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Although Aurivillius ferroelectrics with a layered perovskite-like structure have presented unique fatigue resistance and a high breakdown electric field for dielectric energy storage, there remains a pressing need to achieve superior energy storage performances at medium and low electric fields since the polar nanoregions in relaxors depress the polarization. This work designs Bi6–xLaxFeMg0.5Ti3.5O18relaxor ferroelectric films (BLTFM-x) with significant local lattice distortions by inserting a high polarization layer and doping strategies. Large polarization and a low hysteresis response at a medium field are achieved in the BLTFM-1.00 film due to strong lattice distortions derived from the local compositional inhomogeneity caused by Ti4+, Fe3+, and Mg2+ions and the induced multiple polar nanoregions (PNRs) by La3+ion doping. Thereby, an energy density of 57.0 J cm–3and an energy efficiency of 84.3% are simultaneously optimized at a medium field of 2500 kV cm–1. Moreover, the BLTFM-1.00 film maintains excellent temperature stability, frequency stability, and fatigue resistance. This work proposes a promising approach to improve energy storage performances at low to medium electric fields for relaxor ferroelectric film capacitors.

The study of Aurivillius multiferroic films has become increasingly prevalent in the contents of solar energy and light-sensitive detectors. In principle, the characters of photocarrier separation driven by ferroelectric polarization can be candidates for self-powered photodetectors. In this work, magnetic Fe doping is proposed for constructing Fe–O–Fe spin chain structures, which not only serve as a scaffold for electron transport but also combine ferroelectric polarization and magnetic exchange in Bi4Ti3–xFexO12(x= 0, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0) multiferroic UV photodetector. Using this approach, the precise control of the photocurrent and the performance improvement of the photoelectric readout are then realized, with a noise equivalent power of 9.8 × 10–14W and detectivity D* ∼ 7.2 × 1012Jones. Furthermore, the outstanding energy conversion of ∼3.7% under AM 1.5 G irradiation is significant for future practical self-powered detection.

The end-to-end paradigm has gained considerable attention in autonomous driving due to its anticipated performance. However, prevailing end-to-end paradigms predominantly employ one-shot training using imitation learning, resulting in models lacking evolutionary capabilities and struggling with long-tail scenarios. Furthermore, addressing these long-tail scenarios necessitates end-to-end models to simultaneously exhibit the generalizability of environmental representations and the robustness of control policies. Therefore, this paper proposes an end-to-end autonomous driving model called GPCT, using a Generative Perception network and a Continuous-Time brain neural network, with a Policy-Reward-Data-Aggregation (PRDA) mechanism. Specifically, the generative perception network extracts perceptual information from monocular camera inputs and undergoes distribution fitting and sampling to obtain environmental dynamics information. Subsequently, the sequential environmental dynamics information is fed into continuous-time brain neural networks to output the control information. The end-to-end model is then applied to on-policy scenarios using the PRDA mechanism to collect data for further training and evolution. Data is collected within the Carla simulator, followed by model training, and the utilization of a multi-round PRDA mechanism for data collection and training to facilitate model evolution. The algorithm's performance improves by 63.85% after five evolution experiments. In the transfer experiments, the proposed algorithm achieves a route completion rate close to 100% and maintains a driving score of around 60%, even surpassing the performance of systems equipped with multiple cameras and LiDAR. Furthermore, under heavy fog conditions, the route completion rate remains at 85%, showcasing generalizability and robustness.

Artificial electron–oxygen vacancy pairs were fabricated by heterovalent Mn doping in the Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15parent phase, which offers an excellent platform for studying oxygen vacancy physics. In view of its excellent photovoltaic performance, the phase structure, morphology, and ferroelectric polarization were investigated. Moreover, using heterovalent Mn doping in Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15films as a model system, we demonstrate that the effective separation of artificial electron–oxygen vacancy pairs by an electric field and illumination can be used to enhance photovoltaics. Specifically, we clarified the contribution of artificial electron-vacancy pairs using photocurrent measurements. Furthermore, the enhanced reversible photocurrent is dependent on the doping level and polarization. The present investigation suggests that heterovalent Mn doping opens up the prospective technology of artificial electron–oxygen vacancy pairs in ferroelectric cells.

Recently, a high open-circuit voltage of the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect driven by the polar order of the ferroelectrics has been intensively reported in the Aurivillius-phase perovskite structure. However, the factors limiting the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect are not clearly understood. Here, we observed a correlation between the polar phase fraction and ferroelectric photovoltage in Sr1–xBaxBi4Ti4O15polycrystalline films, where the output intensity was regulated by the change in the phase fraction parameter ξ (I41am/A21amtetragonal–orthogonal phase), and lattice distortion was caused by the different dopant concentrations in the range of (x= 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0). The ferroelectric photovoltaic effect is outstanding in the SrBi4Ti4O15films, which confirms that the polar phase fraction plays a crucial role in the photocurrent intensity. The photovoltaic external efficiency can reach 28% at the spectrum response peak of 340 nm, and we also constructed a function relation to describe the intensity. These results indicate that the ferroelectric polarization and bandgap are significantly related to the phase fraction evolution. Further, our experimental results not only confirm the speculated mechanism of enhanced electron–hole separation in ferroelectrics but also clarify the unsymmetrical dispersion of photoelectrons as a key factor, which offers an opportunity to understand its nature.

The origin of the planar Hall effect (PHE) decides an effective regulation of magnetic domain states on its performance. However, it has to suffer from the mutual interference between different kinds of domain states due to the narrow switching size range between multi-domain and single-domain states. Here, we fabricated nanostructured Ni0.8Fe0.2alloy films assembled with the extremely narrow size distribution of clusters using the low-energy cluster beam deposition technique. It realizes an evolution from multi-domain and bi-domain to single-domain states by using its precise size-controllable characteristics. The PHE of films with the multi-domain state presents obvious hysteresis behavior, but it disappears for the single-domain state. The switching of the domain state also significantly affects the field- and angle-dependent magnitudes of the PHE. Such regulation behaviors are mainly originated from the effect of the pinning and depinning behaviors of domain walls on electron scattering. This work shows the regulation of the PHE by domain state switching in a powerful way, which is beneficial to promote its mechanism and application.

Magnetic angle sensors with high sensitivity and accuracy play an indispensable role in modern measurement and control systems. The anisotropic magnetoresistance effect provides a possibility to optimize the performance of magnetic angle sensors due to its sensitivity to the magnetization orientation. Here, we report an extremely sensitive jump switching of the magnetoresistance to detect weak angle deviation in cluster-assembled Ni0.8Fe0.2films with a confined space characteristic. The response accuracy of the angle deviation reaches 0.2° by the jump trend switching of magnetoresistance. Meanwhile, the deviation of the angle is also accompanied by a significant resistance switching effect to realize a double-induction angle sensor. The jump switching is originated from the switching between the upward jump of the classical anisotropic magnetoresistance with a high resistance state and the downward jump of the domain wall magnetoresistance with a low resistance state. The accuracy of the theory is verified by micromagnetic simulation and finite element analysis. This work shows that the cluster-assembled Ni0.8Fe0.2films have the ability to develop more sensitive and reliable magnetic angle sensors.

Covalent-type probes or sensors have been seldom reported for aggregated proteins. Herein, we reported a series of covalent solvatochromic probes to selectively modify and detect aggregated proteomes through the Schiff base reaction. Such covalent modification was discovered by serendipity using the P1 probe with an aldehyde functional group, exhibiting enhanced fluorescence intensity and unusually large blue shift upon protein aggregation. Supported by the biochemical and mass spectrometry results, we identified that this probe can modify the lysine residue of aggregated proteins selectively over folded ones via the Schiff base reaction. The generality of designing such a covalent-type probe was demonstrated in multiple probe scaffolds using different model proteins. Finally, we exploited the distinct solvatochromism of P1 after Schiff base linkage with aggregated proteins to visualize the distinct morphology of aggregated proteomes, as well as to quantify the polarity heterogeneity inside it. This work may intrigue the exploration of other chemical reaction types to covalently functionalize aggregated proteins that were difficult to analyze.

•The analysis of casting cores is an effective method to determine the foundry area of bronzes.•Multiple scientific methods analyze the casting cores of the bronze chariot-horses.•The casting cores of the bronze chariot-horses are made of local clay.•The bronze chariot-horses are cast locally rather than funeral gifts from the central government of the Western Han Dynasty.

The drug toxicity is a long-term concern in contemporary medical research. Serious drug toxicity may cause acute liver failure or even patient death. Currently, the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is not entirely clear, and there is still no specific treatment for patients with DILI. Accordingly, improving the diagnosis and treatment level of DILI is a major challenge facing the basic and clinical research in relevant fields. To address these, an ·OH-activated circular dichroism (CD) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-mode nanoprobe was here designed and synthesized. The probe was prepared using chiral d/l-cysteine and polymolybdate as raw materials to form a nanocomplex with chiral properties (Ox-POM@d/l-Cys) based on the interaction between metal ions and sulfhydryl groups in Ox-POM@d/l-Cys. In vitroand in vivoexperimental results have shown that the as-proposed dual-mode nanoprobe can be used not only for CD spectral detection of Fenton’s reagent but also for PA imaging monitoring of ·OH. More importantly, inspired by the NIR PA properties, the Ox-POM@d/l-Cys probe was used for the first time to detect ·OH in DILI mice. This will provide very useful information for the diagnosis and treatment of DILI disease.

Common solvatochromic fluorophores exhibit a bathochromic fluorescence emission wavelength shift accompanied by intensity attenuation due to the presence of nonradiative decay pathways at the excited state. Such intrinsic but inevitable fluorescence quenching of solvatochromism impedes its applications to faithfully quantify local polarity, especially in a polar environment. Herein, we report a new donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type solvatochromic fluorophore scaffold containing a perfluorophenyl group that exhibits both a solvatochromic emission wavelength shift and a controllable emission intensity upon polarity fluctuation. The regulation of fluorescence solvatochromism and colors was achieved by tuning the aryl donors. We exploited such desired solvatochromism of these probes to monitor protein misfolding and aggregation via wavelength shift. Finally, the polarity of pathogenic aggregated proteins was quantified by HaloTag bioorthogonal labeling technology in live cells. While much effort has been devoted to resolving the morphology of pathogenic aggregated proteins, this work provides quantitative hints regarding the chemical information at this disease-related protein interphase.

The turbidity assay is commonly exploited to study protein liquid-to-liquid phase separation (LLPS) or liquid-to-solid phase separation (LSPS) processes in biochemical analyses. Herein, we present common pitfalls of this assay caused by exceeding the detection linear range. We showed that aggregated proteins of high concentration and large particle size can lead to inaccurate quantification in multiple applications, including the optical density measurement, the thermal shift assay, and the dynamic light scattering experiment. Finally, we demonstrated that a simple sample dilution of insoluble aggregated protein (LSPS) samples or direct imaging of liquid droplets (LLPS) can address these issues and improve the accuracy of the turbidity assay.

Phototherapy exhibits significant potential as a novel tumor treatment method, and the development of highly active photosensitizers and photothermal agents has drawn considerable attention. In this work, S and N atom co-doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) with an absorption redshift effect were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis with lysine, o-phenylenediamine, and sulfuric acid as raw materials. The near-infrared (NIR) absorption features of the S,N-CDs resulted in two-photon (TP) emission, which has been used in TP fluorescence imaging of lysosomes and tumor tissue pH and real-time monitoring of apoptosis during tumor phototherapy, respectively. The obtained heteroatom co-doped CDs can be used not only as an NIR imaging probe but also as an effective photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) therapeutic agent. The efficiencies of different heteroatom-doped CDs in tumor treatment were compared. It was found that the S,N-CDs showed higher therapeutic efficiency than N-doped CDs, the efficiency of producing 1O2was 27%, and the photothermal conversion efficiency reached 34.4%. The study provides new insight into the synthesis of carbon-based nanodrugs for synergistic phototherapy and accurate diagnosis of tumors.

Data assimilation plays a dual role in advancing the “scientific” understanding and serving as an “engineering tool” for the Earth system sciences. Land data assimilation (LDA) has evolved into a distinct discipline within geophysics, facilitating the harmonization of theory and data and allowing land models and observations to complement and constrain each other. Over recent decades, substantial progress has been made in the theory, methodology, and application of LDA, necessitating a holistic and in‐depth exploration of its full spectrum. Here, we present a thorough review elucidating the theoretical and methodological developments in LDA and its distinctive features. This encompasses breakthroughs in addressing strong nonlinearities in land surface processes, exploring the potential of machine learning approaches in data assimilation, quantifying uncertainties arising from multiscale spatial correlation, and simultaneously estimating model states and parameters. LDA has proven successful in enhancing the understanding and prediction of various land surface processes (including soil moisture, snow, evapotranspiration, streamflow, groundwater, irrigation and land surface temperature), particularly within the realms of water and energy cycles. This review outlines the development of global, regional, and catchment‐scale LDA systems and software platforms, proposing grand challenges of generating land reanalysis and advancing coupled land‒atmosphere DA. We lastly highlight the opportunities to expand the applications of LDA from pure geophysical systems to coupled natural and human systems by ingesting a deluge of Earth observation and social sensing data. The paper synthesizes current LDA knowledge and provides a steppingstone for its future development, particularly in promoting dual driven theory‐data land processes studies. Land Data Assimilation (LDA) integrates numerical models with observation data to enhance predictions of key variables related to land surface processes, including soil moisture, snow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater. Consequently, LDA effectively tackles two of the fundamental scientific challenges in the Earth system: how to enhance the usability of exponentially increasing land observations and how to improve the predictive capability and accuracy of land models. Significant advancements have been made in the theory, methods, and applications of LDA since the 21st century. Breakthroughs have been attained in characterizing uncertainties, estimating multiple variables and parameters simultaneously, and incorporating big data analytics. LDA systems at global, regional, and catchment‐scales, along with widely used software platforms, have been developed. However, future challenges facing LDA comprise improving meteorological forcing data, creating long‐term land reanalysis, devising operational applications, and broadening its range to cover the critical zone. In the era of big data, LDA will evolve further by assimilating big Earth data and incorporating machine learning to develop digital twins from pure geophysical systems to coupled natural and human systems. Land data assimilation (LDA) advances scientific understanding and serves as an engineering tool for Earth system sciencesLDA reflects the trend of harmonizing theory and data in the era of big data and artificial intelligenceFuture LDA research should expand the applications from pure geophysical systems to coupled natural and human systems Land data assimilation (LDA) advances scientific understanding and serves as an engineering tool for Earth system sciences LDA reflects the trend of harmonizing theory and data in the era of big data and artificial intelligence Future LDA research should expand the applications from pure geophysical systems to coupled natural and human systems

The formation of cellular condensates, akin to membraneless organelles, is typically mediated by liquid−liquid phase separation (LLPS), during which proteins and RNA molecules interact with each other via multivalent interactions. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these interactions holds significance in unraveling the mechanisms underlying condensate formation and the pathology of related diseases. In an attempt toward this end, fluorescence microscopy is often used to examine the colocalization of target proteins/RNAs. However, fluorescence colocalization is inadequate to reliably identify protein interaction due to the diffraction limit of traditional fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we achieve this goal through adopting a novel chemical biology approach via the dimerization-dependent fluorescent proteins (ddFPs). We succeeded in utilizing ddFPs to detect protein interaction during LLPS both in vitro and in living cells. The ddFPs allow us to investigate the interaction between two important LLPS-associated proteins, FUS and TDP-43, as cellular condensates formed. Importantly, we revealed that their interaction was associated with RNA binding upon LLPS, indicating that RNA plays a critical role in mediating interactions between RBPs. More broadly, we envision that utilization of ddFPs would reveal previously unknown protein−protein interaction and uncover their functional roles in the formation and disassembly of biomolecular condensates.

The persistence of neurodegenerative diseases has necessitated the development of new strategies to monitor protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Previous efforts in our laboratory have focused on the development of fluorogenic strategies to observe the onset and progression of proteostatic stress. These works utilized solvatochromic and viscosity sensitive fluorophores to sense protein folded states, enabling stressor screening with an increase in the emission intensity upon aggregation. In this work, we present a novel, high-fidelity assay to detect perturbations of cellular proteostasis, where the fluorescence intensity decreases with the onset of proteostatic stress. Utilizing a fluorogenic, hydroxymethyl silicon-rhodamine probe to differentiate between protein folded states, we establish the validity of this technology in living cells by demonstrating a two-fold difference in fluorescence intensity between unstressed and stressed conditions.

Stress-induced intracellular proteome aggregation is a hallmark and a biomarker of various human diseases. Current sensors requiring either cellular fixation or covalent modification of the entire proteome are not suitable for live-cell applications and dynamics study. Herein, we report a noncovalent, cell-permeable, and fluorogenic sensor that can reversibly bind to proteome amorphous aggregates and monitor their formation, transition, and clearance in live cells. This sensor was structurally optimized from previously reported fluorescent protein chromophores to enable noncovalent and reversible binding to aggregated proteins. Unlike all previous sensors, the noncovalent and reversible nature of this probe allows for dynamic detection of both the formation and clearance of aggregated proteome in one live-cell sample. Under different cellular stresses, this sensor reveals drastic differences in the morphology and location of aggregated proteome. Furthermore, we have shown that this sensor can detect the transition from proteome liquid-to-liquid phase separation to liquid-to-solid phase separation in a two-color imaging experiment. Overall, the sensor reported here can serve as a facile tool to screen therapeutic drugs and identify cellular pathways that ameliorate pathogenic proteome aggregation in live-cell models.

The first synthetically useful interrupted Witkop oxidation has been disclosed through a radical triggered oxidative peroxycyclization of tryptamine derivatives, using a TBAI/TBHP catalytic system. This differs from known tryptophan oxidations, which typically cleave the 2,3-double bond. Upon one-pot reduction, this system renders an easy access to structurally distinct peroxypyrroloindoles, which are demonstrated to be useful precursors in various downstream synthetic elaborations.

Background: Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is one efficient approach to improve functional recovery after ischemic stroke. The underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effects of CIMT on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. To start linking our findings to molecular mediators, we further examined the expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), Factor Inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into three groups: a Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion group (MCAO), a therapeutic group (CIMT+MCAO), and a sham middle cerebral artery occlusion group (Sham). Seven days after surgery, a plaster cast was placed around the unimpaired upper limb of the rats in the CIMT+MCAO group for 14 days. CIMT was performed on a horizontal ladder. Neurobehavioral consequences were evaluated using the Open-Field Test (OFT) and the Foot-Fault Test (FFT). The number of new neurons, the length of vessels as well as the expression of HIF-1α, FIH-1, and VEGF were examined before and after 14 days of CIMT. Results: The CIMT+MCAO group showed a significant increase in the total length of microvessels and increased number of Bromodeoxyuridine+ (BrdU+)/NeuN+ double-labeled cells. These changes were correlated with an increase in HIF-1α and VEGF expressions and a decrease in FIH-1expression. FFT showed that the CIMT+MCAO group exhibited marked improvement in neurobehavioral outcome when compared to the MCAO group. Adverse effects on total activities or anxiety were not observed using open field analysis. Conclusion: CIMT-induced neuroprotection and functional recovery following cerebral ischemia were possibly mediated by an increase in endogenous HIF-1α and VEGF expression with subsequent neurogenesis and angiogenesis.

Background Acupuncture is a traditional method that has been widely used in various fields of medicine with therapeutic effect. However, evidence of effectiveness to support the application of electroacupuncture (EA) during the process of ischaemia is scarce.Objectives To investigate dynamic changes in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1a expression as well as its association with neurological status in rats subjected to acute ischaemic stroke and EA intervention.Methods Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups that received sham surgery (Control group, n=10) or underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and EA (MCAO+EA group, n=15) or minimal acupuncture as a control treatment (MCAO+MA group, n=15). The rats in the MCAO+EA and MCAO+MA groups received EA or acupuncture without any electrical current, respectively, during 90?min of ischaemia. Rats in the Control group received the same surgical procedure but without MCAO. EA involved electrical stimulation of needles inserted into the quadriceps at 50?Hz frequency and 3 mA current intensity. Neurological status was evaluated on postoperative day 1, and cerebral infarction volume (IV) and HIF-1a expression 24?hours later.Results Neurological scores were improved and cerebral IV was decreased in the MCAO+EA group compared to the MCAO+MA group (both p<0.05). Moreover, HIF-1a expression was higher in the MCAO+EA group versus the MCAO+MA group (p<0.05).Conclusions EA enhanced recovery of neurological function, decreased cerebral IV and increased HIF-1a expression in ischaemic rats. Further research is needed to determine whether EA is effective for stroke treatment through the stimulation of muscle contraction.

A 45-year-old woman presented with immobility and incontinence in July 2016. Her symptoms started 6 months prior to presentation, when she had multiple falls (without major injuries) at home because of weakness in the lower extremities. She experienced urinary incontinence 1 month later. An indwelling catheter was placed and clamped every 2–3 hours in the daytime and kept open during the night. Later, she preferred not to walk for fear of falling. The patient started to feel stiffness and tightness in her lower extremities 3 months later. The condition worsened gradually to the extent that she could barely move her lower extremities in bed and reported it affected her sleep recently. Along with motor dysfunctions, she also experienced numbness in her lower extremities, but denied pain. She was able to sit in a wheelchair for 7 hours per day. A pressure ulcer was noticed in the sacral region 4 months later. She denied other discomfort. Her appetite has been good. She had no significant weight changes during the last half year.

BackgroundAcupuncture is a traditional method that has been widely used in various fields of medicine with therapeutic effect. However, evidence of effectiveness to support the application of electroacupuncture (EA) during the process of ischaemia is scarce.ObjectivesTo investigate dynamic changes in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression as well as its association with neurological status in rats subjected to acute ischaemic stroke and EA intervention.MethodsForty adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups that received sham surgery (Control group, n=10) or underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and EA (MCAO+EA group, n=15) or minimal acupuncture as a control treatment (MCAO+MA group, n=15). The rats in the MCAO+EA and MCAO+MA groups received EA or acupuncture without any electrical current, respectively, during 90 min of ischaemia. Rats in the Control group received the same surgical procedure but without MCAO. EA involved electrical stimulation of needles inserted into the quadriceps at 50 Hz frequency and 3 mA current intensity. Neurological status was evaluated on postoperative day 1, and cerebral infarction volume (IV) and HIF-1α expression 24 hours later.ResultsNeurological scores were improved and cerebral IV was decreased in the MCAO+EA group compared to the MCAO+MA group (both p<0.05). Moreover, HIF-1α expression was higher in the MCAO+EA group versus the MCAO+MA group (p<0.05).ConclusionsEA enhanced recovery of neurological function, decreased cerebral IV and increased HIF-1α expression in ischaemic rats. Further research is needed to determine whether EA is effective for stroke treatment through the stimulation of muscle contraction.

The pure and Ho-doped Bi5Ti3FeO15ferroelectric films with layered perovskite structure were prepared via a chemical solution deposition. One investigated the regulation of band gap and bipolar electrical cycling on photovoltaic behaviors including photovoltaic spectral response, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current for the films. It is shown that the photovoltaic response peak of Ho-doped Bi5Ti3FeO15films shifts toward the visible region and the open-circuit voltage as well as short-circuit current are improved compared with the pure Bi5Ti3FeO15films, which is attributed to the narrowed band gap after doping with Ho. And the spectral response, open-circuit voltage as well as short-circuit current of Ho-doped Bi5Ti3FeO15films do not suffer from the fatigue like the pure Bi5Ti3FeO15films with the action of bipolar electrical cycling. It just appears extended response peak without blue shift from the visible region. Likewise, Ho-doped Bi5Ti3FeO15films still enjoy strong open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current even undergoing long period switching. Such antifatigue photovoltaic behaviors derive from the antifatigue ferroelectric, dielectric properties under illumination for Ho-doped Bi5Ti3FeO15films. Thus, regulation of band gap and bipolar electrical cycling on the photovoltaic behaviors of ferroelectrics promotes their potential application in film solar cells.

Chemodynamic‐Photothermal Therapy In article number 2102759by Liangliang Zhang, Shulin Zhao, Hong Liang, and co‐workers, smart near infrared carbon dot‐metal organic framework assemblies are developed for tumor microenvironment (TME)‐activated cancer imaging and chemodynamic‐photothermal combined therapy.

Tumor microenvironment (TME)‐activated cancer imaging and therapy is a key to achieving accurate diagnosis and treatment of cancer and reducing the side effects. Herein, smart near‐infrared carbon dot‐metal organic framework MIL‐100 (Fe) assemblies are constructed to achieve TME‐activated cancer imaging and chemodynamic‐photothermal combined therapy. First, a near‐infrared emission carbon dot (RCDs) is developed using glutathione (GSH) as the precursor. Then, the RCDs@MIL‐100 self‐assemblies are obtained using RCDs, FeCl3, and trimesic acid solutions as raw materials. After the RCDs@MIL‐100 enters the TME, a high concentration of GSH reduces Fe3+to Fe2+and drains the GSH, triggering the collapse of RCDs@MIL‐100 skeleton and the release of RCDs and Fe2+, at which time the RCDs fluorescence is restored and in an “on” state to illuminate the tumor cells, which achieved cancer imaging. The released Fe2+reacts with H2O2in the TME to form highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by Fenton reaction, which achieves the chemodynamic therapy of tumors. Thus, efficient synergistic chemodynamic‐photothermal dual mode therapy is achieved under fluorescence imaging guidance with TME response. A smart near‐infrared carbon dot‐metal organic framework MIL‐100 (Fe) assembly (RCDs@MIL‐100) is designed and prepared to achieve tumor microenvironment‐activated cancer imaging and chemodynamic‐photothermal combined therapy. This paper proposes a new mechanism for nanomaterials generating fluorescence signals, and provides new strategies for developing sensitive fluorecence imaging nanoprobes and chemodynamic‐photothermal combined therapy agent for tumors.

To evaluate the effects of Jidesheng anti-venom used externally for skin and soft-tissue necrosis from Chinese cobra bite.

An evolutionary strategy-based error parameterization method that searches for the most ideal error adjustment factors was developed to obtain better assimilation results. Numerical experiments were designed using some classical nonlinear models (i.e., the Lorenz-63 model and the Lorenz-96 model). Crossover and mutation error adjustment factors of evolutionary strategy were investigated in four aspects: the initial conditions of the Lorenz model, ensemble sizes, observation covariance, and the observation intervals. The search for error adjustment factors is usually performed using trial-and-error methods. To solve this difficult problem, a new data assimilation system coupled with genetic algorithms was developed. The method was tested in some simplified model frameworks, and the results are encouraging. The evolutionary strategy-based error handling methods performed robustly under both perfect and imperfect model scenarios in the Lorenz-96 model. However, the application of the methodology to more complex atmospheric or land surface models remains to be tested.

This study assessed the sensitivity and uncertainty interval of the Noah land surface model with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) using observed meteorological data from eight sites with different snow climates. A total number of 20,736 Noah‐MP physics‐ensemble simulations was conducted for each site by combining different parameterization schemes of physical processes. A natural selection approach and Tukey's test were used to analyze the sensitivity of simulated snow depth to parameterization schemes. The sensitivity of parameterizations at each site was discussed, and the uncertainty interval of sensitive parameterizations was further explored. The results of sensitivity analyses showed the following. The parameterizations for the first‐layer snow or soil temperature time scheme, the lower boundary condition of soil temperature, and the partitioning of precipitation into rainfall and snowfall showed sensitivity at all sites. Snow surface albedo parameterizations showed sensitivity at all sites except for two sites in China. Parameterizations for vegetation canopy and canopy stomatal resistance showed sensitivity at some sites. Further comparative results indicated that uncertainties in multiparameterization ensemble simulations were mainly due to sensitive parameterizations under the condition of disregarding the uncertainties from forcing and parameters. After removing the sensitive parameterization schemes that were notably poor‐performing, the uncertainty interval in the ensemble simulations decreased significantly. Finally, we concluded that an optimal combination group of well‐performed sensitive parameterization schemes can be configured based on the results of sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity and uncertainty of snow schemes in Noah‐MP was evaluated from eight sites with different snow climatesA total number of 20736 Noah‐MP physics‐ensemble simulations were conducted for each siteA natural selection approach and Tukey's test were used to analyze the sensitivity of snow depth to physical processes