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Wichtig in der Diagnose und Therapieentscheidung bei Patienten mit metastasiertem kolorektalem Karzinom ist die Diskussion im Rahmen eines multidisziplinären Tumorboards (MDT). Im Rahmen eines Konsensus aller daran beteiligten Fachgesellschaften wurden die Notwendigkeiten der einzufordernden Information über den Patienten vor Besprechung definiert. Zusätzlich wurden die Kernspezialisten und mögliche ergänzende Kollegen festgelegt, die der MDT-Besprechung beiwohnen sollen. Einer Standardisierung in der Behandlung des mit 5000 Neuerkrankungen pro Jahr sehr häufigen Malignoms in Österreich steht somit wenig im Weg. Discussion within a multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT) is essential in the diagnosis and therapy of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. In a consensus established with all the participating specialist boards, we were able to define the fundamental information required to adequately discuss these patients. In addition, essential specialists and potential additional participants who wanted to take part in the consensus were specified. Thereby, there is little to stand in the way of the standardization of treatment for the 5000 patients newly diagnosed with this very common malignancy in Austria each year.

Aims. We aim at a detailed description of the kinematic properties of the old, (several Gyrs) late-type CO-absorption star population among the Galactic centre (GC) cluster stars. This cluster is composed of a central supermassive black hole (Sgr A*) and a self-gravitating system of stars. Understanding its kinematics thus offers the opportunity to understand the dynamical interaction between a central point mass and the surrounding stars in general, especially in view of understanding other galactic nuclei.

Nonlocality is arguably one of the most fundamental and counterintuitive aspects of quantum theory. Nonlocal correlations could, however, be even more nonlocal than quantum theory allows, while still complying with basic physical principles such as no-signaling. So why is quantum mechanics not as nonlocal as it could be? Are there other physical or information-theoretic principles which prohibit this? So far, the proposed answers to this question have been only partially successful, partly because they are lacking genuinely multipartite formulations. In Fritz et al. [Nat. Commun. 4, 2263 (2013)], we introduced the principle of local orthogonality (LO), an intrinsically multipartite principle which is satisfied by quantum mechanics but is violated by nonphysical correlations. Here we further explore the LO principle, presenting additional results and explaining some of its subtleties. In particular, we show that the set of no-signaling boxes satisfying LO is closed under wirings, present a classification of all LO inequalities in certain scenarios, show that all extremal tripartite boxes with two binary measurements per party violate LO, and explain the connection between LO inequalities and unextendible product bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We present both statistical and case studies of magnetosheath interaction with the high-latitude magnetopause on the basis of Interball-1 and other ISTP spacecraft data. We discuss those data along with recently published results on the topology of cusp-magnetosheath transition and the roles of nonlinear disturbances in mass and energy transfer across the high-latitude magnetopause. For sunward dipole tilts, a cusp throat is magnetically open for direct interaction with the incident flow that results in the creation of a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over an indented magnetopause and downstream of the cusp. For antisunward tilts, the cusp throat is closed by a smooth magnetopause; demagnetized ‘plasma balls’ (with scale ∼ few RE, an occurrence rate of ∼25% and trapped energetic particles) present a major magnetosheath plasma channel just inside the cusp. The flow interacts with the ‘plasma balls’ via reflected waves, which trigger a chaotization of up to 40% of the upstream kinetic energy. These waves propagate upstream of the TBL and initiate amplification of the existing magnetosheath waves and their cascade-like decays during downstream passage throughout the TBL. The most striking feature of the nonlinear interaction is the appearance of magnetosonic jets, accelerated up to an Alfvenic Mach number of 3. The characteristic impulsive local momentum loss is followed by decelerated Alfvenic flows and modulated by the TBL waves; momentum balance is conserved only on time scales of the Alfvenic flows (1/fA ∼12 min). Wave trains at fA∼1.3 mHz are capable of synchronizing interactions throughout the outer and inner boundary layers. The sonic/Alfvenic flows, bounded by current sheets, control the TBL spectral shape and result in non-Gaussian statistical characteristics of the disturbances, indicating the fluctuation intermittency. We suggest that the multi-scale TBL processes play at least a comparable role to that of macro-reconnection (remote from or in the cusp) in solar wind energy transformation and population of the magnetosphere by the magnetosheath plasma. Secondary micro-reconnection constitutes a necessary chain at the small-scale (∼ion gyroradius) edge of the TBL cascades. The thick TBL transforms the flow energy, including deceleration and heating of the flow in the open throat, ‘plasma ball’ and the region downstream of the cusp.

Abstract Magnetic reconnection at the high-latitude magnetopause is studied using 2–1/2-dimensional (2−1/2-D) Hall-MHD simulation. Concentric flow vortices and magnetic islands appear when both Hall effect and sheared flow are considered. Plasma mixing across the magnetopause occurs in the presence of the flow vortices. Reconnected structure generated in the vicinity of the subsolar point changes its geometry with increasing flow shear while moving to high latitudes. In the presence of flow shear, with the Hall-MHD reconnection a higher reconnection rate than with the traditional MHD is obtained. The out-of-plane components of flow and magnetic field produced by the Hall current are redistributed under the action of the flow shear, which makes the plasma transport across the boundaries more complicated. The simulation results provide some help in understanding the dynamic processes at the high-latitude magnetopause.

Abstract The polar cusps of the magnetosphere are key regions for the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. Understaning these key regions and the dynamical interactions that occur there are fundamentally important to determining the physical nature of the magnetosphere. In this paper we try to summarize many of the conclusions reached in the papers of this special issue emphasizing the present concepts and definition of the cusp, what variations could be temporal structures and what could be spatial structures. We address the need for further measurements and the role of present and planned projects to address these needs.

Abstract Energetic electrons (e.g., 50 keV) travel along field lines with a high speed of around 20 REs−1. These swift electrons trace out field lines in the magnetosphere in a rather short time, and therefore can provide nearly instantaneous information about the changes in the field configuration in regions of geospace. The energetic electrons in the high latitude boundary regions (including the cusp) have been examined in detail by using Cluster/RAPID data for four consecutive high latitude/cusp crossings between 16 March and 19 March 2001. Energetic electrons with high and stable fluxes were observed in the time interval when the IMF had a predominately positive Bz component. These electrons appeared to be associated with a lower plasma density exhibiting no obvious tailward plasma flow (<20 keV). On the other hand, no electrons or only spike-like electron events have been observed in the cusp region during southward IMF. At that time, the plasma density was as high as that in the magnetosheath and was associated with a clear tailward flow. The fact that no stable energetic electron fluxes were observed during southward IMF indicates that the cusp has an open field line geometry. The observations indicate that both the South and North high latitude magnetospheric boundary regions (including both North and South cusp) can be energetic particle trapping regions. The energetic electron observations provide new ways to investigate the dynamic cusp processes. Finally, trajectory tracing of test particles has been performed using the Tsyganenko 96 model; this demonstrates that energetic particles (both ions and electrons) may be indeed trapped in the high latitude magnetosphere.

Abstract Observations of a unique cusp feature at low and mid altitudes are reported. This feature has a consistent double-peaked or “V”-shaped structure at the equatorward edge of high-latitude particle precipitation flux, and is predominantly present for high IMF By conditions. The observations are consistent with the Crooker (‘A split separator line merging model of the dayside magnetopause’, J. Geophys. Res. 90 (1985) 12104, ‘Mapping the merging potential from the magnetopause to the ionosphere through the dayside cusp’, J. Geophys. Res. (1988) 93 7338.) antiparallel merging model, which predicts a narrow wedge-shaped cusp whose geometry depends greatly on the dawn/dusk component of the IMF. Various observations are presented at low altitudes (DE-2, Astrid-2, Munin, UARS, DMSP) and at mid altitudes (DE-1, Cluster) that suggest a highly coherent cusp feature that is consistent with the narrow, wedge-shaped cusp of Crooker (1988), and contains persistent wave signatures that are compatible with previously reported high-altitude measurements. A statistical survey of Astrid-2 and DMSP satellite data is also presented, which shows this feature to be persistent and dependent on the IMF angle at the magnetopause, as expected. Thus, the cusp signatures observed at a wide range of altitudes present a coherent picture that may be interpreted in terms of a footprint of the magnetopause current layer.

Abstract Cluster measurements of the cusp and high latitude magnetopause boundary on 26 January, 2001 confirm that the cusp is a dynamic region full of energetic charged particles and turbulence. An energetic ion layer at high-latitudes beyond and adjacent to the duskside magnetopause exists when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) has a southward orientation. Multiple energetic ion flux bursts were observed in the energetic ion layer. Each energetic ion flux burst was closely related to a magnetic flux rope. The axes of the flux ropes lie in the direction pointing duskward/tailward and somewhat upward. An intense axis-aligned current flows inside the ropes, with the current density reaching ∼10−8 A/m2. The main components of the energetic ions are protons, helium and CNO ions, which originate from the magnetosphere, flowing out into the magnetosheath along the axis of the flux ropes. The velocity of the magnetosheath thermal plasma relative to the deHoffman-Teller (DHT) frame is found to be basically along the axis of the flux ropes also, but towards the magnetosphere. These flux ropes seem to be produced somewhere away via magnetic reconnection and move at similar DHT velocities passing over the spacecraft. These observations further confirm that the high-latitude magnetopause boundary region plays an important role in the solar wind-magnetopause coupling.

We present an approach to stable n-type doping of organic matrices using organic dopants. In order to circumvent stability limitations inherent to strong organic donors, we produce the donor from a stable precursor compound in situ. As an example, the cationic dye pyronin B chloride is studied as a dopant in a 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) matrix. Conductivities of up to 1.9 × 10^–4 S cm^–1 are obtained for doped NTCDA, two orders of magnitude higher than the conductivity of NTCDA doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene as investigated previously, and four orders of magnitude higher than nominally undoped NTCDA films. Field-effect measurements are used to prove n-type conduction and to study the doping effect further. The findings are interpreted using a model of transport in disordered solids using a recently published model. Combined FTIR, UV-vis, and mass spectroscopy investigations suggest the formation of leuco pyronin B during sublimation of pyronin B chloride.

Abstract:  Properties of electroplated nickel such as crystallographic texture, Young's modulus, strength and microstructure strongly depend on the parameter mean current density used for electrodeposition. By means of micro tensile testing mechanical material parameters were determined. At low mean current density (2 mA/cm2) brittle layers with high Young's modulus and high strength were obtained, whereas at high current density (15 mA/cm2) ductile layers with low Young's modulus and low strength were deposited.

The structure of [4-(phenylazo)phenoxy]hexane-1-thiol (AzoC6) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) has been investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and Fourier transform infrared-reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS). The FTIR-RAS results yield a tilt angle of the molecules close to 0°, which significantly differs from the 30° tilt angle of linear n-alkanethiols. In STM images two types of domains are observed that have equal unit cell dimensions and two molecules per unit cell but show different tunneling contrasts, which is attributed to a different arrangement of the molecules within the unit cell. The relationship of the molecular lattice to the substrate lattice is found to be commensurate.

Storm‐related magnetospheric oxygen bursts were observed in the dayside magnetosheath during the coronal mass ejection on January 10, 1997. These singly charged oxygen ion events exhibited a clear antisunward flow. The oxygen ions are associated with a strong negative interplanetary magnetosheath field (IMF). The average Bzwas almost − 50 nT, and the field projection in the x– yplane (GSE) was nearly constant in the Sun/dawn sector forming an angle of 45° relative to the Earth‐Sun axis. The magnetopause was identified as a rotational discontinuity by using the principal axis analysis (PAA) method. The three‐dimensional polar versus azimuthal angle distribution of the oxygen ions showed that the oxygen flow has a north to south velocity component. The observations suggest that the dayside reconnection process is generally steady. The energy dispersion can be explained with the time‐of‐flight (TOF) effect assuming oxygen ions are escaping from the magnetosphere along the reconnected field lines. The lack of hydrogen and helium ions during the observed oxygen bursts can be explained, as only oxygen ions are resupplied by the gradient drift in the inner magnetosphere because of their larger bounce periods with respect to hydrogen and helium ions. Therefore only oxygen ions are observed continuously in the magnetosheath. The estimated oxygen escape rate amounts to 0.61 × 1023ions/s, about 33% of the input rate of the ring current. The observations imply that the stormtime ring current is asymmetric. A large amount of ring current oxygen ions escape from the magnetosphere into the magnetosheath.

We demonstrate enhanced hole injection and lowered driving voltage in vacuum‐deposited organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a hole‐transport layer using the starburst amine 4,4′,4″‐tris(N,N‐diphenyl‐amino)triphenylamine (TDATA) p‐doped with a very strong acceptor, tetrafluoro‐tetracyano‐quinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) by controlled coevaporation. The doping leads to high conductivity of doped TDATA layers and a high density of equilibrium charge carriers, which facilitates hole injection and transport. Moreover, multilayer OLEDs consisting of double hole‐transport layers of thick p‐doped TDATA and a thin triphenyl‐diamine (TPD) interlayer exhibit very low operating voltages.

Statistical results are presented from Polar/CAMMICE measurements of events during which the plasma sheet ions have penetrated deeply into the inner magnetosphere. Owing to their characteristic structure in energy‐time spectrograms, these events are called “intense nose events.” Almost 400 observations of such structures were made during 1997. Intense nose events are shown to be more frequent in the dusk than in the dawn sector. They typically penetrate well inside L= 4, the deepest penetration having occurred around midnight and noon. The intense nose events are associated with magnetic (substorm) activity. However, even moderate activity (AE= 150–250 nT) resulted in formation of these structures. In a case study of November 3, 1997, three sequential inner magnetosphere crossings of the Polar and Interball Auroral spacecraft are shown, each of which exhibited signatures of intense nose‐like structures. Using the innermost boundary determinations from these observations, it is demonstrated that a large‐scale convective electric field alone cannot account for the inward motion of the structure. It is suggested that the intense nose structures are caused by short‐lived intense electric fields (in excess of ∼1 mV/m) in the inner tail at L=4–5.

The dissociation processes of excited states in vapor-deposited thin films of N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-dicarboximide (Me-PTCDI) and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) are investigated in detail by means of electric field induced fluorescence quenching and photoresponse. The decay mechanisms of the two materials are quite different: Time resolved field induced fluorescence quenching on Me-PTCDI shows rate type quenching. Two spectral ranges with different field dependencies and decay times were observed. An efficient dissociation requires external fields of up to 2×106V/cm. In PTCDA films, the quenching is of both rate and amplitude type. For this material, two spectral ranges with different field dependencies are recorded. A field induced luminescence enhancement is measured in the range between 520 and 600 nm. The combination of the fluorescence quenching measurement with the relative photoresponse and absolute luminescence quantum yield of Me-PTCDI allows to estimate the decay rate constants of the visible states of Me-PTCDI.

We investigate the heteroepitaxial growth of two films of large planar molecules on an inorganic substrate: for the particular system [perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) on hexa-peri-benzocoronene (HBC) on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)], large domains of several hundred of nanaometers in size with interfaces that are flat and almost defect-free on the molecular scale are observed using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The images obtained represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first STM observation of the ordered growth of large planar molecules in a heteroepitaxially stacked film. The mutual lattice alignment and epitaxial relations between the two organic layers are determined from the pronounced moiré pattern in the STM images. Beside these findings, the intramolecular contrast of HBC on HOPG is used to determine the molecular orientation of the molecules within the two-dimensional unit cell by STM.

We report the realization of organic–organic heteroepitaxy by combining liquid-phase self-assembly with ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) gas-phase molecular beam epitaxy. As a model system, we have used self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared by exposing an Au(111)–mica substrate to a dilute solution of decanethiol in ethanol, with subsequent evaporation of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) dye molecules. The well-known (3×3)R30°superstructure of almost upright standing molecules after chemisorption is replaced by the 11.5×3(33.2Å) pin-stripe phase with flat lying molecules when the samples are annealed in UHV and coverage decreases. The deposition of PTCDA induces reordering and displacement in the decanethiol SAM. Additional to the 33.2Å periodicity, the previously reported 22Å thiol stripe phase can be observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Several PTCDA structures are observed: single and double rows of PTCDA that grow along decanethiol stripes on top of the flat-lying alkane chain groups, as well as densely packed PTCDA monolayer domains embedded into the thiol layer. These exhibit the well-known herringbone structure or a novel square lattice structure. We have also investigated thicker PTCDA islands and observed molecular resolution for a thickness of several monolayers. The structure of the three-dimensional islands can be identified as the α bulk modification.

Abstract: In a prospective randomized study, we compared the new intramedullary implant of the gliding nail to the gamma nail in the fixation of 80 unstable trochanteric fractures in elderly patients. The preconditions of both groups were comparable. We found no differences concerning the operation time, blood loss, period of stationary treatment or social situation. Also, the anatomic reconstruction and the long-term function according to the Merle d’Aubigne score were comparable. Regarding postoperative complications, the gliding nail showed a minor tendency of cutting out; this we attribute to the special design of the dynamic blade and regard it as the most favourable advantage of this new implant.

Abstract: In a prospective controlled study we analysed the classic nail, a new intramedullary implant for the fixation of peritrochanteric fractures. By means of lateral bending of 4°, unreamed implantation is generally possible. Our collective of 85 patients was characterized by elderly mean age (82.3 years), a predominance of female patients (4.3 : 1), a minor trauma aetiology without relevant additional injuries, and a high rate of concomitant disease (92%). Only 31A-type femur fractures were treated, with a low specific complication rate of 13%, whereby operative revision was necessary in only two patients (3%). A good anatomic reconstruction and full weight-bearing with the osteosynthesis was achieved in the majority of patients. No secondary shaft fractures and only one case of cutting out was observed. The mortality (30 days: 18%, 6 months: 25%) as well as the high rate of unspecific complications (20%) were caused by the patients’ multiple morbidity. Deficits in the Merle d’Aubigne score at follow-up after 6 months can be interpreted within the same context. Nevertheless, 85% could return to their former social environment and only 15% became dependent on a nursing institution in connection with the fracture treatment.

Abstract: For surgical treatment of the unstable Colles fracture we developed a new form of osteosynthesis, which consists in a modification of the dynamic Kirschner wire fixation described by Kapandji. It allows early motion without the typical risk of palmar dislocation noted with the Kapandji method. We prefer this method in elderly patients with reduced bone quality. The analysis of a collective of 110 fractures including a clinical and radiological follow-up examination of 72 patients revealed good anatomical reconstruction of the distal radius. The loss of motion was minimal on average and consistent with a good wrist function. Major restrictions resulted from stress-dependent pain as a consequence of posttraumatic arthritis or algodystrophy. A minor loss of reduction by dorsal impaction was observed in the follow-up evaluation, but it had no functional relevance. The most frequent complication was paraesthesia within the area of the superficial radial nerve. According to the NYOH score the following results were achieved: excellent 35%, good 50%, fair 10%, poor 5%.

New observations of energetic helium ion fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belts have been obtained with the CAMMICE/HIT instrument on the ISTP/GGS POLAR spacecraft during the extended geomagnetically low activity period April through October 1996. POLAR executes a high inclination trajectory that crosses over both polar cap regions and passes over the geomagnetic equator in the heart of the radiation belts. The latter attribute makes possible direct observations of nearly the full equatorial helium ion pitch angle distributions in the heart of the Earth’s radiation belt region. Additionally, the spacecraft often re-encounters the same geomagnetic flux tube at a substantially off-equatorial location within a few tens of minutes prior to or after the equatorial crossing. This makes both the equatorial pitch angle distribution and an expanded view of the local off-equatorial pitch angle distribution observable. The orbit of POLAR also permitted observations to be made in conjugate magnetic local time sectors over the course of the same day, and this afforded direct comparison of observations on diametrically opposite locations in the Earth’s radiation belt region at closely spaced times. Results from four helium ion data channels covering ion kinetic energies from 520 to 8200 KeV show that the distributions display trapped particle characteristics with angular flux peaks for equatorially mirroring particles as one might reasonably expect. However, the helium ion pitch angle distributions generally flattened out for equatorial pitch angles below about 45°. Significant and systematic helium ion anisotropy difference at conjugate magnetic local time were also observed, and we report quiet time azimuthal variations of the anisotropy index.

The assessment center (AC), which played an important role in the recruitment of officers at the beginning of the century, nowadays is used in the business for the selection of managers. Also in the medical institutions the AC is of increasing significance, since the accentuation of economic aspects have led to a change in the qualities expected of a physician in chief. Usually the AC in the classic form is not applied; more often, hospitals take advantage of professional counselors who obviously use the basic elements of the AC. Physicians who are concerned are recommended to study the essence of the AC. Was Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts als Rekrutierungsverfahren für den Offiziersnachwuchs perfektioniert wurde, wird seit den 60 er Jahren immer häufiger auch von Wirtschaftsunternehmen eingesetzt: das Assessment Center (AC) als Auswahlverfahren für Bewerberinnen und Bewerber um eine neue berufliche Position. Auch im medizinischen Bereich kommt dem AC eine zunehmende Bedeutung zu, seitdem die Betonung marktwirtschaftlicher Prinzipien zu einer Änderung des Anforderungsprofils an Chefärzte geführt hat. Selbst wenn das klassische AC nach wie vor nur ausnahmsweise zum Einsatz kommt, bedienen sich Kliniken bei Bewerbungsverfahren zunehmend der professionellen Unterstützung von Unternehmensberatungen. Bei diesen gehören die Grundelemente des AC zum selbstverständlichen Rüstzeug. Betroffenen Kolleginnen und Kollegen kann daher ein Studium des AC nur wärmstens empfohlen werden.

Summary.: To optimise the microsurgical training in our clinic we organized a permanent possibility to practice microsurgical techniques of vascular anastomosis. This includes stepwise education by means of plastic materials, human placenta and the rat model. The most important role in this concept is played by the placenta. It supplies a realistic simulation of different in vivo situations concerning microvascular anastomosis. As to availability, handling and costs the placenta is superior to animal models and has replaced them almost completely in our educational concept.

Neuropsychiatric side effects have been reported with various systemic betablockers. Data submitted to the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects appear to indicate similar adverse reactions secondary to topical ophthalmic timolol. One hundred sixty-three of 369 central nervous system cases (44) reported depression, psychosis, confusion, and hallucinations following topical ophthalmic timolol administration. The psychiatric community should be aware that sudden changes in mental status or onset of common psychiatric conditions, such as depression, may be due to topical ocular timolol. Withdrawal of the drug usually results in disappearance of these effects in 1 to 7 days.

The CEPPAD Experiment consists of four sensors for investigating energetic particle phenomena on the POLAR mission. These sensors provide 3-D proton and electron angular distributions in the energy range of 20 keV to 1 MeV, energetic proton and electron measurements extending to energies greater than 10 MEV, high angular and time resolution measurements in the loss-cone, and data on energetic neutral particles. All sensors operate in conjunction with special on-board data processing units which control sensor data acquisition modes while performing in-flight data processing, data compression, and telemetry formatting. Presented here is a CEPPAD system overview together with descriptions of the individual sensors, the in-flight data processing, and examples of sensor calibration data.

Three-dimensional distributions for 24.0–44.5 keV protons (ions) are presented from the ISEE-1 medium energy particles instrument during a magnetopause traversal at ~ 01:10 UT on 20 November 1977. Local time of the traversal was ~10:30. Ion fluxes were observed coming generally from the subsolar region, but over a wide range of latitudes. Enhanced fluxes were observed at the magnetopause crossing with strong components from the subsolar region and from the +ZSE direction. These observations are compared with the simultaneous electric field observations presented by Mozer et al. (1978). Ion streaming in a direction consistent with the Y-component of the $$E x B/_{B^2 } $$ drift velocity was observed whereas streaming along the X and Z-components is not seen. Based on energy arguments we conclude that in this case, ?24 keV ions are not the major energy carrier of the locally measured I · E dissipation.

Energetic ion measurements of GEOS-1 and ATS-6 are analysed for the period of geomagnetic activity following the arrival of a solar wind shock at 0027 UT on July 29, 1977. GEOS crossed the magnetopause at 6.9 RE and 0027 UT (1312 LT). Although the difference in local time to ATS at 6.6 RE is only 2 h ATS seems to remain well inside the magnetopause. During the second orbital pass on this day GEOS crossed the geostationary orbit at the onset time of a major substorm developing at 1120 UT. At this time the local time difference of GEOS and ATS was 12 h. The considerably different energy dispersions are discussed. An azimuthal anisotropy of approximately 20% observed in the GEOS data is interpreted to be the result of a particle density gradient.

Self-assembled monolayers with low molecular surface density of decanethiol on Au(111) have been prepared by annealing of the densely packed (√3 × √3)R30° structure. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscope (STM) imaging reveals the formation of a 11.5 × √3 stripe structure where the molecules are aligned along the substrate surface in double lamellae. We can deduce from the images that the molecules bind to specific sites at the Au(111) surface rather than adsorb as didecane disulfides. For the first time, a lattice structure for an alkanethiol stripe phase can be derived from the obtained real-space data.

Summary.: Age, high physiological load and the great number and different fracture types of the proximal femur are the main challanges for implants used in the management of these fractures. For use in these types of fracture with immediate restoration of full weight-bearing capacity and for reduction of the intra- and postoperative complication rate, the gliding nail was developed. The development is based on a large number of experimental and clinical examinations of per- and subtrochanteric fractures. The advantages of an intramedullary implant and the gliding screw systems are combined with increased moment of resistance of the double-T femor-neck blade profile. We performed a prospective clinical evaluation of the first 186 patients with per- and subtrochanteric fractures who were treated between 15 September 1994 and 29 February 1996 in the Aschaffenburg Trauma Department with a follow-up examination at least 3 months after the operation. The intraoperative complication rate was 1.1 %. The postoperative complication rate was 4.9 %. Change of the blade because of fracture impaction and tractus iliotibialis problems was the most frequent problem with 2.2 %. The most severe complication (1.1 %) were caused by subchondral placement of the blade in the cranial one-third of the femur head. In these cases reosteosynthesis was indicated. Ninety-three percent of the survivors were able to return home. The rate of bed-ridden patients (7.7 % and 11.7 %) was not very different before or after the operation. However, many patients do not reach the condition they had before the fracture and they are one step worse in mobility and social independence.

Summary.: In an experimental study, the biomechanical qualities of the combined Kirschner wire osteosynthesis (KWO) in the unstable Colles' fracture were analyzed. This type of pin fixation is our preferred osteosynthesis in the treatment of unstable Colles' fracture because it allows immediate functional therapy. It represents a modification of Kapandji's dynamic KWO, compensating for the insufficient volar stability by means of the conventional static KWO. Clinical experience according to the anatomical and functional results, was very encouraging suggesting that a clinical concept based on the biomechanical principles of combined KWO and its single components should be constituted. Simulation of the unstable Colles' fracture was realized by dorsal wedge osteotomy of the distal end of the radius using cadaveric material. This fracture model was subsequently pinned using the different KWO types and tested by a standardized vector energy testing device regarding its stability in the four main loading directions. The combined KWO unifies the advantage of volar stability of the conventional KWO with the high dorsal stability of dynamic KWO. The main functional principle of dynamic KWO with regard to its axial stability consists in the repositioning of the dorsal bone fragmentation zone and hence the reconstitution of cortical load transmission. Besides its good stabilization, dynamic KWO also leads to optimal alignment of the distal metaphyseal fragment. Furthermore, the experiments yielded important information about technical aspects of the surgical procedure, which helps us to avoid anatomical and functional deficiencies. Based on these experimental findings, the surgical technique of combined KWO was standardized.

Inhibitors of glycosylation provide a tool for studying the biology of glycoconjugates. One class of inhibitors consists of glycosides that block glycoconjugate synthesis by acting as primers of free oligosaccharide chains. A typical primer contains one sugar linked to a hydrophobic aglycone. In this report, we describe a way to use disaccharides as primers. Chinese hamster ovary cells readily take up glycosides containing a pentose linked to naphthol, but they take up hexosides less efficiently and disaccharides not at all. Linking phenanthrol to a hexose improves its uptake dramatically but has no effect on disaccharides. To circumvent this problem, analogs of Xyl beta 1-->6Gal beta-O-2-naphthol were tested as primers of glycosaminoglycan chains. The unmodified disaccharide did not prime, but methylated derivatives had activity in the order Xyl beta 1-->6Gal(Me)3-beta-O-2-naphthol > Xyl beta 1-->6Gal (Me)2 beta-O-2-naphthol >> Xyl beta 1-->6Gal(Me)beta-O-2-naphthol. Acetylated Xyl beta 1-->6Gal beta-O-2-naphthol also primed glycosaminoglycans efficiently, suggesting that the terminal xylose residue was exposed by removing the acetyl groups. The general utility of using acetyl groups to create disaccharide primers was shown by the priming of oligosaccharides on peracetylated Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta-O-naphthalenemethanol. This disaccharide inhibited sialyl Lewis X expression on HL-60 cells.

Summary.: The following experimental study was conducted to develop biocompatible methods of osteosynthesis in fractures of the distal radius and to evaluate their stability. A model of dorsal wedge osteotomy in the distal radial metaphysis was used to develop the surgical technique and to test the stability of the alternative methods of osteosynthesis. The concept for this model was based on commercially available materials which were either biodegradable or osteoconductive. Four different forms of biocompatible osteosynthesis were compared to combined Kirschner wire osteosynthesis (KWO), our preferred method of treatment of unstable Colles fracture. Biocompatible osteosynthesis was achieved with an invasivity and stability comparable to that of KWO. In conclusion, injection osteosynthesis exceeded the other biocompatible methods of osteosynthesis in all respects. Regarding the recent developments in injectable materials for osteosynthesis it offers the best perspective for clinical application.

Ultrathin films of two perylene dyes, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicdianhydride (PTCDA) and N,N‘-di-n-butylperylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (C4−PTCDI), have been grown on the (001) faces of freshly cleaved single crystal, NaCl, KCl, and KBr. Tapping mode AFM studies of these materials show that their crystalline motifs vary widely depending upon the substrate and growth conditions and that a form of layered growth is observable in the first few monolayers of deposition for both dyes. Nucleation of these crystalline deposits at edge sites on these substrates appears to be central to the growth of the first monolayers of these materials. Luminescence spectra for both PTCDA and C4−PTCDI, captured in situ during the growth of the first 1−4 monolayers of material, show the presence of a monomer-like entity during the initial growth stage. For PTCDA thin films this luminescence signal decays rapidly as nucleation of the crystalline film occurs. As film coverage is increased, luminescence of ultrathin films of both dyes is dominated by emission from one or more excimeric states. For C4−PTCDI/KCl (001) the monomer-like emission does not completely disappear during the first monolayers of film growth, suggesting a degree of disorder sustained on a distance scale of a few molecular units at the grain boundaries and edges of the crystalline regions. The relative ratio of monomer/excimer emission of C4−PTCDI on KCl (001) is strongly temperature dependent and changes reversibly as the temperature is cycled between room temperature and 100 °C. The luminescence intensity for thin films of both dyes on all of the substrates investigated is enhanced in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, consistent with previously reported declines in the dark conductivity of these materials as they are taken from UHV to atmospheric environments.

A purebred female Beagle dog that had received 2,000 R of protracted whole-body γ-irradiation from 60Co when 14 months old had hematologic changes consistent with a myeloproliferative disorder 3 years after the termination of radiation exposure. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings during the 7-month period before death showed progressive anemia with increased numbers of platelets; immature granulocytes, monocytes and promonocytes. A period of partial remission occurred during which time the peripheral blood was aleukemic, although there was marked thrombocytosis and abnormal erythropoiesis which was evidenced by bizarre circulating nucleated red cells, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. The dog had a terminal crisis with marked leukocytosis, most cells in the peripheral blood being bizarre monocytes and promonocytes. Tissues obtained at necropsy showed diffuse as well as focal infiltration of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal wall with immature neoplastic cells resembling monocytes and monocytic precursors. The monocytic differentiation of the invasive cell population was confirmed by morphological, cytochemical, histological, ultrastructural and in vitro cell culture studies.