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The article offers world business new briefs as of March 13, 1937. The Washington Birthday speech of U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union William Christian Bullitt in Paris, France in which he expressed his country's sympathy for free nations stirred Europe, but was censored in Germany. A German paper editorial warns of the country's eventual opening of the way to Asia Minor and the creation of a southeastern economic block. The Leon Blum government in France is liberalizing its financial policies due to Radical Socialist pressure.

In the aftermath of the referenda in Cyprus, the UN and the EU made commitments for the lifting of economic embargoes and all forms of unnecessary restrictions imposed upon the Turkish Cypriots. The Turkish Cypriots are still waiting for the obstacles which have adversely affected their life for over 40 years to be lifted. This paper explores the political, legal, social and economic aspects of life in North Cyprus, along with the potential implications of integrating North Cyprus into the EU by developing economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents several excerpts from the George C. Marshall Papers showing how the invitation to give an informal talk at Harvard University in the United States became the forum for the announcement of the European Recovery Program, which was known as the Marshall Plan. Information on several memorandums from government and Harvard University officials.

This paper focuses on the application of a new theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE) to examine the performance of European and U.S. based multinationals. The new theory of the MNE is called the theory of internalization. The first premise of this study is that a theory of the multinational enterprise should be as applicable to European MNEs as to the MNEs based in other home nations such as the United States or Japan. The second premise is that the empirical propositions of a modern theory of the MNE should also apply equally well across the MNEs of all nations. The theory integrates elements from industrial organization and international economics. It is more efficient for a firm to create and use an internal market, rather than incur the prohibitive transactions costs of an outside market. Indeed, in some cases of market failure such a regular market may not exist, for example, in the pricing of proprietary information generated within a firm but taking on the attributes of a public good market. When either natural or unnatural market imperfections exist across nations, then there is an incentive for the MNE to create an internal market, in the same manner as a domestic firm responds to market failure and regulation. imperfections are exogenous. The potential differences in the theories arise only if the MNE is assumed to have the power to generate its own firm specific advantages over time, that is to endogenize them. In essence, this is not a substantive difference, merely a choice of the suitable assumption in modelling the MNE.

The article discusses issues on the decision by the European Union (EU) as of September 2020 to implement its emissions trading system (ETS) on ships operating outside its territorial waters. Also cited are the claim by the World Shipping Councl (WSC) that the move is an exercise of unilateral authority over international trade and commercial shipping, the support by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) on the EU decision, and the EU's aim to cut carbon dioxide emission by 40% in 2030.

Discusses foreign relations between Great Britain and Germany in light of the June 1999 publication of a joint Anglo-German paper called `Europe, the third way, die neue Mitte,' emphasizing New Labour positions on Anglo-Saxon economics. Political, economic and institutional differences between Britain and Germany; Identification of the group that prepared the paper; Possible gains for British Prime Minister Tony Blair.

Discusses the so-called Great Banana War resulting from a trade war waged by the United States on behalf of US businessman Carl H. Lindner Jr. Reaction to European countries imposing import restrictions on bananas from Latin America; Background on Lindner's conglomeration; How US tariffs affect small businessmen such as Rick Reinert, who imports his product from Germany; Lindner's contributions and lobbying expenditures. INSETS: Hit by a $200,000 Bill from the Blue, by Timothy Dove;Goodbye, Art, by Arthur Kaplan.

The article reflects on the paper "Workers and the World Economy," by Ethan B. Kapstein, which appeared in the May 1996 issue. The main obstacle to economic growth is tax codes, which are not only means of raising revenue but also prices. Regulations and labor restrictions have become burdensome to the economy in Europe, as well as in the U.S. Growing income inequality is more of a social phenomenon than an economic one.

Stresses how, after much hesitation, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl has overruled his central bank and made good on a promise to keep Europe moving toward a common central bank and currency. The direction is now set; The step toward monetary union may itself help close the gaps.

The article looks at reforms that might occur following elections in the European Parliament in May 2019. It assesses the possibility that populists and nationalists would bring changes to the European Union (EU). The elections have been expected to address bureaucracy, the wave of migration, and the trade relation between the EU and the U.S. The global financial crisis in 2008 and recessions in Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain were regarded as issues that affected the union's solidarity.

Focuses on the high technology competition between the U.S. and Japan. Impact of America's ban on exports of high technologies to the Soviets; Reaction of western European countries in wake of the sanctions; Importance of gas pipeline for Western European countries; Impact of Europe's defiance of the pipeline ban; Loss of markets for American technology companies to Japanese and European companies; Role of high technology components in the international trade; Criticism of the U.S. economic policies toward Latin America.

The article discusses the emergence of a new world economic order and its implications for the U.S., Europe, Japan and least developed countries. It discusses the fundamental changes triggered by the shift in relations between the old economic world and the new economic world, including a sharp slowing in world economic growth, a slowing in the rise of world trade and an increase in the productivity of labor relative to capital. It discusses the rise in protectionism with the intensifying competition from the advanced developing countries.

The article reports on the European Recovery Program (ERP), the United States postwar economy, and the outlook for international trade. ERP was started as a four-year U.S. government program to assist in the postwar period of recovery. Its purpose was to monitor the flow of government aid and supplies through private channels. An agency formed by countries in Europe, the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), developed a plan for industrial and agricultural expansion. Topics include factors contributing to a trade balance, formation of the U.S. government agency Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), American investment in a peacetime cooperative program for economic recovery, and the U.S. import and exporting policies.

The United States and continental Europe are engaged in a titanic subsurface economic struggle, primarily over the role of U.S. investment in Europe. The outcome may determine whether Europe can survive as an independent entity. Respective roles of gold and the dollar in the world economy are at the focus of this struggle. Mechanics of the struggle are such that its resolution may be determined in the end, not by nations involved but by individual speculators on both sides of the Atlantic, with potentially disastrous consequences for all.

Presents an account of events in Europe and the U.S. Problems associated with the emergence of an economic union in Europe to aid agriculture; Efforts of the European countries in enhancing trade relations with the U.S.; Analysis of accusations against U.S. President Herbert Clark Hoover for being too tender to the private power interests; Statistics reflecting the increase in the number of children of farmers who have returned to their homelands due to the gaunt specter of industrialism.

Explains the relationship between foreign adjustments and the economic situation in the U.S. Recommendations for a more efficient social control of international finance or the traffic in foreign securities; European bankers and foreign loans; Implications on international finance and international economic relations.

The article discusses several issues related to economics and politics from different countries of the world. The extraordinary change in the financial relations between the United States and Europe, by which, whether temporarily or permanently, this country has been transformed from a continuous borrower on the foreign markets into the most important lender on the same markets, is commonly described as a new and sudden development. In England, France, and the United States, both political parties have become so determinedly humanitarian that without the excitement of foreign politics one of them would go out of existence. In fact, it may be said that one of them has gone out of existence. The Liberal Party in England has shared the fate of the Democratic Party in the United States.

The article offers an update on international trade as of October 1931. Currency hoarding and political issues are a cause of concern throughout Europe. The French business community is showing a lack of confidence in the U.S., Germany and England as it foresees financial and political crises in these countries. The trade relations between Japan and China are being affected by various factors including flood and famine in China and the claim by Japan that the Chinese government is responsible for anti-Japanese movements.

East-West trade in Europe is bound to increase, in the opinion of William L. Clayton, Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. In a press interview, Clayton said that while the revival of the Comintern might deepen the political division of Europe, no insurmountable trade barrier could be erected as long as there was peace. He insisted he did not want to be drawn into any sort of political discussion, but as an economist felt obliged to point out that once a normal rate of production is reached, commercial relations between the East and West are inevitable since their economies are largely complementary.

Opposes the plan of U.S. President John F. Kennedy to liberalize international trading with Western Europe amid growing U.S. deficit of the balance of payments for merchandise and other items. Percentage of U.S. imports of merchandise in the gross national product; Effect of a further reduction of U.S. tariffs on imports; Impact of the formation of the European Common Market on the sales of U.S. agricultural products; Discussion on the notion that international trading can improve labor and other production efficiency; Causes of the negative balance of payments incurred by the U.S.

What kind of trade program will enable U.S. businessmen to meet foreign competition head-on--to win the struggle, rather than avoid it by political means? Only a program based on a clear and unequivocal commitment to a national policy of freer trade will challenge America's industry to compete without trade barriers and to compete, moreover, without inevitable injury. The experience of the six European Common Market nations shows that it can be done, says Irving B. Kravis, Professor of Economics, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States antitrust legislation has come to be taken for granted. In fact, trust busting has practically become an American institution. But have antitrust laws and decrees had the results intended? Are there opportunities to improve and strengthen the antitrust laws? And what accounts for the radically different viewpoints on such questions that are held by United States and European businessmen? These and other issues have been subjected to a good deal of scrutiny in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that America's trade promotion to Eastern Europe is paying off for Western Europe and Japan. It states that Japan and Western Europe are acquiring most of the economic benefits of the increased trade imposed by U.S. officials in the early 1970s. It relates that in 1975, the 11 top industrial nations of Western Europe, along with Canada and Japan, sold over 20 billion U.S. dollars of products to the Soviet Union and its East European associates.

Presents letters to the editor. Criticism of universities in the U.S.; Status of Germans in Czechoslovakia; Trade relations between the U.S. and Europe.

The article reports on the decline in U.S. foreign trade, as of June 1928. It presents an analysis of the U.S. foreign trade position as indicated in the nation's imports and exports and the need to use exceptional care in scrutinizing the divergent conditions in certain crucial markets to maintain a satisfactory level in overseas economic efforts for 1928. It also provides an update on the foreign trade situation in Europe, Great Britain, Latin America, and the Far East.

The article reports on the difficulties confronting North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries in assembling the F-104G Super Starfighter jets by American aircraft maker Lockheed Aircraft Corp. The European licensees, subcontractors and government officials have expressed their resentment about the design complexity and rapid increasing costs of the planes. Meanwhile, domestic companies in the U.S. have been asked to help the European program work to boost the country's reputation.

Speculates on the type of loan to be granted to the ruling French government in Germany by rest of European powers and the U.S. Justification given on the chimerical nature of the loan. Statistics on outstanding loans made by British investors in foreign countries under the British Empire; Implications associated with subscription of half of the amount of loan suggested, to Germany to the lender and the borrower of the loan; Reasons associated with the difficulty of floating loans in New York City.

Reports that the British government has been pressuring U.S. President Warren G. Harding administration to provide economic assistance in Europe. Readiness of the French government to grant a moratorium to Germany; Dependence of the French policy of economic assistance on the British or U.S. aid; Desire of the British government that the U.S. government to permit a loan in order to save Germany and inducing France to refrain from ruining Germany; Views that Harding will not submit a proposal of U.S. economic assistance to Europe before January 2; Necessity for the U.S. government to save civilization in Europe as well as Germany; Opinion that Harding should offer a loan by way of remission of principal and interest of the war debts provided France abandon the military sanctions under the Treaty of Versailles.

Reports on the impact of common market on Socialist parties in Europe. Places where Socialist prime ministers have resigned because of the common market; Effect of the common market on the Norwegian Labor Party; Performance of the common market in the rural anti-socialist areas.

The article comments on the paper "Workers and the World Economy," by Ethan B. Kapstein, which appeared in the May 1996 issue. Kapstein implicitly equates workers of the world with workers of only the industrial world. He seems to believe that deficit spending and monetary stimulus would generate growth and reduce unemployment. Reform in Europe requires flexible labor markets, fewer privileges for trade unions and changes in the social welfare system.

This article discusses the weakening dollar and its effects on Europe. With the U.S. current-account deficit at$ 550 billion and rising, and investors dumping the dollar, the camp of deficit hawks grows daily. In the past two weeks, former U.S. Treasury secretary Robert Rubin coauthored a paper citing the problem, Federal Reserve governor Dan Kohn gave a speech warning of its risks and the International Monetary Fund issued a scathing report on Washington's budget deficit, as if the United States were some rickety emerging market in need of a good scolding. The United States has the advantage of owing money in its own currency, thanks to the fact that the dollar happens to be the world's reserve currency. The Bush campaign is getting exactly what it wants, because a weakening dollar fuels U.S. deficit spending (Austin, Texas, home buyers can get a mortgage with no money down) and export sales. That leaves all the pain of the falling dollar on Europe's head. Over the last two years, the dollar has fallen 15 percent against a broad basket of currencies, and 40 percent against the euro.

The article focuses on the freedom of establishment in the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) provisions and the European Community's (ECs) relations with third States under both the EC Treaty and the EPAs. It is inferred that the legal capacity and the competence to negotiate and conclude treaties are the two critical elements of the ECs capacity to enter into international treaties. The 44 Community agreements dealing with cooperation in economic spheres are also identified and reviewed.

Discusses the so-called Great Banana War resulting from a trade war waged by the United States on behalf of US businessman Carl H. Lindner Jr. Reaction to European countries imposing import restrictions on bananas from Latin America; Background on Lindner's conglomeration; How US tariffs affect small businessmen such as Rick Reinert, who imports his product from Germany; Lindner's contributions and lobbying expenditures. INSETS: Hit by a $200,000 Bill from the Blue, by Timothy Dove;Goodbye, Art, by Arthur Kaplan.

Deals with the status of the European international capital markets from 1990 and as of its entry to year 2000. Signs of a primary market; Symptoms of the increasing Americanization of the Eurobond market; Future of the Eurodollar market.

This article focuses on convergence trades in European Union (EU) countries. The real gains from a convergence trade will appear once countries can drastically reduce exchange rate risk and can demonstrate credentials for joining the single currency. Once this occurs several powerful trading ideas will become apparent. The long-term emerging European convergence trade is alive and well, but the theoretical conditions are not yet in place for sustained spread convergence versus the EU. However, the run-up to tight fiscal controls and low inflation in the pursuit of EU accession is a driving force behind an initial phase convergence trade.

Reports that a debut euro deal by Chilean telephone company CTC highlighted the intense bitterness between the United States (US) and European houses vying for top euro corporate mandates. Joint leads of the deal; Views of many US firms on the deal; Arguments of the leads on most of the deal.

Discusses economic relations between eastern and western Europe. Agreements and other market opening measures; Initiatives to accelerate western market liberalization; Review of recent western sectoral measures restraining eastern access to wester n markets. INSET: State trading economies and anti-dumping procedures..

The article focuses on data concerning the Budapest Stock Exchange's BUX index as of August 21, 2014. The author discusses information on potential countermeasures that will be taken by Hungary against Russia, with particular focus given to the effect of Russian import bans on German vehicle manufacturers in Hungary such as Mercedes, Opel, and Audi. Topics include telecommunications company MagyarTelekom, Warsow, Poland, stock exchange index WIG20, and Prague, Czech Republic, index PX.

The article reports that the political crises in Germany may mire Europe in recession. The political crisis in Germany sharpened when Chancellor Helmut Kohl's favored Christian Democrats got only 45.6% of the vote in the state elections. The French are facing very slow growth, along the Germans, a trade deficit that will build up if their economy expands as little as 1% faster than the Germany economy.

Comments on the controversy over the United States intention to punish Europe for discriminating against bananas grown by US companies in Latin America. Europe fulfilling its trade obligations under various trade agreements to accept imported bananas; Support for trade restrictions in the US Congress; Number of European products which will receive tariffs by the US to minimize the impact on Americans; How the US Trade Representative determines impact.

The author discusses aspects of France's refusal to accept Great Britain's trade politics towards the Commonwealth countries with special attention to economic developments in Denmark as of November 15, 1959. The possibility for an economically united Europe is also investigated. Denmark's economic policy is reviewed as well so as the possibilities for establishing economic ties with the Unites States.

The article discusses the opinions of European economists and publications on the U.S. tariff bill as of July 1929. Topics discussed include an average European economist's conclusion that a tariff which could damage Great Britain can also affect the U.S., "The Economist" assertion in its May 18, 1929 issue that the U.S. tariff is a serious obstacle to the policy of the World Economic Conference and "Lidive Norway" calling the tariff bill as unfavorable to Europe.

There were two reasons why the recently held tenth session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, aroused so much interest. First, there was the widespread desire to see achieved in the domain of trade what has not been achieved in the political domain--to get East and West together in the hope that a frightened world might be offered an alternative to the armaments race and H-bomb diplomacy. Second, as a result of Europe's increasing economic strength the incentive to extend the exchange of goods to the Communist countries becomes more irresistible every day. Trade relations between the Eastern and Western blocs are developing, but not as speedily as might be.

The article discusses the consequences of excessive supply of American dollar by the U.S. government in European countries. It focuses on economist Robert Triffin's analysis on the growing monetary imperialism of the U.S. dollar, and gives various suggestions to foreign nations including lending of dollars back to the U.S. and buying up of unwanted dollars. It states that six nations of the European Common Market may set up a joint reserve fund as a step toward a common currency.

The article focuses on the entry of European investments in the U.S. which shows a reversal flow of capital between the two nations. It states that the considerations on balance of payments and European laws and work practices have discouraged some U.S. companies to invest in Europe. It mentions that American encouragement has been one of the factors that brought the renewal of European investment in the U.S. It adds tha Great Britain has the biggest U.S. investment in U.S. capital markets.

The article highlights the market invasion of Europe by the Japanese. In Italy, the Japanese captured 28% of its motorcycle market and 48% of its tape-recorder market. In West Germany, half the cameras sold are Japanese. In the nine common market countries, Japan has cornered almost three-quarters of the fast growing sales of small electronic calculators, office machines and optical equipment. The reason of Japanese in building factories all over the continent is the international pressure on the Japanese to spread around their vast foreign currency reserves which already stand at 15 billion U.S. dollars. The Japanese business success in the continent is the result of careful, detailed planning and attention to what the consumer wants.

Presents news items on politics in the U.S. Observations on the future of the Marshall Plan, a long-term plan to provide economic assistance to Europe, in the wake of the passage of stop-gap aid to France, Italy and Austria; U.S. Federal Reserve Board head Marriner Eccles' comments on inflation during a testimony before the Joint Economic Committee; Dispute among members of the Republican Party over President Harry Truman's inflation control program.

Speculates on the decision of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson about the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, also known as the Kennedy Round, which is set to expire on June 30, 1967. Background on the provisions of the law regarding the imposition of tariffs on trade between the U.S. and Europe; Limitations in the benefits gained from the law; Comparison between the tariff offerings of the U.S. and the European Common Market; Alternatives facing Johnson should the Common Market improve its offer.

The article discusses the features of the Schuman plan initiated by representatives of France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg. Authors of the initiative held the idea of a single, unobstructed market for coal and steel, which they believe will prove instrumental for European unity by removing a major source of conflict between France and Germany. The six countries agreed to abolish all tariffs, trade restrictions, state subsidies, and other discriminatory measures affecting coal and steel.

Reports on the decision of the British to try to join the European Common Market of the European Union. Reaction of the imperialists on the Tory Right and the Little Englanders on the Labour Left; Commonwealth opposition in Canada and New Zealand; Presence of East German troops at the checkpoints on the Western access routes to Berlin.