Search

IntroductionNicotine pouches are gaining popularity, yet their marketing is understudied.MethodsUsing Numerator advertising data from January 2019 to September 2021 regarding three popular brands of nicotine pouch in the USA—Zyn (by Swedish Match, introduced in the USA in July 2016), On! (Altria, August 2016) and Velo (RJ Reynolds, July 2019)—we examined (1) general advertising characteristics (eg, media type, year); (2) ad content (ie, headlines and imagery themes); (3) prominent media channels (ie, specific websites, magazines, etc); and (4) ad expenditures.ResultsThere were 286 unique ads (Zyn: 44.4%; On!: 2.8%; Velo: 52.8%), 119 143 occurrences (Zyn: 3.5%; On!: 0.5%; Velo: 96.0%) and $24 774 650 total expenditures (Zyn: 4.7%; On!: 0.6%; Velo: 94.7%). The greatest proportion of ad occurrences and expenditures were accounted for by radio (75.9% and 28.2%, respectively) and television (16.2% and 56.5%), followed by mobile (0.5% and 7.2%) and online display (6.7% and 3.6%). Across ad occurrences and expenditures, prominent headline themes included ‘freedom’ (26.0% and 17.1%, respectively), ‘brand’ (9.6% and 18.6%) and ‘flavour’ (16.4% and 7.6%); images mainly featured the product alone (61.4% and 56.1%), text (16.2% and 24.6%) or men (8.7% and 8.6%); and prominent channel themes were entertainment (34.7% and 37.3%), news/weather (14.3% and 21.7%), business/finance (12.9% and 9.0%) and sports (9.5% and 1.0%). Zyn and On! prioritised online display and print; Velo prioritised radio and television. Zyn’s and Velo’s headlines focused on ‘freedom’, with Zyn also emphasising ‘brand’ and Velo ‘innovation’; On!’s headlines emphasised ‘flavour’.ConclusionsRegulatory efforts must be informed by surveillance of nicotine pouch marketing and impacts on consumer subgroups (eg, young people).

On December 22, 2016, TEI filed an amicus brief with the U.S. Supreme Court in six related Michigan state tax cases, involving retroactivity and the Multistate Tax Compact. TEI's brief [...]

Summary Media-related commercial marketing aimed at promoting the purchase of products and services by children, and by adults for children, is ubiquitous and has been associated with negative health consequences […]

The role of internal social networks in managing the relationship between high-performance work systems and business success of organizations, is studied.

Thorax 2003; 58: 885-889 Background: Regional body composition was determined in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Our hypothesis was that dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning could assess the [...]

The debate about mammography for women in their 40s is escalating. Uncertainties about when and why to use tamoxifen persist. But a corner has been turned: For the first time [...]

Some `new' causes of action may allow plaintiffs to avoid unnecessary hardships imposed by traditional common law doctrines that never anticipated people contracting latent diseases. Suits brought try plaintiffs injured [...]

Chemosensory disorders such as taste and smell disturbances can be frustrating for all concerned: There are few physical findings, yet the patient may be very distressed. A careful inquiry into [...]

Mammograms are X-rays of the breast tissue, mainly used to detect breast cancer. It is estimated that the death rate from breast cancer could be greatly reduced if all women over the age of 40 had regular breast examinations that included the use of mammography. Mammography has become widely available for most women, but it is not used as much as would be desirable. Access is readily available to most women and costs have been reduced significantly. This study examined other barriers that prevent women from regularly undergoing screening for breast cancer. A survey was conducted of women working in a large corporation. Screening mammography was available to them at a low cost at their place of employment. The survey involved women who made appointments for the screening. Results indicated that 2,550 women made appointments and that 347 women missed their appointments. Of these 347 women, 213 (61.4 percent) completed the survey. Results were compared with those of 275 randomly selected women who kept their appointments. No differences in age, race, or educational level were found between the two groups. The women who kept their appointments (the compliant group) were more likely to have a professional position and a higher income. They were also more likely to have had a previous mammogram, which had been recommended by a physician. The women who did not make their appointments (the noncompliant group) were less likely to fear they had breast cancer and less likely to have had previous breast problems. The results of the survey suggest some of the factors involved in why some women fail to undergo mammography outside of accessibility and cost. They may be useful in helping to find ways to increase the number of women who undergo regular screening mammography. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

ABSTRACTDo traditional, gender-based expectations and widely disseminated notions of African culture apply to preferred leadership behaviors in African nations? This study examines leadership preferences of working adults in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia using the Leader behavior Description Questionnaire-XII (LBDQXII), a theoretical model of explicit leader behavior. Contrary to the premises of Social Role Theory, males and females did not differ significantly in their preferences for the 12 leadership behaviors represented in the LBDQXII. The behaviors of Initiating Structureand Integrationwere most preferred, and the behaviors of Tolerance of Uncertaintyand Tolerance of Freedomwere the least preferred. Based on socio-cultural experiences at the nation-level, findings revealed that working adults in Ghana and Zambia have comparable leadership behavior preferences, with similarities found for seven of 12 leadership behaviors. Working adults in Kenya, however, with dissimilar socio-cultural experiences compared to Ghana and Zambia, reported different preferences for 10 of the 12 leadership behaviors. Overall, our findings revealed that popular generalizations that view African nations with singular assumptions are not warranted.

Tobacco-related health disparities (TRHDs) have a significant impact on population health in the USA. Effectively preventing and controlling TRHDs among young adult populations require multiple prevention and cessation points, including within college/university contexts. This commentary addresses current campus tobacco control policies and cessation interventions for U.S. college students, with an emphasis on TRHDs and opportunities for research and research translation to reduce these disparities. This commentary is informed by literature published between 2010 and 2020 regarding (a) prevalence and impact of campus tobacco control policies; and/or (b) behavioral outcomes from cessation interventions for young adults attending colleges. Despite a doubling of college campuses adopting tobacco-free policies from 2012 to 2017, roughly two-thirds continue to operate without such policies. Few policies address alternative tobacco products (e.g., e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, and hookah), and communication about and enforcement of existing policies is extremely limited. A broad range of cessation intervention strategies have targeted individuals in this age group, but with little focus on TRHDs and limited intervention dissemination. Importantly, college students representing populations at risk for TRHDs (e.g., racial/ethnic/sexual/gender minorities, low socioeconomic status) are less likely to be exposed to strong tobacco control policies or supports for cessation. There are untapped opportunities for behavioral medicine approaches to reduce TRHDs in college settings. Research findings regarding multilevel (policy, community-level, and individual-level) interventions must be translated to policy/practice in order to address tobacco use, particularly among vulnerable college student populations.College campuses must play a critical role in intervening early in the tobacco use continuum and addressing tobacco-related health disparities

The widespread acceptance of screening mammography for early detection, along with advances in treatment, have combined to decrease the overall mortality rate from breast cancer. However, significant disparities in health outcomes persist. Socioeconomic factors, including the ability to obtain private insurance, income, education, disparities in the quality of healthcare delivery, and race, as well as the ability to access and complete the most advanced breast cancer treatments, form part of a complex constellation of factors that contribute to disparity in breast cancer mortality. Here, we review some of the factors influencing this disparity and discuss some of the methods that have been suggested for closing the gap in breast cancer outcomes, using our perspective as breast imaging physicians serving both a safety-net hospital and tertiary healthcare system.

We advance a simple framework based on “time of detection” for estimating the observational needs of studies assessing climate changes amidst natural variability and apply it to several examples related to ocean acidification. This approach aims to connect the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network “weather” and “climate” data quality thresholds with a single dynamic threshold appropriate for a range of potential ocean signals and environments. A key implication of the framework is that measurement frequency can be as important as measurement accuracy, particularly in highly variable environments. Pragmatic cost‐benefit analyses based on this framework can be performed to quantitatively determine which observing strategy will accomplish a given detection goal soonest and resolve a signal with the greatest confidence and to assess how the trade‐offs between measurement frequency and accuracy vary regionally. Time of detection can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of climate observing effortsMeasurement frequency can be as important as measurement accuracy, particularly in highly variable environmentsClimate quality measurements are critical for monitoring some, but not all, climate signals

Abstract Objective--To compare the rate and slant of local tobacco control print media coverage in ASSIST (American stop smoking intervention study) states as compared with non-ASSIST states. Methods--Local tobacco control [...]

The scene is vaguely reminiscent of an old western, except the bar has a thatched roof and no walls. It's simply a lightly varnished hardwood deck with a railing, and […]

Research tested interventions are seldom ready for wide spread use. Successful intervention adaptation to clinical settings demands an iterative process with target audience feedback. We describe the adaptation process of implementing an NCI research tested HPV vaccine intervention, Women's Stories, to a community clinic context (Planned Parenthood). Five phases are described for the adaptation of content and the development of a health kiosk intervention delivery system: (a) informant interviews with the target audience of young adult, predominantly African-American women, (b) translating HPV vaccine decision narratives into prevention messages, (c) health kiosk interface design, (d) conducting a usability study of the health kiosk intervention product, and (e) conducting a waiting room observational study. Lessons learned and challenges in adapting prevention interventions to clinical settings are discussed.Taking evidence-based prevention programs to scale involves fast-tracking a series of steps that serve critically important goals for advancing the translation of science into clinical practice settings.

Arctic outflow winds bring cold air from the continent to the coastline through mountain passes. Using observational data and a 2‐D model, we show that a February 2019 outflow event caused the upper 100 m in Bute Inlet, British Columbia (within the traditional territory of the Homalco Nation) to cool up to 1.9°C and gain up to 4.1 mLL−1of oxygen. The cold, oxygenated water persisted for almost 1 year within the 1,023–1,023.5 kgm−3isopycnal range (∼50–150 m). Atmospheric (from 1929 to 2022) and oceanographic (from 1951 to 2022) data showed a statistically significant relationship between continental air temperature at Tatlayoko Lake and temperature and oxygen in Bute Inlet. This local mechanism that counters some effects of climate change could create a biological refugium as surrounding waters warm and lose oxygen at a faster rate. The number of outflow events decreased from 1951 to 2018, and increased since. There are times during most winters that Arctic air masses settle over the British Columbia (BC) interior east of the coast mountain range. Some of this cold air is transported to the coast as an outflow wind via coast mountain valleys. Using observational air and ocean data and a model, we examine an outflow event in February 2019. During this event, we find that outflow winds can cause mixing of the upper 100 m in Bute Inlet and this mixing can cause the ocean to rapidly cool and gain oxygen. Historical air data from 1929 to 2022 and ocean data from 1951 to 2022 were examined and it was found that the number of outflow events have generally decreased from the 1950s to 2018s, and increased afterward. This work identifies an important mechanism that could protect parts of BC's coastal ocean from climate change induced warming and loss of oxygen. In February 2019, Arctic outflow winds caused the upper 100 m in Bute Inlet to cool by up to 1.9°C and gain up to 4.1 mLL−1of oxygenApril to October Bute Inlet intermediate water properties are significantly correlated continental air temperature from the previous winterArctic outflow events decreased since the 1950s, but disruption of the polar vortex may increase these events with climate change In February 2019, Arctic outflow winds caused the upper 100 m in Bute Inlet to cool by up to 1.9°C and gain up to 4.1 mLL−1of oxygen April to October Bute Inlet intermediate water properties are significantly correlated continental air temperature from the previous winter Arctic outflow events decreased since the 1950s, but disruption of the polar vortex may increase these events with climate change

Various authors have lamented the fact that faculty members' research and teaching efforts remain disconnected, referred to as the research-teaching gap. Systematic scientific inquiry is needed to advance understanding of its causes and mitigations. In this paper, we review relevant management and higher education literature to develop research propositions regarding the micro- and macro-factors that inhibit the integration of research and teaching, particularly in management. These factors include the nature of academic work, individual faculty member characteristics, institutional factors, the culture of the profession, and societal influences. We offer specific research propositions, grounded in management research as well as the broader higher education context, to guide researchers’ future inquiry. Practical considerations for administrators and policymakers are also discussed.

The causes of individual relapses in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain incompletely understood. We evaluated the contribution of germline genetic factors to relapse in 2225 children treated on Children’s Oncology Group trial AALL0232. We identified 302 germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with relapse after adjusting for treatment and ancestry and 715 additional SNPs associated with relapse in an ancestry-specific manner. We tested for replication of these relapse-associated SNPs in external data sets of antileukemic drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and an independent clinical cohort. 224 SNPs were associated with rapid drug clearance or drug resistance, and 32 were replicated in the independent cohort. The adverse risk associated with black and Hispanic ancestries was attenuated by addition of the 4 SNPs most strongly associated with relapse in these populations (for blacks: model without SNPs hazard ratio (HR)=2.32, P=2.27 × 10−4, model with SNPs HR=1.07, P=0.79; for Hispanics: model without SNPs HR=1.7, P=8.23 × 10−5, model with SNPs HR=1.31, P=0.065). Relapse SNPs associated with asparaginase resistance or allergy were overrepresented among SNPs associated with relapse in the more asparaginase intensive treatment arm (20/54 in Capizzi-methorexate arm vs 8/54 in high-dose methotrexate arm, P=0.015). Inherited genetic variation contributes to race-specific and treatment-specific relapse risk.

The normal and abnormal appearances of breast silicone implants at mammography, US, and MR imaging are discussed, and important imaging signs and potential pitfalls in the evaluation of implant integrity are emphasized to aid radiologists in detecting and classifying the degree of silicone implant rupture.

To determine the clinical significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with prognostically relevant subtypes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we analyzed data from 488 patients treated in St Jude Total Therapy Study XV with treatment intensity based mainly on MRD levels measured during remission induction. MRD levels on day 19 predicted treatment outcome for patients with hyperdiploid >50 ALL, National Cancer Institute (NCI) standard-risk B-ALL or T-cell ALL, while MRD levels on day 46 were prognostic for patients with NCI standard-risk or high-risk B-ALL. Patients with t(12;21)/(ETV6-RUNX1) or hyperdiploidy >50 ALL had the best prognosis; those with a negative MRD on day 19 had a particularly low risk of relapse: 1.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Patients with NCI high-risk B-ALL or T-cell ALL had an inferior outcome; even with undetectable MRD on day 46, cumulative risk of relapse was 12.7% and 15.5%, respectively. Among patients with NCI standard-risk B-ALL, the outcome was intermediate overall but was poor if MRD was ⩾1% on day 19 or MRD was detectable at any level on day 46. Our results indicate that the clinical impact of MRD on treatment outcome in childhood ALL varies considerably according to leukemia subtype and time of measurement.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American women; however, only 0.7% of all breast cancers occur in men. In 2016, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated that there will be 249,260 newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer, with 2600 of those cases arising in men. The ACS also estimated that there will be 40,890 deaths related to complications of breast cancer in 2016, with 440 of those deaths occurring in men.1Although less than 1% of all male breast lesions are attributable to male breast cancer, it is important to note that male breast cancer often presents at a later stage, and consequently is responsible for a lower survival rate, when compared with their female counterparts, making early diagnosis crucial.2

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "Realism in pension costs is very timely," in the August 3, 1974 issue, "The fight over moving coal by pipeline," in the July 27, 1974 issue and "Theory deserts the forecasters," in the June 29, 1974 issue.

This article reports on formative research to develop the Adelantebrand, an innovative program for Latino immigrant adolescents and their families. The brand applies social marketing principles used in previous health brands in areas such as tobacco control, substance use, and HIV prevention. Specific objectives were to apply branding principles as an approach to increasing adolescent engagement with, and participation in, a community-based youth development program called Adelante, which is based on positive youth development theory. We collected data in a primarily low-income Latino immigrant community, Langley Park, MD, located near Washington, DC. A total of 39 adolescents, ages 13–19, participated in six focus groups. We designed and tested a brand positioning statement, associations, a logo and graphics, and youth archetypes. We used thematic content analysis to code focus group data into broad topic areas and then analyzed the data using substantive coding to identify themes. The concepts of strength, resilience, and “turning the corner” by overcoming life obstacles and succeeding were the main themes. Latino youth face a challenging environment in which they grow up, finish school, and succeed. Adelante represents a source of support and help to turn the corner. A graphic depicting a city street corner with a darker side (past) and a brighter side (future) was identified as the Adelante logo. Youth characters named Victor and Erika, and an educational entertainment strategy, were conceived as a way to create a brand persona. Adelante is now actively building its brand to increase youth engagement in the program.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) addresses use of clinical preventive services relative to evidence-based guidelines by mandating that most health insurance plans provide coverage without cost-sharing for services that receive an A or B rating. However, knowledge about and positive attitudes towards guidelines are extremely low.

The increasing capability of seismic, geodetic, and hydrothermal observation networks allows recognition of volcanic unrest that could previously have gone undetected, creating an imperative to diagnose and interpret unrest episodes. A November 2014 earthquake swarm near Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, which included the largest earthquake in the area in more than 60 years, was accompanied by a rarely observed outburst of hydrothermal fluids. Although the earthquake swarm likely reflects upward migration of endogenous H2O‐CO2fluids in the source region, there is no evidence that such fluids emerged at the surface. Instead, shaking from the modest sized (moment magnitude 3.85) but proximal earthquake caused near‐vent permeability increases that triggered increased outflow of hydrothermal fluids already present and equilibrated in a local hydrothermal aquifer. Long‐term, multiparametric monitoring at Lassen and other well‐instrumented volcanoes enhances interpretation of unrest and can provide a basis for detailed physical modeling. Recent volcanic unrest at Lassen included an earthquake swarm and a hydrothermal outburstThe hydrothermal response owes to a local permeability change, rather than endogenous fluidsAnalyzing such events will help us better determine when unrest signals impending eruption

Brands are marketing tools that create mental representations in the minds of consumers about products, services, and organizations. Brands create schema that help consumers decide whether to initiate or continue use of a product or service. Health branding determines behavioral choice by building consumer relationships and identification with health behaviors and their benefits. Health branding can be measured by the associations individuals form with health behaviors. In 2008, Evans and colleagues systematically reviewed the literature on health brands, reported on branded health messages and campaigns worldwide, and examined specific branding strategies in multiple subject areas. This paper extends that review. We replicated the comprehensive online literature search strategy from 2008. We screened a total of 311 articles and included 130 for full-text review. This included both articles from the 2008 review and new articles. After excluding those new articles that did not meet full-text inclusion criteria, we reviewed 69 in total. Of these, 32 were new articles since the 2008 review. Branded health campaigns cover most major domains of public health and appear worldwide. Since 2008, we observed improvement in evaluation, application of theory, and description of campaign strategies in published work. We recommend enhanced education of public health practitioners and researchers on the use and evaluation of branding.

Acoustic Emission (AE) was used to study the fracture of oxide grown on mild steel. Samples were oxidised and mechanically deformed in air at 550°C using strain rates of [MATH] 10-4and 10-5s-1in a bend test furnace having a ceramic 4-point bend jig. The results were compared with earlier observations made on oxides deformed at room temperature. In both cases equidistant cracks formed and the crack spacing decreased with increasing oxide thickness in agreement with a model based on interfacial slip. The adhesive strength of the oxide was lower and delamination was more evident at the growth temperature. The critical strains for failure were determined and compared with model predictions. In this context the voidage of the oxide scale appeared to be the single most important parameter and a KIC-value of 1.1 MN m-3/2was obtained for iron oxide up to 550°C.