparison with our previous results, this electric field effect is smaller than that on Ni(111). The local electric field value is also found to differ at the various adsorption sites for the CH3group on Ni(211). From the results, a correlation between the calculated local electric fields, the adsorption energies and effective dipole moments values is investigated. The calculations also show that the stepped surfaces are more reactive for the elementary dissociation reactions of the CHxspecies as compared to the Ni(111) surface. The final conclusion is that a positive electric field strengthens the adsorption energy of reactant CH3, increases the energy barriers of the decomposition of CHxspecies and weakens the adsorption energies of C and H. This suggests that the formation of pure C atoms deposits will be impeded by an external positive electric field.

Chemical and microbiological properties of Makgeolliafter high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment were investigated to determine the possibility of shelf-life extension. Laboratory prepared Makgeolliwas treated with 400MPa for 5 min and stored for 6 days at 25°C and chemical and microbial properties were analyzed. On day 6 the alcohol content of untreated Makgeolliwas 8.27%, whereas HHP-treated showed 7.50%, and pH were 2.76 and 3.22, respectively. Titratable acidity of HHPtreated Makgeolliwas increased by less than 0.1%, whereas the untreated was increased by more than 0.3% on day 6. Reducing sugar content, on the other hand, increased continuously in HHP-treated Makgeolli, and reached to 2.43% by day 6, but decreased to 1.13% in untreated Makgeolli. In HHP-treated Makgeolli, yeast was reduced to below detection limit and grew again on day 6. Lactic acid bacteria were also reduced by HHP, but reappeared within 2 days at the level of 1-2 logs CFU/mL. HHP slowed down the chemical changes such as pH, titratable acidity, and alcohol content; thus showing HHP treatment can be used to extend the shelf-life of Makgeolliby inactivating lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

The nonconventional bottom-up growth of TiO2was first demonstrated in the preparation of hierarchical TiO2electrodes for use in highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. The simple immersion of a substrate in a precursor solution enabled the growth of TiO2particulate films. Here, we have implemented a hierarchical growth strategy in which two stages of controlled growth yielded first macroscale TiO2particles, followed by mesoscale TiO2particles. We successfully fabricated electrode films up to 20 μm thick via a growth rate of 0.3 μm/min. The specific area of the electrodes was controlled via the deposition of mesoscale TiO2particles. The deposited particles displayed a rutile phase with an average size of several tens of nanometers in diameter, as confirmed by XRD and high-resolution TEM imaging. After depositing the second layer of mesoscale TiO2particles, the photocurrent density increased by a factor of 3. A maximum efficiency of 6.84% was obtained for the hierarchically structured TiO2electrodes under 1 sun illumination. The hierarchical TiO2electrodes were compared with macroporous TiO2electrodes, revealing that the higher photocurrent density could be attributed to a longer electron recombination lifetime and a high specific area. The longer recombination lifetime was supported by the presence of fewer defective TiO2surfaces, as confirmed by the XPS spectrum.

We have developed miniature biofuel cells (BFCs) with dimensions as small as 12×12×9 mm by adopting the design of stackable proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The enzymatic anodes were constructed by using stabilized glucose oxidase (GOx) in the form of crosslinked enzyme clusters (CECs) on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The combination of stabilized GOx and unbuffered fuel solution resulted in stabilized performance of miniature BFCs under continuous operation for more than 16 hours. This unprecedentedly high operational stability of miniature BFCs opens up new possibilities for many BFC applications.

One-layer self-patterned PZT film with 250 nm thickness was successfully fabricated using a photosensitive stock solution and UV-irradiation process. Ethanol based-photosensitive stock solution having high molar concentration was prepared without any precipitation using diethanolamine (DEA) as stabilizer. A highly perpendicular edge shaped film was obtained through the self micro-patterning procedure. Especially the physical and electrical properties of self-patterned PZT films were compared with those of conventional PZT films. A highly densified microstructure with fine grains was obtained for both films but the self patterned one showed a highly (111) oriented microstructure. The remnant polarization of self-patterned film was slightly higher than that of conventionally processed film, however it showed a conventional and applicable ferroelectric properties.

For applying ferroelectric material to nonvolatile active memory element in ferroelectric field effect devices, La 2 Ti 2 O 7 films on CeO 2 /Si (100) were attained at 650°C using rapid thermal annealing process followed by each coating step. The crystalline property of the film as annealing temperature was characterized by X-ray diffraction C-V characteristics were measured to investigate the ferroelectric memory. As a result, the memory windows were in the range of 0.4V to 2.1V when the applied voltage varied from 3V to 9V. However, the final annealing temperature increased, the memory window decreases due to the formation of complex oxide layer underneath CeO 2 .

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate were fabricated with photosensitizer or stabilizer and without additive. The behavior of NBAL in respect of physical and electrical properties was compared to that with conventional additive. For the film prepared with NBAL, the phase transformation temperature was lowered, the intensity of (111) peak was decreased, and the microstructure with fine grains was observed. The remnant polarization of the films prepared with NBAL or AcAc was slightly decreased comparing to the film prepared without additive. It was thought that photosensitizer could be evacuated effectively without any change of physical and electrical properties compared with that of conventional PZT films.

Self-patterned PZT films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate with different behavior of shrinkage were obtained by varying the molar concentrations of stock solution. PZT film showing a minimum shrinkage was prepared with 0.6M-PZT stock solution. The physical and electrical properties of self-patterned PZT film with 120 nm thick were compared with the film with 240 nm thick. Both self-patterned PZT films showed good properties regardless of the film thickness. With 120 nm thick self patterned PZT film, microstructure with fine grains and (111) preferred orientation were more important. Remnant polarization was relatively lower than 240 nm thick film due to the small film thickness.

In previous work, nickel–molybdenum (NiMo) nanoparticles supported on cerium–zirconium oxide (CZ) catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity and stability for liquid fuel reforming with an improved coking resistance compared with Ni/CZ. Lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) below 700 °C is vital, because they can reduce the material costs and thermal stresses of SOFCs. However, the performance of NiMo/CZ is insufficient when operated at temperatures below 750 °C. This work aims to improve the activity and coking resistance of NiMo/CZ at a temperature of 700 °C by adding a minimal amount (0.1 wt%) of Ru. The Ru‐promoted sample shows a high reforming activity for partial oxidation of isooctane at 700 °C. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and STEM indicate a smaller Ni crystallite size for NiMoRu/CZ catalyst, which would decrease its tendency to facilitate coke formation. The tubular SOFC with the NiMoRu/CZ as its internal reforming catalyst displays good power density output and performance stability at 200 mA cm−2. The single tubular solid oxide fuel cell with the nickel–molybdenum (NiMo)/cerium–zirconium oxide (CZ) internal reforming catalyst quickly degrades when it operates with isooctane. After introducing the Ru into the NiMo/CZ catalyst, the cell shows much‐improved stability. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Ru for enhancing the performance stability of the internal reforming of isooctane within the tubular cell.

In Telecommunications Management Network (TMN),the interworking of manager and agent requires thesharing of management information defined as SharedManagement Knowledge (SMK) in ITU-T Recommendation M.3010. SMK includes information on theprotocol knowledge, management functions, managed objectclasses and their instances, and authorizationcapabilities. We have developed a CORBA-based TMN SMKsystem in order to provide a dynamic and efficientdistributed processing environment for the exchange ofmanagement information between managers and agents. Inthis paper, we discuss the design issues and present the design of a CORBA-based SMK systemincluding the access protocol for obtaining the SMKinformation from MIB and for SMK context negotiations.Also, our effort on the prototype implementation of anSMK system using ORBeline and OSIMIS is presented.The preliminary performance results of our prototypeimplementation show that ORB-based SMK informationaccess outperforms CMIS-based SMK information access, and that our approach is an efficient way ofexchanging SMK information.