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France's economy and finance minister, Herve Gaymard, and industry minister, Patrick Devedjian, are forcing electricity producers and representatives of energy-intensive companies to discuss together how to stabilise electricity tariffs. The [...]

Relates that Eastern Europeans are looking to membership in the European Union (EU) as a way to end their countries' complicated business regulations. Examples of bureaucratic rigmarole which plagues even simple transactions, such as buying gasoline while on a business trip; The importance of notaries in this environment; Problems with the legislation drafted to fix the problems.

Keywords: Salamanca; Spain; Europe; CDC and FDA; Economics; International Economics EN Salamanca Spain Europe CDC and FDA Economics International Economics 976 976 1 09/04/23 20230908 NES 230908 2023 SEP 10 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA -- A new study on CDC and FDA is now available. Keywords for this news article include: Salamanca, Spain, Europe, CDC and FDA, Economics, International Economics, University of Salamanca. [Extracted from the article]

Several reforms aiming to strengthen budgetary discipline in the European Union have been implemented since the outbreak of the European debt crisis. Arguably the most important one is the Fiscal Compact, which stipulates that each signatory country must enshrine in domestic legislation an upper limit on the structural budget deficit, that is, the deficit after cyclical and other temporary factors have been excluded. This paper analyses the contents of the Fiscal Compact and discusses challenges for its implementation and efficacy. The conclusion is that the Fiscal Compact may be challenging to implement and enforce because the rules are very complex and require complicated calculations that are subject to very large forecasting uncertainty. The Fiscal Compact could, however, lead to a stronger national commitment to fiscal prudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commodities trading houses do not pose substantial systemic risks to the global economy in the way that major financial institutions do, according to a white paper commissioned by Trafigura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author offers opinions on gold prices. A purchase of gold by India's central bank from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has led to a huge increase in the price of gold as speculators feared that other Asian central banks would purchase gold as an alternative to American dollars. The author states that this is a possible indication of future inflation, but that a return by countries to a gold standard for their currencies is extremely unlikely.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to propose and demonstrate criteria for omnibearing imbalance of macroeconomic system structure (regions, industries, urban and rural areas, departments, ownership, etc.) and their strategic optimization, for structural optimization of the global regional macroeconomic system, providing universal application of the formula for calculating, and quantitative basis. Design/methodology/approach - Relevant statistical data will compare receipts (GBC) model calculation to quantitatively determine structural imbalance and the formation of structural optimization and direction and intensity of the strategic program. Findings - Contemporary system science believes that all things take the form of systems, and that the output function depends on the internal structure of systems. Therefore, the system structure must be judged by the output benefit. Although the output benefit of a society's macroeconomic system is enslaved to the system's external environment (the peripheral environment, international economy, or even global economy), the state of the system's internal structure directly determines its output benefit. In reverse, the output benefit of the macroeconomic system is also the reference to evaluate its internal structure. Research limitations/implications - Research on the macroeconomic system structural imbalances and optimization with universal applicability. Originality/value - The paper is of great significance with regard to the theory, methodology, and practice for structural optimization of the global regional macroeconomic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the expanded world trade after the war. The Anglo-American economic agreement recognizes the hope to receive any physical return for the billions of dollars worth of material which it is shipping to Britain and other countries under the terms of the Lease-Lend Act. Consequently, the signatories declare, the squaring of-accounts at the dose of the war must be accompanied by measures to enlarge "production, employment and the exchange and consumption of goods which are the material foundations of the liberty and welfare of all peoples"; and to this end they undertake to eliminate "discriminatory treatment in international commerce" and to reduce tariff and other barriers.

The article reports on the move of American oil companies to invest for oil exploration in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Under the bargaining conditions, these companies would pay for leases on 350,000 acres in the oil-rich lake as well as in the Colombian border. It is noted that such leases intend to increase the revenue in oil production in Venezuela, improve the nation's oil reserves and eliminate import restrictions on oil in the U.S.

Discusses possible improvements on the trade relations between the United States (U.S.) and Cuba following the brief meeting of the countries' leaders on September 8, 2000. Factors that affect market rally; Significance of the decision of the U.S. to lift embargo on food and medicine exports to Cuba; Technical factors that influence the market between the two countries.

This paper explores the performance of China in exporting advanced technology products to the United States during the 2002-2015 period. Advanced technology products include about 500 products representing lead- edge technology and cover 10 broad groups. Findings reveal that China's exports of high-tech products to the United States are heavily dominated by information & communications products and opto-electronics. Notable product groups for which China has a comparative disadvantage are aerospace and life science products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses International Hologram Manufacturers Association's response to the European Commission's report on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in third countries, emphasizing the opportunities it presents for anti-counterfeiting security measures. Topics include the persistent threat of counterfeit goods in the global economy, prioritized countries for IPR protection efforts, and the role of holograms as effective tools for brand protection and authentication.

Examines the origin of the distorted figure on the estimated number of job losses in the United States due to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Claim by the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) that it got its figure from University of California economist Raul Hinojosa; Angry reaction of Hinojosa; EPI's use of a computer model developed by Hinojosa and Robert McCleery for assessing free trade with Mexico; Hinojosa's refusal to push through with the computer model because the assumptions used by EPI were not acceptable to him; McCleery persuaded to use the computer model; Result worked into a paper by EPI President Jeff Faux and staffer William Spriggs.

The aim of this paper is to analyze if the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries converge towards the twenty-eight members of the European Union. The relationships between the selected macroeconomic variables and per capita GDP growth rate are econometrically tested to support this research. The analyzed period is 2004–2017, with two sub-periods: 2004–2008 and 2009–2013. The subdivision is made to test whether the recent financial crisis affected the absolute and conditional convergence process in the analyzed group of countries. The empirical findings support the economic convergence hypothesis. The results show that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process, when economic variables are included in the analysis. The negative effects of the crisis on conditional convergence with economic and socio-political variables are not identified. The poorer countries in the analyzed group should do more to attract investment and open their economies, as gross fixed capital formation and economic openness have a positive impact on per capita growth, and keep low inflation or stabilize it, while general government debt and unemployment should be decreased in the examined sample of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic performance of countries in the Pacific Basin. Topics covered include the formation of the Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC) in 1967, the interest to fortify the political and economic cooperation in the region, the need to create regional financial markets in the region, the role of Australia as a net energy exporter and Canada's dependence on foreign capital. Also mentioned are Japan's labor productivity and government incentives in New Zealand.

The author discusses a white paper published by China's State Council Information Office on June 2, 2019 clarifying the nation's position on trade negotiations with the United States. It states after the implementation of tariffs by U.S. President Donald Trump and his use of an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies from using telecommunications equipment by Chinese companies considered a national security threat, China increased tariffs and discussed ending rare earth exports to the U.S.

The article introduces the first of a series called "International Report," published within the issue.

The article chronicles the evolution of the Austrian state after World War I and discusses the reasons for the reversal of the economic downturn. The article profiles Austria by providing information about its geographic position, culture, agriculture, industry, as well as the importance of Vienna as a banking center. The rehabilitation plan developed by the League of Nations in 1922 is outlined, consisting of a recognition and assertion of Austria's independence, terms of a loan in the amount of 650,000,000 gold crowns, and reform measures. The article discusses the success of the plan and considers the question of whether or not these reforms will address the Austria's fundamental weakness--whether or not it will be able to produce and sell enough goods to pay for imported food.

The article discusses German trade relations with the U.S. in November 1934, with Berlin regulating foreign trade and shifting important orders such as cotton, mineral oils, copper and other essential raw materials, from the U.S. to other countries with which it has more favorable trade balance.

Tokyo Electric official predicts 900% rise in steam coal imports by 1990; 30-40% from US and Canada. Coal needed by utilities, cement, pulp, paper, steel industries.

Studies of the impact of trade openness on growth are based either on cross-country analysis--which lacks transparency--or case studies--which lack statistical rigor. This paper applies a transparent econometric method drawn from the treatment evaluation literature (matching estimators) to make the comparison between treated (that is. open) and control (that is, closed) countries explicit while remaining within a statistical framework. Matching estimators highlight that common cross-country evidence is based on rather far-fetched country comparisons, which stem from the lack of common support of treated and control countries in the covariate space. The paper therefore advocates paying more attention to appropriate sample restriction in cross-country macro research. [JEL C21, C23. F43, 057] IMF Staff Papers (2009) 56, 447 - 475. doi: 10.1057/imfsp.2008.39; published online 3 March 2009, The relationship between trade openness or economic liberalization on the one hand, and income or growth on the other, is one of the main conundrums in the economics profession, especially [...]

Information about several papers discussed at a meeting sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the Japanese Economy and Business on the Japanese economy is presented. Topics included deflation in durable goods markets and interaction between trade, conflict and cooperation of Japan and China. The meeting featured several professors including Joe Chen, Jose A. Lopez, and Shiro Armstrong.

United Europe--China relations have a long history. For many years they have developed successfully, but not along a simple course. The main thesis of this article is that the year 2008, which is associated primarily with the onset of the financial crisis in Europe, became a watershed in the history of bilateral relations between EU and China. Over the past few years the agenda and the role of the actors, and also the content and format of discourse have changed dramatically. This article is devoted primarily to some aspects of the EU's position in relation to China and, to a lesser extent, to the position of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Therefore the history of contacts between the two sides will be considered especially in the light of some EU publications, while China will be outside our primary area of focus. Unlike many studies on economic cooperation between EU and China, our paper will accentuate the political component of the relationship. We shall try to demonstrate that, beginning with 2008, Europe has been partly losing its status as the driving force in the EU-China dialogue. We will conclude by addressing the problem of adequate understanding of Chinese political texts, without which no political communication of Europe with China can be successful. A critical analysis of a recent document prepared by the EU eliminates some problematical points within the united Europe, which affect the effectiveness of its Chinese policy. Our method can be described as eclectic in the sense that it borrows arguments from a variety of political research techniques and terminologies (discourse analysis, historical institutionalism, engagement and stakeholder theories), as well as from sinological (by which we understand the analysis of Chinese texts in the cultural perspective) and historical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article surveys the history of money and discusses why, in the author's view, the U.S. is misguided in its efforts to persuade China to revalue the yuan upwards. Coins obviated the need for barter in early economies, and eventually led to the introduction of even more convenient paper currencies that were backed by metals such as gold or silver. When currencies could no longer be redeemed for precious metal, though, governments became free to print money at will. The author notes that the link between the yuan and the U.S. dollar has helped trade between China and the U.S. to flourish.

This paper examines China's engagements with the European Union (EU), with a specific reference to the emerging Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the 16+1 platform. It compares the experiences of Visegrad countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The analysis shows differences in approaches of individual states and it questions the benefits in relation to promised investments and real outcomes. The European Union's response is outlined through an assessment of the new EU strategy on China, suggesting a need for further convergence between EU and 16+1 policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recounts President George Bush's recent 12 day journey to Australia, Singapore, South Korea and Japan, planned as a routine diplomatic swing, then converted to a full-blown trade mission by White House officials. In Australia farmers objected to export subsidies for American grain; Japanese agreements to buy more American cars, auto parts, computers, glass and paper; Abandoning free-trade for `managed trade'; Question of quality; Bush's gastroenteritis.

The article explores the document written by Zbigniew Brzezinski which reflects the innermost thinking of President Jimmy Carter in the goals of the U.S. foreign policy. It is considered as the most secret document of the Carter Administration as there are just two copies of it. The men who have helped developed the Carter paper suggest that it is a distant vision of the world progress and tranquility that Americans share while the men who have read it believe that the Administration is moving in the right direction.

The article focuses on the implications of the Soviet Unions's increased orders of raw materials and manufactured goods in the U.S.

(Bloomberg) -- The global transition to a carbon-neutral economy will cause economic disruption reminiscent of the energy crisis of the 1970s, according to a paper by the Peterson Institute for International Economics. One reason for the scale of disruption is that governments procrastinated too long, making an abrupt transition necessary, Pisani-Ferry argues. "Reasonable optimism about the long-run effects of the transition to a carbon-neutral economy is no reason to overlook transition costs", he said in the study published on Wednesday. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose – Since the construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) launched in 2002, the bilateral trade increased rapidly. The purpose of this paper is to test the competition and cooperation in trade relationships between China and the main trading partners (Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand (SMT)) from ASEAN in international trade under CAFTA. Design/methodology/approach – Grey Lotka-Volterra competition models are established for testing the trade relationships between China and SMT, respectively, based on the data of import and export from 2003 to 2014. To improve modeling accuracy, the interpolated coefficients for dynamic background value are introduced into the grey Lotka-Volterra model. The optimal parameters are solved through minimizing the mean absolute percentage error and the constraint of parameter relationships. Besides, eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix are adopted to carry out the stability of equilibrium points of the trade relationships. Findings – As the beneficiary party, China has mutual benefit and win-win trade relationship with Singapore, while it has predator-prey trade relationships with Malaysia and Thailand. The future exports from SMT to China will stabilize at 462.31, 598.13 and 447.03 billion dollars, respectively. The future exports from China to SMT will stabilize at 637.16, 943.71 and 827.52 billion dollars, respectively. Practical implications – This study can be regarded as an important reference for China and its trading partners from ASEAN. The modeling results can help the decision makers to formulate appropriate international trade strategies to gain and maintain competitive advantages. Originality/value – A new approach to testing the trade relationships is proposed based on grey Lotka-Volterra competition model. The study also proposed a dynamic optimization method for the background value of grey Lotka-Volterra model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the plan of the U.S. government to revive the government-operated railroads in Mexico in 1944. Topics discussed include the impending collapse of the railway operator, Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Mexico due to deficiencies in equipment and operating techniques and an overview of the rehabilitation program for the Mexican railroads by the U.S. Technical Railroad Mission headed by Missouri Pacific R.R. executive Oliver M. Stevens.

The article presents information on a report that was concluded by the Mexican-American commission in July 1943 concerning economic cooperation between Mexico and the U.S. The report indicated the approval by the commission of plans to develop several Mexican industries including utilities, agriculture, and transportation. The commission suggested the expansion of industries that have an impact on war markets.

Neither an advance of prices on the Stock Exchange nor a fall in them, during the opening weeks of a given year, is traditionally any index to what the character of the year will be for economic conditions in the U.S. If all the peace overtures turn out abortive, and the war continues, with no prospect of its end until 1918, the first question will concern the country's financial relations with the outside world. The action of the money market, at the end of 1916, proved pretty clearly that even an import of gold to the extent of $600,000,000 did not suffice to counterbalance so violent and general expansion of staple prices, domestic credits, and speculation in every market, as characterized last year. Therefore, the problem would be clearly presented, whether the financial history of 1917 would be that of unrestricted expansion, with increasing tension of the money market, or relaxation in the pace of the home movement.

The article reports on the appreciation of the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) to the passage of the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement Implementation Act by the U.S. House of Representatives. According to Donna Harman, president and chief executive officer of AF&PA, the free trade agreement will benefit the U.S. forest products industry by eliminating tariffs and duties on paper and paperboard exports.

Relations between the United Kingdom (UK) and Russia present a complex and interesting subject for analysis. The relationship offers fertile grounds for cooperation and partnership in numerous areas. But particularly since the mid 2000s they have been beset by prominent-and recurring-disagreements and scandals, with the result that there is a profound imbalance between areas of substantial practical cooperation, for instance in economic and business relations on one hand, and almost no state-to-state political relationship on the other. This short paper first sketches the broader contextual environment in which current relations should be understood. It then outlines aspects of cooperation, before turning to consider the more problematic elements. The paper concludes by reflecting on the current status of the relationship and prospects for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants has released a paper examining the impact of the coronavirus, and how it is affecting economies around the world, including the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the macroeconomic determinants of international trade. Components of international trade; Effects of multilateral trade system on international trade; Role of currency exchange in free and balanced trading system.

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership represents a strategic vision of transatlantic relations, including job creation, global leadership, and establishing high international standards. This paper discusses how three recent bi-lateral and regional agreements, along with positions adopted in transatlantic negotiations, convey respective side's acceptable parameters, and how international standards are emerging from and disseminated through agreements involving the European Union and the United States [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing its Eastern territories and accelerating its integration into the Asia-Pacific region represent both one of the greatest challenges and opportunities for the current Russian administration. In the context of APEC 2012, this paper suggests that today the Russian Far East exists in a state of dual dependency-reliance on federal development programmes, at the same time as economic relations with surrounding states determine the regions development potential. It also examines the alternative development and strategic partnerships for Russia presented by Japan and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central banks should pay more attention to climate change and income inequality, Patrick Honohan, a former governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, argued Tuesday in a new paper from the Peterson Institute for International Economics. His remarks contrast with a warning earlier on Tuesday from Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann that giving preference to green bonds when conducting asset purchases would overburden central banks and could eventually endanger their independence. [Extracted from the article]

(Bloomberg) -- U.S. President Donald Trump opposed a request by South Korean President Moon Jae-in to resume economic cooperation with North Korea at a summit on June 30, the Yomiuri newspaper reported. Trump showed reluctance and was reported as saying that in order to restart economic cooperation between the two sides, denuclearization of North Korea needs to be ensured a bit more, the paper said, citing unidentified people familiar with the talks. [Extracted from the article]

The Federal Reserve may need to cut interest rates soon to prop up inflation and counter downside economic risks from an escalating trade war, says St. Louis Fed chief James Bullard Australia's central bank is set to end an unprecedented pause in interest-rate cuts as it ratchets up efforts to revive inflation; meanwhile, productivity growth has slowed to a crawl An influential economist and former monetary policy maker endorses an average inflation target in a paper to be presented at the Fed's two-day research conference that starts today. [Extracted from the article]

Recounts the uproar that followed the release by a court in London of memos and letters indicating that government officials were long aware that British companies were violating an embargo against shipping military equipment to Saddam Hussein's armies before the Gulf war. Documents released when charges were dropped against three businessmen accused of falsifying export papers for machine tools; Prime Minister John Major appointed Justice Richard Scott to head an immediate inquiry.

The article discusses Russia's trade revolution as it has joined World Trade Organization (WTO) to expand its 400-billion-U.S. dollar import market. It is noted that progress in increasing U.S. exports or investment in Russia depends on congressional passage of a permanent normal trade relations (PNTR), a bill marked up by the U.S. Senate Finance Committee and U.S. House Ways and Means Committee in July 2012. Large U.S. firms like PepsiCo and International Paper are behind PNTR's passage. INSET: TERMINAL VELOCITY.

This paper examines the policy rule that can properly explain the policy rate particularly considering exchange rate fluctuations under an inflation targeting (IT) regime in Thailand by applying the Bayesian Maximum Likelihood estimation to a small open economy model proposed by Lubik and Schorfheide (2007). It considers various types of the Taylor rule: contemporaneous, backward-looking, and forwardlooking. The main finding is that the contemporaneous rule responding to the nominal exchange rate properly characterizes the policy rate set by the Bank of Thailand. The BOT focuses more on the contemporaneous economic conditions than on the lag or the forward economic conditions. During the sample period, the BOT was more concerned about the world economy than the domestic economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights efforts of Germany to improve its economic relations with China. It discusses how financial markets have become extremely focused on the twists and turns in the tariff negotiations involving the U.S. and China and, more recently, on the likelihood of a technology war centred around U.S. sanctions against Huawei. It discusses how U.S. President Donald Trump is twisting the economic relations with China.

In November of 2011 Reuters in its Business and Financial section reported that U.S. President Obama, "sought to charm Asian Pacific Leaders" as a part of a "pivot towards Asia that could open the door to more American exports and jobs" (Bohan and Macinnis, 2011). He pitched Boeing and GE deals with Asia that could mean 130,000 jobs. In Hawaii, Australia and Bali (Indonesia) he emphasized U.S. export potential. Very few American Presidents have had to deal with an economic train wreck of these proportions and what might be expected of a President in a global context does not play well in Peoria in an election year. Obama's trip was further evidence of the need for countries like the U.S. to consider new partners and markets in light of slow recovery of the U.S. Economy and the bailout pressures in the Euro-Zone. His trip also pointed out that certain nations had been weathering the global financial crisis much better than others. The regions that contain a vast majority of the lesser-developed countries (LDCs) find their development direction, which had improved before 2007, making a decided turn for the worse. This paper will examine the possible alternative explanations for the crash both conventional and unconventional. It will also show that the more developed nations like the U.S. are likely to be pressured to turn inward and away from the Global economic structures and free markets towards more protectionism and government ownership of some domestic economic sectors and regulation of the rest of the private manufacturing and financial sectors. Such a turn of events could bode poorly for the poorest nations advancing forward towards the 2015 goals of the Millennium Development set by the UN in 2005. There is also a danger that foreign capital investment (FDI and FPI) could dry up for the lesser-developed nations in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]