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A recent study conducted at Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet revealed that brain hypoxia and metabolic crisis are common in patients with acute brain injury, despite normal intracranial pressure. The research, which focused on patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury, highlighted the importance of multimodal neuromonitoring in detecting such episodes and guiding individualized treatment. The study found significant associations between abnormal intracranial pressure, cerebral hypoxia, and metabolic crisis, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring in these patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Genoa, Italy, by researchers at IRCCS Istitute Giannina Gaslini focused on Subclinical Rhythmic Electrographic Discharge of Adults (SREDA) in pediatric patients. The study found that SREDA is a rare condition in children, with most cases occurring in adulthood. The research highlighted the importance of considering SREDA in pediatric patients, especially those with neurodevelopmental disorders, as it can be mistaken for epileptic discharge. The findings were published in the journal Epileptic Disorders and can be accessed online for further information. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the Medical University of South Carolina explores the impact of Endothelin-1 (ET-1) on tau phosphorylation, microtubule organization, and barrier function in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). The research suggests that dysregulation of endothelial tau phosphorylation may contribute to cerebral microvascular dysfunction, and targeting the ET system could be an early intervention to prevent disruption of BMVEC barrier function. This study sheds light on the complex regulation of tau phosphorylation by the Endothelin system, offering insights into potential interventions for cognitive impairment and dementia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Jiangxi, People's Republic of China, discusses the role of high-concentration oxygen therapy in treating cerebral hemorrhage. The study explores two methods of high-concentration oxygen therapy and their effects on cerebral oxygenation, metabolic rate, cerebral edema, intracranial pressure, and oxidative stress. The researchers also discuss the potential mechanisms by which molecules like Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a), vascular endothelial growth factor, and erythropoietin (EPO) may play a role in oxygen therapy. The study concludes that high-concentration oxygen therapy can have a positive impact on injuries and outcomes after cerebral hemorrhage, and recommends expanding the use of normal-pressure high-concentration oxygen therapy for this condition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of California San Diego (UCSD) has shed light on the underlying mechanisms of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease, a condition characterized by brain bleedings and thrombosis that can lead to neurological disabilities. The researchers found that mild hypoxia, or a small reduction in oxygen levels, accelerates CCM disease by promoting angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and vascular thrombosis in the brains of CCM mouse models. They also discovered that the interactions between the CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 proteins play a crucial role in the development and severity of CCM lesions. These findings suggest that CX3CR1 could serve as a genetic marker for patient stratification and a potential predictor of CCM aggressiveness. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Kansas highlights the importance of medical knowledge, including clinical pharmacology, in forensic investigations. The report focuses on a case involving an 18-year-old student with major depressive disorder who suffered an anoxic brain injury and remained in a vegetative state until his death. The investigation ruled out potential causes suggested by the defense in a malpractice suit and identified three factors that contributed to the patient's catastrophic outcome: significant dehydration, a change in medication resulting in increased sedation and impaired gag reflex, and the patient's sleeping position leading to aspiration and hypoxic brain injury. The report emphasizes the process of determining the cause of the outcome, ruling out other potential causes, and establishing a dereliction of duty to the patient. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report discusses research on stroke and its association with acute astrocytic reaction. The study focused on patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke who were treated with endovascular therapy. The researchers measured the plasma concentration of YKL-40, a glycoprotein released by reactive astrocytes, and found that higher levels of YKL-40 before treatment were associated with worse functional outcomes at 3 months. The study suggests that the astrocytic reaction to acute brain hypoxia, particularly before recanalization, may play a role in functional outcomes after stroke. This early biomarker could potentially improve individualized care in the future. [Extracted from the article]

A research study conducted at Tianjin First Central Hospital in China explored the effects of propofol on the hippocampus in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoxia. Chronic cerebral hypoxia can lead to brain damage and inflammation, and propofol is believed to have neuroprotective effects. The study used rat models with carotid artery coarctation or closure and found that propofol treatment post-surgery improved cognitive impairment, hippocampal structure changes, oxidative stress markers alteration, and reduced Klotho expression. The research suggests that propofol may increase Klotho levels and reduce apoptosis and inflammation associated with oxidative stress in cognitively impaired mice. [Extracted from the article]

A 40-year-old woman experienced cardiac arrest while being treated with clozapine for schizoaffective disorder. The woman had not received the medication for nearly 2 weeks due to issues with her psychiatrist's certification. After restarting her treatment, she experienced cardiac arrest one hour after receiving her first dose of clozapine. Despite attempts at resuscitation, she suffered cerebral hypoxia and shock. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of North Texas Health Science Center examined the impact of sustained hypobaric hypoxia (low oxygen levels at high altitude) on cerebral blood flow, tissue oxygenation, and tolerance to simulated hemorrhage. The researchers found that compensatory increases in cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery occurred at high altitude, preserving tolerance to simulated hemorrhage. The study demonstrated the robustness of physiological mechanisms that maintain cerebral tissue metabolism and neuronal function during sustained hypoxia. The research was supported by the American Heart Association and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum in Germany have developed a new rat model to study global cerebral hypoxia, a condition that can lead to significant disability in humans. The model involves using the muscle blocking agent rocuronium to induce respiratory insufficiency in anesthetized rats, followed by administration of sugammadex to reverse the effects of rocuronium. The study found that the hypoxic rats showed significant morphological and biochemical changes in the hippocampus and cerebellum, with more pronounced effects in females. The researchers concluded that this model can be used to investigate therapeutic and preventive drugs for global cerebral hypoxia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, explored the impact of cerebral hypoxia on the progression of brain tumors and their resistance to radiotherapy. The researchers used streamlined quantitative blood-oxygen-level-dependent (sqBOLD) MRI to assess the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and vessel size imaging (VSI) to evaluate microvascular dimensions and blood volume. The study found that there was a significant relationship between MRI-derived measurements and histological data in vessel size measurements. However, the sqBOLD model showed discrepancies in some metastatic tumors, indicating the need for adjustments in these cases. This research provides insights into the hypoxic condition of brain tumors and highlights the importance of understanding tumor heterogeneity. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an, China, have conducted a study on the use of ethyl pyruvate (EP) in treating cerebral hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury in neuroblastoma cells. The study found that EP treatment demonstrated a neuroprotective effect by increasing neuronal viability, improving cell morphology, and reducing oxidative stress. The researchers also discovered that EP activates the GAS6/Axl signaling pathway, which plays a role in cell adhesion, anti-apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. These findings suggest that EP treatment attenuates HR-induced oxidative stress injury in neuroblastoma cells. [Extracted from the article]

A recent systematic review conducted by researchers at Frederiksberg Hospital in Denmark explores the potential neuroprotective effects of moderate hypoxia on brain disorders. The review analyzed 58 studies, including 8 human studies and 48 animal studies, and found that low-dose intermittent or continuous hypoxia, combined with motor-cognitive training, produced beneficial effects on cognition and neurological function. However, the studies were evaluated as having a high risk of bias due to a lack of randomization and assessor blinding. The researchers recommend larger and methodologically stronger studies to further investigate the potential benefits of hypoxia treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords for this news article include: Shiraz, Iran, Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biomedicine, Biotechnology, Health and Medicine, Ischemia, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Research, Vascular Diseases and Conditions, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Keywords: Shiraz; Iran; Bioengineering; Biomedical Engineering; Biomedicine; Biotechnology; Health and Medicine; Ischemia; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cell Research; Vascular Diseases and Conditions EN Shiraz Iran Bioengineering Biomedical Engineering Biomedicine Biotechnology Health and Medicine Ischemia Regenerative Medicine Stem Cell Research Vascular Diseases and Conditions 157 157 1 10/30/23 20231030 NES 231030 2023 NOV 2 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Stem Cell Week -- Investigators publish new report on Biomedical Engineering - Regenerative Medicine. Shiraz, Iran, Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biomedicine, Biotechnology, Health and Medicine, Ischemia, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Research, Vascular Diseases and Conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords for this news article include: University of Bari, Biomedicine, Health and Medicine. Keywords: Biomedicine; Health and Medicine EN Biomedicine Health and Medicine 5623 5623 1 07/24/23 20230728 NES 230728 2023 JUL 28 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- Investigators publish new report on biomedicine. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords for this news article include: New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America, Brain Diseases and Conditions, Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions, Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Health and Medicine, Intracranial Hemorrhages, Perfusion, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Columbia University. Keywords: New York City; State:New York; United States; North and Central America; Brain Diseases and Conditions; Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions; Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Health and Medicine; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Perfusion; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage EN New York City State:New York United States North and Central America Brain Diseases and Conditions Cardiovascular Diseases and Conditions Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions Cerebrovascular Disorders Health and Medicine Intracranial Hemorrhages Perfusion Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 909 909 1 04/03/23 20230403 NES 230403 2023 APR 3 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Cardiovascular Week -- Data detailed on Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage have been presented. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords for this news article include: New York City, New York, United States, North and Central America, Alzheimer Disease, Enzymes and Coenzymes, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Conditions, Risk and Prevention, Secretase, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Keywords: New York City; State:New York; United States; North and Central America; Alzheimer Disease; Enzymes and Coenzymes; Neurodegenerative Diseases and Conditions; Risk and Prevention; Secretase EN New York City State:New York United States North and Central America Alzheimer Disease Enzymes and Coenzymes Neurodegenerative Diseases and Conditions Risk and Prevention Secretase 616 616 1 03/27/23 20230327 NES 230327 2023 MAR 27 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Pain & Central Nervous System Week -- Investigators discuss new findings in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Conditions - Alzheimer Disease. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Jiaxing; People's Republic of China; Asia; Brain Ischemia; Caspase; Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions; Endothelial Cells; Enzymes and Coenzymes; Health and Medicine; Ischemia; Pyroptosis; Vascular Diseases and Conditions EN Jiaxing People's Republic of China Asia Brain Ischemia Caspase Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions Endothelial Cells Enzymes and Coenzymes Health and Medicine Ischemia Pyroptosis Vascular Diseases and Conditions 2023 MAR 6 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Pain & Central Nervous System Week -- A new study on Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions - Brain Ischemia is now available. According to the news editors, the research concluded: "Under cerebral ischemia condition, AGEs can induce endothelial cell pyroptosis via HIF-alpha-RAGE-NLRP3, thereby further aggravating brain injury.". [Extracted from the article]

The news editors obtained a quote from the research fromSanatorio Pasteur: "Cerebral tissue oxygenation represents thebalance between oxygen supply and consumption, largelyreflecting the adequacy of cerebral perfusion. Central Nervous System Diseases and Conditions - Brain Injury A new study onbrain injury is now available. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Aircraft passengers and crew may be subjected to rapid or prolonged decompression to high cabin altitude when an aircraft develops a hole in the fuselage. The accepted measure of neurological damage due to the hypobaric hypoxia produced is the subjective 'time of useful consciousness' (TUC) measure, which is appropriate for pilots and crew who perform their given tasks, however, TUC is measured under conditions different than the decompression scenarios that passengers undergo in today's aircraft. Methods: Ernsting proposed that prolonged exposure to alveolar O2 pressures less than 30 mmHg (P30) causes neurological damage. The current study proposes that a critical value of arterial O2 saturation of 70% (S70) can be used in place of P30 and that this physiological measure is more suited for determination of hypobaric hypoxia in passengers. Results: The study shows the equivalence of model-predicted P30 and S70 values in the Ernsting-decompression scenarios. The model is also used to predict values of these physiological measures in actual aircraft-decompression scenarios. Discussion: The model can be used by others to quantitatively predict the degree of hypobaric hypoxia for virtually any kind of decompression scenario, including those where supplemental O2 is used. Use of this tool avoids the prohibitive costs of human-subject testing for new aircraft and the potential danger inherent in such tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypoxic incapacitation continues to be a significant threat to safety and operations at high altitude. Noninvasive neurocognitive performance testing is desirable to identify presymptomatic cognitive impairment, affording operators at altitude a tool to quantify their performance and safety. Methods: There were 25 subjects enrolled in this study. Cognitive performance was assessed by using the King-Devick (K-D) test. The performance of the subjects on the K-D test was measured in normoxia followed by hypoxia (8% O2 equivalent to 7101 m) and then again in normoxia. Results: K-D test completion time in hypoxia for 3 min was significantly longer than the Baseline Test (54.5 ± 12.4 s hypoxic vs. 46.3 ± 10.4 s baseline). Upon returning to normoxia the completion time was significantly shorter than in hypoxia (47.6 ± 10.6 s post test vs. 54.5 ± 12.4 s hypoxic). There was no statistically significant difference between baseline test and post test times, indicating that all subjects returned to their normoxic baseline levels. SpO2 decreased from 98 ± 0.9% to 80 ± 7.8% after 3 min on hypoxic gas. During the hypoxic K-D test, SpO2 decreased further to 75.8 ± 8.3%. Conclusions: in this study the K-D test has been shown to be an effective neurocognitive test to detect hypoxic impairment at early presymptomatic stages. The K-D test may also be used to afford a reassessment of traditional measures used to determine hypoxic reserve time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: +GZ exposure above the tolerance threshold typically induces a sequence of symptoms/signs, with loss of: peripheral vision, central vision (black out), and consciousness (G-LOC). The aims of this study were to investigate: 1) whether G history influences latent time to, or sequence of, symptoms/signs upon G exposures exceeding the toler-ance threshold; and 2) how pilots respond to a sudden loss of pressure in the anti-G garment (AGG) in flight-like scenarios. Methods: There were 14 subjects who were exposed to rapid onset rate +Gz-time pro-files, with plateaus 1 and 2 G above the relaxed tolerance level, without initial pressurization of the AGG (NoAGG) and when losing AGG pres-sure after 10 (AGGJO) and 120 (AGG_120) s at the plateau. Simulated target-chase flights during which AGG pressure was released were per-formed by seven pilots; the pilot was instructed to behave as during real flight. Results: Latent time to symptoms was shorter at +2 G than at +1 G, and shorter in AGG J 0 and AGG_120 than in NoAGG. In AGG_120, 43 and 64% of the subjects experienced serious symptoms (black out, Almost LOC, G-LOC) at +1 and +2 G, respectively, compared to 21 and 54% in AGGJO and 7 and 29% in NoAGG. The incidence of A-LOC/ G-LOC was higher in AGG_10 and especially in AGG_120 than in NoAGG. During the target chase, one pilot did not notice the pressure loss, one experienced G-LOC, and two A-LOC. Discussion:The risk of serious consequences of G exposure exceeding the tolerance level appears to be greater when G-garment failure occurs after a prolonged than after a brief exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The well-established technique of mask-off hypoxia training in a hypobaric training environment elicits symptoms that are correlated with in-flight symptoms reported by aircrew. Aircrew receive training on recognition of symptoms and response early in their flying career and accomplish refresher training on a 5-yr cycle. The symptoms reported after acute hypoxia represent cognitive and psychomotor impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation of symptoms experienced during hypoxia training and recall of symptoms from the training sessions 5 yr previously. Methods: A survey listing 18 symptoms of hypoxia and severity of condition was presented to 1123 aircrew attending refresher training at 10 U.S. Air Force Aerospace Physiology Training Units prior to and immediately following hypoxia training in the hypobaric chamber. Results: The five symptoms most commonly reported following hypoxia training are: lightheaded/dizzy, dizziness, mental confusion, visual impairment, and tingling. The hypoxia symptom "lightheaded/dizzy" recorded the highest frequency of all 18 symptoms. Lightheaded/dizzy frequencies for both previous and current hypoxia training were 67.2% and 72.3%, respectively. This symptom remained consistent throughout all data analysis, retaining the highest frequency in all levels of severity (mild, moderate, and extreme) for both the previous hypoxia training and current hypoxia training. Discussion: The similarity of symptoms recalled between hypoxia training events provides strong evidence that hypoxia training is an effective method of establishing recognized decrements that may influence performance in flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cerebral vascular response via local and reflex adjustments is part of the integrated response to hypoxia and is coupled with changes in systemic vascular resistances that allow a redistribution of blood flow toward the brain. The cerebral vascular response in airmen exposed to simulated high altitude is not clear, thus we sought to investigate this aspect. Methods: Four healthy military airmen were exposed to simulated high altitude in a hypobaric chamber according to a standard training protocol. Blood saturation (Spo2) and blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler from the left middle cerebral artery (Vm) were continuously recorded. Pulsatility Index (PI), Resistance Index (RI), and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D ratio) were computed. Alternate hypoxia-hyperoxia trials for 2 and 1 min, respectively, were used to assess the cerebrovascular response. Results: Acute hypoxia induced an increase in Vm that promptly recovered when the oxygen supply was restored (mean increase of 5.5% at 18,000 ft and 17.2% at 25,000 ft). Alternate hypoxia-hyperoxia at 25,000 and 18,000 ft elicited changes in both Spo2 and Vm. In hypoxia, PI significantly decreased (mean decrease of 25.6% at 18,000 ft and 39.5% at 25,000 ft), as did RI (mean decrease of 18.7% at 18,000 ft and 34.4% at 25,000 ft), while S/D ratio increased. Discussion: The standard altitude training protocol induced a transient cerebrovascular response. The response was as expected, with hypoxia-induced vasodilation and opposite changes when breathing pure oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pathological aspects of hypoxic brain injury. It defines hypoxic brain damage as a potentially devastating condition which can result in severe disability or death. It cites a case of a 35-year-old female who was treated for hypoxic brain injury. It was concluded that the results of the diagnostic examinations done to the patient is the key to deriving the appropriate clinical conclusions, and that results should not be underestimated. An overview on the causes, pathology, physiology, treatments and diagnosis of hypoxic brain injury is also provided.

Copyright of Neurologia (Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A.) is the property of Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The mechanisms of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema syndromes, such as neurogenic and high-altitude pulmonary edema, remain unclear even after years of study. Previous attempts to develop an animal model for these illnesses have used increased intracranial pressure or whole-body hypoxia. We hypothesized that a cerebral insult induced with a venous hypoxic blood infusion to the brain would trigger neurogenic pulmonary edema in a canine model. Methods: We measured indices of pulmonary edema, hemodynamics, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine values in anesthetized adult Walker hounds in which the brain was perfused for 2 h with either venous blood (venous perfused brain, VPB) or arterial blood (arterial perfused brain, APB) while maintaining normoxic pulmonary and systemic circulations. Normal cerebral perfusion was then reinstated for an additional 2-h period before euthanasia. Results: VPB animals showed a greater fall in arterial Po2 and Sao2 and higher peak plasma NE compared to APB. On necropsy, VPB animals had greater lung wet-to-dry weight ratios compared to APB. Histological analyses revealed areas of marked alveolar infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, acute hemorrhage, congestion, and alveolar edema in the VPB animals. Discussion: This study supports the hypothesis that a cerebral insult from venous hypoxic blood can induce pulmonary edema. This method yields a promising approach to the study of noncardiogenic puImonary edema syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Helicopter aircrew have reported features of hypoxia below 3048 m (10,000 ft). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of physical activity below 3048 m on the development of hypoxia. Methods: Six subjects exercised at 30 W and 60 W for 4 min at sea level, 610 m, 2134 m, and 2743 m (2000 ft, 7000 ft, and 9000 ft). Results: There was an abrupt decrease in SpO2 once physical activity was commenced. This was small at sea level (1%) and 610 m (2.2%), however, the SPO2 fell by 4.3% at 2134 m and 5.5% at 2743 m (to SpO2 88.1% and 85.7%, respectively). SPO2 returned to near-resting values within 3 min of stopping exercise. Symptoms of hypoxia were reported significantly more frequently during activity than rest at each of the altitudes. Discussion: Helicopter aircrew should be aware that physical activity as low as 2134 m can produce hypoxemia and symptoms of hypoxia similar to that which would normally be expected in a person resting at approximately 3658-4572 m (12,000-15,000 ft). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the effect of added inspired carbon dioxide during hypoxia on complete task performance and cerebral oxygen saturation. The subjects, 22 heat volunteers, were exposed to sham hypoxia (SH) isocapnic hypoxia (IH) and poikilocapnic hypoxia (PH), then their brain oxygenation were measured. Then, they went through vigilance and task performance test. Findings show that performance was worst during PH while brain oxygenation was significantly lower in PH than IH.

Copyright of Neurologia (Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A.) is the property of Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports that Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) released details of brain damage in COVID-19 patients with the use of a specialized magnetic resonance (MR) technique.

The article discusses the length of time a human being can hold their breath. An example is given of an individual who held his breath for over 11 minutes. Topics include an overview of breath-holding competitions in which competitors float face down in a chilled pool, the physiological effects of long-term breath-holds, such as brain damage from hypoxia, and why hyperventilation is vital to long-term breath-holds.

WHEN I READ Jayme Moye's article "Thirteen Feet Under" in Alpinist 66, I was glad that Michelle Kadatz was willing to share her story with such a gifted and sensitive writer. When he met one of the team members, Nick Estcourt, at Heathrow Airport, Duff recalled: "[Nick] was as pale as a ghost.... I asked him if he was OK and he said, Jim, I've got a terrible feeling that I won't be coming back from this trip". "Doug unclipped from the rope and started stomping around in the avalanche debris, searching for traces of Nick", Duff recalled. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study that investigates the neuroimaging techniques in detecting the cerebral hypoxia in aircrew. It explores the cerebral perfusion imaging modalities which are considered as potential tools to determine changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with acute hypoxia including doppler ultrasound, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and perfusion computed tomography (PCT). It states that hypoxia has been identified as a physiological hazard of flying.

Se presenta una serie de fotografías del cerebro de una niña de 35 semanas que sufrió una hipoxia perinatal grave secundaria al desprendimiento prematuro de placenta.

The article analyzes the study about Near Death Experiences (NDE) published in the British medical journal "Lancet" which conducted resuscitation of 344 cardiac patients from clinical death. In the study, 12% were reported who experienced near death where they had an out-of-body experience and saw light at the end of a tunnel. However, the author criticizes the physiological factors of the study which results from cerebral anoxia to cause the NDE.

The article offers information on an aviation-focused conditioning process, developed by ExtremeO2 Aviator, that trains the body to maintain oxygen blood saturation at altitude. The program is said to help protect pilots from hypoxia and its effects on night vision. It allows pilots to exercise on commercial or home exercise equipment while tethered to an oxygen machine.

The article describes the case of a 5-year-old girl who developed haemolytic anaemia leading to cerebral anoxia and permanent brain damage while receiving prophylactic cotrimaxazole for a recurrent urinary tract infection. Previous medications were replaced with imipenem/cilastatin. The patient received antiepileptics and the seizures were resolved, but she did not regain consciousness. It is suggested that cotrimoxazole has caused hemolysis in the patient.

The article reports on the results of a research on the dangers of choking game, by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The choking game involves intentionally trying to choke oneself or another in an effort to obtain a brief euphoric state caused by cerebral hypoxia. It is important to raise awareness among parents, educators, health care providers and children regarding the dangers of the game.

The article discusses the hazards of the "choking game," which the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes is responsible for the death of 82 adolescents. Participants initiate strangulation in order to feel the elation that is a side effect of cerebral hypoxia. The method used to estimate the number of deaths is explained.

Presents a letter discussing the case of an 11-year-old boy suffering from anoxic brain injury, which occurred when he was 16 months old, who had a grand malseizure resulting to a heart attack.

Discusses a research on the effectiveness of dipyridamole for reducing stroke recurrence. Reference to a study by J. Leonardi-Bee, P. M. W. Bath, M. G. Bousser, A. Davalos et al., published in a January 2005 issue of the journal "Stroke"; Experimental procedure; Results.

A protein related to oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in blood cells may protect the brain during strokes. Scientists discovered the hemoglobin cousin several years ago and dubbed it neuroglobin because only nerve cells in the brain of vertebrates make it. Seeking to uncover neuroglobin's role, David A. Greenberg of the Buck Institute for Age Research in Novato, Calif., and his colleagues recently induced strokes in rats whose brains had been injected with viruses genetically engineered to churn out the protein. The amount of brain tissue damaged by the strokes was significantly less in those animals than in rats not given the virus, or in rats whose brains had less-than-normal amounts of neuroglobin, the investigators report in the March 18 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.' Greenberg and his colleagues conclude that neuroglobin naturally protects brain cells faced with too little oxygen.

Reports on the University of Wales' development of a computer model for monitoring the level of oxygen in the brain. Conventional techniques of assessing the level of oxygen reaching the brain; Utilization of laser light.

Presents an anecdote about cerebral anoxia.