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Dynamic control of circularly polarized photoluminescence has aroused great interest in quantum optics and nanophotonics. Chiral plasmonic metasurfaces enable the manipulation of the polarization state via plasmon-photon coupling. However, current plasmonic light-emitting metasurfaces for effective deterministic modulation of spin-dependent emission at near-infrared wavelengths are underexplored in terms of dissymmetry and tunability. Here, we demonstrate a microfluidic hybrid emitting system of a suspended twisted stacking metasurface coated with PbS quantum dots. The suspended metasurface is fabricated with a single step of electron beam exposure, exhibiting a strong optical chirality of 309° μm–1with a thickness of less than λ/10 at key spectral locations. With significant chiral-selective interactions, enhanced photoluminescence is achieved with strong dissymmetry in circular polarization. The dissymmetry factor of the induced circularly polarized emission can reach 1.54. More importantly, altering the refractive index of the surrounding medium at the bottom surface of the metasurface can effectively manipulate the chiroptical responses of the hybrid system, hence leading to chirality-reversed emission. This active hybrid emitting system could be a resultful platform for chirality-switchable light emission from achiral quantum emitters, holding great potential for anticounterfeiting, biosensing, light sources, imaging, and displays.

The in-situ TEM irradiation experiments of zirconium alloy were conducted at 573 K, 673 K, and 773 K utilizing a 400 keV Kr + single beam and a 400 keV Kr+ and 30 keV He + dual beam. The results show that a large number of dislocation loops have been characterized in the matrix of the zirconium alloy under irradiation. With increasing the irradiation damage dose, some dislocation loops have reacted with one another to form a larger dislocation loop, which has finally formed dislocation lines or other defect structures. In zirconium alloys irradiated with Kr + single beam and Kr+ and He + dual-beam radiation, the proportion of type dislocation loops with different Burgers vectors is essentially the same at low damage doses, but the proportion of interstitial type dislocation loops with the same Burgers vectors is obviously different. The amorphization of the second phase and the dissolution of the small-sized second phase were also pointed out. With the increase in temperature, the density of the dislocation loop in zirconium alloy gradually decreases, and the size of dislocation loop first increases and then decreases. Kr+ and He + dual beam irradiation increases the size of dislocation loops but decreases their density as compared with Kr + single beam irradiation.

The difunctionalization of vinylpyridines based on the cyclization strategy remains rare and underdeveloped, in contrast to the well-developed hydrogen functionalization. Current exploration on [4 + 2] cyclization of vinylpyridines mainly relies on extremely high temperatures and the LUMO activation of vinylpyridines using boron trifluoride as a strong Lewis acid. Herein, we established a phosphoric acid-catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization reaction of 3-vinyl-1H-indoles and 2-vinylpyridines by means of the LUMO/HOMO bifunctional activation model. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, high functional group tolerance, broad substrate compatibility, and high diastereoselectivity, enabling the efficient construction of various functionalized pyridine-substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles with prominent potential in drug discovery.

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) imaging, or thermal imaging, is widely applied in night vision and security monitoring. However, the widespread use of LWIR imagers is impeded by their bulky size, considerable weight, and high cost. While flat meta-optics present a potential solution to these limitations, existing pure LWIR meta-optics face constraints such as severe chromatic or coma aberrations. Here, we introduce an approach utilizing large-scale hybrid meta-optics to address these challenges and demonstrate the achromatic, coma-corrected, and polarization-insensitive thermal imaging. The hybrid metalens doublet is composed of a metasurface corrector and a refractive lens, featuring a full field-of-view angle surpassing 20° within the 8–12 μm wavelength range. Employing this hybrid metalens doublet, we showcase high-performance thermal imaging capabilities both indoors and outdoors, effectively capturing ambient thermal radiation. The proposed hybrid metalens doublet holds considerable promise for advancing miniaturized, lightweight, and cost-effective LWIR optical imaging systems.

Compliant materials are crucial for stretchable electronics. Stretchable solids and gels have limitations in deformability and durability, whereas active liquids struggle to create complex devices. This study presents multifunctional yield-stress fluids as printable ink materials to construct stretchable electronic devices. Ionic nanocomposites comprise silica nanoparticles and ion liquids, while electrical nanocomposites use the natural oxidation of liquid metals to produce gallium oxide nanoflake additives. These nanocomposite inks can be printed on an elastomer substrate and stay in a solid state for easy encapsulation. However, their transition into a liquid state during stretching allows ultrahigh deformability up to the fracture strain of the elastomer. The ionic inks produce strain sensors with high stretchability and temperature sensors with high sensitivity of 7% °C–1. Smart gloves are further created by integrating these sensors with printed electrical interconnects, demonstrating bimodal detection of temperatures and hand gestures. The nanocomposite yield-stress fluids combine the desirable qualities of solids and liquids for stretchable devices and systems.

This paper analyzes nonlinear free vibration of plates that move axially and in partial contact with liquid. The von Kármán nonlinear plate theory is employed in the theoretical model. The fluid is characterized as an ideal fluid and represented using the velocity potential and Bernoulli's equation. The fluid pressure exerted on the plate is equivalent to a virtual additional mass, which is considered as part of the total mass of the structure. Employing the Hamilton's principle to derive the immersed moving plates' governing equations. Afterward, the nonlinear frequencies of plates moving axially and contacting with liquid are evaluated by the Chebyshev collocation method combined with the direct iterative technique. The results indicate that the Chebyshev collocation method exhibits excellent convergence and exceptional accuracy. It has been observed that the immersed moving plates' nonlinear frequencies gradually increase with the decrease of the axial velocity. The increase of immersion level or fluid density reduces nonlinear frequencies, but has little influence on nonlinear to linear frequency ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) droplets hold significant potential in both scientific research and practical applications. The incorporation of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and its impact on LCLC droplet formation present a compelling puzzle. This study reports the fabrication of micrometer-sized LCLC droplets through the self-assembly functionalization process by integrating cationic polymer PEI into a disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) solution. Notably, the droplet morphology can be reversibly altered between bipolar and radial configurations by modulating the pH of the surrounding aqueous solution, an effect attributable to the contraction of PEI chains. The findings indicate that the PEI-DSCG system can serve as a pH indicator in purified water and detect glucose concentrations as low as 0.1 mM by observing the ratio of bipolar to radial droplets under crossed polarizers. This investigation enhances the understanding of polymer-LCLC interactions and advances new avenues for developing pH-responsive systems and glucose-sensing technologies.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III (LAD-III) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by functional deficiencies of platelets and leukocytes that occurs due to mutations in the FERMT3gene encoding kindlin-3. Kindlin-3 is a FERM domain–containing adaptor protein that is essential in integrin activation. We have previously demonstrated that the FERM domain of kindlin-3 is structurally compact and plays an important role in supporting integrin activation in a mouse model. The impact of destabilizing the compact FERM domain in kindlin-3 on the development of LAD-III in humans remains uncertain.

Stretchable sweat sensors have become a personalized wearable platform for continuous, noninvasive health monitoring through conformal integration with the human body. Typically, these devices are coupled with soft microfluidic systems to control sweat flow during advanced analysis processes. However, the implementation of these soft microfluidic devices is limited by their high fabrication costs and the need for skin adhesives to block natural perspiration. To overcome these limitations, a stretchable and smart wettable patch has been proposed for multiplexed in situperspiration analysis. The patch includes a porous membrane in the form of a patterned microfoam and a nanofiber layer laminate, which extracts sweat selectively from the skin and directs its continuous flow across the device. The integrated electrochemical sensor array measures multiple biomarkers simultaneously such as pH, K+, and Na+. The soft sensing patch comprises compliant materials and structures that allow deformability of up to 50% strain, which enables a stable and seamless interface with the curvilinear human body. During continuous physical exercise, the device has demonstrated a special operating mode by actively accumulating sweat from the skin for multiplex electrochemical analysis of biomarker profiles. The smart wettable membrane provides an affordable solution to address the sampling challenges of in situperspiration analysis.

Optical spatial differentiation is a typical operation of optical analog computing and can single out the edge to accelerate the subsequent image processing, but in some cases, overall information about the object needs to be presented synchronously. Here, we propose a multifunctional optical device based on structured chiral photonic crystals for the simultaneous realization of real-time dual-mode imaging. This optical differentiator is realized by self-organized large-birefringence cholesteric liquid crystals, which are photopatterned to encode with a special integrated geometric phase. Two highly spin-selective modes of second-order spatial differentiation and bright-field imaging are exhibited in the reflected and transmitted directions, respectively. Two-dimensional edges of both amplitude and phase objects have been efficiently enhanced in high contrast and the broadband spectrum. This work extends the ingenious building of hierarchical chiral nanostructures, enriches their applications in the emerging frontiers of optical computing, and boasts considerable potential in machine vision and microscopy.

Based on student's cognitive structure, the cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) can reveal the potential relationships among the student's knowledge level, test item features and the corresponding item scores, and then predict each student's future performance. However, due to the simplistic prior information and deficient cognitive mechanism, most of the existing CDMs have limited prediction performance. To address the issues, we propose the multivariate cognitive response framework (MvCRF). We first collect student's learning activity logs to calculate the corresponding effort trait. Considering both student's ability trait and effort trait, MvCRF then introduces the compensation mechanism to calculate student's knowledge level. In addition, we introduce not only the slip and guessing parameters in prediction but also the skill weakness parameter related with the student's knowledge level and the importance of each skill on solving specific item. Experimental results on both simulation study and real-data application on MOOC demonstrate that MvCRF achieves better prediction performance, robustness and interpretability than the baseline CDMs.

The maximum magnetic field designed for the Central Solenoid (CS) of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is more than 17 T. Because the Rare-earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) coated conductor has high current carrying capability under a high magnetic field, it may be used on the CS coil. In the practical application of the REBCO, quench detection is important for magnet safe operation. In this paper, a 4-turn solenoid magnet has been wound from 3 meters of conductor on round core (CORC) cable, which was tested at 77 K, self-field, and 4.2 K, 18.5 T. The aim is to explore the quench characteristics of the REBCO CORC cable under a high magnetic field and prepare for the HTS quench detection system of CFETR. In the 77 K, self-field experiment, there was no significant temperature rise and the quench voltage was below 1 mV/m within 20 s. In the 4.2 K, 18.5 T experiment, the voltage developed slightly slower at the start of the quench, but a strong thermal effect then was generated and the voltage began to change dramatically. From these experiments, we have concluded that setting the voltage threshold to 1 mV/m and the delay time within 200 ms is a suitable choice when the CORC cable we designed operates at 4.2 K with the background magnetic field below 18.5 T. These experiments provide a valuable reference for determining the HTS quench detection threshold in CFETR.

Invertebrate species are a natural reservoir of viral genetic diversity, and invertebrate pests are widely distributed in crop fields. However, information on viruses infecting invertebrate pests of crops is limited. In this report, we describe the deep metatranscriptomic sequencing of 88 invertebrate samples covering all major invertebrate pests in rice fields. We identified 296 new RNA viruses and 13 known RNA viruses. These viruses clustered within 31 families, with many highly divergent viruses constituting potentially new families and genera. Of the identified viruses, 13 RNA viruses clustered within the Fiersviridaefamily of bacteriophages, and 48 RNA viruses clustered within families and genera of mycoviruses. We detected known rice viruses in novel invertebrate hosts at high abundances. Furthermore, some novel RNA viruses have genome structures closely matching to known plant viruses and clustered within genera of several plant virus species. Forty-five potential insect pathogenic RNA viruses were detected in invertebrate species. Our analysis revealed that host taxonomy plays a major role and geographical location plays an important role in structuring viral diversity. Cross-species transmission of RNA viruses was detected between invertebrate hosts. Newly identified viral genomes showed extensive variation for invertebrate viral families or genera. Together, the large-scale metatranscriptomic analysis greatly expands our understanding of RNA viruses in rice invertebrate species, the results provide valuable information for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated crop diseases.

Advanced oxide metallurgy technique was adopted to produce 100-kg Y-bearing 12Cr ferritic/martensitic steel via vacuum induction melting and casting route. Subsequently, nine specimens at top, middle and bottom regions of the sheet were characterized to evaluate the homogeneity of chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties. The small vibration of hardness (200–220 HBW), ultimate tensile strength (672–678 MPa), yield strength (468–480 MPa), total elongation (26.2%–30.5%) and Charpy energy at room temperature (98–133 J) and at − 40 °C (12–40 J) demonstrated that mechanical properties’ homogeneity of Y-bearing steel was acceptable although slight Y segregation and inhomogeneous microstructure occurred at the bottom. Furthermore, the effect of Y content on microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties was explained and the comparison of failure mechanism for the dual-phase steel between tensile test (i.e., quasi-static loading) and Charpy test (i.e., dynamic loading) was discussed in detail.

Stretchable conductive nanocomposites are essential for deformable electronic devices. These conductors currently face significant limitations, such as insufficient deformability, significant resistance changes upon stretching, and drifted properties during cyclic deformations. To tackle these challenges, we present an electrically self-healing and ultrastretchable conductor in the form of bilayer silver nanowire/liquid metal microcapsule nanocomposites. These nanocomposites utilize silver nanowires to establish their initial excellent conductivity. When the silver nanowire networks crack during stretching, the microcapsules are ruptured to release the encased liquid metal for recovering the electrical properties. This self-healing capability allows the nanocomposite to achieve ultrahigh stretchability for both uniaxial and biaxial strains, minor changes in resistance during stretching, and stable resistance after repetitive deformations. The conductors have been used to create skin-attachable electronic patches and stretchable light-emitting diode arrays with enhanced robustness. These developments provide a bioinspired strategy to enhance the performance and durability of conductive nanocomposites.

Soil beneficial bacteria can effectively inhibit bacterial pathogens by assembling contact-dependent killing weapons, such as the type IVA secretion system (T4ASS). It’s not clear whether these antibacterial weapons are involved in biotrophic microbial interactions in soil. Here we showed that an antifungal antibiotic 2,4-DAPG production of the soil bacterium, Pseudomonas protegenscan be triggered by another soil bacterium, Lysobacter enzymogenes, via T4ASS by co-culturing on agar plates to mimic cell-to-cell contact. We demonstrated that the induced 2,4-DAPG production of P. protegensis achieved by intracellular detection of the T4ASS effector protein Le1519 translocated from L. enzymogenes. We defined Le1519 as LtaE (LysobacterT4E triggering antifungal effects), which specifically stimulates the expression of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis genes in P. protegens, thereby protecting soybean seedlings from infection by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. We further found that LtaE directly bound to PhlF, a pathway-specific transcriptional repressor of the 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis, then activated the 2,4-DAPG production. Our results highlight a novel pattern of microbial interspecies and interkingdom interactions, providing a unique case for expanding the diversity of soil microbial interactions.

The gas-liquid two-phase homogenous flow has been extensively investigated without the effect of gas release. However, the dissolved gas will release when internal water pressure drops below saturation pressure during hydraulic transients. This results in inaccuracy or even invalidity of the existing model for homogenous flows, especially for the reproduction of two-phase mass transfer processes. To address this problem, this paper couples the gas release model with conservation equations of homogenous flows, which are numerically solved by the second-order Godunov-type scheme (GTS). Specifically, a virtual-cell method is adopted at system boundaries to achieve the same second-order accuracy as interior cells, which is realized by the monotonic upwind scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL-Hancock scheme). Simulated pressure curves by the proposed model are compared with a series of analytical, numerical and experimental results. It indicates that the proposed model with gas release effects reproduces actual pressure responses most accurately, with minimum relative error and root mean squared error compared with experimental data. Moreover, the gas release leads to dynamic synchronous fluctuations of void fraction, wave speed and pressure head, including the opposite trends of void fraction and pressure, and higher void fraction leading to greater wave speed depression. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is concluded with recommended Courant number, and different gas release effects in different initial void fractions. Present research increases the basic understanding of two-phase mass transfer processes and their implications for hydraulic transients.

Single-molecule white-light emission (SMWLE) materials possessing multiple excited states offer promising prospects for covering the full spectrum of visible light, making them ideal for mimicking sunlight. Nevertheless, crafting these materials and regulating their intricate energy demands have been significant hurdles, necessitating the creation of inventive molecular designs for their future application in energy, molecular biology, and organic electronics.

In powderswith different contents (0.5−10 wt.%)were melted into the Sn−3.0Ag−0.5Cu (SAC305) solder to change the microstructure and thus improve the properties of the solder. The results showed that β-Sn(In), Ag3(Sn,In) and Cu6(Sn,In)5phases existed in all the In-added solders, and an additional phase of InSn4was found in the SAC305−10In solder. With increasing In addition amount, the β-Sn nucleation sites were increased and the nucleation model was changed from {101} to {301}, which refined the β-Sn grains and transformed the β-Sn morphology from large grains to interlaced grains and finally to multiple grains. As a result, a combined effect of fine grain strengthening and solid solution strengthening was achieved to increase the microhardness of the SAC305−xIn solders with increasing In addition amount.

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) current leads (CL) made of Bi-2223 superconducting tapes in Experimental and Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) are connected with the superconducting magnets and power supplies. The quench detection systems consist of primary (resistive voltage-based) and backup (temperature-based) detection systems; due to the required fast response time, the quench detection system for the EAST HTSCL relies primarily on direct voltage measurement. The traditional temperature and voltage detection methods have two main defects. First, to prevent the temperature sensor from high-voltage breakdown, it has to be installed in the rear section of the insulators, leading to its sensitivity decreasing significantly. Second, because the average zone propagation velocity of HTS is around 1/100∼1/1000 of low-temperature superconducting (LTS) materials, the small resistive voltage during quench is very difficult to detect. Distributed optical fibers quench detection (DOFQD) based on Raleigh scattering (RS) can be a solution, which adopts the special communication glass fiber as the sensor. It can continuously monitor temperature changes (0.5 to 2 K) at intervals of 5 mm. At the same time, the method has the advantages of high-voltage resistance and immunity from electromagnetic interference. But the biggest drawback of this method is that the optical fiber (OF) sensor is very brittle in the transverse direction resulting in complicated installation. Recently, the OF sensor has been directly laid inside the insulation layer of the HTSCL and led out of the vessel successfully. Meanwhile, the Parsons discharge test, the thermal shock test, and the vacuum leakage rate test can come up with the technical requirements. The power-on test was shown that DOFQD could detect a quench ahead of voltage measurement when the HTSCL was soaked in the 77 K liquid nitrogen. The next plan is to apply this quench detection method in the EAST HTSCL.

The study of high-energy and low-vulnerability propellants is important for the power performance and safety of solid propellant rocket motors. The modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests are performed on two kinds of propellant with different crosslinking density to study the dynamic mechanical responses and damage-ignition mechanism. SHPB apparatus is equipped with a high-performance infrared camera and high-speed camera to capture the deformation, damage-ignition feature and temperature evolution images in the impact process. The results suggested that the mechanical responses and damage-ignition mechanism of the propellants were affected by the strain rates and crosslinking density. The damage-ignition degree is more intense and the reaction occurs earlier with the increase of strain rates. For propellant 1 with higher crosslinking density, the critical ignition strain rate is 4500 s−1. Two kinds of propellants show different ignition mechanism, i.e. crack generation, propagation and final fracture for propellant 1 while viscous shear flow for propellant 2. Meanwhile, the SEM images also reveal the difference of damage-ignition mechanism of the two kinds of propellants. Finally, the ignition mechanism under different strain rates and critical ignition strain rate of propellants are further explained by the theoretical calculation of temperature variations.

Proficient mismatch repair or microsatellite stable (pMMR/MSS) colorectal cancers (CRCs) are vastly outnumbered by deficient mismatch repair or microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H) tumors and lack a response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In this study, we reported two distinct expression patterns of ASCL2in pMMR/MSS and dMMR/MSI-H CRCs. ASCL2is overexpressed in pMMR/MSS CRCs and maintains a stemness phenotype, accompanied by a lower density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) than those in dMMR/MSI CRCs. In addition, coadministration of anti-PD-L1 antibodies facilitated T cell infiltration and provoked strong antitumor immunity and tumor regression in the MC38/shASCL2mouse CRC model. Furthermore, overexpression of ASCL2 was associated with increased TGFBlevels, which stimulate local Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) activation, inducing an immune-excluded microenvironment. Consistently, mice with deletion of Ascl2specifically in the intestine (Villin-Cre+, Ascl2flox/flox, named Ascl2CKO) revealed fewer activated CAFs and higher proportions of infiltrating CD8+T cells; We further intercrossed Ascl2CKO with ApcMin/+model suggesting that Ascl2-deficient expression in intestinal represented an immune infiltrating environment associated with a good prognosis. Together, our findings indicated ASCL2induces an immune excluded microenvironment by activating CAFs through transcriptionally activating TGFB, and targeting ASCL2combined with ICIs could present a therapeutic opportunity for MSS CRCs.

Carbon metabolism is critical for microbial physiology and remarkably affects the outcome of secondary metabolite production. The production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), a bacterial secondary metabolite with a broad spectrum of antibiotic activity, is a major mechanism used by the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens2P24 to inhibit the growth of plant pathogens and control disease occurrence. Strain 2P24 has evolved a complex signaling cascade to regulate the production of 2,4-DAPG. However, the role of the central carbon metabolism in modulating 2,4-DAPG production has not been fully determined. In this study, we report that the gltAgene, which encodes citrate synthase, affects the expression of the 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis gene and is essential for the biocontrol capacity of strain 2P24. Our data showed that the mutation of gltAremarkably decreased the biosynthesis of 2,4-DAPG. Consistent with this result, the addition of citrate in strain 2P24 resulted in increased 2,4-DAPG production and decreased levels of RsmA and RsmE. In comparison with the wild-type strain, the gltAmutant was severely impaired in terms of biocontrol activity against the bacterial wilt disease of tomato plants caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Moreover, the gltAmutant exhibited increased antioxidant activity, and the expression of oxidative, stress-associated genes, including ahpB, katB, and oxyR, was significantly upregulated in the gltAmutant compared to the wild-type strain. Overall, our data indicate that the citrate synthase GltA plays an important role in the production of 2,4-DAPG and oxidative stress and is required for biocontrol capacity.

The evolutions of nano-twins and martensitic transformation in 316L austenitic stainless steel during large tensile deformation were studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in detail. The results show that due to the low stacking fault energy of the steel, phase transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) coexist during the tensile deformation. The deformation firstly induces the formation of deformation twins, and dislocation pile-up is caused by the reduction of the dislocation mean free path (MFP) or grain refinement due to the twin boundaries, which further induces the martensitic transformation. With the increase of tensile deformation, a large number of nano-twins and α’-martensite appear, and the width of nano-twins decreases gradually, meanwhile the frequency of the intersecting deformation twins increases. The martensitic transformation can be divided into two types: γ-austenite → α’-martensite and γ-austenite → ε-martensite. α’-martensite is mainly distributed near the twin boundaries, especially at the intersection of twins, while ε-martensite and stacking faults exist in the form of transition products between the twins and the matrix.

Due to the precise and continuous regulation of phase, holographic encryption based on metasurfaces and liquid crystals (LCs) has been proposed to encrypt the information by manipulating the wavelength, polarization, etc. However, the security cannot be fully guaranteed since the requirements of decoding methods for these schemes are generally not very strict and vulnerable for exhaustive attack. Furthermore, any part of the hologram stolen may lead to the disclosure of the hidden information regardless of the generation mode of phase delay or the selection of media material, so the security needs to be further improved. Here, inspired by Tiger Amulet, embodying the encryption consciousness of ancient China, we propose a simple but effective encryption method and design a “four-in-one” hologram based on photopatterned LCs. Specifically, the most important encrypted image can only be displayed when the four LC holograms in the same group are spliced into a whole according to the designed order. On the contrary, the camouflage information would be displayed if the holograms are placed in the optical path separately or spliced in wrong order. It is even more interesting that with the LC directors tilted with applied external voltages, the holographic efficiency of the LC hologram will change accordingly. This sets further demanding requirement on the decryption condition and thus increases the encryption security. With the advantages of simple design, high security, and low crosstalk, our encryption scheme has great potential in the fields of information hiding and image encryption.

Numerous metabolic reactions and pathways use adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source and as a phosphorous or pyrophosphorous donor. Based on three-dimensional (3D)-printing, enzyme immobilization can be used to improve ATP regeneration and operability and reduce cost. However, due to the relatively large mesh size of 3D-bioprinted hydrogels soaked in a reaction solution, the lower-molecular-weight enzymes cannot avoid leaking out of the hydrogels readily. Here, a chimeric adenylate-kinase-spidroin (ADK-RC) is created, with ADK serving as the N-terminal domain. The chimera is capable of self-assembling to form micellar nanoparticles at a higher molecular scale. Although fused to spidroin (RC), ADK-RC remains relatively consistent and exhibits high activity, thermostability, pH stability, and organic solvent tolerance. Considering different surface-to-volume ratios, three shapes of enzyme hydrogels are designed, 3D bioprinted, and measured. In addition, a continuous enzymatic reaction demonstrates that ADK-RC hydrogels have higher specific activity and substrate affinity but a lower reaction rate and catalytic power compared to free enzymes in solution. With ATP regeneration, the ADK and ADK-RC hydrogels significantly increase the production of d-glucose-6-phosphate and obtain an efficient usage frequency. In conclusion, enzymes fused to spidroin might be an efficient strategy for maintaining activity and reducing leakage in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels under mild conditions.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that is activated by capsaicin (CAP), the main component of chili pepper. Despite studies in several neurological diseases, the role of TRPV1 in demyelinating diseases remains unknown. Herein, we reported that TRPV1 expression was increased within the corpus callosum during demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model. TRPV1 deficiency exacerbated motor coordinative dysfunction and demyelination in CPZ-treated mice, whereas the TRPV1 agonist CAP improved the behavioral performance and facilitated remyelination. TRPV1 was predominantly expressed in Iba1+microglia/macrophages in human brain sections of multiple sclerosis patients and mouse corpus callosum under demyelinating conditions. TRPV1 deficiency decreased microglial recruitment to the corpus callosum, with an associated increase in the accumulation of myelin debris. Conversely, the activation of TRPV1 by CAP enhanced the recruitment of microglia to the corpus callosum and potentiated myelin debris clearance. Using real-time live imaging we confirmed an increased phagocytic function of microglia following CAP treatment. In addition, the expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 was increased, and that of the glycolysis regulators Hif1aand Hk2was decreased. We conclude that TRPV1 is an important regulator of microglial function in the context of demyelination and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Metro-led underground space (MUS) plays a crucial role in modern underground space utilisation. Recent studies have shown its great potential for high-quality urban development. However, limited evidence about MUS was available on a national scale, resulting in incomplete and unsystematic knowledge of MUS utilisation. The interaction relationship between MUS and the surrounding built environment also remains unclear. To fill the research gap, an automatic method for MUS identification and development features extraction was proposed based on point of interest data. We applied the method to identify the MUS in 28 Chinese cities and estimated the development status of MUS in China for the first time. The nationwide statistics of MUS and correlation analysis of development features were conducted. Results show that complex MUS (CMUS) share is significantly lower than that of simple MUS. Besides, CMUS development in China is primarily dominated by public transport and does not have a solid functional link to its surroundings. The comparative analysis of MUS development in four primary urban agglomerations was also conducted, and their development characteristics were discussed. The study aims to expand the planning toolkit and construct the MUS database, which sheds light on the data-driven planning for MUS.

Cylas formicariusis one of the most important pests of sweet potato worldwide, causing considerable ecological and economic damage. This study improved the effect of comprehensive management and understanding of genetic mechanisms by examining the functional genomics of C. formicarius. Using Illumina and PacBio sequencing, this study obtained a chromosome-level genome assembly of adult weevils from lines inbred for 15 generations. The high-quality assembly obtained was 338.84 Mb, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 14.97 and 34.23 Mb, respectively. In total, 157.51 Mb of repeat sequences and 11 907 protein-coding genes were predicted. A total of 337.06 Mb of genomic sequences was located on the 11 chromosomes, accounting for 99.03% of the total length of the associated chromosome. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. formicariuswas sister to Dendroctonus ponderosae, and C. formicariusdiverged from D. ponderosaeapproximately 138.89 million years ago (Mya). Many important gene families expanded in the C. formicariusgenome were involved in the detoxification of pesticides, tolerance to cold stress and chemosensory system. To further study the role of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in olfactory recognition of C. formicarius, the binding assay results indicated that CforOBP4–6 had strong binding affinities for sex pheromones and other ligands. The high-quality C. formicariusgenome provides a valuable resource to reveal the molecular ecological basis, genetic mechanism, and evolutionary process of major agricultural pests; it also offers new ideas and new technologies for ecologically sustainable pest control.

An electric field enhanced leaching process was proposed to improve the leaching efficiency in the process of extracting Li, Ni, Co and Mn from waste lithium ion batteries. The leaching process was optimized and the leaching mechanism was studied by means of leaching experiments, product characterization and leaching kinetics. Under the optimized leaching conditions, more than 98% Li, 97% Ni and Co and 93% Mn were leached into the solution. The study of leaching kinetics shows that the leaching process of Li, Ni, Co and Mn is controlled by chemical reaction based on nuclear reduction model, and the activation energy of leaching is determined to be 42.4, 46.1, 46.2 and 47.3 kJ/mol, respectively. During the leaching process, the application of electric field provides a convenient channel for the recycling of Fe2+and Cl−in the solution, reduces the amount of reducing agent added, and ensures high metal leaching rate.

The magnetization of a quantum magnet can be pinned at a fraction of its saturated value by collective effects. One example of such a plateau phase is found in spin-1/2 triangular-lattice antiferromagnets. They feature strong geometrical frustration and the plateau phase therein is often interpreted as arising from an order-by-disorder mechanism driven by quantum fluctuations. Here we observe a one-third magnetization plateau under an applied magnetic field in the spin-1 antiferromagnet Na3Ni2BiO6with a honeycomb lattice, which, with conventional magnetic interactions, would not be geometrically frustrated. Based on our elastic neutron scattering measurements, we propose the spin structure of the plateau phase to be an unusual partial spin-flop ferrimagnetic order. Our theoretical calculations indicate that bond-anisotropic Kitaev interactions are the source of frustration that produces the plateau. These results suggest that Kitaev interactions provide a different route to frustration and phases driven by quantum fluctuations in high-spin magnets.

Whether there were more extensive glaciations during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 relative to MIS 2 across the Tian Shan in Central Asia is intensely debated because of the uncertainty in chronological data and fully understanding the driving mechanisms. To help resolve the ongoing debate, we assess the climate sensitivity of the glaciers and reconstruct the extent of glaciation during MIS 2 and 3 across the Tian Shan, using a glacier-resolving (250 × 250 m) ice sheet model asynchronously coupled with a global climate model. Our results demonstrate that the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) over the Tian Shan decreases by ∼180 m for every 1 °C cooling under a modern precipitation regime, but precipitation reduction greatly lowers the sensitivity of the glaciers to temperature decrease (e.g., the effect of 2 °C cooling is broadly offset by a 50% decrease in precipitation). Under the modeled colder/drier-than-present climate, the model predicts an ELA depression (∆ELA) of ∼75 m (162 m) over the Tian Shan during MIS 3 interstadials (stadials). The extent of MIS 3 glaciation is much smaller than that during MIS 2 (i.e., ∆ELA = ∼726 m). The more extensive glaciation during MIS 2 is largely attributed to the enhanced summer cooling. Furthermore, through a site-to-site model-data comparison, we find that the closest match between the modeled glacier margin and the locations of the glacial deposits previously argued to be MIS 3 is generally achieved under MIS 2 climatic conditions. These results suggest more extensive glacier advances over the Tian Shan during MIS 2 than MIS 3 on a regional scale, although MIS 3 glaciation may still occur in individual glacier catchments. This pattern suggests general synchronicity with the timing of maximum Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial, which should be further tested in a multimodel framework in the future.

The orbital replacement unit and its core technology are the technical basis for the future spacecraft to achieve acceptable on-orbit service and support expansion and upgrading. It can realize on-orbit replacement, replenishment of consumables and other operations, effectively extend the service life of the target spacecraft and maintain the continuity of the mission. In this paper, the mechanical structure of the three-jaw docking interface has been taken as the object and designed the docking interface of the orbital replacement unit which is not mainly dependent on the mechanical arm insertion. The dynamic performance of the docking process was simulated as well. The research work can provide a reference for the design and application of the orbital replacement unit.

In this work, the nonvolatile memory constructed on the tunnel thin-film transistors (tunnel-TFTs) using polycrystalline-silicon channel featuring ferroelectric HfZrOx layer is demonstrated for the first time. When the pulse voltages of program (PG) and erase (ER) are, respectively, 3.5 and −2 V with the pulsewidth of $1 ~\mu \text{s}$ , the threshold voltage modulation amount of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT can reach −0.524 and 0.496 V, respectively. In addition, the endurance behaviors of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibit a strong PG/ER pulsewidth dependence. The wake-up effect of the ferroelectric layer becomes more pronounced as increasing the PG/ER pulsewidth. Moreover, the increase of the PG/ER pulsewidth also causes the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT to be subjected to the electrical dynamic stress effect, leading to the degradation of the subthreshold swing (SS) and the electron trapping effect. When the pulsewidth is 100 ns, the endurance is mainly dominated by the fatigue effect of the ferroelectric layer and the degradation of the SS. When the pulsewidth increases to $1 ~\mu \text{s}$ , the endurance is mainly dominated by the electron trapping effect of the ferroelectric layer in addition to the fatigue effect. The retention of the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibits stable behavior at 50 °C. Consequently, the ferroelectric tunnel-TFT exhibits sufficient electrical performance and can be integrated with display panels and various sensor systems on smart wearable devices for edge computing applications.

A systematic and green low-temperature sulfation roasting—water leaching strategy was put forward to achieve a very high fluorine removal rate of 97.82% for spent carbon cathode (SCC), which was believed as a hazardous solid waste. And the carbon could be recycled with a purity of 90.29 wt.% in the flaky microstructure. Thermodynamic analysis and the results of SEM, XRD and EDS indicate that most of the fluoride could convert into water-soluble sulfate at low temperature. And the highest fluorine removal rate could be obtained when <0.15 mm SCC particles were mixed with sulfuric acid at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1:1, and then roasted at 300 °C for 0.5 h. The sulfate was removed to purify the carbon via water-leaching process. Avrami exponents and corresponding activation energy for the roasting and leaching process demonstrated that both processes are controlled by diffusion.

AbstractMutual funds’ maximum drawdowns (MDDs) are persistent, indicative of manager skill, and predictive of subsequent performance. Among funds with relatively strong past performance, those with relatively low past MDDs, on average, have an out-of-sample alpha of 2.40% per year. That alpha is magnified when markets are turbulent—a time during which manager skill should be most valuable. Investors are averse to drawdown risk. After controlling for typical measures of past performance, fund flows remain a decreasing function of MDDs, particularly among investors with greater risk aversion and during times of heightened risk aversion.

Rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) softly reconciles and decodes the extreme interference by non-orthogonal transmission, which can remarkably solve the spectrum scarcity for future six-generation (6G) low earth orbits (LEO) satellite communication system. In this letter, we investigate the power allocation problem in LEO satellite networks with RSMA mechanism based on the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technique. Specifically, in order to achieve better RSMA performance, the LEO satellite base station (SBS) has to effectively allocate transmit power to common and private streams, which is very challenging due to the uncertain and limited information of the channel distribution. To solve this problem, a highly-effective proximal policy optimization (PPO) based scheme is further proposed, which enables the LEO SBS to learn an optimal power allocation strategy to maximize the sum rate of the system without knowing any prior information. Simulation results prove that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the other three baseline schemes in terms of the sum rate metric with low computation complexity.

With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, knowledge resources have gradually become the core resources for industrial development. For advanced manufacturing, strengthening the knowledge sharing between enterprises has become a key factor of the industry to maintain their core competitiveness. Based on the perspective of knowledge sharing, this study constructs an evolutionary game model among advanced manufacturing enterprises and analyzes the dynamic evolution process of enterprises. The result shows that knowledge spillover effects, excess return distribution, knowledge costs, hidden income, and punishment mechanisms are the main factors influencing the choice of evolutionary strategies for knowledge sharing among enterprises. Based on the analysis results, the study gives some suggestions to encourage advanced manufacturing companies to choose knowledge sharing strategies, to promote the rapid development of advanced manufacturing.

Urea solution electrolysis can treat wastewater that involves urea by anodic oxidation reaction of urea (UOR) and can also produce clean hydrogen by cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with lower voltage. Therefore, it is of great importance to devise and synthesize new bifunctional electrocatalysts for both UOR and HER. Herein, a novel nickel metal–organic framework (Ni-bza, Hbza = 4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) benzoic acid) was constructed by a solvothermal method, followed by the study of the Ni-bza-derived electrocatalyst Ni-bza-T for UOR and HER applications; we found that Ni-bza-900 shows more excellent performance in both UOR and HER. For UOR, at a current density of 10 mA·cm–2, the overpotential can reach 1.38 V, and it needs a potential of 306 mV to achieve the same current density for HER. Ni-bza-900 has smaller Tafel slopes of 176.8 and 183.43 mV·dec–1in UOR and HER, respectively. Besides, Ni-bza-900 has a larger Cdlvalue, indicating a larger active area.

Biliary adenofibroma is an extremely rare benign liver tumor, but it may be a precancerous lesion of cholangiocarcinoma. So far, only 29 cases have been reported in the literature. A 30-year-old woman was admitted to our department for upper abdomen mass. The computed tomography scan showed a huge cystic and partly substantial mass between the left lobe of the liver and the descending duodenum, which was considered to be an exophytic tumor derived from the left lobe of the liver. Laparoscopic liver segment IVb resection and cholecystectomy were performed. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor was composed of glandular cavities of varying sizes and fibrous interstitium. The glandular cavity was covered with cubic or columnar epithelium without atypia. Some of the mesenchymal cells are myofibroblast-like and spindle-shaped with red-stained cytoplasm. The mesenchymal cells in some areas proliferate densely with moderate atypia. It was considered to be an atypical biliary adenofibroma with focal necrosis and active cell proliferation which may have malignant transformation potential. There was no recurrence and metastasis at a 6-month follow-up. Biliary adenofibroma is a rare benign tumor derived from the bile duct, but it may progress to malignancy and develop distant metastasis. It is difficult to distinguish it from other liver tumors through imaging examination and the gold standard of diagnosis is histopathological examination. Close clinical follow-up is recommended.

The need for bladder reconstruction and side effects of cystoplasty have spawned the demand for the development of alternative material substitutes. Biomaterials such as submucosa of small intestine (SIS) have been widely used as patches for bladder repair, but the outcomes are not fully satisfactory. To capture stem cells in situhas been considered as a promising strategy to speed up the process of re-cellularization and functionalization. In this study, we have developed an anti-CD29 antibody-conjugated SIS scaffold (AC-SIS) which is capable of specifically capturing urine-derived stem cells (USCs) in situfor tissue repair and regeneration. The scaffold has exhibited effective capture capacity and sound biocompatibility. In vivoexperiment proved that the AC-SIS scaffold could promote rapid endothelium healing and smooth muscle regeneration. The endogenous stem cell capturing scaffolds has thereby provided a new revenue for developing effective and safer bladder patches.

A flexible fiber-shaped Zn-MnO2battery is fabricated using a low-cost, scalable, and efficient continuous wet spinning technique and displays high electrochemical performance.

Background: Using conventional endoscope to perform endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is difficult because of the one-handed operation and blind dissection caused by gravity. Poor visualization of the submucosal plane causes ESD to be associated with a high risk of bleeding and perforation. This study aimed to develop a novel ESD-assistive robot system and to evaluate its efficacy. Methods: A novel flexible auxiliary single-arm transluminal endoscopic robot (FASTER) was developed. A total of 36 artificial lesions in ex vivo porcine stomachs were removed using the FASTER-assisted ESD method (n= 18) and the conventional ESD method (n= 18). Lesions were 2 cm or 4 cm in diameter, located on the anterior and posterior walls of the antrum. Primary outcome measurements were dissection time and dissection speed. Results: The dissection time in FASTER-assisted ESD was significantly shorter than that in conventional ESD (7 min vs 13 min, p= 0.012), mainly because of the faster dissection speed (148.6 vs 97.0 mm2/min, p= 0.002). The total procedure time in FASTER-assisted ESD was shorter than that in conventional ESD, but the difference was not significant (16 min vs 24 min, p= 0.252). Complete en bloc resection was achieved in all lesions. No perforations were detected. The FASTER exhibited the ability of regrasp, multidirectional traction, and proper tension control during ESD. Conclusion: FASTER significantly increased the dissection speed by providing proper traction and achieving good submucosal vision. This new device is expected to facilitate ESD in clinical practice.

The bacterial modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) typically furnish nonaromatic lactone and lactam natural products. Here, by the complete in vitroenzymatic production of the polyketide antibiotic pyoluteorin, we describe the biosynthetic mechanism for the construction of an aromatic resorcylic ring by a type I PKS. We find that the pyoluteorin type I PKS does not produce an aromatic product, rather furnishing an alicyclic dihydrophloroglucinol that is later enzymatically dehydrated and aromatized. The aromatizing dehydratase is encoded in the pyoluteorin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), and its presence is conserved in other BGCs encoding production of pyrrolic polyketides. Sequence similarity and mutational analysis demonstrates that the overall structure and position of the active site for the aromatizing dehydratase is shared with flavin-dependent halogenases albeit with a loss in ability to perform redox catalysis. We demonstrate that the post-PKS dehydrative aromatization is critical for the antibiotic activity of pyoluteorin.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one kind of severe trauma for central nervous system. Myelin debris clearance and axon regeneration are essential for nerve regeneration after SCI. Metformin, a glucose-lowering drug, has been demonstrated to promote the locomotor functional recovery after SCI. In this study, we investigated the role and molecular mechanism of metformin on myelin preservation in a rat SCI model. SCI was induced in rats by compression at T9 level using a vascular clip. We showed that administration of metformin (50 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip) for 28 days significantly improved locomotor function in SCI rats. Metformin also ameliorated SCI-induced neuronal apoptosis and promoted axon regeneration in the spinal cord. Using co-immunofluorescence of IBa-1 and MBP, and luxol fasting blue (LFB) staining, we demonstrated that metformin promoted the transformation of M1 to M2 phenotype polarization of microglial cells, then greatly facilitated myelin debris clearance and protected the myelin in SCI rats. Furthermore, metformin ameliorated SCI-induced blockade of autophagic flux in the spinal cord, and enhanced the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome by inhibiting the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, metformin significantly attenuated inflammatory responses in the spinal cord. In LPS-treated BV2 cells, pretreatment with metformin (2 mM) significantly enhanced autophagy level, suppressed inflammation and cell apoptosis. The protective effects were blocked in the presence of an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM), suggesting that the effect of metformin on autophagy in microglial cells is essential for the myelin preservation during nerve recovery. This study reveals a novel therapeutic effect of metformin in SCI recovery by regulating the activation of microglial cells and enhancing its autophagy level.