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Sewage sludge contains up to 85–95 % of the phosphorus from wastewater treatment processes, making it a sustainable phosphorus resource. Pyrolysis can convert sewage sludge into phosphorus-rich biochar. However, the low bioavailability of phosphorus in biochar limits its further application. This study presents a strategy to enhance the pyrolysis process of sewage sludge by incorporating calcium-based solid waste (carbide slag) to produce biochar enriched with bioavailable phosphorus. The results indicate that biochar produced solely from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge contains significant amounts of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), which exhibits low bioavailability. The addition of carbide slag effectively promoted the conversion of NAIP to highly bioavailable apatite phosphorus (AP) under low-temperature pyrolysis conditions. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NAIP, such as AlPO4, reacted with calcium ion during pyrolysis to form stable AP like Ca3(PO4)2and Ca5(PO4)3OH, promoting the efficient formation of AP. Furthermore, tests indicated that carbide slag addition effectively reduced the leaching concentration of heavy metals in biochar. This study confirms that carbide slag-assisted pyrolysis of sewage sludge at relatively low temperatures produces biochar rich in bioavailable phosphorus and environmentally friendly, this finding holds significant implications for the synergistic disposal and recovery of multi-source solid waste.

The trend of research using mixed metal oxide as a selective adsorbent for H2S gas is increasing. Inline with that, this paper evaluated the performance of Zn-Fe/Al2O3adsorbent in adsorbing H2S as one of the steps in biogas purification process. The Zn-Fe/Al2O3was successfully synthesized by microwave-assisted wet impregnation technique. The results showed that some operation parameters such as biogas space velocity, H2S inlet concentration, and biogas humidity had obvious influence on the performance of the gas adsorber. At low gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 1750 h−1, low H2S inlet concentrations (100 ppm), and no moisture in biogas, the highest breakthrough capacity was achieved with 3.23 mg H2S per gram adsorbent. Fresh and spent adsorbents were characterized by SEM–EDX to investigate the impact of H2S adsorption on the physical properties of the adsorbent. According to the good performance in removing H2S under ambient conditions, the Zn-Fe/Al2O3is expected to be a promising adsorbent for H2S adsorption in biogas purification process.

The interesting roles and efficiencies of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have attracted considerable attention and have been gradually evidenced in specific animal models. While the growing evidence that bacteriophages play roles in FMT efficacy has attracted considerable interest. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of FMT and fecal virome transplantation (FVT) in improving inflammatory damage and ileal microbiota disorder in broilers. A total of 224 Arbor Acres broilers were selected at 1-day-old and randomly divided into the following 4 groups, with 56 broilers in each group: the CONgroup (the negative control group, sterile physiological saline injection + sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution gavage), LPS group (the positive control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection + sterile PBS solution gavage), LPS + FMT group (LPS injection + FMT solution gavage), LPS + FVT group (LPS injection + FVT solution gavage). The results showed that: LPS injection significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ(P< 0.05) and IL-8(P< 0.001) in ileal mucosa of broilers at 11th day of age (D11), while LPS + FMT and LPS + FVT did not; LPS injection significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of ZO-1in ileal mucosa at D11 (P< 0.01), while LPS + FMT and LPS + FVT did not; at D11, compare to CON group, LPS injection and LPS + FMT significantly increased the relative abundance of virulence factor Rab2 interacting conserved protein A-related genes in broiler ileum contents (P< 0.05), while LPS + FVT had no significant difference with CON group (P> 0.05); at D11, LPS injection significantly downregulated the biosynthesis of antibiotics pathway (P< 0.05) in the ileal contents, while LPS + FVT did not. In conclusion, both FMT and FVT could promote the recovery of inflammation caused by LPS. Furthermore, FVT had shown less disadvantage stimulation on the broilers and could reduce the risk of transmission of pathogenic genes, compared to FMT.

Growing evidence of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and fecal virus transplantation (FVT) provides a possibility to regulate animal health, whereas little is known about the impact of the 2 methods. This study aimed to investigate the effects of gut microbes on jejunal function in healthy broiler chickens, with the objective of establishing a theoretical basis for the application of FMT and FVT. Cecal feces from 28-day-old AA broilers were collected to prepare gavage juice for FMT and FVT. FMT for Group FM, FVT for group FV and PBS gavage for group CON, continuously treated for 6 days start at 5-day-old chicks. Samples were collected at d 11 and d 21. The results showed that the treatment d 2 and the overall fecal score in treatment groups were significantly lower than CON group (P< 0.05). The jejunum morphology showed that FMT increased crypt depth, decreased villus height, V/C (P< 0.05) and FVT increased villus height (P< 0.05) at d 11. At d 21, villus height and crypt depth significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group FM and group FV. The expression of Claudin1, Occludin, ZO2, and Muc2in the FV group was significantly increased (P< 0.05) at 11-day-old. FMT increased the secretion of sIgA at 11-day-old, and this influence lasted up to 21-day-old (P< 0.05). At 11-day-old, the expression of b0+ATof basic amino acid transport carrier and chymotrypsin activity (P< 0.05) had a significant correlation. At 21 d of age, FVT significantly increased the expression of PepT1and SGLT1(P< 0.05). At 11-day-old, FM group showed significantly higher faith pd index (P= 0.004) and Shannon index (P= 0.037), and separated from FV and CON according to PCoA. Among differentiating bacteria, Bacteroidessignificantly enriched (P< 0.05) in group FM, which positively correlated with the expression of ZO2, Muc2, Occludin,and Claudin1; R_Ruminococcus, L_Ruminococcus, Butyricicoccusssignificantly enriched (P< 0.05) in group CON, which significantly higher than processing groups, R_Ruminococcusand L_Ruminococcusnegatively correlated with the expression of Occludin(P< 0.05), and R_Ruminococcus, Butyricicoccusnegatively correlated with the expression of Claudin1(P< 0.05). At 21-day-old, PCoA based on Bray-Curtis shows that microbes taxa of 3 groups are isolated with each other and treatment groups were significant different with CON group based on Unweighted UniFrac and weighted UniFrac. The expression of PepT1was significantly negatively (P< 0.05) correlated with Ruminococcus, and the expression of sIgA was significantly negatively (P< 0.05) correlated with Parabacteroides. In conclusion, FMT regulated intestinal flora rapidly, while it had little effect on intestinal function and a higher potential damaging risk on jejunal. FVT regulated intestinal flora structure softer, improved tight junction expression, but the mechanism of action needs further exploration.

1,2-Disubstituted alkenes such as vinyl arenes, vinyl silanes, and vinyl boronates are among the most versatile building blocks that can be found in every sector of chemical science. We herein report a noble-metal-free method of accessing such olefins through a photo-induced decarboxylative Heck-type coupling using alkyl carboxylic acids, one of the most ubiquitous building blocks, as the feedstocks. This transformation was achieved in the absence of external oxidants through the synergistic combination of an organo photo-redox catalyst and a cobaloxime catalyst, with H2and CO2as the only byproducts. Both control experiments and DFT calculations supported a radical-based mechanism, which eventually led to the development of a selective three-component coupling of aliphatic carboxylic acids, acrylates, and vinyl arenes. More than 90 olefins across a wide range of functionalities were effectively synthesized with this simple protocol.

Hazardous waste incineration fly ash (HFA) is high risk for the environment due to heavy metals leaching and other pollutants. Sintering treatment potentially reduces the mass and volume of HFA and immobilizes heavy metals in ceramic-like bodies. However, HFA contains a large amount of heavy metals, thus sintering at too high a temperature will lead to the volatilization of heavy metals. The low-temperature sintering behavior of HFA at different temperature (450 °C, 670 °C and 900 °C) and different atmospheres (21% O2, 47.3% O2, 60.5% O2and 100% O2) was investigated in this study. The mass loss, morphology, bulk density, elemental composition, heavy metal leaching rate, and mineral phase transformation of sintered ash were experimentally tested. With increasing sintering temperature, more mass of HFA was lost and the leaching rate of heavy metals decreased. For instance, sintered at 450 °C, 670 °C and 900 °C under air, the mass losses were 4.30%, 6.58%, and 17.96%, the leaching rate of Pb were 19.37%, 2.74%, and 0.65%, respectively. Sintered ash became denser and formed ceramic-like particle due to thermal agglomeration and chemical reactions. The bulk density significantly increased, which was favorable to reduce space occupancy for fly ash landfill. Oxygen-rich atmosphere could make the fly ash denser and inhibit the volatilization and leaching of Pb. The obtained findings are beneficial for deep understanding of the sintering behavior of HFA at low-temperature.