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The article focuses on the decline of the paper industry in the 21st century. There was a significant decrease in printing-paper consumption since the peak in paper demand in North America in 2000. The key challenges facing the sector are boosting the environmental and usability credentials of paper and finding new applications for the pulp. But the consumption decline in the west is not reflected in Asia and South America.

Researchers at the Universidade Federal de Goias in Goiania, Brazil have developed a method for detecting paracetamol in whisky using a paper-based microfluidic analytical device. Paracetamol is commonly used to adulterate whisky, and current methods for quantifying its levels are time-consuming and generate more residues. The paper-based device offers a cost-effective and rapid analysis, reducing the consumption of samples, reagents, and waste. This method could be a viable and portable alternative for analyzing beverages at criminal scenes, customs, and police operations, enhancing the field of forensics. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on W.R. Grace & Co. It states that the company has launched its two new projects, including, a ship named Santa Paula, to transport passengers and freights on the route covering U.S., Caribean, and South America, and a plant in Baton Rouge, Los Angeles. Several other companies being run under W.R. Grace & Co. include, a ship line, a chemical company, and a bank.

Objective. To map geographic clusters of rare disorders and congenital anomalies reported in South America. Methods. Qualitative systematic review conducted in Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo electronic databases to identify studies meeting eligibility criteria. The strategy resulted in 1 672 unique articles, from which 164 were selected for full reading by a pair of reviewers. Results. Fifty-five articles reported at least one cluster of genetic disorders or congenital anomalies in South American territory. From these papers, 122 clusters were identified, of which half (61) were related to autosomal recessive disorders. Sixty-five (53.3%) of the clusters were located in Brazil. Conclusions. The results of the review reinforce that rare diseases and congenital anomalies can occur in a non-random way in space, which is discussed in the perspective of the complex history of formation, social organization, and genetic structure of the South American population. Mapping clusters in population medical genetics can be an important public health tool, given that such places concentrate cases of rare diseases that frequently require multiprofessional, specialized care. Therefore, these results can support important agendas in public health related to rare diseases and congenital anomalies, such as health promotion and surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the shipment of pine stumps from cutover forests throughout the South America to distillation plants to yield a rich store of products on the list critical materials in the country.

Provides information on billionaires from North and South America found on `Forbes' magazine's 1995 list of the world's richest people. Billionaires from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela; New names on the 1995 list, including the Villela family, the Larragoiti family and the Garza Calderon family; Names; Net worth; Primary sources of wealth.

A list of the richest people and families of various countries of North and South America is presented. The richest people of Mexico include Carlos Slim Helu, of Brazil includes Roberto Marinho, and of Columbia include Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo. It presents information on their estimated net worth and the companies owned by them.

The article discusses billionaires that live in North and South America. A list of 61 billionaires is presented, including Carlos Slim Helu, who earned his fortune in Mexico from the telecom industry, David Thomson, who earned his fortune from an inheritance, and Anacleto Angelini of Chile, who earned his fortune in the energy industry.

Haemosporidia (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) are protozoa that infect vertebrate blood cells and are transmitted by vectors. Among vertebrates, birds possess the greatest diversity of haemosporidia, historically placed in 3 genera: Haemoproteus , Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium , the causative agent of avian malaria. In South America, existing data on haemosporidia are spatially and temporally dispersed, so increased surveillance is needed to improve the determination and diagnosis of these parasites. During the non-breeding season in 2020 and 2021, 60 common terns (Sterna hirundo) were captured and bled as part of ongoing research on the population health of migratory birds on the Argentinian Atlantic coast. Blood samples and blood smears were obtained. Fifty-eight samples were screened for Plasmodium , Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon , as well as for Babesia parasites by nested polymerase chain reaction and by microscopic examination of smears. Two positive samples for Plasmodium were found. The cytochrome b lineages detected in the present study are found for the first time, and are close to Plasmodium lineages found in other bird orders. The low prevalence (3.6%) of haemoparasites found in this research was similar to those reported for previous studies on seabirds, including Charadriiformes. Our findings provide new information about the distribution and prevalence of haemosporidian parasites from charadriiforms in the southernmost part of South America, which remains understudied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosoma rangeli is a protozoan that infects triatomines and mammals in Central and South America. Although it does not cause disease to humans, this parasite produces different levels of pathogenicity to its invertebrate host, mainly in species of the genus Rhodnius. In this study, we followed T. rangeli -infected and uninfected pairs throughout their adult lives and measured the amount of blood ingested, number of eggs laid, number of eggs hatched and proportion of infertile eggs, as well as female life expectancy. We found that all reproductive parameters were drastically decreased during infection, mainly due to the reduced amount of blood the infected insects ingested throughout their lives. Reproductive parameters were also affected by the reduction of the life expectancy of infected females, as survival was positively correlated with the number of eggs laid. The strategies used by the parasite to be transmitted are discussed in view of the pathological effects it causes in the insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses ancient civilizations in Amazonia, the region of the Amazon rain forest. It discusses early settlement of the region as long as 18,500 years ago; the domestication of crops including cassava, rice, and sweet potatoes; the cultivation of soils for agriculture; and archaeological evidence of man-made structures created by earth-building cultures including roads, geoglyphs, and palisades.

The tapeworms of fishes (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii) account one-third (1670 from around 5000) of the total tapeworm (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) species diversity. In total 1186 species from 9 orders occur as adults in elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and chimaeras), and 484 species from 8 orders mature in ray-finned fishes (referred to here as teleosts). Teleost tapeworms are dominated by freshwater species (78%), but only 3% of elasmobranch tapeworms are known from freshwater rays of South America and Asia (Borneo). In the last 2 decades, vast progress has been made in understanding species diversity, host associations and interrelationships among fish tapeworms. In total, 172 new species have been described since 2017 (149 from elasmobranchs and 23 from teleosts; invalidly described taxa are not included, especially those from the Oriental region). Molecular data, however, largely limited to a few molecular markers (mainly 28S rDNA, but also 18S and cox 1), are available for about 40% of fish tapeworm species. They allowed us to significantly improve our understanding of their interrelationships, including proposals of a new, more natural classification at the higher-taxonomy level (orders and families) as well as at the lower-taxonomy level (genera). In this review, we summarize the main advances and provide perspectives for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on several bond transactions in South America as of July 4, 2003. Decision of Chilean pulp and paper company Celulosa Arauco to venture into the U.S. bond market; Speculations with regard to the possibility that Venezuela may be preparing to venture into the international capital markets; Details of the reopening of a 30-year bond deal and the issuance of floating rate notes by Colombia as part of a liability management exercise.

Presents news on the emerging financial markets in South America as of July 5, 2002. Codelco's sending of requests for proposals for an international bond issue; Factors that make the emerging markets unattractive for investors; Plan of Petrobas to issue a tap of its seven year bunker fuel-backed deal it issued in December 2001.

The article looks at 18th century naturalist Daniel Rolander, focusing on his reputation within the scientific community and his relationship with natural scientist Carl Linnaeus. The author comments on Rolander's exploration of South American forests to investigate the theories of Linnaeus, his mentor. Rolander's journal and specimens from his travels are reviewed.

Researchers from State University Londrina in Brazil have identified two strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, that produce bacteriocin with anti-listeria activity. The bacteriocin showed a bactericidal effect against Listeria monocytogenes and remained stable after heat treatments and storage. In cheese production, the bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria resulted in a 3 log reduction in Listeria monocytogenes count, while non-bacteriocinogenic cultures showed a 2 log increase. Edible films with the bacteriocin also exhibited antimicrobial effects against Listeria monocytogenes. The researchers concluded that these strains have technological and biosafety potential. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses some of the factors which influence the price of silver during the world-wide economic depression of 1929-1931. The reduction of the price of silver compared to its pre-World War I price is discussed, as well as the world-wide consumption of silver. Fluctuations in the quality and supply of silver affecting price are discussed. The effects of hoarding in India, price depreciation in Mexico and South America, and foreign trade in China on the price of silver and purchasing power are also examined.

The article focuses on Sao Paulo, Brazil as a center for trade in 1966. It states that Sao Paulo is the world's fastest growing large city, which makes it unpredictable and difficult to manage as a market. It says that the city is the biggest industrial hub in South America and its state is nearly two times the size of Illinois. It says that there has never a constant unemployment problem in Sao Paulo, though a depression in 1965 drove employers into layoffs.

An interview with former president of Chile Salvador Allende is presented. Allende mentions his association with the Radical Party leads to enhancement of political career with administration of several social problems. He describes development of the Popular Unity political party in Chile through collaboration of values associated with Communists along Socialist values. Allende discusses prevalence of impoverishment conditions in several countries of South America.

The article reports on the move of export trade authorities to impose dual controls by licensing of shipment and allocation of ship space except in South America. It states export licenses have been granted with correlating closely with available shipping space, resulted in export backlogs to accumulate to the point where available tonnage could not move in less than six to ten months. It notes that the licenses were issued to countries with severe backlog including Argentina and Colombia.

This section offers news briefs on the U.S. aviation industry as of August 2013. The air mail contract between Key West Florida and the Canal Zone has been awarded to Pan American Airways Inc. The Russian icebreaker ship Krassi rescued eight members of the Italia crew of the Nobile expedition in the Arctic. Forecast indicates regular passenger traffic to South America for German Lufthansa airlines in 1929.

Considers the Mercosur trade agreement in South America. The increase in international trade between its member countries since it was instituted; The World Bank research paper criticizing the agreement; The complaints issued by Mercosur governments; The subsequent decision of the World Bank to praise the agreement as a success.

The author describes a trip she took through the Darién Gap, the rain forest on the border between Colombia and Panama that interrupts the Pan-American Highway, with Colombian guide Sergio Tamayo in March 2013. Violence in the area between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and right-wing paramilitary forces is mentioned, as well as ecotourism, boat travel in the region, and government attempts to build roads to cross the Gap.

The article discusses research led by scientists from the University of Pittsburgh which found that the equatorial regions of South America are receiving less rainfall than at any time in the past millennium. This was concluded after scientists studied the two-meter long sediment core drawn from a lake in the Andes. Oxygen-isotope ratios were used on the core sediments to determine rain fall levels in the Andes going back to around 300 BC.

An essay is presented on the cultural and historical transmission of the book "I Ching (Or Book of Changes)" to the West by which Buddhism and Daoism reached Europe and the North and South Americas. It explores the role of the Western missionaries in the process based on the responses during the time including blind indifference, romantic fantasy, and existential engagement. It also looks at the issues surrounding the scripting style and language of the book and its influence on knowledge and belief.

The article focuses on Brazil's Atlantic forest. Brazil's Atlantic forest rivals the Amazon with its eye-popping array of unique plants and animals, yet its proximity to Rio de Janeiro and other cities puts it at even greater risk. Now, some 70 percent of Brazil's population lives in what was once the Atlantic forest, with most people concentrated in two of the three largest cities in South America, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Given that history of destruction, it's not surprising that today less than 7 percent of the Atlantic forest remains, much of it in isolated patches, some less than six acres in size.

Presents photographs of some top North and South American billionaires, with a chart of other North and South American billionaires. Maria Aramburuzabala. Mexico's richest woman owns a big stake in Grupo Modelo, maker of Corona and Negro Medelo beers. Guy Laliberté. Canadian steel urchin founded artsy spectacle Cirque du Soleil, now one of Las Vegas' biggest draws. Edward Rogers. The Canadian media baron's portfolio includes 43 radio stations, scores of consumer and trade publications, several TV stations and the country's largest cable company. Abilio dos Santos Diniz. Chairman of Brazil's largest retailer, Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição, the Latin world's answer to Wal-Mart and Carrefour.

Provides the expedition of the geologist Lonnie Thompson on top of the Andes Mountain which presented clues on how the tropics respond to global climate change. Connection of the large scale weather systems on opposite sides of the world; Trekking glaciers experience; Thompson study on the Greenland Ice Sheet.

Highlights the shortcomings of the legal and postal systems in South America. Information on how false witnesses can be easily hired in the court houses of South America; Principles on which their legal system is based; Number of witnesses that constitute valid proof; Example of corruption among judges in the region; Importance of understanding popular superstitions in some areas; Instances of stamp stealing among postal clerks; Reason why 11 postal officials were arrested in Uruguay; Explanations given by some letter carriers for their misdemeanor.

Presents letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Support to political candidate John F. Kennedy by the Communist Party; Campaign to end Compulsory Reserve Officer Training Corps program; Outlook of people in South America; Discussion on the subject of Communism in a school in San Diego, California.

Letters to the editor are presented in response to an article about economic status and investment conditions in South America, which appeared in the March 15, 1963 issue.

The author shares his views on the state of the economy in South America as of March 1963. He discourages putting money in Latin America as an investment. He finds the Alliance for Progress to be floundering as an imaginative, sizable blueprint of an attempt to square the circle. He likens it to a hypodermic for temporary relief of the pain without tackling the disease, and like any narcotic could become habit-forming, compounding the problem without providing the cure.

The article focuses on the impact of the possible reappearance of Iran's oil on world oil prices and on earnings of international oil companies as of July 1952. It states that the loss of Iran's production has been more than made up by higher oil production in Venezuela and Colombia. It cites the effect of the return of Iranian oil on operations in the Middle East and South America. It mentions the increase in net income posted by the oil industry in 1951.

The article reports that commercial airline operator Pan American Airways System will put up a string of 19 hotels in South America and the rest of the world.

The article discusses the income tax situation in France and Austria-Hungary as well as South America. It cites the progression of the income tax payers in France from 1916 to 1921 and the income tax introduced by Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux. It also notes Austria-Hungary's imposition of tax on incomes and cites the views of W.E. Wells, general manager of the Anglo-South American Bank Ltd. of London, England, about the role of income taxes in the finances of South American countries.

The article focuses on the issuing of the seven Michigan companies of their product catalogs in Latin America and South America, alerting the possibilities for industrial businesses in the area.

The article reports on the free globes offered by several suppliers in the U.S. that solve the problem of finding substitutes for metal fittings. It discusses the increase in the demand for globes and the growth of globe sales in the country in 1943. The article reveals that the American public is buying more expensive globes, with prices range from 98¢ to 100 U.S. dollars. It also reports on the export of American and European globe to South America.

The book "Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Journey Home to My Father," by Nando Parrado is discussed. Parrado discusses the crash of a jetliner in the Andes Mountains in 1972. Parrado and the Christians Rugby Club of Uruguay were flying to a match in Santiago, Chile. The crash of the plane and his survival and eventual rescue are detailed.

Focuses on several wealthy individuals in North, South and Central America excluding the United States. Maria A. Aramburuzabala; Michael Lee-Chin; Gustavo Cisneros; Daryl Katz.

Discusses the world economy as of August, 2001. How the decline in the United States economy has hurt other countries; Less demand for imports and exports; Situations in Europe, Asia and South America.

A quiz on general knowledge is presented, including questions on South America, the metric system, and food spreads.

The article offers international trade news briefs. U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger pushes ahead a five-country swing through South America to discuss bilateral trade and investment issues with its country leaders. Middle east oil countries are beginning to invest their riches to East bloc countries while the Israeli government gets worried by the broadening scope of its investment incentives as tensions in the middle east scare away would-be investors.