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1. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data : A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies

Author: Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., and Gatz, Margaret
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available. OBJECTIVE: We apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results. METHODS: Using 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available. RESULTS: Results indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges., CC BY-NC 4.0© 2022 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.Correspondence to: Margaret Gatz, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 213 740 2212; E-mail: gatz@usc.edu.Membership of the IGEMS consortium is provided at https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/IGEMSThis work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 AG060470 to MG and NLP and RF1 AG058068 to Pike, LaDu, and MG and a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-17-505302) to CRB. HARMONY was supported by NIH grant R01AG08724 to MG. SATSA was supported by grants NIH R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795), and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141) to NLP. GENDER was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging to McClearn and The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research to Malmberg. OCTO-Twin was supported by grant NIH R01 AG08861 to McClearn. OATS was funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Program (ID No. 401162), and NHMRC Project Grants (ID 1045325 and 1085606) to PS. OATS participant recruitment was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by a Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. We also acknowledge the contribution to this study of the OATS research team listed at https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study. The Danish Twin Registry was supported by grants from The National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from th
Published: 2022
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2. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data : A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies

Author: Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., and Gatz, Margaret
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available. OBJECTIVE: We apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results. METHODS: Using 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available. RESULTS: Results indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges., CC BY-NC 4.0© 2022 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.Correspondence to: Margaret Gatz, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 213 740 2212; E-mail: gatz@usc.edu.Membership of the IGEMS consortium is provided at https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/IGEMSThis work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 AG060470 to MG and NLP and RF1 AG058068 to Pike, LaDu, and MG and a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-17-505302) to CRB. HARMONY was supported by NIH grant R01AG08724 to MG. SATSA was supported by grants NIH R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795), and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141) to NLP. GENDER was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging to McClearn and The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research to Malmberg. OCTO-Twin was supported by grant NIH R01 AG08861 to McClearn. OATS was funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Program (ID No. 401162), and NHMRC Project Grants (ID 1045325 and 1085606) to PS. OATS participant recruitment was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by a Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. We also acknowledge the contribution to this study of the OATS research team listed at https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study. The Danish Twin Registry was supported by grants from The National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from th
Published: 2022
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3. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data: A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies.

Author: Beam, Christopher R, Zammit, Andrea1, Beam, Christopher R, Luczak, Susan E, Panizzon, Matthew S, Reynolds, Chandra A, Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K, Elman, Jeremy A, Franz, Carol E, Kremen, William S, Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S, Whitfield, Keith E, Pedersen, Nancy L, Gatz, Margaret, IGEMS Consortium, Beam, Christopher R, Zammit, Andrea1, Beam, Christopher R, Luczak, Susan E, Panizzon, Matthew S, Reynolds, Chandra A, Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K, Elman, Jeremy A, Franz, Carol E, Kremen, William S, Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S, Whitfield, Keith E, Pedersen, Nancy L, Gatz, Margaret, and IGEMS Consortium
Abstract: BackgroundEpidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available.ObjectiveWe apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results.MethodsUsing 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available.ResultsResults indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis.ConclusionThis latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges.
Published: 2022

4. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data : A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies

Author: Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., and Gatz, Margaret
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available. OBJECTIVE: We apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results. METHODS: Using 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available. RESULTS: Results indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges., CC BY-NC 4.0© 2022 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.Correspondence to: Margaret Gatz, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 213 740 2212; E-mail: gatz@usc.edu.Membership of the IGEMS consortium is provided at https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/IGEMSThis work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 AG060470 to MG and NLP and RF1 AG058068 to Pike, LaDu, and MG and a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-17-505302) to CRB. HARMONY was supported by NIH grant R01AG08724 to MG. SATSA was supported by grants NIH R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795), and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141) to NLP. GENDER was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging to McClearn and The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research to Malmberg. OCTO-Twin was supported by grant NIH R01 AG08861 to McClearn. OATS was funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Program (ID No. 401162), and NHMRC Project Grants (ID 1045325 and 1085606) to PS. OATS participant recruitment was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by a Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. We also acknowledge the contribution to this study of the OATS research team listed at https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study. The Danish Twin Registry was supported by grants from The National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from th
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data : A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies

Author: Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., and Gatz, Margaret
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available. OBJECTIVE: We apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results. METHODS: Using 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available. RESULTS: Results indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges., CC BY-NC 4.0© 2022 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.Correspondence to: Margaret Gatz, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 213 740 2212; E-mail: gatz@usc.edu.Membership of the IGEMS consortium is provided at https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/IGEMSThis work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 AG060470 to MG and NLP and RF1 AG058068 to Pike, LaDu, and MG and a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-17-505302) to CRB. HARMONY was supported by NIH grant R01AG08724 to MG. SATSA was supported by grants NIH R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795), and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141) to NLP. GENDER was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging to McClearn and The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research to Malmberg. OCTO-Twin was supported by grant NIH R01 AG08861 to McClearn. OATS was funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Program (ID No. 401162), and NHMRC Project Grants (ID 1045325 and 1085606) to PS. OATS participant recruitment was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by a Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. We also acknowledge the contribution to this study of the OATS research team listed at https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study. The Danish Twin Registry was supported by grants from The National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from th
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Estimating Likelihood of Dementia in the Absence of Diagnostic Data : A Latent Dementia Index in 10 Genetically Informed Studies

Author: Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Beam, Christopher R., Luczak, Susan E., Panizzon, Matthew S., Reynolds, Chandra A., Christensen, Kaare, Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Elman, Jeremy A., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lee, Teresa, Nygaard, Marianne, Sachdev, Perminder S., Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., and Gatz, Margaret
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research on dementia is hampered by differences across studies in how dementia is classified, especially where clinical diagnoses of dementia may not be available. OBJECTIVE: We apply structural equation modeling to estimate dementia likelihood across heterogeneous samples within a multi-study consortium and use the twin design of the sample to validate the results. METHODS: Using 10 twin studies, we implement a latent variable approach that aligns different tests available in each study to assess cognitive, memory, and functional ability. The model separates general cognitive ability from components indicative of dementia. We examine the validity of this continuous latent dementia index (LDI). We then identify cut-off points along the LDI distributions in each study and align them across studies to distinguish individuals with and without probable dementia. Finally, we validate the LDI by determining its heritability and estimating genetic and environmental correlations between the LDI and clinically diagnosed dementia where available. RESULTS: Results indicate that coordinated estimation of LDI across 10 studies has validity against clinically diagnosed dementia. The LDI can be fit to heterogeneous sets of memory, other cognitive, and functional ability variables to extract a score reflective of likelihood of dementia that can be interpreted similarly across studies despite diverse study designs and sampling characteristics. Finally, the same genetic sources of variance strongly contribute to both the LDI and clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This latent dementia indicator approach may serve as a model for other research consortia confronted with similar data integration challenges., CC BY-NC 4.0© 2022 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.Correspondence to: Margaret Gatz, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Tel.: +1 213 740 2212; E-mail: gatz@usc.edu.Membership of the IGEMS consortium is provided at https://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/IGEMSThis work was supported by US National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 AG060470 to MG and NLP and RF1 AG058068 to Pike, LaDu, and MG and a grant from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-17-505302) to CRB. HARMONY was supported by NIH grant R01AG08724 to MG. SATSA was supported by grants NIH R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795), and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141) to NLP. GENDER was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging to McClearn and The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research to Malmberg. OCTO-Twin was supported by grant NIH R01 AG08861 to McClearn. OATS was funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council and Australian Research Council Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Program (ID No. 401162), and NHMRC Project Grants (ID 1045325 and 1085606) to PS. OATS participant recruitment was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by a Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. We also acknowledge the contribution to this study of the OATS research team listed at https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study. The Danish Twin Registry was supported by grants from The National Program for Research Infrastructure 2007 from th
Published: 2022
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7. Financial strain moderates genetic influences on self-rated health : support for diathesis-stress model of gene-environment interplay

Author: Finkel, Deborah, Zavala, Catalina, Franz, Carol E., Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Pedersen, Nancy L., Finch, Brian K., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Catts, Vibeke S., Ericsson, Malin, Krueger, Robert F., Martin, Nicholas G., Mohan, Adith, Mosing, Miriam A., Prescott, Carol A., Whitfield, Keith E., Finkel, Deborah, Zavala, Catalina, Franz, Carol E., Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Pedersen, Nancy L., Finch, Brian K., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Catts, Vibeke S., Ericsson, Malin, Krueger, Robert F., Martin, Nicholas G., Mohan, Adith, Mosing, Miriam A., Prescott, Carol A., and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: Data from the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium were used to examine predictions of different models of gene-by-environment interaction to understand how genetic variance in self-rated health (SRH) varies at different levels of financial strain. A total of 11,359 individuals from 10 twin studies in Australia, Sweden, and the United States contributed relevant data, including 2,074 monozygotic and 2,623 dizygotic twin pairs. Age ranged from 22 to 98 years, with a mean age of 61.05 (SD = 13.24). A factor model was used to create a harmonized measure of financial strain across studies and items. Twin analyses of genetic and environmental variance for SRH incorporating age, age(2), sex, and financial strain moderators indicated significant financial strain moderation of genetic influences on self-rated health. Moderation results did not differ across sex or country. Genetic variance for SRH increased as financial strain increased, matching the predictions of the diathesis-stress and social comparison models for components of variance. Under these models, environmental improvements would be expected to reduce genetically based health disparities.
Published: 2022
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8. Financial strain moderates genetic influences on self-rated health : support for diathesis–stress model of gene–environment interplay

Author: Finkel, Deborah, Zavala, Catalina, Franz, Carol E., Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Pedersen, Nancy L., Finch, Brian K., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Catts, Vibeke S., Ericsson, Malin, Krueger, Robert F., Martin, Nicholas G., Mohan, Adith, Mosing, Miriam A., Prescott, Carol A., Whitfield, Keith E., Finkel, Deborah, Zavala, Catalina, Franz, Carol E., Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Pedersen, Nancy L., Finch, Brian K., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Catts, Vibeke S., Ericsson, Malin, Krueger, Robert F., Martin, Nicholas G., Mohan, Adith, Mosing, Miriam A., Prescott, Carol A., and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: Data from the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium were used to examine predictions of different models of gene-by-environment interaction to understand how genetic variance in self-rated health (SRH) varies at different levels of financial strain. A total of 11,359 individuals from 10 twin studies in Australia, Sweden, and the United States contributed relevant data, including 2,074 monozygotic and 2,623 dizygotic twin pairs. Age ranged from 22 to 98 years, with a mean age of 61.05 (SD = 13.24). A factor model was used to create a harmonized measure of financial strain across studies and items. Twin analyses of genetic and environmental variance for SRH incorporating age, age2, sex, and financial strain moderators indicated significant financial strain moderation of genetic influences on self-rated health. Moderation results did not differ across sex or country. Genetic variance for SRH increased as financial strain increased, matching the predictions of the diathesis–stress and social comparison models for components of variance. Under these models, environmental improvements would be expected to reduce genetically based health disparities., CONTACT Deborah Finkel dfinkel@ius.edu Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, IndianaIGEMS is supported by the National Institutes of Health Grants No. R01 AG059329, R01 AG060470, RF1 AG058068, and previously by R01 AG037985 and R56 AG037985. SATSA was supported by grants R01 AG04563, R01 AG10175, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Council For Working Life and Social Research (FAS) (97:0147:1B, 2009-0795) and Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460, 825-2009-6141). OCTO- Twin was supported by grant R01 AG08861. Gender was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, The Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, The Swedish Council for Social Research, and the Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research. TOSS was supported by grant R01 MH54610 from the National Institutes of Health. VETSA was supported by National Institute of Health grants NIA R01 AG018384, R01 AG018386, R01 AG022381, and R01 AG022982, and, in part, with resources of the VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health. The Cooperative Studies Program of the Office of Research & Development of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs has provided financial support for the development and maintenance of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. This MIDUS study was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Midlife Development and by National Institute on Aging Grant AG20166. Funding for the Australian Over-50’s twin study was supported by Mr. George Landers of Chania, Crete. We acknowledge the contribution of the OATS research team (https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/ older-australian-twins-study) to this study. The OATS study has been funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productive
Published: 2022
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9. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

10. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a(2)=0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c(2)=0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a(2)=0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a(2)=0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c(2)=0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c(2)=0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020

11. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a(2)=0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c(2)=0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a(2)=0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a(2)=0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c(2)=0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c(2)=0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020

12. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

13. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education.

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L, Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J, Cutler, Tessa L, Hopper, John L, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik KE, Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E, Mack, Thomas M, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E, Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H, Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A, Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P, Huibregtse, Brooke M, Derom, Catherine A, Vlietinck, Robert F, Loos, Ruth JF, Burt, S Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L, Silberg, Judy L, Maes, Hermine H, Krueger, Robert F, McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A, Harris, Jennifer R, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S, Harden, K Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M, Franz, Carol E, Kremen, William S, Lyons, Michael J, Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y, Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L, Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J, Cutler, Tessa L, Hopper, John L, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik KE, Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E, Mack, Thomas M, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E, Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H, Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A, Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P, Huibregtse, Brooke M, Derom, Catherine A, Vlietinck, Robert F, Loos, Ruth JF, Burt, S Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L, Silberg, Judy L, Maes, Hermine H, Krueger, Robert F, McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A, Harris, Jennifer R, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S, Harden, K Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M, Franz, Carol E, Kremen, William S, Lyons, Michael J, Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y, Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

14. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s., CC BY 4.0
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s., CC BY 4.0
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment: an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana Martín, Juan Ramón, Sánchez Romera, Juan Francisco, Colodro Conde, Lucía, Calais Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Pablo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural-geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a(2)=0.43; 0.41-0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c(2)=0.31; 0.30-0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900-1949 (a(2)=0.44; 0.41-0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950-1989 (a(2)=0.38; 0.36-0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c(2)=0.31; 0.29-0.33 and c(2)=0.34; 0.32-0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020

17. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Genética, antropología física y fisiología animal, Fisiologia, Genetika,antropologia fisikoa eta animalien fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

18. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M.van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M.van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

19. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment:an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s.
Published: 2020

20. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s., CC BY 4.0
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s., CC BY 4.0
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Genetic and environmental variation in educational attainment : an individual-based analysis of 28 twin cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Latvala, Antti, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Rebato, Esther, Busjahn, Andreas, Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Calais-Ferreira, Lucas, Oliveira, Vinicius C., Ferreira, Paulo H., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Siribaddana, Sisira H., Hotopf, Matthew, Sumathipala, Athula, Rijsdijk, Fruhling, Duncan, Glen E., Buchwald, Dedra, Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Tan, Qihua, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Kandler, Christian, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Park, Hang A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: We investigated the heritability of educational attainment and how it differed between birth cohorts and cultural–geographic regions. A classical twin design was applied to pooled data from 28 cohorts representing 16 countries and including 193,518 twins with information on educational attainment at 25 years of age or older. Genetic factors explained the major part of individual differences in educational attainment (heritability: a2 = 0.43; 0.41–0.44), but also environmental variation shared by co-twins was substantial (c2 = 0.31; 0.30–0.33). The proportions of educational variation explained by genetic and shared environmental factors did not differ between Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia. When restricted to twins 30 years or older to confirm finalized education, the heritability was higher in the older cohorts born in 1900–1949 (a2 = 0.44; 0.41–0.46) than in the later cohorts born in 1950–1989 (a2 = 0.38; 0.36–0.40), with a corresponding lower influence of common environmental factors (c2 = 0.31; 0.29–0.33 and c2 = 0.34; 0.32–0.36, respectively). In conclusion, both genetic and environmental factors shared by co-twins have an important influence on individual differences in educational attainment. The effect of genetic factors on educational attainment has decreased from the cohorts born before to those born after the 1950s., CC BY 4.0
Published: 2020
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23. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M.van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Latvala, Antti, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José Antonio, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Bartels, Meike, Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M.van, Willemsen, Gonneke, Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Turkheimer, Eric, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.
Published: 2020

24. Health and criminal justice system involvement among African American siblings

Author: Beckley, Amber L., Palmer, Rohan H., Rocque, Michael, Whitfield, Keith E., Beckley, Amber L., Palmer, Rohan H., Rocque, Michael, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: Importance Health disparities between African Americans and Whites have persisted in the United States. Researchers have recently hypothesized that the relatively poor health of African Americans may be caused, in part, by African American overrepresentation in the criminal justice system. Objectives To test the hypothesis that criminal justice system involvement is associated with poor health and greater health risk when controlling for unobserved family factors through a discordant sibling design. Methods Subjects were drawn from the Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging (CAATSA). Criminal conviction records were extracted from North Carolina’s Department of Public Safety. Six measures of health and one measure of health risk were analyzed. The health of convicted respondents was compared to that of unrelated non-convicted respondents matched on childhood and demographic factors (“matched sample”). Convicted respondents were also compared to non-convicted siblings (“discordant sibling sample”). Results The matched sample included 134 CAATSA respondents. On average, convicted CAATSA respondents, compared to matched non-convicted respondents, were in worse health. Convicted respondents had worse mean self-reported health, worse lung function, more depressive symptoms, and smoked more. The discordant sibling sample included 74 respondents. Convicted siblings and non-convicted siblings had similar self-reported health, depressive symptoms, and smoking. In general, non-convicted siblings were in worse health than non-convicted respondents from the matched sample, implying that poor health runs in families. Conclusions This study provided preliminary evidence that some of the association between a criminal record and poor health is confounded by family factors. Though more research is needed to support these results, the study suggests that criminal involvement may not be associated with the surfeit of health problems observed among African Americans. The crimin
Published: 2019
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25. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José A., Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José A., Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions.METHODS: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling.RESULTS: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia.CONCLUSIONS: Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.
Published: 2019
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26. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Published: 2019
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27. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Published: 2019
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28. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José A., Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, José A., Öncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K.E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe Uk, Hur, Yoon Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze how parental education modifies the genetic and environmental variances of BMI from infancy to old age in three geographic-cultural regions.METHODS: A pooled sample of 29 cohorts including 143,499 twin individuals with information on parental education and BMI from age 1 to 79 years (299,201 BMI measures) was analyzed by genetic twin modeling.RESULTS: Until 4 years of age, parental education was not consistently associated with BMI. Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co-twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia.CONCLUSIONS: Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.
Published: 2019
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29. Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age:A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts

Author: Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, Jose A., Oncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nistico, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Jelenkovic, Aline, Latvala, Antti, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Sugawara, Masumi, Tanaka, Mami, Matsumoto, Satoko, Aaltonen, Sari, Piirtola, Maarit, Freitas, Duarte L., Maia, Jose A., Oncel, Sevgi Y., Aliev, Fazil, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato, Esther, Saudino, Kimberly J., Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Cozen, Wendy, Hwang, Amie E., Mack, Thomas M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Sung, Joohon, Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Medda, Emanuela, Nistico, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Baker, Laura A., Tuvblad, Catherine, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Harris, Jennifer R., Nilsen, Thomas S., Harden, K. Paige, Tucker-Drob, Elliot M., Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Lichtenstein, Paul, Jeong, Hoe-Uk, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., and Kaprio, Jaakko
Published: 2019

30. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Published: 2019
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31. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K., Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna, Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. IGEMS : The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies - An Update

Author: Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K, Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, Whitfield, Keith E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Gatz, Margaret, Finch, Brian K, Finkel, Deborah, Butler, David A., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Franz, Carol E., Kaprio, Jaakko, Lapham, Susan, McGue, Matt, Mosing, Miriam A., Neiderhiser, Jenae, Nygaard, Marianne, Panizzon, Matthew, Prescott, Carol A., Reynolds, Chandra A., Sachdev, Perminder, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) is a consortium of 18 twin studies from 5 different countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland, United States, and Australia) established to explore the nature of gene-environment (GE) interplay in functioning across the adult lifespan. Fifteen of the studies are longitudinal, with follow-up as long as 59 years after baseline. The combined data from over 76,000 participants aged 14-103 at intake (including over 10,000 monozygotic and over 17,000 dizygotic twin pairs) support two primary research emphases: (1) investigation of models of GE interplay of early life adversity, and social factors at micro and macro environmental levels and with diverse outcomes, including mortality, physical functioning and psychological functioning; and (2) improved understanding of risk and protective factors for dementia by incorporating unmeasured and measured genetic factors with a wide range of exposures measured in young adulthood, midlife and later life.
Published: 2019
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34. Health and criminal justice system involvement among African American siblings

Author: Beckley, Amber, Palmer, Rohan H., Rocque, Michael, Whitfield, Keith E., Beckley, Amber, Palmer, Rohan H., Rocque, Michael, and Whitfield, Keith E.
Abstract: Importance : Health disparities between African Americans and Whites have persisted in the United States. Researchers have recently hypothesized that the relatively poor health of African Americans may be caused, in part, by African American overrepresentation in the criminal justice system. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that criminal justice system involvement is associated with poor health and greater health risk when controlling for unobserved family factors through a discordant sibling design. Methods: Subjects were drawn from the Carolina African American Twin Study of Aging (CAATSA). Criminal conviction records were extracted from North Carolina’s Department of Public Safety. Six measures of health and one measure of health risk were analyzed. The health of convicted respondents was compared to that of unrelated non-convicted respondents matched on childhood and demographic factors (“matched sample”). Convicted respondents were also compared to non-convicted siblings (“discordant sibling sample”). Results: The matched sample included 134 CAATSA respondents. On average, convicted CAATSA respondents, compared to matched non-convicted respondents, were in worse health. Convicted respondents had worse mean self-reported health, worse lung function, more depressive symptoms, and smoked more. The discordant sibling sample included 74 respondents. Convicted siblings and non-convicted siblings had similar self-reported health, depressive symptoms, and smoking. In general, non-convicted siblings were in worse health than non-convicted respondents from the matched sample, implying that poor health runs in families. Conclusions: This study provided preliminary evidence that some of the association between a criminal record and poor health is confounded by family factors. Though more research is needed to support these results, the study suggests that criminal involvement may not be associated with the surfeit of health problems observed among African Americans. The, The CAATSA was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Aging, United States (1R01-AG13662-01A2) to Dr. Whitfield. Dr. Beckley is supported by grant 2015-01189 from the Forte Marie Curie International Postdoc Fellowship Programme, Sweden (Seventh Framework Programme).
Published: 2019
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35. Risk Factor Burden, Heart Failure, and Survival in Women of Different Ethnic Groups: Insights From the Women's Health Initiative.

Author: Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, Klein, Liviu, Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, and Klein, Liviu
Abstract: BACKGROUND:The higher risk of heart failure (HF) in African-American and Hispanic women compared with white women is related to the higher burden of risk factors (RFs) in minorities. However, it is unclear if there are differences in the association between the number of RFs for HF and the risk of development of HF and death within racial/ethnic groups. METHODS AND RESULTS:In the WHI (Women's Health Initiative; 1993-2010), African-American (n=11 996), white (n=18 479), and Hispanic (n=5096) women with 1, 2, or 3+ baseline RFs were compared with women with 0 RF within their respective racial/ethnic groups to assess risk of developing HF or all-cause mortality before and after HF, using survival analyses. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, and hormone therapy, the subdistribution hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of developing HF increased as number of RFs increased (P<0.0001, interaction of race/ethnicity and RF number P=0.18)-African-Americans 1 RF: 1.80 (1.01-3.20), 2 RFs: 3.19 (1.84-5.54), 3+ RFs: 7.31 (4.26-12.56); Whites 1 RF: 1.27 (1.04-1.54), 2 RFs: 1.95 (1.60-2.36), 3+ RFs: 4.07 (3.36-4.93); Hispanics 1 RF: 1.72 (0.68-4.34), 2 RFs: 3.87 (1.60-9.37), 3+ RFs: 8.80 (3.62-21.42). Risk of death before developing HF increased with subsequent RFs (P<0.0001) but differed by racial/ethnic group (interaction P=0.001). The number of RFs was not associated with the risk of death after developing HF in any group (P=0.25; interaction P=0.48). CONCLUSIONS:Among diverse racial/ethnic groups, an increase in the number of baseline RFs was associated with higher risk of HF and death before HF but was not associated with death after HF. Early RF prevention may reduce the burden of HF across multiple racial/ethnic groups.
Published: 2018

36. Risk Factor Burden, Heart Failure, and Survival in Women of Different Ethnic Groups: Insights From the Women's Health Initiative.

Author: Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, Klein, Liviu, Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, and Klein, Liviu
Abstract: BackgroundThe higher risk of heart failure (HF) in African-American and Hispanic women compared with white women is related to the higher burden of risk factors (RFs) in minorities. However, it is unclear if there are differences in the association between the number of RFs for HF and the risk of development of HF and death within racial/ethnic groups.Methods and resultsIn the WHI (Women's Health Initiative; 1993-2010), African-American (n=11 996), white (n=18 479), and Hispanic (n=5096) women with 1, 2, or 3+ baseline RFs were compared with women with 0 RF within their respective racial/ethnic groups to assess risk of developing HF or all-cause mortality before and after HF, using survival analyses. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, and hormone therapy, the subdistribution hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of developing HF increased as number of RFs increased (P<0.0001, interaction of race/ethnicity and RF number P=0.18)-African-Americans 1 RF: 1.80 (1.01-3.20), 2 RFs: 3.19 (1.84-5.54), 3+ RFs: 7.31 (4.26-12.56); Whites 1 RF: 1.27 (1.04-1.54), 2 RFs: 1.95 (1.60-2.36), 3+ RFs: 4.07 (3.36-4.93); Hispanics 1 RF: 1.72 (0.68-4.34), 2 RFs: 3.87 (1.60-9.37), 3+ RFs: 8.80 (3.62-21.42). Risk of death before developing HF increased with subsequent RFs (P<0.0001) but differed by racial/ethnic group (interaction P=0.001). The number of RFs was not associated with the risk of death after developing HF in any group (P=0.25; interaction P=0.48).ConclusionsAmong diverse racial/ethnic groups, an increase in the number of baseline RFs was associated with higher risk of HF and death before HF but was not associated with death after HF. Early RF prevention may reduce the burden of HF across multiple racial/ethnic groups.
Published: 2018

37. Associations Between Birth Size and Later Height From Infancy Through Adulthood: an Individual Based Pooled Analysis of 28 Twin Cohorts Participating in the Codatwins Project

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. Aim: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors. Methods: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses. Results: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length. Conclusion: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight.
Published: 2018

38. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individualbased pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Haworth, Claire MA, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, and Haworth, Claire MA
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95%Cl 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95%CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95%Cl -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

39. Genetic and environmental factors affecting birth size variation: A pooled individual-based analysis of secular trends and global geographical differences using 26 twin cohorts

Author: Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M.A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M.A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Background: The genetic architecture of birth size may differ geographically and over time. We examined differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to birthweight, length and ponderal index (PI) across geographical-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia) and across birth cohorts, and how gestational age modifies these effects. Methods: Data from 26 twin cohorts in 16 countries including 57 613 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were pooled. Genetic and environmental variations of birth size were estimated using genetic structural equation modelling. Results: The variance of birthweight and length was predominantly explained by shared environmental factors, whereas the variance of PI was explained both by shared and unique environmental factors. Genetic variance contributing to birth size was small. Adjusting for gestational age decreased the proportions of shared environmental variance and increased the propositions of unique environmental variance. Genetic variance was similar in the geographical-cultural regions, but shared environmental variance was smaller in East Asia than in Europe and North America and Australia. The total variance and shared environmental variance of birth length and PI were greater from the birth cohort 1990-99 onwards compared with the birth cohorts from 1970-79 to 1980-89. Conclusions: The contribution of genetic factors to birth size is smaller than that of shared environmental factors, which is partly explained by gestational age. Shared environmental variances of birth length and PI were greater in the latest birth cohorts and differed also across geographical-cultural regions. Shared environmental factors are important when explaining differences in the variation of birth size globally and over time.
Published: 2018
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40. Associations between birth size and later height from infancy through adulthood: an individual based pooled analysis of 28 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mir, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberley J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Craig, Jeffrey, Jelenkovic, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mir, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberley J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, and Craig, Jeffrey
Published: 2018

41. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individual-based pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrick K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Bogl, Leonie H., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng Ning, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato, Esther, Craig, Jeffrey M., Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrick K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Bogl, Leonie H., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng Ning, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato, Esther, and Craig, Jeffrey M.
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95% CI 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95% CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95% CI −8 to −18 and −0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI −0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

42. Associations Between Birth Size and Later Height From Infancy Through Adulthood: an Individual Based Pooled Analysis of 28 Twin Cohorts Participating in the Codatwins Project

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. Aim: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors. Methods: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses. Results: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length. Conclusion: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight.
Published: 2018

43. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individualbased pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Haworth, Claire MA, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, and Haworth, Claire MA
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95%Cl 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95%CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95%Cl -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

44. Risk Factor Burden, Heart Failure, and Survival in Women of Different Ethnic Groups: Insights From the Women's Health Initiative.

Author: Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, Klein, Liviu, Breathett, Khadijah, Breathett, Khadijah, Leng, Iris, Foraker, Randi E, Abraham, William T, Coker, Laura, Whitfield, Keith E, Shumaker, Sally, Manson, JoAnn E, Eaton, Charles B, Howard, Barbara V, Ijioma, Nkechinyere, Cené, Crystal W, Martin, Lisa W, Johnson, Karen C, and Klein, Liviu
Abstract: BackgroundThe higher risk of heart failure (HF) in African-American and Hispanic women compared with white women is related to the higher burden of risk factors (RFs) in minorities. However, it is unclear if there are differences in the association between the number of RFs for HF and the risk of development of HF and death within racial/ethnic groups.Methods and resultsIn the WHI (Women's Health Initiative; 1993-2010), African-American (n=11 996), white (n=18 479), and Hispanic (n=5096) women with 1, 2, or 3+ baseline RFs were compared with women with 0 RF within their respective racial/ethnic groups to assess risk of developing HF or all-cause mortality before and after HF, using survival analyses. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, and hormone therapy, the subdistribution hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of developing HF increased as number of RFs increased (P<0.0001, interaction of race/ethnicity and RF number P=0.18)-African-Americans 1 RF: 1.80 (1.01-3.20), 2 RFs: 3.19 (1.84-5.54), 3+ RFs: 7.31 (4.26-12.56); Whites 1 RF: 1.27 (1.04-1.54), 2 RFs: 1.95 (1.60-2.36), 3+ RFs: 4.07 (3.36-4.93); Hispanics 1 RF: 1.72 (0.68-4.34), 2 RFs: 3.87 (1.60-9.37), 3+ RFs: 8.80 (3.62-21.42). Risk of death before developing HF increased with subsequent RFs (P<0.0001) but differed by racial/ethnic group (interaction P=0.001). The number of RFs was not associated with the risk of death after developing HF in any group (P=0.25; interaction P=0.48).ConclusionsAmong diverse racial/ethnic groups, an increase in the number of baseline RFs was associated with higher risk of HF and death before HF but was not associated with death after HF. Early RF prevention may reduce the burden of HF across multiple racial/ethnic groups.
Published: 2018

45. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individualbased pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Haworth, Claire MA, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, and Haworth, Claire MA
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95%Cl 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95%CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95%Cl -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

46. Associations between birth size and later height from infancy through adulthood:An individual based pooled analysis of 28 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project

Author: Jelenkovic, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K E, Saudino, Kimberly J, Stazi, Maria A, Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L, Hopper, John L, Llewellyn, Clare H, Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P, Huibregtse, Brooke M, Derom, Catherine A, Vlietinck, Robert F, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F, McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Alexandra Burt, S, Klump, Kelly L, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveld, Catharina E M, Craig, Jeffrey M, Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkilä, Kauko, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Jelenkovic, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R, Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K E, Saudino, Kimberly J, Stazi, Maria A, Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L, Hopper, John L, Llewellyn, Clare H, Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P, Huibregtse, Brooke M, Derom, Catherine A, Vlietinck, Robert F, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F, McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Alexandra Burt, S, Klump, Kelly L, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveld, Catharina E M, Craig, Jeffrey M, Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkilä, Kauko, and Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment.AIM: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors.METHODS: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses.RESULTS: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length.CONCLUSION: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight.
Published: 2018

47. Birth size and gestational age in opposite-sex twins as compared to same-sex twins: An individualbased pooled analysis of 21 cohorts

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Haworth, Claire MA, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvist, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina EM, Bogl, Leonie H, Pietiläinen, Kirsi H, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Nelson, Tracy L, Whitfield, Keith E., Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, and Haworth, Claire MA
Abstract: It is well established that boys are born heavier and longer than girls, but it remains unclear whether birth size in twins is affected by the sex of their co-twin. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 21 twin cohorts in 15 countries derived from the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins), including 67,850 dizygotic twin individuals. Linear regression analyses showed that boys having a co-twin sister were, on average, 31 g (95%Cl 18 to 45) heavier and 0.16 cm (95%CI 0.045 to 0.274) longer than those with a co-twin brother. In girls, birth size was not associated (5 g birth weight; 95%Cl -8 to -18 and -0.089 cm birth length; 95% CI -0.202 to 0.025) with the sex of the co-twin. Gestational age was slightly shorter in boy-boy pairs than in boy-girl and girl-girl pairs. When birth size was standardized by gestational age, the magnitude of the associations was attenuated in boys, particularly for birth weight. In conclusion, boys with a co-twin sister are heavier and longer at birth than those with a co-twin brother. However, these differences are modest and partly explained by a longer gestation in the presence of a co-twin sister.
Published: 2018

48. Associations Between Birth Size and Later Height From Infancy Through Adulthood: an Individual Based Pooled Analysis of 28 Twin Cohorts Participating in the Codatwins Project

Author: Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Fisiología, Fisiologia, Jelenkovic Moreno, Aline, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Sund, Reijo, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas Sevenius, Ooki, Syuichi, Ullemar, Vilhelmina, Almqvisth, Catarina, Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Saudino, Kimberly J., Stazi, Maria A., Fagnani, Corrado, Brescianini, Sonia, Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Knafo Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Cutler, Tessa L., Hopper, John L., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Bjerregaard Andersen, Morten, Nielsen, Henning Beck, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Burt, S. Alexandra, Klump, Kelly L., Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Willemsen, Gonneke, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveld, Catharina E. M., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Heikkila, Kauko, Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Rebato Ochoa, Esther Matilde, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Kim, Jina, Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Sooji, Sung, Joohon, Loos, Ruth J. F., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sorensen, Thorkild I. A., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Background: There is evidence that birth size is positively associated with height in later life, but it remains unclear whether this is explained by genetic factors or the intrauterine environment. Aim: To analyze the associations of birth weight, length and ponderal index with height from infancy through adulthood within mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, which provides insights into the role of genetic and environmental individual-specific factors. Methods: This study is based on the data from 28 twin cohorts in 17 countries. The pooled data included 41,852 complete twin pairs (55% monozygotic and 45% same-sex dizygotic) with information on birth weight and a total of 112,409 paired height measurements at ages ranging from 1 to 69 years. Birth length was available for 19,881 complete twin pairs, with a total of 72,692 paired height measurements. The association between birth size and later height was analyzed at both the individual and within-pair level by linear regression analyses. Results: Within twin pairs, regression coefficients showed that a 1-kg increase in birth weight and a 1-cm increase in birth length were associated with 1.14-4.25 cm and 0.18-0.90 cm taller height, respectively. The magnitude of the associations was generally greater within dizygotic than within monozygotic twin pairs, and this difference between zygosities was more pronounced for birth length. Conclusion: Both genetic and individual-specific environmental factors play a role in the association between birth size and later height from infancy to adulthood, with a larger role for genetics in the association with birth length than with birth weight.
Published: 2018

49. Genetic and environmental factors affecting birth size variation: A pooled individual-based analysis of secular trends and global geographical differences using 26 twin cohorts

Author: Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M.A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J.F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, Van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E.M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M.A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietiläinen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I.A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Abstract: Background: The genetic architecture of birth size may differ geographically and over time. We examined differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to birthweight, length and ponderal index (PI) across geographical-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia) and across birth cohorts, and how gestational age modifies these effects. Methods: Data from 26 twin cohorts in 16 countries including 57 613 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were pooled. Genetic and environmental variations of birth size were estimated using genetic structural equation modelling. Results: The variance of birthweight and length was predominantly explained by shared environmental factors, whereas the variance of PI was explained both by shared and unique environmental factors. Genetic variance contributing to birth size was small. Adjusting for gestational age decreased the proportions of shared environmental variance and increased the propositions of unique environmental variance. Genetic variance was similar in the geographical-cultural regions, but shared environmental variance was smaller in East Asia than in Europe and North America and Australia. The total variance and shared environmental variance of birth length and PI were greater from the birth cohort 1990-99 onwards compared with the birth cohorts from 1970-79 to 1980-89. Conclusions: The contribution of genetic factors to birth size is smaller than that of shared environmental factors, which is partly explained by gestational age. Shared environmental variances of birth length and PI were greater in the latest birth cohorts and differed also across geographical-cultural regions. Shared environmental factors are important when explaining differences in the variation of birth size globally and over time.
Published: 2018
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50. Genetic and environmental factors affecting birth size variation:a pooled individual-based analysis of secular trends and global geographical differences using 26 twin cohorts

Author: Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Yokoyama, Yoshie, Jelenkovic, Aline, Hur, Yoon-Mi, Sund, Reijo, Fagnani, Corrado, Stazi, Maria A., Brescianini, Sonia, Ji, Fuling, Ning, Feng, Pang, Zengchang, Knafo-Noam, Ariel, Mankuta, David, Abramson, Lior, Rebato, Esther, Hopper, John L., Cutler, Tessa L., Saudino, Kimberly J., Nelson, Tracy L., Whitfield, Keith E., Corley, Robin P., Huibregtse, Brooke M., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Llewellyn, Clare H., Fisher, Abigail, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Beck-Nielsen, Henning, Sodemann, Morten, Krueger, Robert F., McGue, Matt, Pahlen, Shandell, Bartels, Meike, van Beijsterveldt, Catharina E. M., Willemsen, Gonneke, Harris, Jennifer R., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Craig, Jeffrey M., Saffery, Richard, Dubois, Lise, Boivin, Michel, Brendgen, Mara, Dionne, Ginette, Vitaro, Frank, Haworth, Claire M. A., Plomin, Robert, Bayasgalan, Gombojav, Narandalai, Danshiitsoodol, Rasmussen, Finn, Tynelius, Per, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Ooki, Syuichi, Rose, Richard J., Pietilainen, Kirsi H., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Boomsma, Dorret I., Kaprio, Jaakko, and Silventoinen, Karri
Published: 2018

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