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The present work aims to valorize an aromatic and medicinal plant of Eucalyptus globulusfound in the region of Dakar, Senegal. To do so, we first extracted the essential oil contained in the leaves of the plant harvested in October 2020. We obtained the essential oil by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type extractor with a yield of 1.70% of the dry plant mass. This value is quite appreciable compared to the different values in the literature. The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus globuluswas tested as a green inhibitor on carbon steel type XC38 in 1M HCl acid medium by the mass loss method. The results obtained led to a maximum inhibitory efficiency of 89.03% for a concentration of 1.6 g/L of essential oil at room temperature of 298 K. The effect of temperature on the inhibitory behavior of the essential oil was also studied over a range of 298 K to 338 K. In this temperature range, a loss of efficiency was observed with increasing temperature, reaching a value of 15.33% at 338 K. Thermodynamic quantities were then determined. The plot of the different isotherms showed that the adsorption of the essential oil obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained showed a physical character of adsorption of this essential oil.

La varicelle est une maladie infectieuse bénigne, contagieuse et immunisante due au virus varicelle zona de la famille des alpha-herpes viridae. Ses complications sont graves, parfois létales en raison des atteintes multiviscérales. Nous rapportons 3 cas.

Despite having the largest reserves and forecasts for undiscovered hydrocarbon energy resources in the world, which highlights global energy dependence on the Middle East, a distinct lack of cooperation between regional governments is accompanied by incoherent energy policies and governmental processes that enable trans-regional powers (mainly, Western powers) to dominate resource exploitation and “win the game.” A lack of cooperation between Middle Eastern oil producing countries as well as attendant competition and rivalry allows significant leverage for Western powers to pit one Middle Eastern country against another; thus, permitting Western energy hegemony in the region. Using game theory and a qualitative analytical approach, the authors posit that trans-regional powers, to their advantage, have hegemonic control over regional Middle Eastern powers that maintain the pace of energy production to supply growing demands for predominantly western consumption. The Middle East countries will continue to lose the “game,” especially Iran and Saudi Arabia, if they do not reconcile differences and exploit options for regional cooperation. Such a modification in relations would allow coherent policies and governmental structures to institutionalize and reverse the current trend for extrinsic hegemony.

Biodegradable stents made of magnesium alloys have become revolutionary in the cardiovascular area. However, rapid corrosion in a body fluid environment is harmful to the mechanical properties and stability. In this study, untreated and cryogenically treated samples of AZ91 and AM60 alloy were employed at -196 °C for 48 h. Afterwards, the corrosion performance of the AZ91 and AM60 samples was tested in an isotonic solution containing 0.9 wt.-% NaCl. Electrochemical methods such as open-circuit potential measurement (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the corrosion performance. In general, the results obtained for the electrochemical studies show that the cryogenically treated AZ91 and AM60 samples maintain superior corrosion resistance when compared to the former sample. The OCP results indicated that the cryogenically treated AZ91 and AM60 outperformed untreated samples after 1 h. The potentiodynamic studies confirmed that cryogenically treated AZ91 and AM60 had superior anodic pitting potential (Epit) and that the passivation zone is higher than AZ91 and AM60 when untreated. The EIS confirmed the lower corrosion kinetics for AZ91 and AM60 treated in the former sample.

AbstractThe incidence of the Salmonellacontamination of poultry products in Senegal is unknown. Salmonellacontamination and antimicrobial drug resistance profiles in chicken carcasses were investigated. Between July 2012 and July 2013, three types of chicken carcasses (broilers, laying hens, and premises chickens) obtained from retailers in the markets of Dakar and its suburbs were tested for Salmonellacontamination. Salmonellastrains were isolated from 300 chicken carcasses according to International Organization for Standardization ISO 6579 (2002) guidelines. In these samples, 273 isolates were obtained, belonging to 22 serovars, and 53% samples were contaminated with at least 1 serovar. Standardized techniques were used for the susceptibility testing and serotyping of isolates. Hygiene conditions, in terms of the cleanliness of stalls, the packing of chicken carcasses in bags, and the maintenance of the cold chain at the stall, were moderately poor. The three serovars most frequently identified were SalmonellaIstanbul (28%), SalmonellaBrancaster (19%), and SalmonellaKentucky (13%). Overall, 21% of isolates were resistant to quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Serovar Istanbul was resistant to tetracycline (TE) and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Serovars Brancaster and Kentucky were resistant to betalactams and to quinolones or fluoroquinolones. The uncommon serovar Senftenberg had the strongest resistance profile, displaying resistance to betalactams including imipenem (IMP). Large numbers of isolates were resistant to TE (66%) and SXT (47%). Resistance to cephalosporins (5%), chloramphenicol (2%), gentamicin (8%), and IMP (1%) was less frequent. A large proportion of the broilers sold in Dakar markets were contaminated with Salmonella. This situation probably resulted from poor hygiene conditions in chicken farms and slaughterhouses and from breaks in the cold chain at some point in the distribution of poultry products.

During organogenesis, epithelial cells can give rise to mesenchymal cells through epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The reverse process, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), can similarly generate epithelial cells. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states are also critical for the induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. This Review discusses the relatively less characterized process of MET, focusing on the genesis of apicobasal cell polarity and exploring the roles of MET in development and reprogramming.

Inflammatory odontogenic cysts are lesions that develop from the cellular remains of odontogenesis. They are lesions that may recur after incomplete surgical enucleation with a variable clinical appearance depending on the clinical form. These clinical variations could be explained by the biological behaviour of the lesion cells which can be explored by the study of the cell proliferation index (Ki67). This justifies the initiation of this work whose objective was to study the level of expression of Ki67 and to measure the index of proliferation in odontogenic inflammatory cysts.

La maladie de Biermer est due à une malabsorption de la vitamine B12, engendrée par une carence en facteur intrinsèque. Elle pose des difficultés diagnostiques liées aux atypies fréquentes qui sont parfois source de retard diagnostique et, d’autre part, une menace du pronostic vital. Nous rapportons un cas.

Dent disease is a rare X-linked tubulopathy caused by mutations in the endosomal chloride-proton exchanger (ClC-5) resulting in defective receptor-mediated endocytosis and severe proximal tubule dysfunction. Bone marrow transplantation has recently been shown to preserve kidney function in cystinosis, a lysosomal storage disease causing proximal tubule dysfunction. Here we test the effects of bone marrow transplantation in Clcn5Y/-mice, a faithful model for Dent disease. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow in Clcn5Y/-mice significantly improved proximal tubule dysfunction, with decreased low-molecular-weight proteinuria, glycosuria, calciuria, and polyuria four months after transplantation, compared to Clcn5Y/-mice transplanted with ClC-5 knockout bone marrow. Bone marrow–derived cells engrafted in the interstitium, surrounding proximal tubule cells, which showed a rescue of the apical expression of ClC-5 and megalin receptors. The improvement of proximal tubule dysfunction correlated with Clcn5gene expression in kidneys of mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow cells. Coculture of Clcn5Y/-proximal tubule cells with bone marrow–derived cells confirmed rescue of ClC-5 and megalin, resulting in improved endocytosis. Nanotubular extensions between the engrafted bone marrow–derived cells and proximal tubule cells were observed in vivoand in vitro. No rescue was found when the formation of the tunneling nanotubes was prevented by actin depolymerization or when cells were physically separated by transwell inserts. Thus, bone marrow transplantation may rescue the epithelial phenotype due to an inherited endosomal defect. Direct contacts between bone marrow–derived cells and diseased tubular cells play a key role in the rescue mechanism.

The frequency ofswitches between Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has increased considerably over previous years. Between fingolimod and anti-CD20 therapies, a 1-month wash-out period is usually recommended. However, disease reactivations are frequent after fingolimod (Fg) cessation. Using a retrospective observational monocentric exposed/non-exposed cohort study, we investigated the efficacy and the safety of a shorter wash-out period (WP) between Fg and anti-CD20. We compared two groups: 25 patients with a short WP (<21 days) and 20 patients with a longer WP (> 21 days). We observed no reactivation during WP in patients with a short WP against a relapse in 55 % of patients in the longer group. Moreover, clinical and biological safety was excellent. Based on these findings, we recommend a shorter WP between fingolimod and anti-CD20 therapies in MS.

Lumen formation during epithelial morphogenesis requires the creation of a luminal space at cell interfaces named apical membrane-initiation sites (AMISs). This is dependent upon integrated signaling from mechanical and biochemical cues, vesicle trafficking, cell division, and processes tightly coupled to ciliogenesis. Deciphering relationships between polarity determinants and lumen or cilia generation remains a fundamental issue. Here, we report that Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 2 (SHIP2), a basolateral determinant of polarity, regulates RhoA-dependent actin contractility and cell division to form AMISs. SHIP2 regulates mitotic spindle alignment. SHIP2 is expressed in G1 phase, whereas Aurora A kinase is enriched in mitosis. SHIP2 binds Aurora A kinase and the scaffolding protein HEF1 and promotes their basolateral localization at the expense of their luminal expression connected with cilia resorption. Furthermore, SHIP2 expression increases cilia length. Thus, our findings offer new insight into the relationships among basolateral proteins, lumen generation, and ciliogenesis.

The behavior of E400 steel, a constructional steel widely used in Senegal, was studied in aqueous NaCl solution in the presence of two types of clay: volcanic tuffs, and sedimentary montmorillonite. The protection efficiency of these compounds were electrochemically assessed (corrosion potential variation curves, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) at various inhibitor contents. The results obtained showed that these inhibitors present an inhibitory efficacy of about 70% for an optimal concentration of 0.60% for the tuffs and 62% for a maximum content of 0.50% for montmorillonite.

Objective. In response to the current CDC recommendations for routine HIV testing in clinical settings, the Adolescent AIDS Program at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, developed the Advise, Consent, Test, Support routine HIV testing model (ACTS) in 2003. ACTS was piloted in 10 community health centers operated by Montefiore because they serve populations most at risk for HIV/AIDS.Methods. ACTS streamlined and codified the counseling and testing process, provided a routine HIV testing practice change plan, and provided training and communication materials that promoted routine HIV testing. To determine program success, we measured the number of patients seen at the clinics, the number of HIV test-eligible patients (those aged 13–64 years and not pregnant), the number and percent of patients receiving HIV testing, HIV test results, and the number of patients linked to care.Results. HIV testing in the 10 sites increased nearly threefold during the pilot period (2003–2007), from 3,944 of 49,125 eligible patients (8%) tested in 2003 to 11,212 of 55,629 eligible patients (20%) tested in 2007. With little ongoing support, the sites continued or maintained improvements: 13,226 of 56,686 eligible patients (23%) were tested in 2008, 15,965 of 57,025 eligible patients (28%) were tested in 2011, 17,483 of 60,514 eligible patients (29%) were tested in 2012, and 17,971 of 63,172 eligible patients (28%) were tested in 2013. Sites identified 433 HIV-positive patients from 2006 to 2013 (0.2%–0.6% annual seropositivity), and 96% of them were linked to care within 90 days of HIV diagnoses (range: 92% to 98% annually).Conclusion. ACTS demonstrated that substantial and sustained increases in routine HIV testing can be achieved in health-care settings, not by adding personnel or financial resources, but by using the model's practice change plan and streamlined HIV testing approach.

AbstractThe detection of pathogenic Vibrioin seafood from Senegal has generated five food alerts in the European Union. To investigate the presence and abundance Vibrio choleraeand Vibrio parahaemolyticusin seafood and coastal and estuarine waters, 123 seafood samples and 52 water samples were collected during 2007–2009 from two large seafood markets in Dakar, and from different oceanic and estuarine areas of the country. V. parahaemolyticuswas detected in 30.1% of seafood samples, whereas presence of V. choleraewas only found in 1.6%. In water samples, V. parahaemolyticusand V. choleraewere detected in 28.8% and 5.7% of the samples, respectively. Abundance of V. parahaemolyticusin seafood from the fishing areas ranged from <0.3 to 7.5 most probable number (MPN) per gram. In samples from markets, densities of V. parahaemolyticusshowed higher values ranging from 0.61 to >110 MPN/g. Densities of V. choleraein the two positive seafood samples reached values of 0.36 and 0.61 MPN/g, repectively. V. parahaemolyticusstrains were found to possess tlh, but not tdhand trhby polymerase chain reaction, and all the strains of V. choleraewere non-O1 or non-O139. These results suggest that the prevalence of high salinities in coastal and estuarine environments of Senegal limits the occurrence of V. parahaemolyticusand V. cholerae, despite warmer temperatures prevailing in seawater environments throughout the year. Furthermore, temperature abuse driven by a deficient cold chain over the distribution and retail sales may represent a major risk due to the postharvest multiplication of these Vibriopathogens.

HCV core induces loss of polarity and down-regulates SHIP2 and Dlg1 expression. SHIP2 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are localized at the basolateral membrane of polarized cells. SHIP2 siRNA and its catalytically inactive mutant disrupt epithelial polarity, and SHIP2 rescues core-induced loss of polarity through RhoA activation.

L’âge moyen était de 66,71ans avec des extrêmes allant de 50 à 80ans ; la scintigraphie osseuse (SO) était positive chez 33 % des patients. Ces derniers étaient symptomatiques dans 66,7 % des cas. Une SO négative n’a été trouvée que pour 3,3 % de patients présentant des douleurs osseuses. Parmi les patients métastatiques, 75 % avaient un taux de PSA supérieur ou égal à 50ng/mL et 98 % avaient un PSA supérieur ou égal à 100ng/mL ; le score de Gleason était supérieur ou égal à 7 chez 80 % d’entre eux. La SO a montré des localisations multiples dans 80 % des cas contre 20 % de lésions isolées. Dans tous les cas, il s’agissait d’hyperfixations intenses et focales au niveau du squelette axial, appendiculaire et du crâne avec 40 % d’atteintes exclusives du squelette axial. Nous n’avons pas trouvé de localisation focale appendiculaire exclusive ni de localisation diffuse du squelette axial (Superscan). La topographie des lésions trouvées au niveau du squelette axial montrait par ordre de fréquence décroissante le rachis (66,66 %), les côtes (58,33 %), le pelvis (33 %), le crâne était affecté dans 17 % des cas et la partie proximale du squelette appendiculaire (fémurs et humérus) dans 16,16 % des cas. La SO a un rôle majeur à jouer. Elle permet de décrire les différentes localisations, la quantification des métastases cancéreuses de la prostate et de donner le pronostic.

L’objectif de cette étude rétrospective était de décrire les différentes étiologies observées dans une série de cellulites périmaxillaires et d’analyser la relation entre la dent causale et l’aspect clinique, mais également de comparer les résultats obtenus avec ceux retrouvés dans la littérature.

Le syndrome de Stevens-Johnson (SSJ) et le syndrome de Lyell (SL), ou nécro-épidermolyse toxique, représentent des réactions cutanées d’hypersensibilité rares, habituellement d’origine médicamenteuse, potentiellement mortelles.

The stereo‐ and regioselectivity of triplet‐sensitised radical reactions of furanone derivatives have been investigated. Furanones 7 a,bwere excited to the 3ππ* state by triplet energy transfer from acetone. Intramolecular hydrogen abstraction then occurred such that hydrogen was transferred from the tetrahydropyran to the β position of the furanone moiety. Radical combination of the tetrahydropyranyl and the oxoallyl radicals led to the final products 8 a,b. In the intramolecular reaction, overall, a pyranyl group adds to the α position of the furanone. The effect of conformation was first investigated with compounds 9 a,bcarrying an additional substituent on the tether between the furanone and pyranyl moiety. Further information on the effect of conformation and the relative configuration at the pyranyl anomeric centre and the furanone moiety was obtained from the transformations of the glucose derivatives 12, 14, 17and 18. Radical abstraction occurred at the anomeric centre and at the 5′‐position of the glucosyl moiety. Computational studies of the hydrogen‐abstraction step were carried out with model structures. The activation barriers of this step for different stereoisomers and the abstraction at the anomeric centre and at the 6‘‐position of the tetrahydropyranyl moiety were calculated. The results of this investigation are in accordance with experimental observations. Furthermore, they reveal that the reactivity and regioselectivity are mainly determined in the hydrogen‐abstraction step. Intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (almost simultaneous electron and proton transfer) in 3ππ* excited furanones only takes place under restricted structural conditions in a limited number of conformations that are defined by the relative configuration of the substrates. It is observed that in the biradical intermediate, back‐hydrogen transfer occurs leading to the starting compound. In the case of glucose derivatives, this reaction led to epimerisation at the anomeric centre.

Furfural is oxidized to 2[5H]‐furanone by using hydrogen peroxide or to 5‐hydroxy‐2[5H]‐furanone by using photo‐oxygenation. An amine function is introduced by photochemically induced radical addition of tertiairy amines, some of which carry ann‐alkyl side chain as hydrophobic moiety. These amines are produced from fatty aldehydes and cyclic secondary amines. The resulting adducts are transformed into amphoteric surfactants possessing an ammonium and a carboxylate function. Amphoteric (pKNand isoelectric point) and surfactant properties such as the critical micelle concentration and the adsorption efficiency are determined.

ABSTRACTWe previously suggested that the ability to metabolize deoxyribose, a phenotype encoded by the deoKoperon, is associated with the pathogenic potential of Escherichia colistrains. Carbohydrate metabolism is thought to provide the nutritional support required for E. colito colonize the intestine. We therefore investigated the role of deoxyribose catabolism in the colonization of the gut, which acts as a reservoir, by pathogenic E. colistrains. Molecular and biochemical characterization of 1,221 E. coliclones from various collections showed this biochemical trait to be common in the E. colispecies (33.6%). However, multivariate analysis evidenced a higher prevalence of sugar-metabolizing E. coliclones in the stools of patients from countries in which intestinal diseases are endemic. Diarrhea processes frequently involve the destruction of intestinal epithelia, so it is plausible that such clones may be positively selected for in intestines containing abundant DNA, and consequently deoxyribose. Statistical analysis also indicated that symptomatic clinical disorders and the presence of virulence factors specific to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coliwere significantly associated with an increased risk of biological samples and clones testing positive for deoxyribose. Using the streptomycin-treated-mouse model of intestinal colonization, we demonstrated the involvement of the deoKoperon in gut colonization by two pathogenic isolates (one enteroaggregative and one uropathogenic strain). These results, indicating that deoxyribose availability promotes pathogenic E. coligrowth during host colonization, suggest that the acquisition of this trait may be an evolutionary step enabling these pathogens to colonize and persist in the mammalian intestine.

La technique standard de pose d?implant dentaire pr?conise de diff?rer l?acte de quelques mois par rapport ? l?extraction dentaire. Outre l?allongement excessif de la dur?e du traitement, cette attente favorise la r?sorption osseuse. Par contre la mise en place imm?diate d?un implant apr?s extraction dentaire permet de limiter la perte osseuse, de pr?server l?esth?tique par la conservation de la table osseuse vestibulaire, de profiter de l?intense vascularisation cr??e par l?extraction et de r?duire le temps du traitement. L?objectif de ce travail est de rapporter trois cas cliniques d?implantation imm?diate trait?s ? Dakar et d???tudier les aspects cliniques et les modalit?s techniques de l?implantation imm?diate dans notre pratique. Les indications d?extraction dentaire ont ?t? : un faux canal, une fracture corono-radiculaire, et une fracture radiculaire. Les implants ont ?t? pos?s au maxillaire (incisive lat?rale et 2e pr?molaire). Le bilan radiographie a comport? pour chaque cas un orthopantomogramme et des radiographies r?tro-alv?olaires. Des implants cylindro-coniques et viss?s du syst?me TBR ont ?t? utilis?s. Leurs longueurs ?taient sup?rieures ? 13 mm avec des diam?tres de 3,5 et 4 mm. En effet il fallait tenir compte du diam?tre de la racine extraite, de sa longueur et de sa r?tention dans la r?gion apicale. Les membranes en titane (Biotane?) non r?sorbables ont ?t? utilis?es pour le traitement des d?fauts osseux p?ri-implantaires, favorisant ainsi une bonne r?g?n?ration. Apr?s deux ans de mise en fonction le r?sultat fonctionnel et esth?tique ?tait satisfaisant. La demande en th?rapeutique implantaire est toujours limit?e au S?n?gal car le co?t du traitement reste encore ?lev?. Promouvoir l?implantologie en pratique hospitalo-universitaire permettrait une meilleure accessibilit? aux patients de ce type de traitement. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 199-208).The standard technique of dental implantation recommend to differ the act a few months after tooth extraction. In addition to excessive lengthening of the duration of treatment, this expectation promotes bone loss. As against the immediate implantation after tooth extraction makes possible to limit bone loss, to preserve aesthetics by the retention of bone vestibular table, to benefit of the intense vascularization created by the extraction and to reduce time of treatment. The aim of our study was to report three cases of immediate implantation realised in Dakar and to describe the clinical and technical aspects for the immediate implantation in our practice. The causes of tooth extraction was: a false channel, a corono-root fracture and a root fracture. The implants were placed in the maxilla, (lateral incisor and second premolar). The cylindrical-conical implant and screwed TBR system was used. Their lengths were greater than 13mm with diameters of 3.5 and 4mm. Indeed it should be given to the diameter of the root extract, its length and its retention in the apical level. Titanium membranes (Biotane?) were used for the treatment of bone defects around of implant, to promote a good regeneration of the bone. Two years after treatment, the functional and aesthetic result was satisfactory The demand for therapeutic implantation is still weak because, the treatment cost remains very high. Its development in practice teaching hospital would allow a better accessibility to the patients of this type of treatment. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 199-208).

La maladie de Beh?et est une affection rare, syst?mique, d??tiologie inconnue et d?allure polymorphe. L?objectif de cette ?tude est de d?crire les aspects ?pid?miologiques, cliniques et th?rapeutiques de la maladie de Beh?et au S?n?gal mais aussi de pr?ciser le r?le de l?odontologiste dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge de cette affection. Les dossiers de patients ont ?t? s?lectionn?s selon les crit?res diagnostiques du Groupe International d?Etude de la Maladie de Beh?et, dans le service de Dermatologie du CHU Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, entre d?cembre 1997 et mars 2006. 12 cas (8 hommes, 4 femmes) de maladie de Beh?et, chez des sujets de race noire, ?g?s de 18 ? 54 ans, ont ?t? collig?s. Les aphtes buccaux, sans caract?res particuliers, ?taient constants ; ils r?alisaient une aphtose bipolaire dans 11 cas. Ces l?sions buccales pouvaient avoir un caract?re inaugural (n = 2) et contribuer ? motiver la consultation (n =10). Les principales manifestations syst?miques ?taient oculaires (n = 8), articulaires et cutan?es (n = 6 pour chacune des localisations). La maladie de Beh?et chez les patients s?n?galais est classique : elle se caract?rise par la pr?sence constante des aphtes buccaux, souvent associ?s ? des aphtes g?nitaux (aphtose bipolaire) et ? une uv?ite ant?rieure. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 183-188).The aim of this study was to assess the importance of oral manifestations of Behcet?s disease in a population of Senegalese patients. We retrospectively studied epidemiologic aspects and clinical spectrum of 12 patients with Behcet?s disease, fulfilling International Study Group for Behcet?s Disease (ISGBD) criteria. This study was conducted in dermatologic unit clinic of the Aristide Le Dantec teaching hospital, during 9 years. We recorded the clinical features and compared the data with other recent statistics. All the patients were black (18- 54 years). The sex ratio was 2 (8 men, 4 women). The most frequent manifestations at disease onset were oral contributing to justify the consultation (n = 10), followed by genital aphthae (n = 9). The commonest manifestations observed throughout the disease course were oral aphthae (n = 12), genital aphthae (n = 11), uveitis (n = 8), various cutaneous lesions (n = 6) and arthritis (n = 6). Recurrent oral aphtae without typical physical characteristic carried out bipolar (oral and genital) aphtosis (n = 11). These oral lesions were inaugural (n = 2). Behcet?s disease in Senegalese patients is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations in agreement with the medical literature. Oral manifestations are the major clinical signs, the next in common occurrence are genital and ocular lesions. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 183-188).

La technique standard de pose d’implant dentaire préconise de différer l’acte de quelques mois par rapport à l’extraction dentaire. Outre l’allongement excessif de la durée du traitement, cette attente favorise la résorption osseuse. Par contre la mise en place immédiate d’un implant après extraction dentaire permet de limiter la perte osseuse, de préserver l’esthétique par la conservation de la table osseuse vestibulaire, de profiter de l’intense vascularisation créée par l’extraction et de réduire le temps du traitement. L’objectif de ce travail est de rapporter trois cas cliniques d’implantation immédiate traités à Dakar et d’’étudier les aspects cliniques et les modalités techniques de l’implantation immédiate dans notre pratique. Les indications d’extraction dentaire ont été : un faux canal, une fracture corono-radiculaire, et une fracture radiculaire. Les implants ont été posés au maxillaire (incisive latérale et 2e prémolaire). Le bilan radiographie a comporté pour chaque cas un orthopantomogramme et des radiographies rétro-alvéolaires. Des implants cylindro-coniques et vissés du système TBR ont été utilisés. Leurs longueurs étaient supérieures à 13 mm avec des diamètres de 3,5 et 4 mm. En effet il fallait tenir compte du diamètre de la racine extraite, de sa longueur et de sa rétention dans la région apicale. Les membranes en titane (Biotane®) non résorbables ont été utilisées pour le traitement des défauts osseux péri-implantaires, favorisant ainsi une bonne régénération. Après deux ans de mise en fonction le résultat fonctionnel et esthétique était satisfaisant. La demande en thérapeutique implantaire est toujours limitée au Sénégal car le coût du traitement reste encore élevé. Promouvoir l’implantologie en pratique hospitalo-universitaire permettrait une meilleure accessibilité aux patients de ce type de traitement. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 199-208).

La maladie de Behçet est une affection rare, systémique, d’étiologie inconnue et d’allure polymorphe. L’objectif de cette étude est de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques de la maladie de Behçet au Sénégal mais aussi de préciser le rôle de l’odontologiste dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge de cette affection. Les dossiers de patients ont été sélectionnés selon les critères diagnostiques du Groupe International d’Etude de la Maladie de Behçet, dans le service de Dermatologie du CHU Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar, entre décembre 1997 et mars 2006. 12 cas (8 hommes, 4 femmes) de maladie de Behçet, chez des sujets de race noire, âgés de 18 à 54 ans, ont été colligés. Les aphtes buccaux, sans caractères particuliers, étaient constants ; ils réalisaient une aphtose bipolaire dans 11 cas. Ces lésions buccales pouvaient avoir un caractère inaugural (n = 2) et contribuer à motiver la consultation (n =10). Les principales manifestations systémiques étaient oculaires (n = 8), articulaires et cutanées (n = 6 pour chacune des localisations). La maladie de Behçet chez les patients sénégalais est classique : elle se caractérise par la présence constante des aphtes buccaux, souvent associés à des aphtes génitaux (aphtose bipolaire) et à une uvéite antérieure. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 183-188).

La fracture mandibulaire constitue un motif fréquent de consultation en Odontologie à Dakar. Elle peut être considérée comme une urgence médicale de par l’hémorragie, mais aussi par les troubles respiratoires qui peuvent en découler. Nous nous sommes fixés comme objectif d’étudier les aspects socio-démographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des fractures mandibulaires dans notre pratique. Matériel et méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude transversale et descriptive qui s’est déroulée de février 2003 à décembre 2006 et a concerné 103 patients ayant une fracture mandibulaire. Elle a eu pour cadre le service d’Odontologie de l’Hôpital général de Grand Yoff. Nous avons exploité le registre des patients et les fiches individuelles d’examen des patients Résultats : L’âge moyen était de 27,6 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 3 ans et 73 ans. Le sex-ratio était de 3,9. Les délais de consultation varient de 0 à 40 jours. Le plus souvent les fractures mandibulaires sont dues à des accidents de la voie publique (46 cas, 44,70 %) et dans 57 cas (55,30 %) la fracture siège dans la région symphysaire. Le traitement consiste à faire une prescription médicamenteuse avant tout acte, avec réduction suivie d’une contention orthopédique ou chirurgicale. (Med Buccale Chir Buccale 2009 ; 15 : 137-145).

Dissolved Cu(II) speciation in unpolluted soil solutions from different horizons was studied using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Three sites were selected according to topography and monitored for three years. Experiments evidence Cu(II) can be bound by DOM (Dissolved Organic Matter) through complexation and/or adsorption reactions. The complexation capacity and the corresponding conditional stability constant were determined for complexation reactions. The adsorbing sites were titrated. A potential binding coefficient was calculated to compare both types of reactions. Results show adsorption is less frequent than complexation but exhibits higher binding coefficient.

Unprotected alkyl glycosides have been oxidized using air as oxidant and copper(I) chloride/TEMPO as the catalytic system. The primary hydroxy group in the 6 position is selectively transformed into an aldehyde equivalent. The process was optimized by irradiation with visible light. Without further purification and with high yields, the resulting lactols have been transformed into tetrahydroxyazepane.

Malnutrition in children continues to be a major health burden in Senegal. The main objective of this study was to discuss the existence of a thyroid disease induced by the various deficiencies, among which iodine, in these children and to assess the effects of the treatment on the thyroid function.Materials and methodsSixty eight children divided in a random way in two groups according to the addition or not of marine algae hypnea to the traditional nutritional supplementation were included in the study. To appreciate at the same time the nutritional and biological state and to follow the evolution under treatment, the anthropometric parameters were the ratios: weight/age, weight/size, and height/age. Radioimmunoassays of free T3, free T4 and immunoradiometric assays of TSH were carried out in undernourished children before and after supplementation enriched or not in algae. Other blood parameters were measured among them protides, magnesium, and hemoglobin.ResultsThey showed two types of biological abnormalities: low T3 syndrome (8.6%), compensated functional hypothyroidism (9%). The treatment induced neither iodine overload, nor thyroid disease.ConclusionIn the program of nutritional rehabilitation, the isotopic techniques allow us to establish the low prevalence (17.6%) of the disturbances of the thyroid function (low T3 syndrome and compensated functional hypothyroidism, thus providing the differential diagnosis), and to confirm the absence of any thyroid disease induced by the iodine supply of the marine algae hypnea.

Les dosimètres de radon tels que des nitrates de cellulose connaissent souvent une dégradation sous l’action de certains facteurs physiques ou chimiques. Nous avons étudié le comportement du CN-85, détecteur solide de traces nucléaires (DSTN), en atmosphère tropicale très ensoleillée (photo-vieillissement naturel) et dans une enceinte SEPAP 12/24 (photo-vieillissement accéléré artificiel), avant son exposition à une source de particules alpha (Am-241). Les résultats ont montré des modifications chimiques du détecteur, aussi bien en accéléré qu’en naturel, entraînant un changement de coloration. L’étude comparée des deux modes de photo-vieillissement a permis de déterminer un facteur d’accélération du vieillissement de 2,5. L’irradiation aux particules alpha des détecteurs a montré une perte d’efficacité de 98 % après 40 heures d’exposition solaire, ce qui permet de considérer une durée limite d’utilisation du DSTN en atmosphère tropicale ne dépassant guère une semaine. Cette durée d’utilisation pourrait être prolongée à l’intérieur des habitations du fait d’une baisse des températures et de la luminosité.

La lèpre lépromateuse (LL) est une entité clinique caractérisée, dans sa forme typique, par des lésions nodulaires riches en bacilles acido-alcoolo-résistants. Elle devenue rare de nos jours avec l’adoption de la polychimiothérapie dans le monde entier qui a entrainé une forte baisse de la prévalence globale. En milieu d’endémie, les présentations atypiques méritent d’être connues car sources de propagation de la maladie. Nous rapportons un cas mimant une sarcoidose.

Soils were sampled around live fences of A. laeta and A. mellifera plots in an experimental research site of the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research at Bambey, Sénégal. They were collected before and after the rainy season at three distances (1 m, 3 m and 5 m) and two depths (0-25 cm and 25-50 cm). Roots were extracted using the wet sieving method and their concentrations were evaluated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (% of total roots length) was assessed after staining and observation under a compound microscope. Spores were extracted from soils by sucrose centrifugation and counted under the microscope. Root concentrations (cm per 100 g of dry soil) were greater on A. mellifera than on A. laeta for all seasons, distances and depths. For each species studied, root concentrations were greater at 1m from the live fence and at 0-25 cm of depth. The intensity of mycorrhizal colonization was greater on A. mellifera (66%) than on A. laeta (42%). For both tree species level of colonization was higher after the rainy season but A. laeta root colonization seems to be more affected by rain than in the case of A. mellifera. Mycorrhizal colonisation was not affected by distance from the live fence or by soil depth. Spore number (in 100 g of dry soil) was generally low (37.5 spores) and did not vary between seasons and between distances. Spores were more numerous under A. mellifera fence (42.43 per 100 g dry soil) than under A. laeta fence (33.28 per 100 g dry soil). Its number decreased from 0-25 cm to 25-50 cm depth. Generally, positive coefficient correlations were higher between root concentration and root infection than between root concentration and spore number. Low correlation was also found between infection and spore number. Given its numerous qualities, A. mellifera appears to be more promising in live fences than A. laeta.

Several Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains are internalized by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, but the host pathways usurped by the bacteria to enter nonphagocytic cells are not clearly understood. Here, we report that internalization of strain PAK into epithelial cells triggers and requires activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B/Akt (Akt). Incubation of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or HeLa cells with the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 (LY) or wortmannin abrogated PAK uptake. Addition of the PI3K product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] to polarized MDCK cells was sufficient to increase PAK internalization. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3accumulated at the site of bacterial binding in an LY-dependent manner. Akt phosphorylation correlated with PAK invasion. The specific Akt phosphorylation inhibitor SH-5 inhibited PAK uptake; internalization also was inhibited by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Akt phosphorylation. Expression of constitutively active Akt was sufficient to restore invasion when PI3K signaling was inhibited. Together, these results demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is necessary and sufficient for the P. aeruginosaentry and provide the first example of a bacterium that requires Akt for uptake into epithelial cells.

Ten enteroinvasive (EIEC) and 25 enteroaggregative (EaggEC) E. coli strains isolated from Senegalese patients were analyzed for their integron content. All strains were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Four EIEC and 15 EaggEC were found to carry a class 1 integron. An identical integron carrying a single dfrA5 cassette, conferring resistance to trimethoprim, was identified in all four EIEC strains. Five EaggEC strains harbored an integron with a single cassette, dfrA7, while the remaining 10 strains carried two integrons, one with a single cassette, aadA1a conferring resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin, and the second one bearing two cassettes, dfrA13 and oxa5, the later being a β-lactam resistance cassette. The presence of these integrons is worrying, because trimethoprim is largely used for diarrheal disease therapy in Africa. Thus, the presence of integrons in diarrheagenic strains is of public health importance because a limited number of antibiotics are available in developing countries.

Guinea pig phospholipase B (GPPLB) is a glycosylated ectoenzyme of intestinal brush border membrane. It displays a broad substrate specificity and is activated by trypsin cleavage. The primary sequence contains four tandem repeat domains (I to IV) and several serines in lipase consensus sequences. We used site-directed mutagenesis to demonstrate that only the serine 399 present in repeat II is responsible for the various enzymatic activities of GPPLB. Furthermore, we characterized for the first time the retinyl esterase activity of the enzyme. We also constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells, an NH(2)-terminal repeat I deletion mutant which was detected at a very low level by immunoblot. However, confocal microscopy study showed a strong intracellular accumulation with a weak membrane expression of the mutated protein, indicating a role of the NH(2)-terminal repeat I in the processing of GPPLB. Nevertheless, the Western blot-detected protein presented a glycosylation and trypsin sensitivity patterns similar to wild type PLB. The mutant is also fully active without trypsin treatment, in contrast to native enzyme. Thus, we propose a structural model for GPPLB, in which the repeat I constitutes a lid covering the active site and impairing enzymatic activity, its removal by trypsin leading to an active protein.

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.

Enterocyte terminal differentiation occurs at the crypt-villus junction through the transcriptional activation of cell-specific genes, many of which code for proteins of the brush border membrane such as intestinal alkaline phosphatase, sucrase-isomaltase, or the microvillar structural protein villin. Several studies have shown that this sharp increase in specific mRNA levels is intimately associated with arrest of cell proliferation. We isolated several clones from a guinea pig intestine cDNA library. They encode new proteins characterized by an original structure associating a carboxyl-terminal B30.2/RFP-like domain and a long leucine zipper at the amino terminus. The first member of this novel gene family codes for a 65-kDa protein termed enterophilin-1, which is specifically expressed in enterocytes before their final differentiation. Enterophilin-1 is the most abundant in the small intestine but is still present in significant amounts in colonic enterocytes. In Caco-2 cells, a similar 65-kDa protein was recognized by a specific anti-enterophilin-1 antibody, and its expression was positively correlated with cell differentiation status. In addition, transfection of HT-29 cells with enterophilin-1 full-length cDNA slightly inhibited cell growth and promoted an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Taken together, these data identify enterophilins as a new family of proteins associated with enterocyte differentiation.

The synthesis of the “functionalized” Hagemann’s ester (S)-18 was investigated. The common starting material in these approaches was enamino ester (S,Z)-5, which was prepared through the condensation of keto diester 4 with (S)-1-phenylethylamine. The Michael addition reaction of 5 with methyl vinyl ketone gave the expected adduct (S)-6 with an ee  95%. However, all attempts at annulation of 6 invariably afforded the unwanted cyclohexenone derivatives 7 or 8. The addition of 5 to Nazarov reagent 9 furnished adduct (S)-10 with an ee  95%. The Triton B-induced annulation of 10 unexpectedly gave aldol 11. Depending on the reaction conditions, annulation of 11 afforded either the bicyclic lactone 12, or cyclohexenones 13 or 15. An efficient way of reversing the sense of the regiochemistry of the previous annulation was found, based on the use of diethyl 2-oxo-3-vinylphosphonate (16) as a Michael acceptor. Thus, the condensation of 5 with 16 gave (S)-17 with an ee  95%, and cyclization of (S)-17 under Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons conditions gave the desired Hagemann’s ester (S)-18. The structural assignments for 18 were ascertained by chemical correlation with the known hydrindenedione (S)-21.

AbstractUsing calli from immature zygotic embryos of Acacia tortilissubsp. raddiana, globular somatic embryos are obtained after 90 to 100 days culture in darkness on VA media added with 2,4-D (2,4 and 8 mg/l) alone or in combination with BAP (1 and 0,5 mg/l). Light and transfert on MS/2 medium containing BAP (0,5 mg/l)) and AIB (0,05 mg/l) enhance proliferation of somatic embryos. ABA (2,6 and 5,2 mg/l) or high concentration of sucrose (50 g/l) allow development from globular to bipolar embryos. Development of mature somatic embryos into plantlets are obtained on MS/2 medium without hormon, but supplemented with high concentration of sucrose.

La miliaire sudorale est considérée comme banale dans notre environnement tropical. Cependant, elle est responsable d’un prurit important, retentissant sur la qualité de vie des patients. En Afrique et au Mali, on note une rareté de publication. Le but de cette étude est de décrire la miliaire sudorale en période de chaleur à l’hôpital de dermatologie de Bamako (HDB).

A panoramic radiography is a test, which allows the evaluation of the maxillo-mandibular anatomy. The objective of this study was to use panoramic radiography to evaluate the state of the mandibular basilar cortical of normal tooth and edentulous female subjects over 40 years of age by the mandibular cortical index.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of dental caries and distal alveolysis of the mandibular second molar, associated with the presence of the third molar.

Describe the sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the patients received for an emergency, during this period of pandemic, in a service of reference the service of odontostomatology General Hospital Grand Yoff of Dakar.

To study the contribution of teledentistry, via the WhatsApp application of the “Dentists of Senegal”, on the management of oral and maxillofacial pathology. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study took place over a period of 3 months, from 1 October to December 30, 2020. This study was conducted on the WhatsApp group platform of the Senegalese Dentists. A total of 150 communications were included.