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Hintergrund: Während der Einsatz mechanischer Reanimationshilfen für Reanimationen des Erwachsenen erwogen werden kann, wird dies für die kindliche Reanimation noch nicht in der Leitlinie des European Resuscitation Council (ERC) erwähnt. Eine begrenzte Zulassung für den kindlichen Bereich liegt lediglich für ein verfügbares Gerät vor, weitere Anwendungen bei Kindern erfolgen im Rahmen von Off-label-Therapieversuchen. Die ethischen Aspekte, die sich durch den Einsatz von mechanischen Reanimationshilfen ergeben, sind bisher nicht strukturiert dargestellt worden. Ziel: Erarbeitung ethischer Aspekte in der Entwicklungsphase mechanischer Reanimationshilfen für Kinder. Methoden: Anhand von fiktiven Fallberichten wurde eine interdisziplinäre Expertendiskussion mit anschließender moderierter Ergebnissicherung durchgeführt. Unter Einbeziehung bestehender Literatur erfolgt die Formulierung von Leitsätzen und Forschungsdesideraten. Ergebnisse: Ethische Implikationen mechanischer Reanimationshilfen in der Pädiatrie ergeben sich für die Experten insbesondere für die Frage nach Indikationsstellung und Abbruchkriterien. Psychosoziale Aspekte betroffener Familien und Einsatzteams bedürfen einer differenzierten Betrachtung nicht zuletzt auch unter ethischen Gesichtspunkten. Diskussion: Über die hier dargestellten Aspekte zum Einsatz mechanischer Reanimationshilfen im noch im Entwicklungsstadium befindlichen pädiatrischen Kontext hinaus ergeben sich auch für die außerklinischen Reanimationsentscheidungen bei Erwachsenen praxisrelevante Implikationen. Für ethische Aspekte außerklinischer Reanimationsentscheidungen insbesondere unter Einsatz mechanischer Reanimationshilfen besteht ein hoher Bedarf an empirischer Begleitforschung.

Over the past decades, there has been considerable progress in the field of less invasive haemodynamic monitoring technologies. Substantial evidence has accumulated, which supports the continuous measurement and optimization of flow-based variables such as stroke volume, that is, cardiac output, in order to prevent occult hypoperfusion and consequently to improve patients' outcome in the perioperative setting. However, there is a striking gap between the developments in haemodynamic monitoring and the increasing evidence to implement defined treatment protocols based on the measured variables, and daily clinical routine. Recent trials have shown that perioperative morbidity and mortality is higher than anticipated. This emphasizes the need for the anaesthesia community to address this issue and promotes the implementation of proven concepts into clinical practice in order to improve patients' outcome, especially in high-risk patients. The advances in minimally invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques can be seen as a driving force in this respect, as the degree of invasiveness of any monitoring tool determines the frequency of its application, especially in the operating room (OR). From this point of view, we are very confident that some of these minimally invasive and non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring technologies will become an inherent part of our monitoring armamentarium in the OR and in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Few data exist regarding resuscitation of hypovolemic shock in infants, and alternative strategies such as vasopressor therapy merit further evaluation. However, the effects of norepinephrine on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock in the pediatric population are still unclear. Eight anesthetized piglets were subjected to hypotension by blood withdrawal of 25 mL/kg. Norepinephrine was titrated to achieve baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and cerebral oxygenation was determined by brain tissue Po2(Ptio2) and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygen index (TOI). Then, norepinephrine was stopped, MAP was allowed to decrease again below 30 mm Hg, and shed blood was retransfused. During hemorrhage, TOI dropped from 69 ± 3 to 59 ± 3%, and Ptio2from 29 ± 6 to 13 ± 1 mm Hg (mean ± SEM; p< 0.001). Following norepinephrine, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) could be restored immediately, whereas TOI and Ptio2did not increase significantly. In contrast, following retransfusion, TOI and Ptio2increased to 68 ± 3% and 27 ± 7 mm Hg reaching baseline values, respectively. In conclusion, while norepinephrine increased CPP immediately, cerebral oxygenation as reflected by TOI and Ptio2could not be improved by norepinephrine, but only by retransfusion.

Few data exist regarding resuscitation of hypovolemic shock in infants, and alternative strategies such as vasopressor therapy merit further evaluation. However, the effects of norepinephrine on cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock in the pediatric population are still unclear. Eight anesthetized piglets were subjected to hypotension by blood withdrawal of 25 mL/kg. Norepinephrine was titrated to achieve baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and cerebral oxygenation was determined by brain tissue Po2(Ptio2) and near-infrared spectroscopy-derived tissue oxygen index (TOI). Then, norepinephrine was stopped, MAP was allowed to decrease again below 30 mm Hg, and shed blood was retransfused. During hemorrhage, TOI dropped from 69 ± 3 to 59 ± 3%, and Ptio2from 29 ± 6 to 13 ± 1 mm Hg (mean ± SEM; p < 0.001). Following norepinephrine, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) could be restored immediately, whereas TOI and Ptio2did not increase significantly. In contrast, following retransfusion, TOI and Ptio2increased to 68 ± 3% and 27 ± 7 mm Hg reaching baseline values, respectively. In conclusion, while norepinephrine increased CPP immediately, cerebral oxygenation as reflected by TOI and Ptio2could not be improved by norepinephrine, but only by retransfusion.