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Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as 2D carbon-based systems, have been recently the subject of intense studies, thanks to their optoelectronic properties and promising electronic performances. 2D carbon-based materials such as graphdiyne (GDY) represent an optimal platform for tuning the optoelectronic properties via precise chemical functionalization. Here, we report a synthetic strategy to precisely introduce cyano groups into the 2D GDY backbone in order to tune the electronic properties of GDY. Three kinds of cyano-modified GDY have been synthesized, namely, bearing one cyano group (CNGDY), two CN in meta (m-CNGDY), and two in para (p-CNGDY) positions. A variety of experimental data as well as first-principles calculations allowed us to elucidate the role of the cyano groups in tuning the structural and functional properties of GDYs. We found that an increase in the number of cyano groups reduces the interlayer spacing between GDY layers, increases the lithium adsorption amount, as well as impacts the lithium diffusion rate, while changes in meta- or para-position impact the energy band gap.

ABSTRACTImaging of mitophagy is of significance as aberrant mitophagy is engaged in multiple diseases. Mitophagy has been imaged with synthetic or biotic pH sensors by reporting pH acidification en route delivery into lysosomes. To circumvent uncertainty of acidity-dependent signals, we herein report an enzyme-activatable probe covalently attached on mitochondrial inner membrane (ECAM) for signal-persist mitophagy imaging. ECAM is operated via ΔΨm-driven accumulation of Mito-proGreen in mitochondria and covalent linking of the trapped probe with azidophospholipids metabolically incorporated into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Upon mitophagy, ECAM is delivered into lysosomes and hydrolyzed by LNPEP/leucyl aminopeptidase, yielding turn-on green fluorescence that is immune to lysosomal acidity changes and stably retained in fixed cells. With ECAM, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) was identified as a highly potent inducer of mitophagy. Overcoming signal susceptibility of pH probes and liability of ΔΨm probes to dissipation from stressed mitochondria, ECAM offers an attractive tool to study mitophagy and mitophagy-inducing therapeutic agents.Abbreviations: Baf-A1, bafilomycin A1; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; DBCO, dibenzocyclooctyne; ECAM, enzyme-activated probe covalently attached on mitochondrial inner membrane; GFP, green fluorescent protein; LAMP2, lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LNPEP/LAP, leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase; PMA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate; ΔΨm, mitochondrial transmembrane potential; RFP, red fluorescent protein; TPP, triphenylphosphonium.

Achieving sustainable Australian food and land systems requires the rapid implementation and scaling up of a broad suite of solutions to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Decision-making frameworks are needed to identify suitable indicators and prioritise solutions at national scales to inform sustainability transitions. Using a knowledge co-production framework, we convened 150 stakeholders from 100 + organisations to identify 18 nationally relevant indicators that aligned with critical SDGs describing a sustainable food and land system for Australia, in addition to 78 key solutions (supply- and demand-side) to enable progress against these indicators. We then asked subject matter experts to code the impact of each solution on each indicator using an adapted interaction mapping method accounting for uncertainty. The solution category ‘Protecting and restoring nature’, which included solutions targeting conservation and restoration, showed the highest potential for capturing synergies and avoiding trade-offs across multiple indicators. This category exhibited 34.6% of total major synergies, supporting the achievement of clean water and sanitation (SDG6), economic growth (SDG12), life under water (SDG14), and life on land (SDG15). The solution category ‘Carbon sequestration’, which included technological and biological carbon dioxide removal solutions, had the highest number of trade-offs with individual sustainability indicators (42.3%), particularly those relating to zero hunger (SDG2), wellbeing (SDG3), SDG6, SDG14, and SDG15. Our framework can be used to inform future research investment, support the prioritisation of solutions for quantitative modelling, and inform discussions with stakeholders and policymakers for transforming national-scale food and land systems in alignment with the SDGs.

Resistive-type superconducting fault current limiters (R-SFCL) can limit the short-circuit fault current (SCFC). But superconducting tapes can not quickly recover to the superconducting state after deep quench. In response to minimizing the problem, this paper proposes a new resistive-inductive superconducting fault current limiter (RI-SFCL) and the current limiting transfer characteristics and investigates the recovery characteristics of it. The results show that RI-SFCL improves the fault current limit rate and significantly delays the emergence of sub-peaks of limiting current, reducing the rise rate of limiting current. Moreover, the recovery time of RI-SFCL can be less than 300 ms at 13 times the Critical expected SCFC. From the experimental results, the HTS tapes can be recovered within 300 ms when the heat generated during the current limiting process is not more than 215 J/m. Finally, the relation between the inductance and recovery time is given to provide a basis for the RI-SFCL design.

Hydrogen energy storage is a key technology to achieve energy transformation. Energy efficiency is an important factor affecting the application of power to hydrogen (P2H) in power systems. The power quality of the rectifier and the operating temperature affect the energy efficiency of the electrolytic cells. This paper reveals the combine impact of the power quality and operating temperature on the energy efficiency of proton exchange membrane electrolytic cells (PEMEC). Firstly, the P2H PEMEC test platform is built, the model of PEMEC is established base on the test data. Secondly, with the different rectifies, the harmonic distribution and the ripple factors on the energy efficiency of the PEMEC are studied. Finally, compared the energy efficiency of the 6-pulse rectifier, double star rectifier and the current source type rectifier at different operating temperature. The results shows that the better power quality and higher operating temperature positively affects the energy efficiency of the PEMEC.

We demonstrate a tunable grating in a six-hole anti-resonant hollow core fiber (AR-HCF) based on acousto-optic interaction, by applying flexural acoustic waves along the fiber axis. In the experiment, the resonant wavelengths could be electrically tuned within a range of 1329 nm to 1353 nm, consistent with the simulation results. The tuning range is primarily limited by the narrow response bandwidth of the acoustic field of AR-HCF. The minimum 3 dB bandwidth is 4.5 nm, and the maximal notch depth is 12.5 dB. Acoustically-induced fiber gratings benefit from the high damage threshold, low dispersion, and low nonlinearity characteristics of AR-HCF, can serve as tunable filters in fast-tunable high-power lasers, long-distance fiber communication, and WDM networks. Additionally, due to the low thermal sensitivity and radiation resistance characteristics of AR-HCF, these gratings could be applied in fiber grating sensing and laser transmission, particularly in radiation environments.

The quenching of the R-SFCLs results in the generate of a significant quantity of thermal bubbles, which will induce the breakdown of the R-SFCLs and are inherently unavoidable. The motion characteristics of the bubbles have a significant impact on the breakdown mechanism of the LN2. The objective of this paper is to study the dynamic characteristics of bubbles of different sizes in the LN2 under DC non-uniform electric field. In the experiment, the applied voltage U was set as −40 kV and −60 kV. The heat flux Hf was 8.9 W/cm2, 17.9 W/cm2 and 27.0 W/cm2, separately. A high-speed camera was used to observe the dynamic characteristics of the bubbles in different electric field. The results showed that when there was no applied voltage to the bubbles, the bubbles only move upwards. With the increase of the heat flux of the heater, the deformation rate Dr of the bubbles are nearly the same. With the applied voltage increased, the deformation rate Dr increased in the same heat flux condition. Furthermore, the deformation rate Dr also increased with the heat flux increased under the same electric field strength. The effect of the electric field on larger bubbles is more pronounced on smaller ones. Compare to the smaller bubbles, the larger bubbles have faster velocity in parallel to the electric field direction and larger deformation rate Dr. The results could help to investigate the breakdown mechanism of the bubbles and LN2 composite systems.

DPOB molecules passivated interface defects, released residual strain, and induced band bending to enhance hole extraction and transport. The champion PCE of CsPbBr3PSC achieved 10.87%.

Barrier effect is an effective way to improve the insulation strength of the resistive-type superconducting fault current limiters (R-SFCL). However, thermal bubbles generated during the quenching of the R-SFCL will induce the flashover of R-SFCLs. The objective of this paper is to investigate the DC flashover characteristics of insulation barrier-LN2-bubbles composite systems with different voltage rise rates in both polarities. In this paper, a needle-needle-plane electrode was used in the test to simulate the quenching state of a superconducting coil. A heater source which heat flux was 27 W/cm2 to generate the thermal bubbles. The high voltage was applied to one needle electrode. And the DC voltage rise rate was 0.5 kV/s, 1 kV/s and 3 kV/s, respectively. The other needle electrode and the plane electrode were connected to the ground. The results showed that with the DC voltage rise rate increases, the flashover voltage of the insulation barrier-LN2-bubbles composite systems also increases in both polarities. In the case of the bubbles, the flashover voltages are nearly the same in both polarities under the same voltage rise conditions. In the absence of bubbles, the flashover voltage of the positive polarity is higher than that in the negative polarity under the same voltage rise rate. The results can be applied to the high voltage level design of the R-SFCL.

Turbo-Electric Distributed Propulsion Aircraft (TeDP) is an advanced aircraft concept for the future that utilizes a DC power distribution system to address the challenges of power transmission and distribution. One of the major obstacles hindering the development of this technology is the issue of isolation and interruption in cases of DC faults. The method of limiting current using superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) and interrupting with a DC circuit breaker (DCCB) has received significant attention. The primary aim of this paper is to examine the coordination between various types of SFCL and DCCB. On one hand, this study conducts simulations and analysis on the response of saturated, resistive, and hybrid SFCLs to fault currents. The results demonstrate that all three SFCL types exhibit a current limiting effect of 40% and can effectively work in conjunction with DCCBs to successfully eliminate faults. However, when compared to the other two types, R-SFCL demonstrates greater flexibility and is capable of significantly reducing voltage and current stress on the DCCB.

The magnetic properties and magnetic phase transition critical behavior of Gd3Ga5O12single crystals subjected to high-pressure heat treatment were investigated. The results show that high-pressure heat treatment reduces the Curie temperature and magnetization of the sample. Under a magnetic field change of 5 T, the maximum isothermal magnetic entropy of the sample is approximately 19.73 J/(kg·K). High-pressure heat treatment increases the phase transition temperature range and leads to an increase in the magnetic refrigeration power. Both Gd3Ga5O12single crystals and the high-pressure heat-treated sample undergo a second-order phase transition. The critical behavior of the samples aligns with the mean field model acquired via critical model fitting. This indicates that the samples exhibit long-range exchange interactions in the system near the Curie temperature. Thus, this material can be used as a magnetic refrigerant for low-temperature applications.

An electrochemical cyclization/spirocyclization hydroarylation via reductive dearomatization of a series of nonactivated arenes including N-substituted indoles, indole-3-carboxamide derivatives, and iodo-substituted benzamides is described. This protocol boasts high atom efficiency, broad substrate applicability, and excellent selectivity. Utilizing a simple undivided cell, various nonactivated arenes undergo cyclization/spirocyclization through the intramolecular addition of aryl radicals to an aromatic ring, yielding 50 indolines, spirocyclizative hydroarylation products, and phenanthridinones.

When the free standing riser (FSR) is in service in the ocean, its mechanical properties are affected by various factors, including complex ocean current forces, buoyancy of the buoyancy can, and torque caused by the deflection of the upper floating body. These loads have a great influence on the deformation and internal force of the FSR. The static performance of FSR is investigated in this research under various working conditions. The finite element model of FSR is established based on the co-rotational method. The arc length approach is used to solve the model. The load is exerted in increments. The current load on the riser changes with the configuration of the riser. The accuracy of the numerical method is verified by Abaqus software. The calculation time is also compared. Then, the effects of uniform current, actual current and floating body yaw motion on FSR are studied by parameter analysis. Additionally, the influence of the FSR on the ocean current after the failure of part of the buoyancy can chamber is analyzed. The results show that the numerical model based on the co-rotational method can effectively simulate the large rotation and torsion behavior of FSR. This method has high computational efficiency and precision, and this method can quickly improve the efficiency of numerical calculation of static analysis of deep-water riser. The proposed technology may serve as an alternative to the existing proprietary commercial software, which uses a complex graphical user interface.

Developing an intracellular delivery system is of key importance in the expansion of protein-based therapeutics acting on cytosolic or nuclear targets. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been exploited as next-generation delivery modalities due to their natural role in intercellular communication and biocompatibility. However, fusion of protein of interest to a scaffold represents a widely used strategy for cargo enrichment in EVs, which could compromise the stability and functionality of cargo. Herein, we report intracellular delivery via EV-based approach (IDEA) that efficiently packages and delivers native proteins both in vitroand in vivowithout the use of a scaffold. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the IDEA to deliver cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), an innate immune sensor. The results showed that cGAS-carrying EVs activated interferon signaling and elicited enhanced antitumor immunity in multiple syngeneic tumor models. Combining cGAS EVs with immune checkpoint inhibition further synergistically boosted antitumor efficacy in vivo. Mechanistically, scRNA-seq demonstrated that cGAS EVs mediated significant remodeling of intratumoral microenvironment, revealing a pivotal role of infiltrating neutrophils in the antitumor immune milieu. Collectively, IDEA, as a universal and facile strategy, can be applied to expand and advance the development of protein-based therapeutics.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the angle of the pulverized coal (PC) injection lance on the combustion characteristics of fuel in the raceway of blast furnace tuyeres. Using FLUENT software, a Euler-Lagrange three-dimensional numerical model was constructed to analyze the influence of different positions of blast furnace tuyere coal powder injection lance (coaxial and cross-axis) on key parameters such as temperature distribution, gas flow, and combustion efficiency. The results demonstrate that adjusting the angle of the injection lance significantly modifies the average and peak temperatures in the raceway, while the composition of gas components remains relatively stable. When the injection lance angle is 10°, the average temperature and peak temperature in the raceway are 2294 K and 2747 K, respectively. When the injection lance angle is 12°, the combustion efficiency of the PC reaches 80.8%. This study reveals the significant impact of the injection lance angle on the combustion process. Especially at an angle of 12°, the combustion efficiency of the blast furnace significantly improves. With coaxial injection, the combustion rate increases as the distance between the injection lance tip and the tuyere increases. This paper is instructive for the optimization of the blast furnace combustion system, which improve fuel utilization efficiency and reduce environmental emissions. This paper provides practical recommendations for adjusting blast furnace operational parameters, offering insights for achieving more efficient and environmentally friendly industrial production.

Transportation demand models and traffic simulations, particularly in the realm of innovative activity-based models, necessitate comprehensive demographic-activity-travel data. Although cell phone data holds the potential to provide detailed insights into activity-travel patterns, transportation planners often resort to aggregate data, constrained by limited socio-demographic attributes because of stringent privacy protection policies. This creates a significant challenge: how to reconstruct detailed traveler profiles from such aggregate data. In this paper, we propose a novel data-driven integration framework, DATG, based on improved Markov and XGBoost classification models, with which we are able to reconstruct travelers with diverse socio-demographic attributes as well as their one-day activity-travel information. We test our model on a real cell phone data set and validate the proposed model by relying on travel survey data. Our framework is able to provide fundamental data support for agent-based models, activity-based models, and transportation planning.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a substantial global health concern, and the development of liver metastasis (LM) in GC represents a critical stage linked to unfavorable patient prognoses. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the immune landscape of GC liver metastasis, revealing several immuno-suppressive components within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM). Our findings unveiled an increased presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like macrophages, tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-like macrophages, and naive T cells, while conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and effector CD8 T cells declined in LM. Additionally, we identified two distinct natural killer (NK) cell clusters exhibiting differential cytotoxicity-related gene expression, with cytotoxic NK cells notably reduced in LM. Strikingly, TGFβ was identified as an inducer of NK cell dysfunction, potentially contributing to immune evasion and tumor metastasis. In preclinical LM models, the combined approach of inhibiting TGFβ and transferring NK cells exhibited a synergistic impact, resulting in a significant reduction in liver metastasis. This work highlights the importance of understanding the complex immune dynamics within GC liver metastasis and presents a promising strategy combining TGFβ inhibition and NK-based immunotherapy to improve patient outcomes.

Metal-based chemoimmunotherapy has recently garnered significant attention for its capacity to stimulate tumor-specific immunity beyond direct cytotoxic effects. Such effects are usually caused by ICD via the activation of DAMP signals. However, metal complexes that can elicit antitumor immune responses other than ICD have not yet been described. Herein, we report that a rhodium complex (Rh-1) triggers potent antitumor immune responses by downregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling with subsequent activation of T lymphocyte infiltration to the tumor site. The results of mechanistic experiments suggest that ROS accumulation following Rh-1treatment is a critical trigger of a decrease in β-catenin and enhanced secretion of CCL4, a key mediator of T cell infiltration. Through these properties, Rh-1exerts a synergistic effect in combination with PD-1 inhibitors against tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our work describes a promising metal-based antitumor agent with a noncanonical mode of action to sensitize tumor tissues to ICB therapy.

• LPBF-processed Cu-0.84Cr-0.42Zr alloy with a hierarchical structure was acquired after aging. • The aging-treated sample possessed the best matching of strength (∼626 MPa) and ductility (∼16.2 %). • The HDI stress caused by hierarchical structure promoted the strength-ductility synergy improvement. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising method for manufacturing functional and structural integrated Cu-Cr-Zr components. However, the LPBF-processed Cu-Cr-Zr alloys still suffer from the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma, while maintaining high conductivity. Here, LPBF-processed Cu-Cr-Zr alloy with a hierarchical structure was obtained by increasing the Cr and Zr content simultaneously. After aging treatment, the hierarchical structure was composed of melt tracks at the macroscale, coarse grains (31.9 ± 0.1 μm) and fine grains (5.6 ± 0.2 μm) at the microscale, high-density of dislocations and dual precipitates at the nanoscale. The direct aged sample exhibited an excellent combination of strength and ductility (tensile strength was enhanced to 626 ± 1 MPa and uniform elongation of 16.2 % ± 1.1 %), which is superior to the traditionally wrought and LPBF-processed Cu-Cr-Zr alloys reported previously. Meantime, a good electrical conductivity of 71.1 % ± 0.3 % IACS was also achieved. In addition, the heterogeneous deformation-induced stress caused by the hierarchical structure not only led to a large increase in yield strength but also promoted tensile ductility. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its portable and self-powered characteristics, the construction of Ga2O3-based semiconductor flexible devices that can improve the adaptability in various complex environments have drawn great attention in recent decades. However, conventional Ga2O3-based flexible heterojunctions are based on either amorphous or poor crystalline Ga2O3materials, which severely limit the performance of the corresponding devices. Here, through lattice-symmetry and energy-band alignment engineering, we construct a high-quality crystalline flexible NiO/β-Ga2O3p–nself-powered photodetector. Owing to its suitable energy-band alignment structure, the device shows a high photo-to-dark current ratio (1.71 × 105) and a large detection sensitivity (6.36 × 1014Jones) under zero bias, which is superior than most Ga2O3self-powered photodetectors even for those based on rigid substrates. Moreover, the fabricated photodetectors further show excellent mechanical stability and robustness in bending conditions, demonstrating their potential practical applications in flexible optoelectronic devices. These findings provide insights into the manipulation of crystal lattice and energy band engineering in flexible self-powered photodetectors and also offer guideline for designing other Ga2O3-based flexible electronic devices.

Motivated by a duopoly game problem, the authors study an optimal control problem where the system is driven by Brownian motion and Poisson point process and has elephant memory for the control variable and the state variable. Firstly, the authors establish the unique solvability of an anticipated backward stochastic differential equation, derive a stochastic maximum principle, and prove a verification theorem for the aforementioned optimal control problem. Furthermore, the authors generalize these results to nonzero-sum stochastic differential game problems. Finally, the authors apply the theoretical results to the duopoly game problem and obtain the corresponding Nash equilibrium solution.

•The Young's moduli of both λ-Cu2Se and ζ-Cu2Se increase gradually as the number of layers increases.•The Poisson's ratios of both λ-Cu2Se and ζ-Cu2Se are thickness independent.•The band gaps of both λ-Cu2Se and ζ-Cu2Se decrease with increasing thickness.•The absorption coefficients increase gradually for both λ-Cu2Se and ζ-Cu2Se from ML to bulk.

In this study, a novel method is proposed for producing perovskite rare-earth manganese oxide magnetic refrigeration materials that exhibit superior properties compared to similar materials. The maximum magnetic entropy change values for this sample are 1.44 and 3.75 J·kg−1·K−1for magnetic fields of 2 and 7 T, respectively. Additionally, its relative cooling power has been calculated to be 101.96 and 404.78 J·kg−1, indicating good performance. Both results were obtained using the sample synthesized under a pressure of 4 GPa, and the sample has undergone a second phase transition. The critical behavior of the sample fits well with the mean field model. For different magnetic fields, there is a significant overlap between the values of the maximum magnetic entropy change and the temperature-averaged entropy change, indicating that the refrigeration performance of the sample after high pressure can approach its maximum capability.

Buckminsterfullerene, C60, was discovered through a prominent mass peak containing 60 atoms produced from laser vaporization of graphite, driven by Kroto’s interest in understanding the formation mechanisms of carbon-containing molecules in space. Inspired by the geodesic dome-shaped architecture designed by Richard Buckminster Fuller, after whom the particle was named, C60was found to have a football-shaped structure comprising 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. It sparked worldwide interest in understanding this new carbon allotrope, resulting in the awarding of the Noble Prize in Chemistry to Smalley, Kroto, and Curl in 1996.

The encapsulation of different guest molecules by their different recognition domains of proteins leads to selective binding, catalysis, and transportation. Synthetic hosts capable of selectively binding different guests in their different cavities to mimic the function of proteins are highly desirable but challenging. Here, we report three ladder-shaped, triple-cavity metallacages prepared by multicomponent coordination-driven self-assembly. Interestingly, the porphyrin-based metallacage is capable of heteroleptic encapsulation of fullerenes (C60or C70) and coronene using its different cavities, allowing distinct allosteric recognition of coronene upon the addition of C60or C70. Owing to the different binding affinities of the cavities, the metallacage hosts one C60molecule in the central cavity and two coronene units in the side cavities, while encapsulating two C70molecules in the side cavities and one coronene molecule in the central cavity. The rational design of multicavity assemblies that enable heteroleptic encapsulation and allosteric recognition will guide the further design of advanced supramolecular constructs with tunable recognition properties.

Platinum (Pt) is the state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, a critical drawback of PEMFCs is the extreme sensitivity of Pt catalyst to CO (impurity in industrial hydrogen), which markedly damages the device’s performance. Therefore, enhancing the CO-tolerant performance of Pt catalysts is crucial for the commercialization of PEMFCs. Herein, we constructed PtNiW@amorphous WOxcore-shell nanowires to improve the CO-tolerance of Pt. Mechanistically, it is demonstrated that the surface amorphous WOxshell can kinetically hinder the accessibility of CO over Pt sites by acting as a selective molecular-sieving layer. Besides, thermodynamically, the electronic effect from the alloying of Ni and W elements could weaken the CO adsorption on Pt sites by downshifting the d-band center. In addition, the oxyphilic W elements can accelerate the dissociation of water to provide more OH species, promoting the oxidation of CO. As a consequence, the as-designed PtNiW@WOxNWs can maintain over 90% HOR current density after 4000 s in 1000 ppm CO/H2, exceeding most of the Pt-based catalysts reported ever.

Photonic elastomers, capable of converting imperceptible deformations into visible colors, show significant potential in smart materials. However, instantaneous deformation is arduous to record accurately due to the disappearance of optical information after deformation recovery. Herein, inspired by the folding structures of iridocytes in cephalopods, a stress- and moisture-triggered wrinkling and erasure effect is proposed to be introduced in the construction of a photonic elastomer. Implemented in a dual-network polymer framework with modulatable locking, it allows for reversible deformation storage. The photonic elastomer comprises a surface one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. The deformed 1DPC lattice transforms into a wrinkled state due to a substrate deformation mismatch, preserving strain-induced structural color information through interchain hydrogen bonding and crystalline shape-locking in dual-network polymers. Reading the color provides multidimensional information about the instantaneous deformation degree and distribution. Moreover, the moisture-induced shape-memory feature of the 1DPC can be triggered with a minute amount of water, like fingertip perspiration or humidity change (35% to 80%), to restore the original color. This stress/moisture-responsive photonic elastomer, with its dynamically reconfigurable wrinkle-lattice, holds great promise for applications in mechanical sensing, inkless writing, and anticounterfeiting, significantly enhancing the versatility of photonic materials.

Lithium (Li) metal solid-state batteries feature high energy density and improved safety and thus are recognized as promising alternatives to traditional Li-ion batteries. In practice, using Li metal anodes remains challenging because of the lack of a superionic solid electrolyte that has good stability against reduction decomposition at the anode side. Here, we propose a new electrolyte design with an antistructure (compared to conventional inorganic structures) to achieve intrinsic thermodynamic stability with a Li metal anode. Li-rich antifluorite solid electrolytes are designed and synthesized, which give a high ionic conductivity of 2.1 × 10–4S cm–1at room temperature with three-dimensional fast Li-ion transport pathways and demonstrate high stability in Li–Li symmetric batteries. Reversible full cells with a Li metal anode and LiCoO2cathode are also presented, showing the potential of Li-rich antifluorites as Li metal-compatible solid electrolytes for high-energy-density solid-state batteries.

Ovarian follicle development is associated with the physiological functions of granulosa cells (GCs), including proliferation and apoptosis. The level of miR-24-3p in ovarian tissue of high-yielding Yorkshire×Landrace sows was significantly higher than that of low-yielding sows. However, the functions of miR-24-3p on GCs are unclear. In this study, using flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2´-de-oxyuridine (EdU) staining, and cell count, we showed that miR-24-3p promoted the proliferation of GCs increasing the proportion of cells in the S phase and upregulating the expression of cell cycle genes, moreover, miR-24-3p inhibited GC apoptosis. Mechanistically, on-line prediction, bioinformatics analysis, a luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot results showed that the target gene of miR-24-3p in proliferation and apoptosis is cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (P27/CDKN1B). Furthermore, the effect of miR-24-3p on GC proliferation and apoptosis was attenuated by P27 overexpression. These findings suggest that miR-24-3p regulates the physiological functions of GCs.

Diodes based on p–n junctions are fundamental building blocks for numerous circuits, including rectifiers, photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and photodetectors. However, conventional doping techniques to form p- or n-type semiconductors introduce impurities that lead to Coulomb scattering. When it comes to low-dimensional materials, controllable and stable doping is challenging due to the feature of atomic thickness. Here, by selectively depositing dielectric layers of Y2O3and AlN, direct formation of wafer-scale carbon-nanotube (CNT) diodes are demonstrated with high yield and spatial controllability. It is found that the oxygen interstitials in Y2O3, and the oxygen vacancy together with Al–Al bond in AlN/Y2O3electrostatically modulate the intrinsic CNTs channel, which leads to p- and n-type conductance, respectively. These CNTs diodes exhibit a high rectification ratio (>104) and gate-tunable rectification behavior. Based on these results, we demonstrate the applicability of the diodes in electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and photodetection.

To improve the power quality and reliability of series-connected multi-pulse rectifiers (MPR), a passive harmonic suppression method is proposed in this paper. According to the topology of the rectifier, the operation modes are examined, and the operating waveforms are studied based on the operation modes. Based on the operating waveform of the rectifier, the relationship between the input voltage and the turns ratio of the auxiliary single-phase transformer (AST) is obtained, and the optimal turns ratio of the AST is calculated. The obtained results express that the input voltage THD is 4.4%, and that the input current THD is about 2.6%. The magnetic rating of the AST is only 1.72% of the output power. The proposed passive harmonic suppression method has the advantages of low loss and good harmonic suppression capability.

Lipid remodeling is crucial for cold tolerance in plants. However, the precise alternations of lipidomics during cold responses remain elusive, especially in maize (Zea maysL.). In addition, the key genes responsible for cold tolerance in maize lipid metabolism have not been identified. Here, we integrate lipidomic, transcriptomic, and genetic analysis to determine the profile of lipid remodeling caused by cold stress. We find that the homeostasis of cellular lipid metabolism is essential for maintaining cold tolerance of maize. Also, we detect 210 lipid species belonging to 13 major classes, covering phospholipids, glycerides, glycolipids, and free fatty acids. Various lipid metabolites undergo specific and selective alterations in response to cold stress, especially mono-/di-unsaturated lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, as well as polyunsaturated phosphatidic acid, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. In addition, we identify a subset of key enzymes, including ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein synthase II (KAS II), acyl-carrier protein 2 (ACP2), male sterility33 (Ms33), and stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase 2 (SAD2) involved in glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways are positive regulators of maize cold tolerance. These results reveal a comprehensive lipidomic profile during the cold response of maize and provide genetic resources for enhancing cold tolerance in crops.

Formation of the Tibetan Plateau is generally ascribed to the Cenozoic India–Asia collision. However, the origin of along-strike deformation of the Indian mantle lithosphere, especially beneath the eastern Tibetan Plateau region, and its effect on the plateau’s eastward growth remain unclear. Here, we conduct multiscale seismic tomography to provide a revised structure of the Indian mantle lithosphere beneath the eastern Tibetan Plateau region. Our results demonstrate that the Indian mantle lithosphere is currently torn vertically along ~26° N, with its northern portion shallowly subducting northeastwards and the southern portion steeply subducting eastwards into the mantle transition zone. Analysis of tectonic and magmatic records is consistent with advancing and retreating migration of the slab tear after about 50 Myr ago. We suggest that the rigid Yangtze cratonic lithosphere tore the intruding cratonic Indian mantle lithosphere approximately 35 Myr ago, resulting in diverging shallow subduction. The subsequent Miocene rollback of the southeastern Indian mantle lithosphere is proposed to induce a giant turbo-engine-like flow that caused clockwise rotation of the plateau crust and underlying mantle around the eastern syntaxis, leading to differential eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau.

ABSTRACT Among methods used to determine the texture depth of pavement surface, the manual sand-laying method is the most commonly used. However, when applied to the porous asphalt pavement, it [...]

ABSTRACT Premature debonding is the major barrier to FRP (fibre-reinforced polymer) utilization in FRP-reinforced concrete structures and restricts the promotion of structural bearing capability. The additional mechanical fasteners could restrain [...]

The development of cutting-edge solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) entails a deep understanding of the underlying correlation between the structure and ionic conductivity. Generally, the structure of SSEs encompasses several interconnected crystal parameters, and their collective influence on Li+transport can be challenging to discern. Here, we systematically investigate the structure–function relationship of halide spinel LixMgCl2+x(2 ≥ x≥ 1) SSEs. A nonmonotonic trend in the ionic conductivity of LixMgCl2+xSSEs has been observed, with the maximum value of 8.69 × 10–6S cm–1achieved at x= 1.4. The Rietveld refinement analysis, based on neutron diffraction data, has revealed that the crystal parameters including cell parameters, Li+vacancies, Debye–Waller factor, and Li–Cl bond length assume diverse roles in influencing ionic conductivity of LixMgCl2+xat different stages within the range of xvalues. Besides, mechanistic analysis demonstrates Li+transport along three-dimensional pathways, which primarily governs the contribution to ionic conductivity of LixMgCl2+xSSEs. This study has shed light on the collective influence of crystal parameters on Li+transport behaviors, providing valuable insights into the intricate relationship between the structure and ionic conductivity of SSEs.

Energy modeling underpins the design and deployment of net-zero energy systems. However, many net-zero energy solutions, such as bioenergy and battery storage, are not fully sustainable, and energy models do not adequately account for their sustainability side effects. Here, we identify the scale and scope of challenges and opportunities in consolidating sustainability impacts into net-zero transitions through modeling.

IMPORTANCE: Chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) limits the long-term benefit of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). This clinical trial evaluated repeated infusions of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the early stage (45 days and 100 days) after haplo-HSCT to prevent chronic GVHD. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether repeated infusions of MSCs during the early stage after haplo-HSCT decreases the incidence of severe chronic GVHD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This open-label, multicenter, parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted from April 2016 to January 2022. Eligibility criteria included a diagnosis of acute leukemia and having a haploidentical, suitable related donor for HSCT. The median (range) follow-up time was 39.0 (1.5-67.0) months. INTERVENTIONS: The enrolled patients with a haploidentical relative for HSCT received the modified busulfan/cyclophosphamide + antithymocyte globulin modified regimen and standard GVHD prophylaxis. Patients were randomly chosen to receive MSCs (the MSC group) (1 × 106 cells/kg, every 2 weeks, starting from 45 days after transplant, 4 times total) or regular prophylaxis (control group). MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: The cumulative incidence of severe chronic GVHD. RESULTS: Of 158 patients, 58 (36.7%) were female individuals; the median (range) age for the MSC and control groups was 28 (18-60) years and 28 (18-56) years, respectively. A total of 158 patients were screened, and 148 patients were randomly assigned to the MSC group (n = 74) or control group (n = 74) 1 day before MSCs infusion. The estimated 2-year cumulative incidence of severe chronic GVHD was 5.4% (95% CI, 1.8%-14.0%) in the MSC group and 17.4% (95% CI, 10.1%-28.5%) in the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.88; P = .03). There was no difference between the MSC and control groups in the cumulative incidence of leukemia relapse (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.55-2.47; P = .68). The cumulative incidence of stage II to IV acute GVHD in the MSC group was significantly lower than that in the control group (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.67; P = .01). The MSC group had better GVHD-free and relapse-free survival rates than the control group (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.98; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this randomized clinical trial show that early repeated infusions of MSCs decreased the incidence and severity of chronic GVHD, and the incidence and severity of acute GVHD manifested as a better GVHD-free and relapse-free survival rate for patients after haplo-HSCT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-IIR-16007806

Uncertain chemical mechanisms leading to brown carbon (BrC) formation affect the drivers of the radiative effects of aerosols in current climate predictions. Herein, the aqueous-phase reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) and typical reduced nitrogen species (RNSs) are systematically investigated by using combined quantum chemical calculations and laboratory experiments. Imines and diimines are identified from the mixtures of methylamine (MA) and ammonia (AM) with MG, but not from dimethylamine (DA) with the MG mixture under acidic conditions, because deprotonation of DA cationic intermediates is hindered by the amino groups occupied by two methyl groups. It leads to N-heterocycle (NHC) formation in the MG + MA (MGM) and MG + AM (MGA) reaction systems but to N-containing chain oligomer formation in the MG + DA (MGD) reaction system. Distinct product formation is attributed to electrostatic attraction and steric hindrance, which are regulated by the methyl groups of RNSs. The light absorption and adverse effects of NHCs are also strongly related to the methyl groups of RNSs. Our finding reveals that BrC formation is mainly contributed from MG reaction with RNSs with less methyl groups, which have more abundant and broad sources in the urban environments.

Increasing the charging cutoff voltage is a viable approach to push the energy density limits of LiCoO2and meet the requirements of the rapid development of 3C electronics. However, an irreversible oxygen redox is readily triggered by the high charging voltage, which severely restricts practical applications of high-voltage LiCoO2. In this study, we propose a modification strategy via suppressing surface ligand-to-metal charge transfer to inhibit the oxygen redox-induced structure instability. A d0electronic structure Zr4+is selected as the charge transfer insulator and successfully doped into the surface lattice of LiCoO2. Using a combination of theoretical calculations, ex situX-ray absorption spectra, and in situdifferential electrochemical mass spectrometry analysis, our results show that the modified LiCoO2exhibits suppressed oxygen redox activity and stable redox electrochemistry. As a result, it demonstrates a robust long-cycle lattice structure with a practically eliminated voltage decay (0.17 mV/cycle) and an excellent capacity retention of 89.4% after 100 cycles at 4.6 V. More broadly, this work provides a new perspective on suppressing the oxygen redox activity through modulating surface ligand-to-metal charge transfer for achieving a stable high-voltage ion storage structure.

Developing highly efficient Pt-based methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalysts is pivotal for direct methanol fuel cells. Phase engineering of nanomaterials offers a promising strategy to improve their catalytic performance, yet achieving phase modulation in one-dimensional nanowires (NWs) remains a great challenge. Herein, we report a facile and one-pot synthesis approach for the crystal-phase-controlled Pt-Sn intermetallic nanowires (NWs), realizing the crystal-phases regulation of face-centered cubic Pt3Sn intermetallic NWs (FCC-Pt3Sn INTNWs) and hexagonal close-packed PtSn intermetallic NWs (HCP-PtSn INTNWs) by adjusting the amounts of Sn precursors. Notably, the FCC-Pt3Sn INTNWs exhibit high mass and specific activities of 6.4 A mgPt-1and 11.8 mA cm-2, respectively, surpassing its counterparts, the HCP-PtSn INTNWs and commercial Pt/C catalysts. After a 10,000 s durability test, the FCC-Pt3Sn INTNWs still maintain a mass activity of 5.6 A mgPt-1, which is 24.3 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. This dramatic enhancement of MOR performance is primarily attributed to the phasecontrolled structure and accelerated removal of CO intermediates (CO*). Theoretical calculations and CO stripping experiments demonstrate that the FCC-Pt3Sn INTNWs lower the energy barrier for converting CO* into COOH* by reducing CO* binding and enhancing OH adsorption, thus significantly improving the MOR activity, CO tolerance, and stability.

Two-dimensional (2D) tin halide perovskites are promising semiconductors for field-effect transistors (FETs) owing to their fascinating electronic properties. However, the correlation between the chemical nature of organic cations and charge carrier transport is still far from understanding. In this study, the influence of chain length of linear alkyl ammonium cations on film morphology, crystallinity, and charge transport in 2D tin halide perovskites is investigated. The carbon chain lengths of the organic spacers vary from propylammonium to heptanammonium. The increase of alkyl chain length leads to enhanced local charge carrier transport in the perovskite film with mobilities of up to 8 cm2V−1s−1, as confirmed by optical-pump terahertz spectroscopy. A similar improved macroscopic charge transport is also observed in FETs, only to the chain length of HA, due to the synergistic enhancement of film morphology and molecular organization. While the mobility increases with the temperature rise from 100 K to 200 K due to the thermally activated transport mechanism, the device performance decreases in the temperature range of 200 K to 295 K because of ion migration. These results provide guidelines on rational design principles of organic spacer cations for 2D tin halide perovskites and contribute to other optoelectronic applications.

There are differences between the analytical results and the experimental results of the input total harmonic distortion (THD) of aviation multipulse rectifiers due to the power factor angle. To obtain the accuracy value of THD and simplify the complicated computational process of THD, a normalization calculation method is proposed, and the relationship between the input voltage THD and the power factor angle of arbitrary aviation multipulse rectifiers is acquired. To verify the proposed normalization calculation method, the 12-pulse rectifier and the 24-pulse are taken as the example. According to the value of the input inductance, a series of models of aviation multipulse rectifiers are established. Based on the models, the relationships among the input inductance, input voltage, output resistance, and power factor angle are obtained. On the basis of the relationships, the THD of the input voltage based on the power factor angle is calculated. The calculation results of THD are consistent with the results of the proposed normalization calculation method. The testing results show that the normalization calculation method of THD is applicable to the 12-pulse rectifier, the proposed 24-pulse rectifier, and the previous studies. The method has simple calculation and high accuracy, and is significant to obtain the exact input THD value of arbitrary aviation multipulse rectifiers.

Seamless study designs have the potential to accelerate clinical development. The use of innovative seamless designs has been increasing in the oncology area; however, while the concept of seamless designs becomes more popular and accepted, many challenges remain in both the design and conduct of these trials. This may be especially true when seamless designs are used in late phase development supporting regulatory decision-making. The Innovative Design Scientific Working Group (IDSWG) Oncology team conducted a survey to understand the current use of seamless study designs for registration purposes in oncology clinical development. The survey was designed to provide insights into the benefits and to identify the roadblocks. A total of 16 questions were included in the survey that was distributed using the ASA Biopharmaceutical Section and IDSWG email listings from August to September 2022. A total of 51 responses were received, with 39 (76%) respondents indicating that their organizations had seamless oncology studies in planning or implementation for registration purposes. Detailed survey results are presented in the manuscript. Overall, while seamless designs offer advantages in terms of timeline reduction and cost saving, they also present challenges related to additional complexity and the need for efficient surrogate clinical endpoints in oncology drug development.

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) has been extensively studied for high-density memory and energy-efficient computing-in-memory (CIM) applications. In this work, for the first time, we present a fully integrated 3-D stackable 1-kb one-CNTFET-one-RRAM (1T1R) array with carbon nanotube (CNT) CMOS peripheral circuits. The 1T1R cells were fabricated with 1024 CNT NFETs and Ta2O5-based multibit RRAMs, while the peripheral circuits consisted of 747 CNT PFETs and 875 NFETs for the word line (WL) 7:128 decoder and 128 drivers. The entire array was fabricated using a low-temperature ( $\le 300~^{\circ} \text{C}$ ) process, enabling multiple layers of CNTFET/RRAM arrays to be vertically stacked in the backend-of-the-line (BEOL) to boost the integration density and chip functionality. Furthermore, this 1T1R digital memory array was then used as a BEOL buffer macro and monolithically 3-D (M3D) integrated with another 128-kb HfO2-based analog RRAM array and Si CMOS logic to accelerate CIM. The fabricated M3D-CIM chip consisted of three functional layers, whose structural integrity and proper function was validated by extensive structural analysis and electrical measurements. To highlight the advantages of this M3D-CIM architecture, typical neural networks, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP) and ResNET32, were implemented, achieving a GPU-equivalent classification accuracy of up to 96.5% in image classification tasks while consuming $39\times $ less energy. Therefore, this work demonstrates the tremendous potential of the CNT/RRAM-based M3D-CIM architecture for various artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

The effects of heat treatment on the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and morphology at the interface of stainless steel 304 bonded to aluminum 6061 by electromagnetic pulse welding (EMPW) were investigated in this study. A thin discontinuous non-uniform wavy transition layer with an average thickness of 1.144 μm was formed at the interface of the as-welded joint. After heat treatment, the average grain size of the Al/SS304 interface grew from 6.85 μm to 7.42 μm. The thickness of the transition layer increased significantly, reaching an average thickness of 4.109 μm after heating at 210 °C for 4 h. In addition, the wavy interface grew gradually and became smooth with increasing heating temperature, suggesting the growth rate of the IMCs at the trough was greater than that at the adjacent crest. Then the effect of heating time on the growth of IMCs was studied. According to the characteristics of the transition layer and the diffusion law, the IMCs grew faster at the trough than at the crest of the transition layer. Differences in element concentration, crystal deformation, grain boundaries, dislocation density, and energy storage were observed at the trough and crest of the interface as a result of the different growth rates of the IMCs.