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El género Ulva Linnaeus (Ulvophyceae, Ulvales), presenta una distribución cosmopolita, con representantes marinos que colonizan tanto los ambientes mediolitorales como infralitorales pudiendo ser dominantes en lugares donde se experimentan cambios bruscos de factores tanto bióticos como abióticos. Es por esta razón que dicho género es un buen informador como bioindicador de eutrofización y de perturbación. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos estudios que traten la composición específica de este género en enclaves sometidos a un grado de afectación antrópica contrastada. En este estudio hemos analizado la diversidad de este género en la franja litoral de dos localidades ecológicamente contrastadas de la costa de Alicante: Cabo de las Huertas (baja afectación) y Agua Amarga (alta afectación). Además, hemos buscado si existen diferencias también ligadas al piso litoral (mediolitoral e infralitoral) sabiendo que el eje batimétrico es un importante estructurador de las comunidades de macroalgas litorales.

The beneficial effects of agricultural use of algae on soil and crops were empirically endorsed by farmers in the world’s coastal areas for centuries and confirmed by scientific studies Its traditional use in agriculture has been as fertilizer or amendment, but has now been technified and many commercial products made from algae can be found, especially extracts due to its biostimulant action. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of algae as components of growing media since, despite the relevance of the soilless culture there are practically no substrates that incorporate algae in their composition or studies on their use in such cultivation systems. Trials were performed using a brown algae (Cystoseira baccata) and green algae wrack (Ulva sp.). The initial characterization of the algae showed that they are valid materials to be used as a component in cultivation substrates, with an interesting content in nutrients, especially N, K, Ca and Mg that can serve to increase the nutritional content of poor substrates such as coconut fiber. No phytotoxic effect of algae input was found in watercress germination trials and Chinese cabbage trials. However, in the Chinese cabbage a high mortality was observed in the first stages of seedlings sown in substrates with Cystoseira at 25 and 50%. In contrast, in cucumber cultivation, where the most vigorous plants were selected once germinated, the best growths were obtained in the substrates with Cystoseira s its proportion in the mixture increased, whereas plants grown in substrates made with green algae did not show significant differences with the control., Los efectos beneficiosos del uso agrícola de las algas sobre el suelo y los cultivos fueron avalados empíricamente por los agricultores de las zonas costeras del mundo durante siglos y confirmado por estudios científicos. Su empleo en agricultura ha sido tradicionalmente como fertilizante o enmienda, sin embargo, su uso se ha ido tecnificando y actualmente se pueden encontrar numerosos productos comerciales elaborados en base a algas, sobre todo extractos por su acción bioestimulante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la incorporación de algas como componentes de sustratos de cultivo ya que, a pesar de la relevancia del cultivo sin suelo, prácticamente no hay substratos que incorporen algas en su composición, ni estudios sobre su empleo en este tipo de sistemas de cultivo. En los ensayos se ha empleado, por un lado, un alga parda (Cystoseira baccata) y por otra parte arribazones de algas verdes (Ulva sp.). La caracterización inicial de las algas mostró que se trata de materiales válidos para ser empleados como componente en sustratos de cultivo, con un contenido interesante en nutrientes, especialmente N, K, Ca y Mg que pueden servir para aumentar el contenido nutricional de sustratos pobres como la fibra de coco. No se encontró efecto fitotóxico del aporte de algas en ensayos de germinación de berro y en ensayos de col china. Sin embargo, en la col china sí se observó una alta mortalidad en los primeros estadios de las plántulas sembradas en sustratos con Cystoseira al 25 y 50%. En contraposición, en el cultivo de pepino, donde se seleccionaron las plantas más vigorosas una vez germinadas, los mejores crecimientos se obtuvieron en los sustratos con Cystoseira a medida que aumentaba su proporción en la mezcla, mientras que las plantas cultivadas en los sustratos elaborados con las algas verdes no presentaron diferencias significativas con el control.

Seaweed aquaculture can provide the growing human population with a sustainable source of proteins. Sea-based cultivation is an effective method for farming seaweeds on a large scale and can yield high biomass output. However, the quality and biochemical composition of the biomass is seasonally dependent, which limits the harvests to certain periods of the year. Here we show the possibility to extend the sea-based cultivation season of Ulva fenestrata when aiming for high protein levels, by post-harvest treatment in herring production process waters. We harvested U. fenestrata at an optimal period in terms of yield, but suboptimal in terms of protein content. We then cultivated the seaweed in onshore tank systems with the nutrient-rich process waters for 14 days. We monitored biomass yield, crude protein content, amino acid composition, and content of the health concerning metals arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium, as well as the sensory properties of the dried biomass. After cultivation in the process waters, biomass yields were 30 - 40% higher (210 – 230 g fresh weight) compared to in seawater (160 g fresh weight). Also, the crude protein and amino acid content increased three to five times in the process waters, reaching 12 - 17 and 15 – 21% dry weight, respectively. The protein enriched biomass followed food graded standards for heavy metal content, and consumption of the biomass does not exceed health based reference points. Additionally, no sensory attributes regarded as negative were found. This rapid, post-harvest treatment can help extend the cultivation season of sea-based seaweed farms, maximizing their output of sustainable proteins.

Accurate species identification often relies on public repositories to compare the barcode sequences of the investigated individual(s) with taxonomically assigned sequences. However, the accuracy of identifications in public repositories is often questionable, and the names originally given are rarely updated. For instance, species of the Sea Lettuce (Ulva spp.; Ulvophyceae, Ulvales, Ulvaceae) are frequently misidentified in public repositories, including herbaria and gene banks, making species identification based on traditional barcoding unreliable. We DNA barcoded 295 individual distromatic foliose strains of Ulva from the North-East Atlantic for three loci (rbcL, tufA, ITS1). Seven distinct species were found, and we compared our results with all worldwide Ulva spp. sequences present in the NCBI database for the three barcodes rbcL, tufA and the ITS1. Our results demonstrate a large degree of species misidentification, where we estimate that 24%–32% of the entries pertaining to foliose species are misannotated and provide an exhaustive list of NCBI sequences reannotations. An analysis of the global distribution of registered samples from foliose species also indicates possible geographical isolation for some species, and the absence of U. lactuca from Northern Europe. We extended our analytical framework to three other genera, Fucus, Porphyra and Pyropia and also identified erroneously labelled accessions and possibly new synonymies, albeit less than for Ulva spp. Altogether, exhaustive taxonomic clarification by aggregation of a library of barcode sequences highlights misannotations and delivers an improved representation of species diversity and distribution.

Despite the necessary trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution, remote sensing is an effective approach to monitor macroalgae blooms, understand their origins and anticipate their developments. Monitoring of small tropical lagoons is challenging because they require high resolutions. Since 2017, the Sentinel-2 satellites has provided new perspectives, and the feasibility of monitoring green algae blooms was investigated in this study. In the Poé-Gouaro-Déva lagoon, New Caledonia, recent Ulva blooms are the cause of significant nuisances when beaching. Spectral indices using the blue and green spectral bands were confronted with field observations of algal abundances using images concurrent with fieldwork. Depending on seabed compositions and types of correction applied to reflectance data, the spectral indices explained between 1 and 64.9% of variance. The models providing the best statistical fit were used to revisit the algal dynamics using Sentinel-2 data from January 2017 to December 2019, through two image segmentation approaches: unsupervised and supervised. The latter accurately reproduced the two algal blooms that occurred in the area in 2018. This paper demonstrates that Sentinel-2 data can be an effective source to hindcast and monitor the dynamics of green algae in shallow lagoons

Multi-scale macroalgae growth models are required for the efficient design of sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally safe farms. Here, we develop a multi-scale model for Ulva sp. macroalgae growth and nitrogen sequestration in an intensive cultivation farm, regulated by temperature, light, and nutrients. The model incorporates a range of scales by incorporating spatial effects in two steps: light extinction at the reactor scale (1 m) and nutrient absorption at the farm scale (1 km). The model was validated on real data from an experimental reactor installed in the sea. Biomass production rates, chemical compositions, and nitrogen removal were simulated under different seasons, levels of dilution in the environment and water-exchange rate in the reactor. This multi-scale model provides an important tool for environmental authorities and seaweed farmers who desire to upscale to large bioremediation and/or macroalgae biomass production farms, thus promoting the marine sustainable development and the macroalgae-based bioeconomy.

QC 20210831

Cultivation of seaweed has been conducted for centuries in Asia, but is largely undeveloped in Sweden even though there is potential for this industry. Seaweed offers benefits compared with land-based biomass cultivation. Cultivation of seaweed does not occupy land areas and does not require irrigation or fertilizers, which contributes to avoid coastal eutrophication. Seaweed contains polysaccharides and is a potential feedstock for production of bio-based materials. The aim of this thesis was to extract and map the chemical structure of polysaccharides from macroalgae collected along the Swedish west coast. Another aim was to use the extracted polysaccharides to design new bio-based materials. In the first study, a fractionation strategy was developed to sequentially extract proteins and polysaccharides from the red macroalgae Porphyra. The fractionation yielded one protein fraction and three polysaccharide fractions. In the second study, the polysaccharide ulvan was extracted from two species of the green macroalgae Ulva. Two different extraction protocols were tested. Parameters such as the yield, molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of the extracted ulvan depended on the extraction protocol and the specie of Ulva used for the extraction. In the third study, ulvan extracted from Ulva was used to prepare hydrogels, which were tested as an adsorbent for heavy metals and the dye methylene blue. Ulvan was first oxidized into ulvan dialdehyde and mixed with gelatin, yielding hydrogels. The hydrogels showed high water-uptake capacity and a high adsorption capacity of methylene blue. The hydrogels also adsorbed heavy metal ions. In the fourth study, cellulose was extracted from Ulva and further used to prepare cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Chemical analysis of the CNF showed that it contains mostly cellulose but also a smaller amount of a xylose-glucose copolymer. The CNF had a crystallinity index of 48% and showed typical peaks for the cellulose I allomorph., Algodling är en stor industri i Asien, men i stort sett outvecklad i Sverige. Algodling erbjuder många fördelar jämfört med odling av landbaserad biomassa. Algodlingar upptar inte värdefulla landområden och kräver ingen konstbevattning eller gödningsmedel vilket förebygger övergödning i kustnära miljöer. Alger är en potentiell råvara för framställning av biobränslen och biobaserade material. Syftet med detta avhandlingsarbete var att utveckla metoder för att extrahera och strukturbestämma polysackarider från makroalger som odlats på västkusten i Sverige. De extraherade polysackariderna användes sedan för att framställa några olika biobaserade material. I den första studien utvecklades en metod för att fraktionera proteiner och polysackarider från den röda makroalgen Porphyra. En proteinfraktion och tre polysackaridfraktioner erhölls vid fraktioneringen. I den andra studien utvecklades två olika protokoll för att extrahera polysackariden ulvan från två olika arter den gröna makroalgen Ulva. Extraktion med saltsyralösning gav ett högre utbyte av ulvan än extraktion med vatten. Sammansättningen av monosackarider hos det extraherade ulvanet varierade beroende på vilken extraktionsmetod som användes och även på vilken art av Ulva som användes. I den tredje studien tillverkades hydrogeler av ulvan som extraherats från Ulva. Ulvan oxiderades först till ulvan dialdehyd och blandades sedan med gelatin vilket ledde till bildningen av hydrogeler. Hydrogelerna visade en god svällningsförmåga i vatten och god förmåga att adsorbera färgämnet metylenblått. Hydrogelerna adsorberade också tungmetalljoner i viss utsträckning. I den fjärde studien extraherades cellulosa från Ulva och den extraherade cellulosan användes sedan vidare för att tillverka nanocellulosa (CNF) och regenererad cellulosa. Kemisk analys av nanocellulosan visade att den innehåller mest cellulosa, men även en mindre mängd av en xylos-glukossampolymer. Kristalliniteten uppmättes till 48% och det uppmätta XRD difrak, QC 2020-05-07

Hydrogels based on the polysaccharide ulvan from the green macroalgae Ulva fenestrata were synthesized and evaluated as an adsorbent for heavy metals ions and methylene blue. Ulvan was extracted from Ulva fenestrata using diluted hydrochloric acid and recovered by precipitation with EtOH. The extracted ulvan was converted into ulvan dialdehyde via periodate-oxidation and subsequently combined with gelatin yielding hydrogels. The hydrogels showed good water-uptake capacity with a maximum swelling degree of 2400 % in water and 900 % in PBS buffer. Adsorption tests of methylene blue showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 465 mg/g. The adsorption data of methylene blue followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and agreed with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions was 14 mg/g for Cu2+, 7 mg/g for Co2+ and 6 mg/g for Ni2+ and Zn2+ indicating that the hydrogels have a stronger affinity for Cu2+ than for Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+., QC 20201201

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-724273%5DMICH-A-724273, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/724273/MICH-A-724273/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-724281%5DMICH-A-724281, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/724281/MICH-A-724281/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

The use of seaweeds is now a fact, as it has grown at a very high rate in recent years. Seaweeds are mainly used as biofilters due to their high efficiency and the Ulva genus is one of the most effective for this purpose. Apart from this, seaweeds also have great potential in human and animal food, as well as in the production of bioactive compounds and the creation of biofuels. During the course of this research project, the chemical and nutritional characteristics (content of micronutrients and heavy metals) for three types of selected seaweeds (commercial Ulva, natural Ulva and Ulva cultivated in the AMTI-RAS facility) were analysed, as well as the interaction of the latter within the AMTI-RAS culture together with two fish species (Sea bass and Sole) and their respective feeds to see the nitrate variations of the samples analysed and then compared with the regulations to see if they would be suitable for human consumption. The origin of each sample, the quality of the samples and the pre-treatment of the samples before the necessary analyses could be carried out were taken into account for the analysis. A comparison was made between the values obtained from the three Ulva samples. Differences were observed between them in some parameters. An analysis of commercial lettuce nitrates (Romana and Iceberg) was also carried out to compare the nitrate values obtained from the seaweeds studied. In both cases, it was possible to verify that the values obtained complied with the current legislation on nitrates present in the samples., El uso de macroalgas en la actualidad es un hecho, ya que, durante los últimos años ha tenido un crecimiento muy elevado. Las macroalgas son utilizadas mayoritariamente como biofiltros dada su elevada eficacia, siendo el género Ulva, uno de los más efectivos para tal fin. A parte de esta finalidad, las macroalgas también tienen mucho potencial en la alimentación humana i animal, así como también en la obtención de compuesto bioactivos i creación de biocombustibles. En este proyecto de investigación, se analizaron las características químicas i nutricionales (contenido en micronutrientes y metales pesados) para una especie de macroalga, Ulva spp., procedente de tres orígenes diferentes: Ulva comercial, Ulva de origen natural y Ulva cultivada en instalación AMTI-RAS). Asimismo, se estudió la composición en nitratos de muestras de algas Ulva mantenidas en un cultivo AMTI-RAS con dos especies de peces (Lubina y Lenguado), para determinar las diferencias asociadas a la presencia de sus respectivos piensos y posteriormente compararlas con las normativas para evaluar su aptitud para la comercialización en la alimentación humana. Para el análisis se tuvieron en cuenta: la procedencia de cada muestra, la calidad de las muestras en cuanto a los ejemplares estudiados y los pretratamientos realizados a las muestras antes de poder realizar los análisis necesarios. También se llevó a cabo un análisis de nitratos de lechuga comercial (Romana e Iceberg) para realizar una comparativa con los valores de nitratos obtenidos en las macroalgas estudiadas. En ambos casos se pudo comprobar que los valores obtenidos cumplían con la legislación vigente en materia de nitratos presentes en las muestras., L'ús de macroalgues en l'actualitat és un fet ja que durant els últims anys ha tingut un creixement molt elevat. Les macroalgues són emprades majoritàriament com a biofiltres donada la seva elevada eficàcia, sent el gènere Ulva, un dels més efectius per a tal fi. A part d'aquesta finalitat, les macroalgues també tenen molt potencial en l'alimentació humana i animal, així com també en l'obtenció de compostos bioactius i creació de biocombustibles. Durant el transcurs d'aquest projecte de recerca, es van analitzar les característiques químiques i nutricionals (contingut en micronutrients i metalls pesants) per a tres tipus de macroalgues seleccionades (Ulva comercial, Ulva d'origen natural i Ulva conreada en instal·lació AMTI-RAS), així com també la interacció d'aquesta última dins del cultiu AMTI-RAS conjuntament amb dues espècies de peixos (Llobarro i Llenguado) i els seus respectius pinsos per veure les variacions en nitrats de les mostres analitzades i, posteriorment, comparar-les amb les normatives per veure si serien aptes per comercialitzar en l'alimentació humana. Es van tenir en compte per a l'anàlisi: la procedència de cada mostra, la qualitat de les mostres i els pretractaments realitzats a les mostres abans de poder realitzar les anàlisis necessàries. Es va realitzar una comparativa entre els valors obtinguts de les tres mostres d‘Ulva observant diferències entre elles en alguns paràmetres. També es va dur a terme una anàlisi de nitrats d'enciam comercial (Romana i Iceberg) per realitzar una comparativa enfront dels valors de nitrats obtinguts en les macroalgues estudiades. En tots dos casos es va poder comprovar que els valors obtinguts complien amb la legislació vigent en matèria de nitrats presents en les mostres.

Aquaculture has been a growing sector in recent years reaching an average 7.7% increase in the last decade. By increasing production, so does the environmental impact that inevitably occurs in this practice. In order to meet the demand and, on the other hand, to reduce this impact, IMTA crops gain interest. In this work the composition of the macroalgae Ulva Ohnoi is studied, cultivated in an IMTA-RAS system in combination with a fish culture, in different conditions of density and luminous intensity. In this system the algae take advantage, for their growth, of the nutrients and the organic matter coming from the residual water from the fish tanks. In this way, the algae culture that is used as a biofilter also has commercial value. The basic nutritional parameters (mineral matter, phosphorus, organic nitrogen, nitrates) of the macroalgae, in dry matter, are quantified to study the effect of the culture conditions, density and light of the same. The algae have been cultivated at three different densities (0.8, 1 and 1.6 Kg / m2) for three weeks with three different illuminations (886, 280 and 163 μmol / (m2 s)). In general, it does not seem that the composition of the algae changes significantly when varying the conditions of cultivation. The nitrogen content is the one that has more relation with the changes of density and illumination. Although there is no accumulation of nitrates it has been observed that nitrogen content, organic and total, increases with high intensity light and low density. This affects the values of the C / N ratio, which differs significantly between the samples cultivated with maximum and minimum lighting., L'aqüicultura ha estat un sector en creixement durant els últims anys arribant a augmentar el 7.7% de mitjana anualment en la ultima dècada. En augmentar la producció també ho fa l'impacte ambiental que inevitablement es dóna en aquesta pràctica. Per tal de poder satisfer la demanda i, d'altra banda, disminuir aquest impacte, els cultius IMTA guanyen interès. En aquest treball s'estudia la composició de la macroalga Ulva ohnoi ,cultivada en un sistema IMTA-RAS en combinació amb un cultiu de peixos, en diferents condicions de densitat i intensitat lumínica. En aquest sistema les algues aprofiten, per el seu creixement, els nutrients i la matèria orgànica provinent de l'aigua residual dels tancs de peixos. D'aquesta manera, el cultiu d'algues que s'utilitza com a biofiltre també té valor comercial. Es quantifiquen els paràmetres nutricionals bàsics (matèria mineral, fòsfor, nitrogen orgànic, els nitrats) de la macroalga, en matèria seca, per estudiar l'efecte de les condicions de cultiu, la densitat i la llum, d'aquesta. S'han cultivat les algues a tres densitats diferents (0.8 Kg/m2 , 1 Kg/m2 , 1.6 Kg/m2) durant tres setmanes amb tres il·luminacions diferents ( 886, 280 i 163 µmol/(m2 s)). En general no sembla que la composició de l'alga canvi significativament en variar les condicions de cultiu. El contingut de nitrogen és el que presenta més relació amb els canvis de densitat i il·luminació. Encara que no hi ha acumulació de nitrats s'ha pogut observar que el contingut de nitrogen, orgànic i total, augmenta amb la alta intensitat lumínica i baixa densitat. Això repercuteix en els valors del ratio C/N, el qual difereix significativament entre les mostres cultivades amb il·luminació màxima i mínima., La acuicultura ha sido un sector en crecimiento durante los últimos años llegando a aumentar el 7.7% de media anualmente en la última década. Al aumentar la producción también lo hace el impacto ambiental que inevitablemente se da en esta práctica. Para poder satisfacer la demanda y, por otro lado, disminuir este impacto, los cultivos IMTA ganan interés. En este trabajo se estudia la composición de la macroalga Ulva Ohnoi, cultivada en un sistema IMTA-RAS en combinación con un cultivo de peces, en diferentes condiciones de densidad e intensidad lumínica. En este sistema las algas aprovechan, para su crecimiento, los nutrientes y la materia orgánica proveniente del agua residual de los tanques de peces. De este modo, el cultivo de algas que se utiliza como biofiltro también tiene valor comercial. Se cuantifican los parámetros nutricionales básicos (materia mineral, fósforo, nitrógeno orgánico, los nitratos) de la macroalga, en materia seca, para estudiar el efecto de las condiciones de cultivo, la densidad y la luz, de la misma. Se han cultivado las algas a tres densidades diferentes (0.8, 1 y 1.6 Kg / m2) durante tres semanas con tres intensidades luminicas diferentes (886, 280 y 163 μmol / (m2 s)). En general no parece que la composición del alga cambio significativamente al variar las condiciones de cultivo. El contenido de nitrógeno es el que presenta más relación con los cambios de densidad e iluminación. Aunque no hay acumulación de nitratos se ha podido observar que el contenido de nitrógeno, orgánico y total, aumenta con la alta intensidad lumínica y baja densidad. Esto repercute en los valores del ratio C / N, el cual difiere significativamente entre las muestras cultivadas con iluminación máxima y mínima.

Harmful blooms of green macroalgae, known as green tides, have been increasing in frequency and intensity world-wide over the last decade. Composed mainly of the macroalgae, Ulva, these blooms occur in areas of low wave energy and high nutrient input from anthropogenic sources; they often result in massive die-offs in the impacted ecosystem. My dissertation addressed three key questions concerning the potential for green tides to occur in central San Francisco Bay: 1) what species of Ulva inhabit the bay and which of them have been identified as bloom-forming taxa in other locations? 2) does an overwintering, benthic bank of dormant propagules contribute to the rapid growth of spring Ulva populations? 3) does waterborne spore availability limit the recruitment of Ulva populations? Within central San Francisco Bay, I identified six species of Ulva using genetic barcoding, only four of which were previously reported within the bay. Several of these species are known to produce economically costly green tides in other regions of the world. While previous studies on the control of algal blooms focused on post-recruitment processes such as herbivory and space competition, I investigated two pre-recruitment processes: banks of benthic microscopic forms and supply of waterborne propagules. A multifactorial lab experiment demonstrated that banks of dormant benthic microscopic Ulva forms (i.e. gametes, zoospores or thallus fragments) survive winter incubation periods (12 weeks of darkness undisturbed at 11°C), but at a depressed growth rate. Successful recruitment from these banks is strongly influenced by seasonal increases in water temperature. A regular regime of water column sampling and laboratory culturing demonstrated that waterborne propagule supply varied with location within the central bay, and that the abundance of propagules in the water column varied strongly with season. Although water samples from all sites yielded recruits, sites north of the bay mouth yield

Macroalgal blooms, such as Ulva spp., are a common disturbance to estuarine benthic fauna worldwide. As large quantities of macroalgae break free from growing substrates, drifting mats are formed that eventually deposit in low energy environments, including intertidal sandflats. The mats will typically settle on the sediment surface as large sheets. Once these sheets start to decompose, detritus is formed, which is eventually incorporated into the benthic food web; however, the ability to process detritus is dependent on the species present. This thesis examined the impacts of Ulva on the benthic macrofaunal communities and ecosystem functions, at different phases of decomposition; firstly, as large sheets (Chapter 2), then as detritus (Chapter 3), and finally as the Ulva detritus is incorporated and reworked into the sediment and foodweb (Chapters 4 and 5). The impacts of intact macroalgal mats on the sediment characteristics, community composition and ecosystem functions (i.e. benthic primary production, metabolism, and nutrient cycling) associated with an intertidal macrofaunal community in Tauranga Harbour were measured in a manipulative field experiment. Temporal changes and recovery of the community and the ecosystem functions they provide were measured twice over a 14-day period. Subtle treatment effects were observed in the macrofaunal community and sediment characteristics, which in turn resulted in subtle shifts in chlorophyll a (chl a) corrected gross primary production. However, there were no significant impacts on the key benthic species (the suspension-feeder Austrovenus stutchburyi and the deposit-feeder Macomona liliana) at this site, which is likely the reason more significant treatment effects were not observed in the measures of ecosystem function. Significant temporal variation was measured in most sediment properties (all except for phaeophytin), and also in benthic primary production. This study emphasized the importance of temporal variability

Global warming, caused by the excessive release of greenhouse gases due to the use of fossil fuels, is the main reason why a switch to renewable energy sources is becoming a necessity. A renewable energy source with a high potential to contribute to the energy needs worldwide is biomass. Biomass can be used for the production of electricity and heat or for the production of chemicals for a wide range of applications. The overall challenge for the thermal conversion of biomass is the development of robust and efficient technologies to process biomass with a high conversion efficiency into a useful and clean product. Biomass pyrolysis has great potential to convert a wide range of biomass species into various products. In this project, the decomposition characteristics of two high-potential biomass feedstocks, Miscanthus and Ulva, were investigated. The grass species Miscanthus has been in the spotlight as a potential biomass feedstock due to its rapid growth, high biomass yield potential and high calorific value. There is a growing interest in the seaweed species Ulva as a potential biomass feedstock due to its rapid growth and due to the fact its use may lead to a reduction of ecological problems (Ulva is a major sea pollutant). Decomposition characteristics of Miscanthus and Ulva at slow heating rates were investigated with a thermogravimetric analyser. Proximate analysis results and mass loss rate graphs were obtained. The shapes (peaks) of the mass loss rate graphs were linked to the different biomass components present in Miscanthus and Ulva. For the decomposition at fast heating rates pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a Pyroprobe reactor. The solid, liquid and gaseous product yields were analysed for different final pyrolysis temperatures. The compositions of the gas fractions were analysed using a micro gas chromatograph. The influences of pyrolysis temperature and biomass feedstock composition on the product yields, Mechanical Engineering | Sustainable Process & Energy Technology

Algae represent an important part of the marine resources exploited on our planet and open a world of possibilities. These are organisms that do not need arable land or fresh water to grow, resources that are increasingly scarce. Ulva spp. is widely used as a biofilter, Ulva ohnoi species is being used for this purpose at Escola Superior d'Agricultura of Barcelona in the pilot plant. In addition, it is grown to be marketed as food and given its nutritional value has been increased its commercialization in recent years. The objective of the present report is to evaluate the potentiality and viability of these products in the market in the last years and in relation to other products containing algae. In order to obtain the main results two successive extractions are made in the Global New Product Development database of the company MINTEL (market and intelligence mix) and later analysed. It is evaluated in which types of products are being innovated, which functions they have, to which countries and channels of distribution they are commercialized and at what price they are sold. As a complementary aspect, an exploration of the points of sale is realized. Europe highlights as the region where there has been innovation in products with algae, Spain is in third place. New foods containing Ulva spp. have been on the rise in 2016 in Europe. This seaweed is used more in gastronomic products, outline snacks where this alga is in low quantity., Les algues representen una part important dels recursos marins explotats al nostre planeta i obren un món de possibilitats. Són organismes que per créixer no necessiten terra cultivable ni aigua dolça, recursos que cada cop són més escassos. Ulva spp. s'utilitza àmpliament com a biofiltre, a l'Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona s'està utilitzant amb aquesta finalitat l'espècie Ulva ohnoi en la planta pilot. A més, es cultiva per ser comercialitzada com a aliment i donat el seu valor nutricional s'ha vist augmentada la seva comercialització en els últims anys. L'objectiu del treball és avaluar la potencialitat i viabilitat que ocupen aquests nous productes al mercat en els últims anys i respecte d'altres productes que conten algues. Per obtenir els principals resultats es realitzen dues extraccions successives en la base de dades Global New Product Development de l'empresa MINTEL (mix de mercat i intel·ligència) que posteriorment s'analitzen. D'aquesta manera s'avalua en quin tipus de productes s'està innovant, quina funció tenen, a quins països i canals de distribució es comercialitzen i a quin preu es venen. Com aspecte complementari es realitza una exploració dels punts de venta. Europa destaca com a regió on hi ha hagut innovació en els productes amb algues, Espanya es troba en tercer lloc. Els nous aliments que contenen Ulva spp. s'han vist en augment en l'any 2016 a Europa. Aquesta alga s'utilitza més aviat en productes gastronòmics, destaquen els snacks on aquesta alga es troba en baixa quantitat., Las algas representan una parte importante de los recursos marinos explotados en nuestro planeta y abren un mundo de posibilidades. Son organismos que para crecer no necesitan tierra cultivable ni agua dulce, recursos que cada vez son más escasos. La Ulva spp. se utiliza ampliamente como biofiltro, a l'Escola Superior d'Agricultura de Barcelona se está utilizando con esta finalidad la especie Ulva ohnoi en la planta piloto. Además, se cultiva para ser comercializada como alimento y dado su valor nutricional se ha visto aumentada su comercialización en los últimos años. El objetivo del presente trabajo es avaluar la potencialidad y viabilidad que ocupan estos productos en el mercado en los últimos años y respecto otros productos que contienen algas. Para obtener los principales resultados se realizan dos extracciones sucesivas en la base de datos Global New Product Development de la empresa MINTEL (mix de mercado e inteligencia) que posteriormente se analizan. De esta manera se avalúa en qué tipos de productos se está innovando, qué función tienen, a qué países y canales de distribución se comercializan y a qué precio se venden. Como aspecto complementario se realiza una exploración de los puntos de venta. Europa destaca como región donde ha habido innovación en los productos con algas, España se encuentra en tercer lugar. Los nuevos alimentos que contienen Ulva spp. se han visto en aumento en el año 2016 en Europa. Esta alga se utiliza más bien en productos gastronómicos, destacan los snacks donde esta alga se encuentra en baja cantidad.

This thesis examines the dynamics of estuarine macroalgae blooms of the genus Ulva and the environmental factors controlling them, using process-based mathematical models as well as observation data from Tauranga Harbour (North Island, New Zealand). Based on long-term monitoring datasets of water column nutrients, temperature and irradiance, the Ulva tissue nitrogen concentration is modelled using an algebraic short-term equilibrium solution to a classic set of ordinary differential equations describing tissue nutrient dynamics. A detailed sensitivity analysis of this equilibrium solution shows that although the variability in ambient concentration of inorganic nitrogen explains 60% of model output variance, the uncertainty in two of the most influential physiological parameters has a similar magnitude of influence (32% of variance). Repeated calibrations using an algorithm with random starting points and evolutionary adaptions lead to broad and in some cases multimodal distributions of physiological parameters. Although the model performs well in reproducing observations, calibrated parameter values from individual calibrations should therefore not be interpreted as reliable estimates of physiological properties. Using a zero-dimensional simulation model of Ulva tissue nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and biomass, seasonal and long-term population dynamics of Ulva are examined. Calibrating against a combination of all three state variables, long-term tissue nitrogen and biomass dynamics are reproduced well, while the seasonal amplitude of tissue phosphorus variability is underestimated. From the long-term observation datasets, seasonal scenarios are derived based on annual cosine fits to monthly percentiles of the observed forcing data. These scenarios represent above and below average seasons in the environmental conditions of ammonia, nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the water as well as temperature and irradiance. Comparison of the different scenari

Macroalgae are an abundant and diverse group of organisms. Their polysaccharides are successfully utilised in industry due to their rheological properties, but the diverse and unique functional metabolites in macroalgae are still poorly exploited. This holds a lot of promise for health and nutritional applications. However, the variability across taxa and shifting metabolites in response to environmental conditions has resulted in an inconsistent or complex story of nutritional and health opportunities from macroalgae. In addition, the methods used to analyse metabolites from sources other than macroalgae may not be directly transferable, due to peculiarities of the algal organic tissue matrix. Therefore standardising the methods for characterisation of important macroalgal metabolite profiles and the cultivation effects on metabolites of target taxa are two of the aims of this work. Consistent and validated metabolic and compositional metabolite profiles will be required to deliver traceable, quality-controlled biomass with optimal chemistries for applications in health and nutrition. South Eastern Australia is a diversity hot spot for algal flora and species endemism, yet it is poorly understood which species should be targeted for cultivation towards food and health markets. Here for the first time, typical macroalgae of the Eastern temperate coastal zone of New South Wales (NSW), Australia were explored including the taxa Hormosira banksii, Phyllospora comosa, Myriogloea sciurus, Ecklonia radiata, Solieria robusta and the green macroalgae Ulva.1 Particular attention was directed towards their fatty acid (FA) profiles, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cell toxicity or functionality. In doing so, robust methods were tested and developed to establish optimal protocols for effective metabolite extraction and characterisation.

The cultivation of seaweed has increased markedly in recent years. These seaweed have many applications in which this work we have focused on its use as a biofilter on an integrated multitrophic aquaculture system (IMTA). Seaweeds remove nutrients dissolved in water, thereby reducing the cost of wastewater from aquaculture facilities. We used seaweed species Ulva ohnoi, the system consisted of three tanks for seaweed and two tanks for flatfish. Seaweeds had been grown on three different densities (0.8 Kg/m2, 1 Kg/m2, 1.2 Kg/m2) for seven weeks with an equal and constant lighting in the three tanks. The objectives were to see if the biomass density in which the seaweeds are grown influences the nutritional composition of these. The three tanks of seaweeds were in the same culture conditions less density. Weekly samples were collected and then made an analysis of dry matter, mineral matter, phosphorous, nitrogen (protein) and nitric nitrogen to see if there were any differences in their composition. According to the cultivation density, we also had growth rates (%day-1), we studied the relationship between growth and changes in the composition of the seaweeds. It was observed that in a higher density, the growth rate was lower and the total nitrogen content of seaweeds was higher. Regarding the content of nitrate nitrogen, accumulation has not been observed during all the time., El cultiu de macroalgues ha anat augmentant notablement en els últims anys. Aquestes tenen moltes aplicacions de les quals en aquest treball ens hem centrat en el seu ús com a biofiltre en un sistema d'aqüicultura multitròfica integrada (AMTI). Les algues eliminen els nutrients dissolts a l'aigua, d'aquesta manera es redueix el cost de la depuració d'aigües de les instal·lacions aqüícoles. Hem utilitzat algues de l'espècie Ulva ohnoi , el sistema constava de 3 tancs per les macroalgues i dos tancs pels llenguados. Es van cultivar les algues a tres densitats diferents (0.8 Kg/m2 , 1 Kg/m2 , 1.2 Kg/m2) durant set setmanes amb una il·luminació igual i constant als tres tancs. Els objectius eren veure si la densitat de biomassa en la qual es cultiven les algues influïa en la composició nutricional d'aquestes. Els tres tancs d'algues estaven en les mateixes condicions de cultiu menys la densitat. Setmanalment s'agafaven mostres i se'ls hi feia un anàlisis de matèria seca, matèria mineral, fòsfor, nitrogen (proteïna) i nitrogen nítric per a veure si hi havia diferències en la seva composició. En funció de la densitat de cultiu, es disposava també de les taxes de creixement (% dia-1), es va estudiar la relació entre el creixement i la variació en la composició de l'alga. Es va poder observar que a més densitat, menor era la taxa de creixement i major el contingut en nitrogen total de les macroalgues. Pel que fa al contingut en nitrogen nítric no s'ha observat acumulació al llarg del temps, El cultivo de macroalgas ha ido aumentando notablemente en los últimos años. Estas tienen muchas aplicaciones de las cuales en este trabajo nos centraremos en su uso como biofiltro en un sistema de acuicultura multitrofica integrada (AMTI). Las algas eliminan los nutrientes disueltos en el agua, de esta manera se reduce el coste de depuración de las aguas de las instalaciones acuícolas. Hemos utilizado algas de la especie Ulva ohnoi, el sistema constaba de tres tanques para las macroalgas y dos para los lenguados. Se cultivaron las algas a tres densidades diferentes (0.8 Kg/m2, 1 Kg/m2, 1.2 Kg/m2) durante siete semanas con una iluminación igual y constante en los tres tanques. Los objetivos eran ver si la densidad de la biomasa a la cual se cultivaban las algas influía en la composición nutricional de estas. Los tres tanques de algas estaban a las mismas condiciones de cultivo menos la densidad. Semanalmente se recogían muestras i se les hacia un análisis de materia seca, materia mineral, fosforo, nitrógeno (proteína) i nitrógeno nítrico para ver si había diferencias en su composición. En función de la densidad de cultivo, se disponía también de las tasas específicas de crecimiento (% día-1), se estudió la relación entre el crecimiento i la variación en la composición de la alga. Se pudo observar que a más densidad, menor era la tasa de crecimiento i mayor el contenido en nitrógeno total de las macroalgas. En relación al contenido de nitrógeno nítrico se observó acumulación a lo largo del tiempo.

[Resumen] La aplicación de sistemas en recirculación de agua (RAS) con biofiltros de macroalgas del género Ulva es una interesante opción de futuro, especialmente en cultivos de peces, debido a los numerosos beneficios que suponen: reducen el impacto ambiental, mejoran la eficiencia de los cultivos, diversifican la producción y mejoran los beneficios económicos. Por ello, este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio comparado de los requerimientos de cultivo y calidad de la biomasa obtenida de cuatro especies de Ulva para determinar su uso potencial en sistemas de AMTI en recirculación. Las especies estudiadas fueron Ulva ohnoi, U. fasciata, U. australis y U. rigida. Los resultados mostraron grandes diferencias a nivel morfológico, composición química, tasa de crecimiento y eficiencia en la utilización de la luz entre las especies. Se concluyó que: las especies de Ulva utilizadas presentan tasas de crecimiento comprendidas entre el 10 y 20 % día-1 y un alto contenido proteico y otros nutrientes esenciales, U. ohnoi es la especie que presenta un mayor potencial para su aplicación como biofiltro en sistemas de AMTI en recirculación, la distancia filogenética de las especies no está en absoluto correlacionada con su comportamiento en cultivo o composición química y estudios futuros deberán determinar el efecto que puedan tener tanto la fase del ciclo como las condiciones de cultivo o el estado fisiológico sobre la tasas de crecimiento y sus oscilaciones en estas y otras especies del género Ulva.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-735671%5DMICH-A-735671, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/735671/MICH-A-735671/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Several species of Ulva are commonly found in the waters of Narragansett Bay, especially in eutrophic waters, where they can form fast growing blooms that can have ecological and economic consequences. The formation and release of allelopathic chemicals has been previously documented in some species of Ulva, including Ulva lactuca. Three species of blade-forming Ulva are commonly found in Narragansett Bay and coastal Rhode Island, namely, U. compressa, U. lactuca, and U. rigida. We aimed to determine if these three species of Ulva had allelopathic effects by testing their impacts on the growth of other macroalgae. Cystoclonium purpureum, Chondrus crispus, and Ceramium virgatum tips were grown alone (control) or with either U. compressa, U. rigida, or U. lactuca in mesocosms separated by mesh for eight days, in two separate trials. The blotted-dry fresh weight of Cystoclonium, Chondrus, and Ceramium was recorded every other day and tips were photographed for surface area analysis. Nutrients were checked daily using NO3 as a proxy and adjusted to prevent nutrient limitation. All three species of Ulva had a significant negative effect on the growth of Cystoclonium, Chondrus, and Ceramium, although the effect was dependent on time. In the Cystoclonium trial, U. compressa and U. rigida treatments had the largest negative effect on Cystoclonium growth with overall mass loss observed after 6 days of co-culture. U. lactuca had a smaller negative effect on growth, with the average Cystoclonium growth rate after 8 days of co-culture (2.9 ± 0.9 % day-1) significantly below controls (5.0 ± 0.8 % day-1). In the Chondrus trial, there was a striking effect of all three Ulva species on the growth of Chondrus after only two days of co-culture. Growth rates of tips with all species of Ulva were <1% day-1 for the duration of the experiment, while the control tips increased in growth over time from 1.83 (± 0.7) % day-1 on Day 2 to 5.56 (± 0.9) % day-1 on Day 8. Overall mass loss was ob

The use of seaweed has increased notoriously since 1990's. Its main application is its utilization as a biofilter, since it has a great ability to capture nutrients from water, being useful in the treatment of effluents from aquaculture facilities and offering the possibility integrating its culture in recirculated systems. Moreover, they add an additional value to the aquaculture as a by-product, since it has a wide range of uses. The hydrodynamics of different models of tanks was analyzed. Two of them have a system that operates by water flow input, generating a inlet impulse force on a curved surface which keeps in suspension and in a rotational movement. This fact enhances the ability of seaweed to absorb radiation from the surface. The third model operates with an aeration system which injects an air flow from the bottom of the tank generating the same effect. The relationship between the inlet force exerted by the water inlet jet and the rotational speed of the algae biomass were taken into account, and also the relationship between the minimal forces needed to start the seaweed rotation and the amount of biomass. A comparison of the behavior of two species of Ulva, Ulva ohnoi and Ulva fasciata, having different morphologies was performed. Significant differences in the distribution of biomass in the tank were observed. Ulva ohnoi, a free laminar morphology, which was distributed more evenly using more efficiently the available radiation on the surface. Ulva fasciata was cultured for 10 weeks in an aeration tank to determine the evolution of the biomass at different parameters, and thus estimate its possible use in a recirculated system in aquaculture, since it hasn't been used in IMTA system yet., L'ús de les macroalgues a l'última dècada s'ha incrementat de manera notòria. La seva principal aplicació passa per la utilització d'aquestes com a biofiltres, que han demostrat la seva eficàcia en l'extracció de nutrients de l'aigua, convertint-se en un instrument molt important en el tractament d'efluents d'instal·lacions aqüícoles i amb la possibilitat d'integrar el seu cultiu a sistemes de recirculació. A més, ofereixen un valor afegit a la aqüicultura com a subproducte d'aquesta, ja que presenten un gran ventall d'usos. En el desenvolupament d'aquest projecte es varen analitzar les característiques hidrodinàmiques de tres models de tanc diferents. Dos d'ells, presenten un sistema que funciona mitjançant l'entrada d'un cabal d'aigua que genera una força d'impuls sobre una superfície corba i que permet mantenir en suspensió i en un moviment de rotació les macroalgues en cultiu, de manera que puguin aprofitar la radiació disponible a la superfície. El tercer model, funciona mitjançant un cabal d'aire injectat des de la part inferior del tanc que acaba generant el mateix efecte. Es van tenir en compte, per a la realització de l'anàlisi hidrodinàmic, la relació entre la força d'entrada d'aigua o aire i la velocitat de rotació; y la relació entre les forces mínimes necessàries per iniciar i mantenir en rotació la concentració de biomassa al tanc. Es va realitzar una comparació del comportament de diferents espècies de Ulva, Ulva ohnoi i Ulva fasciata, que presenten diferents morfologies. Es van observar diferencies importants en la distribució de la biomassa en el tanc. Ulva ohnoi, amb una morfologia laminar lliure, sense tal·lus, va ser la que es va distribuir de manera més uniforme, aprofitant així de manera més eficient la radiació disponible a la superfície. També es va realitzar un cultiu d'Ulva fasciata durant 10 setmanes en un tanc d'airejament per a multiplicar la seva biomassa i determinar la seva evolució davant diferents paràmetres de cultiu, podent així e, El uso de las macroalgas en las últimas décadas se ha acrecentado de una manera más que notoria. Su principal aplicación pasa por la utilización de éstas como biofiltros, que ha demostrado con creces su eficacia en la retirada de nutrientes del agua, siendo de utilidad en el tratamiento de efluentes de instalaciones acuícolas y con la posibilidad de integrar su cultivo en sistemas de recirculación. Pero además, ofrecen un valor añadido a la acuicultura como subproducto de ésta, ya que presentan un amplio abanico de usos. En el desarrollo de este proyecto se analizaron las características hidrodinámicas de tres modelos de tanques diferentes. Dos de ellos presentan un sistema que funciona mediante la entrada de un caudal de agua que genera una fuerza impulso sobre una superficie curva y que permite mantener en suspensión y en un movimiento de rotación las macroalgas en cultivo, de manera que puedan aprovechar la radiación disponible en la superficie. El tercero funciona mediante un caudal de aire inyectado desde la parte inferior del tanque generando el mismo efecto. Se tuvieron en cuenta para el análisis: la relación entre el flujo de entrada de agua o de aire y la velocidad de rotación alcanzada por la biomasa, la relación entre la potencia necesaria para iniciar y mantener en rotación las algas, y la concentración de biomasa. Se realizó una comparación del comportamiento de dos especies de Ulva, Ulva ohnoi y Ulva fasciata, que presentan diferentes morfologías. Se observaron diferencias importantes en la distribución de la biomasa en el tanque, siendo Ulva ohnoi con una morfología laminar libre, sin talo, la que se distribuyó de manera más uniforme, aprovechando de manera más eficiente la radiación disponible en la superficie. También se llevó a cabo un cultivo de Ulva fasciata durante 10 semanas en un tanque de aireación para determinar la evolución de la biomasa a diferentes parámetros de cultivo y estimar así la viabilidad de su posible utilización en sistemas de

First recorded in the 1970s, massive green macroalgal blooms have since become an annual recurrence in Brittany, France. Eutrophication (in particular to anthropogenic nitrogen input) has been identified as the main factor controlling Ulva ‘green tide’ events. In this study, we modelled Ulva proliferation using a two-dimensional model by coupling hydrodynamic and biological models (coined ‘MARS-Ulves’) for five sites along the Brittany coastline (La Fresnaye Bay, Saint-Brieuc Bay, Lannion Bay, Guissény Bay and Douarnenez Bay). Calibration of the biological model was mainly based on the seasonal variation of the maximum nitrogen uptake rate (VmaxN) and the half-saturation constant for nitrogen (KN) to reproduce the internal nutrient quotas measured in situ for each site. In each bay, model predictions were in agreement with observed algal coverage converted into biomass. A numerical tracking method was implemented to identify the contribution of the rivers that empty into the study bays, and scenarios of decreases in nitrate concentration in rivers were simulated. Results from numerical nitrogen tracking highlighted the main nitrogen sources of green tides and also showed that each river contributes locally to green tides. In addition, dynamic modelling showed that the nitrate concentrations in rivers must be limited to between 5 and 15 mg l- 1, depending on the bay, to reduce Ulva biomass by half on the coasts. The three-step methodology developed in this study (analysing total dissolved inorganic nitrogen flux from rivers, tracking nitrogen sources in Ulva and developing scenarios for reducing nitrogen) provides qualitative and quantitative guidelines for stakeholders to define specific nitrogen reduction targets for better environmental management of water quality.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-701815%5DMICH-A-701815, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/701815/MICH-A-701815/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

We successfully isolated one microorganism (UMI-21) from Ulva, a green algae that contains starch. The strain UMI-21 can produce polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from starch, maltotriose, or maltose as a sole carbon source. Taxonomic studies and 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that strain UMI-21 was phylogenetically related to species of the genus Massilia. The PHA content under the cultivation condition using a 10-L jar fermentor was 45.5% (w/w). This value was higher than that obtained after cultivation in a flask, suggesting the possibility of large-scale PHA production by UMI-21 from starch. A major issue for the industrial production of microbial PHAs is the very high production cost. Starch is a relatively inexpensive substrate that is also found in abundant seaweeds such as Ulva. Therefore, the strain isolated in this study may be very useful for producing PHA from seaweeds containing polysaccharides such as starch. In addition, a 3.7-kbp DNA fragment containing the whole PHA synthase gene (phaC) was obtained from the strain UMI-21. The results of open reading frame (ORF) analysis suggested that the DNA fragment contained two ORFs, which were composed of 1740 (phaC) and 564 bp (phaR). The deduced amino acid sequence of PhaC from strain UMI-21 shared high similarity with PhaC from Ralstonia eutropha, which is a representative PHA-producing bacterium with a class I PHA synthase. This is the first report for the cloning of the PHA synthase gene from Massilia species.

To determine whether fatty acid (FA) profiles are a useful biomarker to trace the flow of material in a coastal food web, we fed the sandhopper Bellor - chestia quoyana specific seaweed diets, each with a contrasting FA profile including Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyta), Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyta) or Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta). We then compared changes in FA composition in relation to diet for this sandhopper. After 12 d, sandhoppers from each treatment had distinct FA profiles, particularly with respect to polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs); however, increases in specific FAs did not relate to those FAs that were abundant in their diet. For example, sandhoppers fed PUFA-deficient Ulva sp. exhibited a relative increase in PUFAs. The E. radiata and Ulva sp. diets both caused significant shifts in sandhopper FA composition over the course of the experiment. In order to follow the assimilation of carbon and FAs, sandhoppers were fed natural or 13C-enhanced E. radiata or Ulva sp., and changes to the δ13C of individual FAs were measured over time. Turnover of the most abundant FAs, 16:0 and 18:1ω9, was higher for sandhoppers fed E. radiata than for those fed Ulva sp. Comparisons between bulk tissue δ13C and δ13C of individual FAs were consistent with sandhoppers modifying the turnover rate of FA in response to diet. These findings suggest that there is no consistent relationship between the FA compositions of green and brown seaweeds and that of the sandhopper B. quoyana. We caution that community-level application of FAs as a dietary biomarker tool must be accompanied by controlled experiments incorporating key species of relevance.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734956%5DMICH-A-734956, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734956/MICH-A-734956/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734957%5DMICH-A-734957, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734957/MICH-A-734957/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

The culture of abalone is a growth industry in Australia that primarily utilises terrestrial crops to produce formulated pellet feeds. The use of cultivated macroalgae in place of such feeds could provide for better environmental, nutritional and/or economic outcomes for this industry. However, direct comparison trials using macroalgae and formulated crop feeds are rare, and it is therefore difficult to ascertain the benefits and costs of each feed type. This study compares the benefits to growth and performance of the cultivated hybrid abalone cross (Haliotis rubra 1814 Leach and Haliotis laevigata 1808 Donovan) which was fed one of eight dietary treatments, including two commercially formulated pellet feeds and six mixed macroalgae dietary treatments. Macroalgae dietary treatments comprised the three macroalgae species Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, Ulva australis Areschoug and/or Ulva laetevirens Areschoug. Four replicate tubs, each containing 40 juvenile abalone (10–15 mm), were used to test each dietary treatment over a 12-week period. Macroalgae dietary treatments provided for significantly higher specific growth rates of abalone compared to formulated feeds, by orders of magnitude, for both length (>0.2 % compared to 0.8 % day−1, F 7, 31 = 24.4, p < 0.0001). In addition, abalone health and condition increased, and the proximate composition of abalone tissue had a higher carbohydrate/protein ratio, higher ash content and lower lipid content. These findings suggest that the juvenile abalone may benefit from macroalgae diets in comparison to two formulated feeds as a result of optimal proximate composition of the algae biomass and improved condition of the abalone.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734589%5DMICH-A-734589, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734589/MICH-A-734589/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Controlled cultivation of marine macroalgal biomass such as Ulva species, notably Ulva lactuca, is currently studied for production of biofuels or functional food ingredients. In a eutrophic environment, this macrophyte is exposed to varying types of nutrient supply, including different and fluctuating levels of nitrogen sources. Our understanding of the influences of this varying condition on the uptake and growth responses of U. lactuca is limited. In this present work, we examined the growth response of U. lactuca exposed to different sources of nitrogen (NH4+; NO3−; and the combination NH4NO3) by using photo-scanning technology for monitoring the growth kinetics of U. lactuca. The images revealed differential increases of the surface area of U. lactuca disks with time in response to different N-nutrient enrichments. The results showed a favorable growth response to ammonium as the nitrogen source. The NH4Cl and NaNO3 rich media (50 μM of N) accelerated U. lactuca growth to a maximum specific growth rate of 16.4 ± 0.18% day−1 and 9.4 ± 0.72% day−1, respectively. The highest biomass production rate obtained was 22.5 ± 0.24 mg DW m−2·day−1. The presence of ammonium apparently discriminated the nitrate uptake by U. lactuca when exposed to NH4NO3. Apart from showing the significant differential growth response of U. lactuca to different nitrogen sources, the work exhibits the applicability of a photo-scanning approach for acquiring precise quantitative growth data for U. lactuca as exemplified by assessment of the growth response to two different N-sources.

Under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), an assessment of the ecological status of water bodies must be conducted. This assessment is based on several biological quality elements including macroalgae blooms responsible for green tides. Three types of green tides occur on the western coasts of France. This study presents the methodology for assessing the ecological quality ratio (EQR) for water bodies with green tides in drifting Ulva in sandy and open systems (usually coastal waters (CW)) and the green tides of mudflats in muddy and enclosed systems (usually transitional waters (TW)). Water bodies with green tides made from algae which grow on rocky shore before building up on beaches were not addressed in this study. On the Loire Brittany basin, 52 water bodies have been assessed (28 CW and 24 TW). Among them, 7 CW and 9 TW do not reach a good ecological status.On the Seine-Normandy basin, 11 water bodies have been assessed (10 CW and 1 TW). Among them, 2 CW do not reach a good ecological status. A significant impact-pressure relationship was established for both water bodies and coastal transition between the QRA and the concentration of dissolved nitrogen in winter. The impact of algal harvesting on the ecological quality of water bodies was evaluated and the results show that harvesting as it is currently conducted reduces the visual impact of green tides but does not improve the ecological quality assessed by WFD methodology. In addition, an integration test of Gracilaria for assessing the ecological quality in transitional waters was made. The addition of Gracilaria does not cause significant change in the ecological quality of water bodies initially evaluated on the basis of green macroalgae only. However, according to the ecophysiological characteristics of Gracilaria, the evolution of the foreshore covered by these algae could be indicative of a decreased level of eutrophication. Their consideration in next assessments of ecological quality of transitiona, Dans le cadre de la DCE, une évaluation de l’état écologique des masses d’eau doit être menée. Cette évaluation repose sur plusieurs éléments de qualité biologique dont les macroalgues de blooms responsables des marées vertes. Trois types de marées vertes ont lieu sur le littoral Manche-Atlantique. Cette étude présente la méthode permettant d’établir le ratio de qualité écologique (EQR) pour les masses d’eau présentant des marées vertes à ulves dérivantes dans les système sableux et ouverts (généralement les masses d’eau côtières) et des marées vertes de vasières dans les systèmes vaseux et enclavés (généralement les masses d’eau de transition). Les masses d’eau présentant des marées vertes d’arrachage n’ont pas été traitées dans cette étude. Concernant le bassin Loire Bretagne, 52 masses d’eau ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation écologique (28 MEC et 24 MET). Parmi elles, 9 MET et 7 MEC ne sont pas en bon état écologique. Concernant le bassin Seine-Normandie, 11 masses d’eau ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation écologique (10 MEC et 1 MET). Parmi elles, 2 MEC ne sont pas en bon état écologique. Une relation pression-impact significative a été établie à la fois pour les masses d’eau côtières et de transition entre l’EQR et la concentration hivernale en azote dissous. L’impact du ramassage sur la qualité écologique des masses d’eau a été évalué et les résultats montrent que le ramassage tel qu’il est conduit actuellement réduit l’impact visuel des marées vertes mais n’améliore pas la qualité écologique évaluée par la méthodologie DCE. En outre, un essai d’intégration des gracilaires pour l’évaluation de la qualité écologique des masses d’eau de transition a été effectué. L’ajout des gracilaires n’entraîne pas de modification notable de la qualité écologique des masses d’eau initialement évaluées sur la base des macroalgues vertes uniquement. En revanche, les caractéristiques écophysiologiques des gracilaires permettent d’envisager que l’évolution de la surface d’estran qu

Seagrass meadows are highly productive, ecologically and economically valuable ecosystems. However, increased human activities along the coastal areas leading to processes such as eutrophication have resulted in the rapid loss and deterioration of seagrass ecosystems worldwide. This thesis focuses on the responses of seagrasses to increases in nutrients, subsequent increases in ephemeral algae, and changes in the physical-chemical properties of seawater induced by interaction with other marine biota. Both in situ and laboratory experiments conducted on the tropical seagrasses Cymodocea serrulata and Thalassia hemprichii revealed that increased concentrations of water column nutrients negatively affected seagrass photosynthesis by stimulating the growth of the epiphytic biomass on the seagrass leaves. Interaction between seagrasses and other marine organisms induced different responses in seagrass photosynthesis. Ulva intestinalis negatively affected the photosynthetic performance of the temperate seagrass Zostera marina both by reducing the light and by increasing the pH of the surrounding water. On the other hand, the coexistence of mussels Pinna muricata and seagrass Thalassia hemprichii enhanced the photosynthetic activity of the seagrass, but no effect on the mussels' calcification was recorded. This study demonstrates that seagrass productivity is affected by a multitude of indirect effects induced by nutrient over-enrichment, which act singly or in concert with each other. Understanding the responsive mechanisms involved is imperative to safeguard the ecosystem by providing knowledge and proposing measures to halt nutrient loading and to predict the future performance of seagrasses in response to increasing natural and human perturbations., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Papers 1, 3 and 4: Submitted. Paper 2: Manuscript., Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (Sida/SAREC) marine bilateral programme

Los efectos de la acumulación de macroalgas verdes en la comunidad biológica intermareal del caño Sancti Petri se siguieron a lo largo de un ciclo anual. La medida con microelectrodos selectivos de O2 y H2S permitió obtener perfiles detallados de la distribución vertical de estos parámetros. Los cambios en la microflora bentónica se estudiaron en la zona superficial del sedimento mediante microscopia óptica. Los cambios en la meiofauna se estudiaron tanto en la capa de macroalgas como en el interior del sedimento. La acumulación de macroalgas produce fenómenos de hipoxia/anoxia tanto en el sedimento como en el interior de la capa de macroalgas, que se acentúan en periodos de oscuridad, favoreciendo la acumulación de H2S en zonas cercanas a la superficie del sedimento. En estas condiciones se produce una reducción del 96.7% en la población de microalgas bentónicas y un cambio en la comunidad, pasando de estar dominada por diatomeas a estarlo por cianobacterias. La meiofauna incrementa su densidad de población en un 845 ± 535%. El grupo con mayor crecimiento fueron los nematodos, cuya población es 9 veces superior al control, pasando a dominar completamente la meiofauna con un 92 ± 1% del número total de individuos, lo que produce una gran reducción de la diversidad., Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, proyectos: REN2002-01281/MAR y CTM2006-04015Acciones Marie Curie: HPMF-CT-2000-00994

The large green-tide events that occurred in the Yellow Sea in 2008 (3489 km2) and 2009 (4994 km2) are shown to be novel events preceded only once by a much smaller event in 2007 (82 km2). The blooms originated in the coastal area of Jiangsu province and spread north-east towards the Shandong Peninsula. The blooms grew at different rates and mesoscale variability in surface winds explained the differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of blooms in 2008 and 2009. The 2009 bloom was tracked to its origin immediately offshore of extensive intertidal flats between Yancheng and Nantong where recent rapid expansion of Porphyra aquaculture has occurred. We review published hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the occurrence of blooms and in light of our findings, we conclude that the accumulation and disposal of waste Ulva prolifera from Porphyra aquaculture rafts is the most likely cause of the blooms.

We explored the reproductive modes of Viva intestinalis in the inner part of the Baltic Sea during three consecutive years by using five microsatellite loci to estimate the relative abundance of diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes. Our results suggest that both diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes occur regularly in the Baltic Sea. The ratio of haploid to diploid individuals changes with seasons. Sporophytes are more abundant than gametophytes throughout the year, but the proportion of haploids increases from 10% in early summer to 35% in September. The over-wintering takes primarily place as diploid spores released by sporophytes. The sporophytes appear to reproduce both sexually and asexually in the Baltic Sea, since clones were found for this life phase. The fraction of individuals which belonged to an apparent diploid clone was higher in spring (62%) than in autumn (33%). We also found evidence for asexual clones in haploid gametophytes. The presence of both diploid and haploid individuals and the pattern of genetic and genotypic diversity provide evidence of sexual reproduction in the Baltic Sea. Thus the sporophytes and gametophytes do not function as two reproductively separate units. Compared with many other algal species with a reduced reproductive cycle in low salinity, U. intestinalis differs by having a multitude of reproductive modes also in the brackish water Baltic Sea, which can in part explain the dynamic propagation and high adaptability of the species.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734621%5DMICH-A-734621, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734621/MICH-A-734621/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Proceedings of 4th JSPS-VAST Joint Seminar on 'Coastal Marine Science', Hai Phong, Viet Nam, 26-28 October 2009, Oceanography

Eutrophication is an increasingly occurring problem that causes degradation of coastal ecosystems worldwide.Traditional monitoring of dissolved nutrients in the water column can be complicated by short term fluctuations, especiallywhen levels of nutrients are low and turnover rapid. A proposed alternative method is the use of macroalgal tissuenutrient concentrations for indication of ambient nutrient availability, as they integrate nutrients over time. This studyevaluates the use of macroalgae within the genus Ulva (Chlorophyceae), regarding their ability to reflect nutrient gradientsoff the coast of East Africa (i.e. Kenya and Tanzania). Ulva was able to reflect nitrogen (N) gradients from all three outletsources, with up to 90% higher tissue N levels in vicinity of major cities compared to adjacent areas. Together with resultsfrom nutrient- uptake and fluctuation experiments, this study suggests that macroalgal tissue nutrient content has potentialas a complement to regular water nutrient sampling.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734694%5DMICH-A-734694, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734694/MICH-A-734694/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

This study commissioned by the Région Bretagne and the Agence de l'Eau Loire Bretagne aimed at assessing on a mathematical modelling basis the marine influence of most of watersheds in Brittany, and the impact of 4 scenarios of reduction of the loadings of each of these watersheds on the phytoplanctonic biomass and ulva mass proliferation. The ecological 3D model ECOMARS3D has been applied to a domain containing Brittany (which is also used in an operational mode for putting everyday the 2dayforecasts on the website: http://www.previmer.org/previsions/production_primaire/modele_eco_mars3d_bretagne) and to 6 zooms which enabled a finer representation of coastal waters. This study highlighted the fact that: •a nitrate reduction for any river has no effect on diatom biomass. •a nitrate reduction has a more sensible effect on dinoflagellate biomass but only in case of a reduction of at least 75% of nitrate loading. •the plume of Loire river extends widely along the coasts of southand western Brittany, and can enter the English Channel after the high flows • a nitrate and phosphate reduction for Vilaine would have few effect on phytoplanctonic biomass if it is not coupled with a nitrate and phosphate reduction for Loire. •some rivers are mainly responsible for some green tides. It is the case for the rivers Yar and Douron which are respectively responsible for the ulva blooms of SaintEfflam beach and Douron's estuary. However, some green tides like these of Bay of SaintBrieuc or Moulin Blanc cowe in the Bay of Brest cannot be imputed to one river particularly., Cette étude subventionnée par la région Bretagne et l'Agence de l'Eau Loire Bretagne avait pour but de déterminer par la modélisation mathématique les aires d'influence marine de la plupart des bassins versants bretons et l'effet de scénarios d'abattement des apports en nitrate de chaque bassin versant sur la biomasse en phytoplancton et sur les marées vertes. Le modèle mathématique ECOMARS3D été appliqué à une emprise contenant la Bretagne (qui sert en mode opérationnel à fournir les prévisions quotidiennes sur le site internet http://www.previmer.org/previsions/production_primaire/modele_eco_mars3d_bretagne) et à 6 zooms permettant de représenter plus finement les eaux côtières. L'étude a mis en évidence: •un très faible effet d'une diminution des apports en nitrate sur les diatomées. •un effet plus sensible sur les dinoflagellés mais seulement à partir d'une diminution d'au moins 75 % des apports en nitrate. •une très forte influence du panache de la Loire sur toute la Bretagne sud et ouest, pouvant entrer légèrement en Manche lors des crues. •Une diminution des apports en nitrate et phosphate de la Vilaine aurait peu d'effet sur le phytoplancton si elle n'est pas couplée avec une réduction des apports de la Loire. •la responsabilité de certaines rivières dans l'établissement de marées vertes. C'est le cas du Yar dont les apports azotés provoquent la marée verte sur la plage de SaintEfflam; c'est également le cas du Douron, responsable de celle du fond de Baie de Locquirec. Au contraire, certaines marées vertes comme celles de la Baie de SaintBrieuc ou du Moulin Blanc en rade Brest ne peuvent pas être imputées à une seule rivière.

Land-based abalone aquaculture in South Africa, based on the local species Haliotis midae, started in the early 1990s and has grown rapidly in the last decade, with 13 commercial farms now producing over 850 t per annum. Over 6,000 t per annum of kelp Ecklonia maxima are now harvested for this purpose, and some kelp beds are reaching maximum sustainable limits. Research into seaweed aquacultureas feed (Ulva and some Gracilaria) for abalone started in the late 1990s on the southeast coast (where thereare no kelp beds) using abalone waste water. A growing body of evidence suggests that a mixed diet of kelp plus other seaweeds can give growth rates at least as good ascompound feed, and can improve abalone quality and reduce parasite loads. A pilot scale Ulva lactuca and abalone integrated recirculation unit using 25% recirculation was designed and built on the south west coast of South Africa using one 12,000-L abalone tank containing 13,200 15±2.5 g abalone, connected to two 3,000-L seaweed tanks containing an initial starting biomass of 10 kg of seaweed, replicated 3 times. In an 18-month period, there were no significant differences in abalone health or growth rates, sediment build up and composition, mobile macro fauna densities and species between the recirculation or the flowthroug hunits. Transfer of oxygen generated by the seaweeds to the abalone tanks was poor, resulting in the recirculated abalone tanks having lower (33%) dissolved oxygen concentrations than a comparable flow-through abalone unit. Seaweed nutrient content and specific growth rates in the units were comparable to seaweeds cultivated in fertilized effluent (SGR=3.2±3.4%.day−1; Yield=0.2±0.19 kg.m2.day−1). Indications were that at this low recirculation ratio the seaweeds in the units were nutrient limited and that there were no negative effects to the abalone being cultivated insuch a recirculation unit at this recirculation ratio.

Los efectos de la acumulación de macroalgas verdes en la comunidad biológica intermareal del caño Sancti Petri se siguieron a lo largo de un ciclo anual. La medida con microelectrodos selectivos de O2 y H2S permitió obtener perfiles detallados de la distribución vertical de estos parámetros. Los cambios en la microflora bentónica se estudiaron en la zona superficial del sedimento mediante microscopia óptica. Los cambios en la meiofauna se estudiaron tanto en la capa de macroalgas como en el interior del sedimento. La acumulación de macroalgas produce fenómenos de hipoxia/anoxia tanto en el sedimento como en el interior de la capa de macroalgas, que se acentúan en periodos de oscuridad, favoreciendo la acumulación de H2S en zonas cercanas a la superficie del sedimento. En estas condiciones se produce una reducción del 96.7% en la población de microalgas bentónicas y un cambio en la comunidad, pasando de estar dominada por diatomeas a estarlo por cianobacterias. La meiofauna incrementa su densidad de población en un 845 ± 535%. El grupo con mayor crecimiento fueron los nematodos, cuya población es 9 veces superior al control, pasando a dominar completamente la meiofauna con un 92 ± 1% del número total de individuos, lo que produce una gran reducción de la diversidad.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-734178%5DMICH-A-734178, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/734178/MICH-A-734178/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy