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The spin-structure functions $g_1$ and $g_2$, and the spin-dependent partial cross-section $\sigma_\mathrm{TT}$ have been extracted from the polarized cross-sections differences, $\Delta \sigma_{\parallel}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(\nu,Q^{2}\right)$ and $\Delta \sigma_{\perp}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(\nu,Q^{2}\right)$ measured for the $\vec{^\textrm{3}\textrm{He}}(\vec{\textrm{e}},\textrm{e}')\textrm{X}$ reaction, in the E97-110 experiment at Jefferson Lab. Polarized electrons with energies from 1.147 to 4.404 GeV were scattered at angles of 6$^{\circ}$ and 9$^{\circ}$ from a longitudinally or transversely polarized $^{3}$He target. The data cover the kinematic regions of the quasi-elastic, resonance production and beyond. From the extracted spin-structure functions, the first moments $\overline{\Gamma_1}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$, $\Gamma_2\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$ and $I_{\mathrm{TT}}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$ are evaluated with high precision for the neutron in the $Q^2$ range from 0.035 to 0.24~GeV$^{2}$. The comparison of the data and the chiral effective field theory predictions reveals the importance of proper treatment of the $\Delta$ degree of freedom for spin observables., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Version published in Phys. Lett. B

The spin-structure functions $g_1$ and $g_2$, and the spin-dependent partial cross-section $\sigma_\mathrm{TT}$ have been extracted from the polarized cross-sections differences, $\Delta \sigma_{\parallel}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(\nu,Q^{2}\right)$ and $\Delta \sigma_{\perp}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(\nu,Q^{2}\right)$ measured for the $\vec{^\textrm{3}\textrm{He}}(\vec{\textrm{e}},\textrm{e}')\textrm{X}$ reaction, in the E97-110 experiment at Jefferson Lab. Polarized electrons with energies from 1.147 to 4.404 GeV were scattered at angles of 6$^{\circ}$ and 9$^{\circ}$ from a longitudinally or transversely polarized $^{3}$He target. The data cover the kinematic regions of the quasi-elastic, resonance production and beyond. From the extracted spin-structure functions, the first moments $\overline{\Gamma_1}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$, $\Gamma_2\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$ and $I_{\mathrm{TT}}\hspace{-0.06cm}\left(Q^{2}\right)$ are evaluated with high precision for the neutron in the $Q^2$ range from 0.035 to 0.24~GeV$^{2}$. The comparison of the data and the chiral effective field theory predictions reveals the importance of proper treatment of the $\Delta$ degree of freedom for spin observables., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables. Version published in Phys. Lett. B

BACKGROUND: Technology has progressed from single gene panel to large-scale genomic sequencing. This is raising expectations from clinicians and patients alike. The utility and performance of this technology in a clinical setting needs to be evaluated. AIM: This pilot study investigated the feasibility of using exome-scale sequencing (ESS) to identify molecular drivers within cancers in real-time for Precision Oncology in the clinic. METHODS: Between March 2014 and March 2015, the Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Alliance explored the feasibility and utility of ESS in a pilot study. DNA extracted from the tumour specimens underwent both ESS and targeted 'hotspot' sequencing (TS). Blood was taken for germline analysis. A multi-disciplinary molecular tumour board determined the clinical relevance of identified mutations; in particular, whether they were 'actionable' and/or 'druggable'. RESULTS: Of 23 patients screened, 15 (65%) met the tissue requirements for genomic analysis. TS and ESS were successful in all cases. ESS identified pathogenic somatic variants in 73% (11/15 cases) versus 53% (8/15 cases) using TS. Clinically focused ESS identified 63 variants, consisting of 30 somatic variants (including all 13 identified by TS) and 33 germline variants. Overall, there were 48 unique variants. ESS had a clinical impact in 53% (8/15 cases); 47% (7/15 cases) were referred to the familial cancer clinic, and 'druggable' targets were identified in 53% (8/15 cases). CONCLUSION: ESS of tumour DNA impacted clinical decision-making in 53%, with 20% more pathogenic variants identified through ESS than TS. The identification of germline variants in 47% was an unexpected finding.

Background: The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive lymph node-negative breast cancer is being reassessed. Patients and methods: After stratification by ER status, 1669 postmenopausal patients with operable lymph node-negative breast cancer were randomly assigned to three 28-day courses of ‘classical' CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen for 57 months (CMF→tamoxifen) or to tamoxifen alone for 5 years. Results: ERs were positive in 81% of tumors. At a median follow-up of 13.1 years, patients with ER-positive breast cancers did not benefit from CMF [13-year disease-free survival (DFS) 64% CMF→tamoxifen, 66% tamoxifen; P = 0.99], whereas CMF substantially improved the prognosis of patients with ER-negative breast cancer (13-year DFS 73% versus 57%, P = 0.001). Similarly, breast cancer-free interval (BCFI) was identical in the ER-positive cohort but significantly improved by chemotherapy in the ER-negative cohort (13-year BCFI 80% versus 63%, P = 0.001). CMF had no influence on second nonbreast malignancies or deaths from other causes. Conclusion: CMF is not beneficial in postmenopausal patients with node-negative ER-positive breast cancer but is highly effective within the ER-negative cohort. In the future, other markers of chemotherapy response may define a subset of patients with ER-positive tumors who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy

Scientific challenges exist on how to extract information from the wide range of projected impacts simulated by crop models driven by climate ensembles. Astronger focus is required to understand and identify the mechanisms and drivers of projected changes in crop yield. In this study, we investigate the robustness of future projections of five metrics relevant to agriculture stakeholders (accumulated frost days, dry days, growing season length, plant heat stress and start of field operations).We use a large ensemble of climate simulations by the MIT IGSM-CAM integrated assessment model that accounts for the uncertainty associated with different emissions scenarios, climate sensitivities, and representations of natural variability. By the end of the century, the US is projected to experience fewer frosts, a longer growing season, more heat stress and an earlier start of field operations - although the magnitude and even the sign of these changes vary greatly by regions. Projected changes in dry days are shown not to be robust.Wehighlight the important role of natural variability, in particular for changes in dry days (a precipitation-related index) and heat stress (a threshold index). The wide range of our projections compares well the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble, especially for temperature-related indices. This suggests that using a single climate model that accounts for key sources of uncertainty can provide an efficient and complementary framework to the more common approach of multimodel ensembles.Wealso show that greenhouse gas mitigation has the potential to significantly reduce adverse effects (heat stress, risks of pest and disease) of climate change on agriculture, while also curtailing potentially beneficial impacts (earlier planting, possibility for multiple cropping). A major benefit of climate mitigation is potentially preventing changes in several indices to emerge from the noise of natural variability, even by 2100. This has major implications consideri

Scientific challenges exist on how to extract information from the wide range of projected impacts simulated by crop models driven by climate ensembles. Astronger focus is required to understand and identify the mechanisms and drivers of projected changes in crop yield. In this study, we investigate the robustness of future projections of five metrics relevant to agriculture stakeholders (accumulated frost days, dry days, growing season length, plant heat stress and start of field operations).We use a large ensemble of climate simulations by the MIT IGSM-CAM integrated assessment model that accounts for the uncertainty associated with different emissions scenarios, climate sensitivities, and representations of natural variability. By the end of the century, the US is projected to experience fewer frosts, a longer growing season, more heat stress and an earlier start of field operations - although the magnitude and even the sign of these changes vary greatly by regions. Projected changes in dry days are shown not to be robust.Wehighlight the important role of natural variability, in particular for changes in dry days (a precipitation-related index) and heat stress (a threshold index). The wide range of our projections compares well the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble, especially for temperature-related indices. This suggests that using a single climate model that accounts for key sources of uncertainty can provide an efficient and complementary framework to the more common approach of multimodel ensembles.Wealso show that greenhouse gas mitigation has the potential to significantly reduce adverse effects (heat stress, risks of pest and disease) of climate change on agriculture, while also curtailing potentially beneficial impacts (earlier planting, possibility for multiple cropping). A major benefit of climate mitigation is potentially preventing changes in several indices to emerge from the noise of natural variability, even by 2100. This has major implications consideri

Currently, 80% of the world's available fresh water resource is used for irrigated agriculture. Growers usually try to ensure profitable crop production rather than considering possible environmental impacts, which can lead to misjudgement of the plant's actual needs and result in under- or over-irrigation. To understand how manual watering influences soil water status, soil moisture sensors were deployed in a representative commercial nursery. By automatically scheduling irrigation according to soil moisture thresholds, this work tries to understand the effects of deficit irrigation (under-irrigation - applying less than full water requirements) on possible growth regulation through changes in leaf water status, gas exchange and plant hormone balance. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. 'Ailsa Craig') were grown in a peat-based substrate in a controlled environment, and exposed to different irrigation treatments by varying the number of drippers in the pot (1 water deficit, 2 control). Hand-watering in a commercial nursery resulted in significant variation in soil water content that may compromise crop uniformity and quality. In contrast, feedback regulation of irrigation via soil moisture monitoring provides a useful tool to water plants according to their actual water needs, with significantly less variation in soil moisture. Under-irrigating containerised tomato plants significantly reduced evapotranspiration, crop fresh weight, height and leaf area and decreased leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. Although foliar concentrations of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) varied throughout the treatment period, ethylene emission from shoot increased. However, the role of these plant hormones during water deficit requires further experimentation using mutants deficient in these hormones. Although deficit irrigation as applied here limited tomato vegetative growth, further long-term experiments (that measure fruit yield) are needed to evaluate whether auto

Currently, 80% of the world's available fresh water resource is used for irrigated agriculture. Growers usually try to ensure profitable crop production rather than considering possible environmental impacts, which can lead to misjudgement of the plant's actual needs and result in under- or over-irrigation. To understand how manual watering influences soil water status, soil moisture sensors were deployed in a representative commercial nursery. By automatically scheduling irrigation according to soil moisture thresholds, this work tries to understand the effects of deficit irrigation (under-irrigation - applying less than full water requirements) on possible growth regulation through changes in leaf water status, gas exchange and plant hormone balance. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. 'Ailsa Craig') were grown in a peat-based substrate in a controlled environment, and exposed to different irrigation treatments by varying the number of drippers in the pot (1 water deficit, 2 control). Hand-watering in a commercial nursery resulted in significant variation in soil water content that may compromise crop uniformity and quality. In contrast, feedback regulation of irrigation via soil moisture monitoring provides a useful tool to water plants according to their actual water needs, with significantly less variation in soil moisture. Under-irrigating containerised tomato plants significantly reduced evapotranspiration, crop fresh weight, height and leaf area and decreased leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. Although foliar concentrations of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) varied throughout the treatment period, ethylene emission from shoot increased. However, the role of these plant hormones during water deficit requires further experimentation using mutants deficient in these hormones. Although deficit irrigation as applied here limited tomato vegetative growth, further long-term experiments (that measure fruit yield) are needed to evaluate whether auto

In this study, we couple the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with the Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA), a high complexity land surface model, to investigate the impact of canopy representation on regional evapotranspiration. The WRF-ACASA model uses a multilayer structure to represent the canopy, consequently allowing microenvironmental variables such as leaf area index (LAI), air and canopy temperature, wind speed and humidity to vary both horizontally and vertically. The improvement in canopy representation and canopy-atmosphere interaction allow for more realistic simulation of evapotranspiration on both regional and local scales. Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration (both potential and actual) are especially important for regions with limited water availability and high water demand, such as California. Water availability has been and will continue to be the most important issue facing California for years and perhaps decades to come. Terrestrial evapotranspiration is influenced by many processes and interactions in the atmosphere and the bio-sphere such as water, carbon, and momentum exchanges. The need to improve representation within of surface-atmosphere interactions remains an urgent priority within the modeling community., This work is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Awards No.ATM-0619139 and EF-1137306. The Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is funded by a number of federal agencies and a consortium of 40 industrial and foundation sponsors. (For the complete list see http://globalchange.mit.edu/sponsors/current.html).

[EN] Several decision support systems have been developed and many of them are focused on efficient use of water and energy resources. These include the Irrigation Advisory Service, combined with the use of benchmarking techniques and energy audits. In Brazil, the pioneer project called the Irrigation Advisory Service has been developed in Baixo Acaraú irrigation district, located in the north-east of Brazil. The main goal of the project is to transfer information about irrigation to farmers. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the Irrigation Advisory Service activities in Baixo Acaraú irrigation district, during the 2011, 2012 and 2013 irrigation seasons. Moreover, the results from the estimation of several performance indicators and from energy: audits carried out are shown as a complementary activity developed by the Irrigation Advisory Service. At the beginning of the irrigation season, on-field emission of uniformity was close to 67%. During the following evaluations, after recommendations of the Irrigation Advisory Service about the necessity of corrections to the systems, emission of uniformity reached 85%. With regard to the use of performance indicators, some problems relating to maintenance of equipment were noted, resulting in malfunctioning pumps. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., [FR] Il y a beaucoup de systèmes d‘aide à la décision développés avec pour objectif l'utilisation efficace des ressources de l‘eau et de l'énergie. Parmi ces outils, on trouve le service de conseil en irrigation, les techniques de benchmarking et les audits énergétiques. Au Brésil, le projet pionner a été le service de conseil en irrigation. Ce projet a été développé dans le district d‘irrigation ’Baixo Acaraú‘ au nord-est du Brésil. L'objectif principal du projet est la diffusion des informations sur l‘irrigation aux agriculteurs. L'objectif de ce travail est la présentation des résultats obtenus avec le service de conseil à l'irrigation dans le district d'irrigation 'Baixo Acaraú' pendant les campagnes agricoles 2011, 2012 et 2013. Plusieurs d'activités complémentaires sont aussi décrits: les résultats de différents indicateurs de performance et des audits énergétiques. Au début de la campagne d'irrigation, l'uniformité d'émission sur le terrain a été proche au 67%. Après les conseils du service de conseil de l'irrigation sur l'amélioration des systèmes, l'uniformité d'émission a été 85% pendant les suivantes évaluations. Certains problèmes d'entretien d'équipements, qui ont provoqué le mauvais fonctionnement des pompes, ont été détectés à partir des indicateurs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Accumulated daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) generally provides good estimates of cumulative soil water depletion between irrigation of well drained soils. If the canopy is wet due to fog, dew, or light rainfall, however, energy contribution to surface evaporation will reduce transpiration and hence soil water losses. When surface evaporation occurs, the ETc overestimates the soil water depletion by an amount approximately equal to the surface water evaporation. Moratiel et al. (2013) proposed a method to estimate the contribution of surface water to ETc based on the time of canopy drying. The first method assessment was done with California data, and this evaluation was conducted in the Ebro basin, Spain, to appraise the method in a higher latitude in area with a somewhat different climate. Differences between the California and Spain corrected models were less than 10% and depended mainly on the time of canopy drying. The comparison showed that the model is robust and useful to estimate the fraction (F) of ETc coming from the soil under dew, light rainfall, and fog conditions.

Surface renewal (SR) analysis is an interesting alternative to eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements. We have applied two recent SR approaches, with different theoretical background, that from Castellví (2004), SRCas, and that from Shapland et al. (2012a, 2012b), SRShap. We have applied both models for sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat flux estimation over heterogeneous crop surfaces. For this, EC equipments, including a sonic anemometer CSAT3 and a krypton hygrometer KH20, were located in two zones of drip irrigated orchards of late and early maturing peaches. The measurement period was June to September 2009. The SRCas is based on similarity concepts for independent estimation of the calibration factor (, which varies with respect to the atmospheric stability. The SRShap is based on analysis of different ramp-dimensions, separating the ones that are flux-bearing from the others that are isotropic. According to the results obtained here, there was a high agreement between the 30-min turbulent fluxes independently derived by EC and SRCas. The SRShap agreement with EC was slightly lower. Estimation of fluxes determined by SRCas resulted in higher values (around 11% for LE) with respect to EC, similarly to previously published works over homogeneous canopies. In terms of evapotranspiration, the root mean square error (RMSE) between EC and SR was only 0.07 mm h-1 (for SRCas) and 0.11 mm h-1 (for SRshap) for both measuring spots. According to the energy balance closure, the SRCas method was as reliable as the EC in estimating the turbulent fluxes related to irrigated agriculture and watershed distribution management, even when applied in heterogeneous cropping systems., Ground cover fraction (GCF) is defined as the fraction of ground beneath the canopy covered or shaded by a crop near solar noon as observed from directly overhead. GCF is a useful variable that can be determined in a variety of experimental procedures performed at a field plot scale. GCF is usually measured in experimental field plots using ceptometers or digital imagery. The use of these techniques in the field requires the presence in situ of qualified workers and do not permit the continuous recording of GCF. Thus, only a small number of measured values of GCF are available along the season. A network of pyranometers located at the ground level and above canopy can be connected to a datalogger so a continuous series of global radiation values can be recorded for long periods of time without the presence of any staff. Continuous values of daily GCF can be worked out from those readings. This approach could be particularly useful at remote, unattended sites. Nevertheless, the feasibility of such measures must be evaluated as the main constraint is that the pyranometers must be placed nearby the plant rows to avoid possible damage by the machinery used in the farm. This work presents the daily GCF estimates from pyranometer readings (‘pyranometer‐driven’ method, GCFpyr) at two experiments: a) Experiment I, at a table grape grown under a net, from February 2007 to November 2009; b) Experiment II, at a late peach orchard, from May to September 2011. In the Experiment II measurements were taken for one full irrigated, ‘control’ tree and for one ‘deficit irrigation’ tree., The daily GCFpyr values were compared to measured values (‘reference’ method, GCFref) using either photographical techniques (table grape) or ceptometers (late peach). For computation of GCFpyr, solar radiation below and above the canopy was averaged for two time periods: a) two hours around solar noon; b) daytime period (8:00 to 18:00 Universal Time Coordinated, UTC). For both experiments, the results obtained with the ‘pyranometer‐driven’ method improved when the solar radiation was averaged for daytime periods. For the table grape vineyard (daytime averaging period), the ‘pyranometer‐driven’ method showed a good agreement with the GCFref values as shown by a mean estimation error (MEE) of 0.000, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.113, and an index of agreement (IA) of 0.967. For the peach orchard (daytime averaging period), the agreement of the ‘pyranometer‐driven’ method with the GCFref values was worse, particularly with the ‘deficit irrigation’ tree. MEE was 0.046 to 0.210, RMSE was 0.064 to 0.217, and IA was 0.863 to 0.232. The highest GCF attained, the larger measurement range for GCF (which involves a larger variability of sun angle above the horizon) and the presence of the net above the table grape, were the likely reasons for the better performance of GCFpyr in this crop. Further research is required to develop more appropriate calibration equations of GCFpyr taking into account the whole range of GCF variability.

Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is treated with estrogen inhibitors. Fulvestrant (FASLODEX™), an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with no known agonist effects, competitively binds, blocks and degrades the ER. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may mediate resistance to ER antagonists. Cediranib is a highly potent VEGF signaling inhibitor with activity against all three VEGF receptors. This randomized Phase II study evaluated cediranib plus fulvestrant. Postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer were eligible. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), duration of response, clinical benefit rate (CBR), safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK). Patients received cediranib 45 mg/day (n=31) or placebo (n=31) both plus fulvestrant. Demographic/baseline characteristics were well balanced. Patients treated with cediranib had a numerical advantage in PFS (hazard ratio=0.867, P=0.669; median 223 vs. 112 days, respectively) and ORR (22 vs. 8 %, respectively) vs. placebo, although not statistically significant. CBR was 42 % in both arms. The most common adverse events (AEs) in the cediranib arm were diarrhea (68 %), fatigue (61 %) and hypertension (55 %). The incidence of grade ≥ 3 AEs (68 % vs. 32 %), serious AEs (48 % vs. 13 %), discontinuation AEs (39 % vs. 10 %), and cediranib dose reductions/interruptions (74 % vs. 32 %) were higher in the cediranib arm. There was no evidence of a clinically relevant effect of cediranib on fulvestrant PK. Cediranib plus fulvestrant may demonstrate clinical activity in this population, but cediranib 45 mg was not sufficiently well tolerated. Investigation of lower doses of cediranib plus hormonal/chemotherapy could be considered.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, of metformin, and of the combination of the two agents, on incretin hormone concentrations. Active and inactive (or total) incretin plasma concentrations, plasma DPP-4 activity, and preproglucagon (GCG) gene expression were determined after administration of each agent alone or in combination to mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to healthy human subjects. In mice, metformin increased Gcg expression in the large intestine and elevated the plasma concentrations of inactive glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (9-36) and glucagon. In healthy subjects, a DPP-4 inhibitor elevated both active GLP-1 and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), metformin increased total GLP-1 (but not GIP), and the combination resulted in additive increases in active GLP-1 plasma concentrations. Metformin did not inhibit plasma DPP-4 activity either in vitro or in vivo. The study results show that metformin is not a DPP-4 inhibitor but rather enhances precursor GCG expression in the large intestine, resulting in increased total GLP-1 concentrations. DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin have complementary mechanisms of action and additive effects with respect to increasing the concentrations of active GLP-1 in plasma.

Contains reports on status of research and nine research projects., National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGR-22-009-163)

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, of metformin, and of the combination of the two agents, on incretin hormone concentrations. Active and inactive (or total) incretin plasma concentrations, plasma DPP-4 activity, and preproglucagon (GCG) gene expression were determined after administration of each agent alone or in combination to mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to healthy human subjects. In mice, metformin increased Gcg expression in the large intestine and elevated the plasma concentrations of inactive glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (9-36) and glucagon. In healthy subjects, a DPP-4 inhibitor elevated both active GLP-1 and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), metformin increased total GLP-1 (but not GIP), and the combination resulted in additive increases in active GLP-1 plasma concentrations. Metformin did not inhibit plasma DPP-4 activity either in vitro or in vivo. The study results show that metformin is not a DPP-4 inhibitor but rather enhances precursor GCG expression in the large intestine, resulting in increased total GLP-1 concentrations. DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin have complementary mechanisms of action and additive effects with respect to increasing the concentrations of active GLP-1 in plasma.

This paper describes two approaches for estimating sensible heat flux, using surface renewal and similarity concepts. One approach depends on a temperature structure function parameter and is valid in the inertial sub-layer. The other approach depends on the temperature standard deviation and operates when measurements are made above the canopy top, either in the roughness or inertial sub-layer. The approaches were tested over turf grass, rangeland grass, wheat, grape vineyard and nectarine and olive orchards. It is shown that the free convection limit expression for the standard deviation method holds for slightly unstable conditions. When surface homogeneity and fetch requirements are not fully met in the field, the results show that the equations based on surface renewal principles are more robust and accurate than equations exclusively based on similarity backgrounds. It is likely that the two methods require no calibration unless the canopy is heterogeneous. Under unstable conditions, the free convection limit equation, which depends on the temperature standard deviation, can provide on-line sensible heat flux density estimates using affordable battery-powered data logger with temperature data as the only input. The approach performed well when measuring near or well above the canopy top, thus, suggesting that the method is useful for long term monitoring over growing vegetation.

We evaluated quality of life (QL) and quality-adjusted survival in International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial IX, a randomised trial including 1669 eligible patients receiving tamoxifen for 5 years or three prior cycles of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) followed by 57 months tamoxifen. During the time with CMF toxicity (Tox), without symptoms and toxicity (TWiST), and following relapse (Rel), patients scored their QL indicators and a utility indicator for subjective health estimation between 'perfect' and 'worst' health. Scores were averaged within Tox, TWiST and Rel and transformed to utilities. Mean durations for the three transition times were weighted with utilities to obtain mean quality-adjusted TWiST (Q-TWiST). Patients receiving CMF reported significantly worse scores for most QL domains at month 3, but less hot flushes. After completing chemotherapy, there were no differences by treatment groups. Benefits evaluated by Q-TWiST favoured the additional chemotherapy. CMF provided 3 more months of Q-TWiST for patients with ER-negative tumours, but CMF provided no benefit in Q-TWiST for patients with ER-positive tumours. Q-TWiST analysis based on patient ratings is feasible in large-scale cross-cultural clinical trials.

Store-induced limit-cycle oscillation of a rectangular wing with tip store in transonic flow is simulated using a variety of mathematical models for the flow field: transonic small-disturbance theory (with and without inclusion of store aerodynamics) and transonic small-disturbance theory with interactive boundary layer (without inclusion of store aerodynamics). For the conditions investigated, limit-cycle oscillations are observed to occur as a result of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, and are obtained at speeds lower than those predicted (1) nonlinearly for clean-wing flutter, and (2) linearly for wing/store flutter. The ability of transonic small-disturbance theory to predict the occurrence and strength of this type of limit-cycle oscillation is compared for the different models. Solutions computed for the clean rectangular wing are compared to those computed with the Euler equations for a case of static aeroelastic behavior and for a case of forced, rigid-wing oscillation at Mach 0.92., Presented at RTO Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT) Symposium held in Paris, France on 22-25 Apr 2002. The original document contains color images. ISBN 92-837-0027-9. Text in English; p44-1/44-22. This article is from ADA415759 Reduction of Military Vehicle Acquisition Time and Cost through Advanced Modelling and Virtual Simulation (La reduction des couts et des delais d'acquisition des vehicules militaires par la modelisation avancee et la simulation de produit virtuel)

An investigation was carried out on the recently discovered ‘giant’ extra large (XL) form of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis from the Arabian Sea. The sample consisted of 2 males, which have not been previously described, and 13 females. Diet composition, parasite loading, sucker ring dentition, biolumi-nescence and sexual dimorphism were examined and compared to known parameters of the medium (M) form. Reproductive strategy, potential fecundity, egg size distribution in the ovary and oviducts were examined in mature XL females. Evidence of multiple spawning in the giant form was also investigated. Overall body shape, bioluminescent structures and coloration of the giant form were similar to the M form, though the XL form had a smaller fin angle than the M form. The mature female XL form has a dorsal mantle length about twice that of a mature female M form. Adult females of the XL form have a dorsal mantle length about twice that of adult males of the same form. Differences between males and females were found in arm sucker ring dentition and parasite load, suggesting a difference in diet. This could be linked to size differences between the sexes. A strong correlation between ovary mass and mantle length was found (r2 = 0.64). Poor correlation was found between mantle length and oviduct mass (r2 = 0.128) and potential fecundity (r2 = 0.07). Potential fecundity ranged between 2–5 million eggs and the holding capacity of the oviducts was approximately 300, 000 eggs. This combined with the presence of spermatangia and the presence of food in the stomach suggest that the XL form is a multiple spawner. S. oualaniensis appears to have a plastic phenotype and has adapted to the Arabian Sea conditions by evolving the capacity to grow to a giant size.

An investigation was carried out on the recently discovered ‘giant’ extra large (XL) form of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis from the Arabian Sea. The sample consisted of 2 males, which have not been previously described, and 13 females. Diet composition, parasite loading, sucker ring dentition, biolumi-nescence and sexual dimorphism were examined and compared to known parameters of the medium (M) form. Reproductive strategy, potential fecundity, egg size distribution in the ovary and oviducts were examined in mature XL females. Evidence of multiple spawning in the giant form was also investigated. Overall body shape, bioluminescent structures and coloration of the giant form were similar to the M form, though the XL form had a smaller fin angle than the M form. The mature female XL form has a dorsal mantle length about twice that of a mature female M form. Adult females of the XL form have a dorsal mantle length about twice that of adult males of the same form. Differences between males and females were found in arm sucker ring dentition and parasite load, suggesting a difference in diet. This could be linked to size differences between the sexes. A strong correlation between ovary mass and mantle length was found (r2 = 0.64). Poor correlation was found between mantle length and oviduct mass (r2 = 0.128) and potential fecundity (r2 = 0.07). Potential fecundity ranged between 2–5 million eggs and the holding capacity of the oviducts was approximately 300, 000 eggs. This combined with the presence of spermatangia and the presence of food in the stomach suggest that the XL form is a multiple spawner. S. oualaniensis appears to have a plastic phenotype and has adapted to the Arabian Sea conditions by evolving the capacity to grow to a giant size.

Superconducting films were produced by a radio frequency (RF) plasma aerosol evaporation technique at atmospheric pressure without post-annealing. Aqueous solutions containing Y, Ba, and Cu were generated as an aerosol which was then injected into the plasma region. The ionized species were deposited onto substrates outside of both the plasma and flame regions. The substrate temperature was 400-600 deg C. The deposition rate is 0.01-100 microns/(min cm2) , , and the film thickness is 1-200 microns. For an as deposited film on a single crystalline MgO substrate (100) with substrate temperature of 600 deg C, the onset temperature of the superconducting transition is 100K, with a transition width (10%-90%) of 3K, and zero resistance at 93K. An optimum substrate temperature for this technique is discussed. The as deposited films are compared with other post-annealed films (850 deg C, 1 hour). Since this technique does not require a vacuum environment it has potential for large scale production of thin films.

Editors: Aug. 1859-July 1865, J. D. White, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Aug. 1865-Dec. 1871, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Jan. 1872-May 1891, J. W. White.--July 1891-Apr. 1930, E. C. Kirk (with L. P. Anthony, Dec. 1917-Apr. 1930).--May 1930-Dec. 1936, L. P. Anthony., Vols. 1-13 are called "new series.", Merged in Jan. 1937 with: Journal of the American Dental Association, ISSN 1048-6364, to form: Journal of the American Dental Association and dental cosmos, ISSN 0375-8451., The Dental cosmos; a monthly record of dental science. [Vol. 63] : Vol 63 : Issue 12, Page(s) 1256-1266, (dlps) volume: 0527912.0063.001, (dlps) article: 0527912.0063.001:621, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Physical characteristics of the head and neck were measured on 18 male Navy volunteers who had previously undergone testing on the NAMRL sled facility at Michoud Station, New Orleans. Measurements include 55 standard anthropometric measures, 32 anthropometric measures of the seated subject, three dimensional head and neck range of motion, neck muscle reflex times in response to head jerks, and neck muscle voluntary isometric strength. These latter measurements were taken in both the sagittal and lateral planes. Measurement results were used to establish parameter values for the MVMA-2D Crash Victim Simulator data set in an attempt to reproduce the dynamic response of these volunteers to -Gx sled acceleration at 6 and 15 G's. Procedures used for computing the various parameter values and comparisons between predicted and experimental results are presented. In addition, measurement data for 18-24 year females taken previously have been utilized to predict the dynamic response that would be expected if these subjects were tested at 6 and 15 G's.

The feasibility of using spot tests coupled with ring oven separation for the monitoring of selected species in natural water sources was demonstrated. The species investigated and their concentration ranges were iron (0.1-10 ppm), lead (.05-1.0 ppm), magnesium (10-5000 ppm), zinc (1-20 ppm), chlorides (10-20,000 ppm), fluorides (0.1-10.0 ppm), nitrates (1.0-20 ppm), sulfates (10-3000 ppm), copper (0.1-5 ppm), calcium (20-10,000 ppm), cadmium (0.01-0.1 ppm), chromium (0.01-1 ppm), cyanide (0.1-5 ppm), manganese (0.02-2 ppm), and phosphate (0.02-2 ppm).

Although the seat belt has been demonstrated to provide effective reduction of injuries and fatalities in automobile accidents by preventing ejection, a pattern of injuries directly attributable to impingement on the belt itself is becoming evident. This paper surveys the clinical evidence of restraint system injuries, discusses gross biomechanical mechanisms of trauma, and evaluates the potential of four principal types of restraint systems in producing injuries. New results are presented comparing the lap belt, diagonal, three-point, and double torso restraint systems in experimental primate impacts utilizing the 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory's Daisy Decelerator. The double shoulder harness (with lap belt) appears to offer the greatest protection of the systems compared, while the single diagonal belt (without lap belt) has been demonstrated to be the most dangerous type in certain impact situations. A seat belt system properly installed and properly worn still offers the single best protection for the automotive occupant during an impact., Presented at Michigan Univ. Medical School Sesquicentennial Symposium on the Prevention of Highway Injury, Highway Safety Institute, Ann Arbor, 19-21 Apr 1967.

Small deflection buckling theory is applied to the efficiency study of laminated cylindrical shells subjected to external pressure. Limitations of a theory which neglects material coupling terms is determined. Guidelines are established for the efficient design of cylindrical shells. (Author)

The report describes first operational version of the Vectran precompiler. The Vectran system, of which the precompiler is a major part, was developed to increase capability and achieve greater efficiency of operation in the field of space systems simulation. The precompiler furnishes the engineer with a computational tool to perform matrix and vector arithmetic as conveniently as FORTRAN performs scalar arithmetic. (Author)

Descriptions and flow diagrams for the simulation of a Neurotron (a neuromime with the ability to learn both analog and digital functions) network are presented. The program has been prepared for the IBM 7094 Computer and is encoded in a subroutine complex in FORTRAN IV and Macro-Assembly Program code (MAP) for use with the IBM IBJOB Monitor System. Although exact applications to learning and goal situations are not included, these aspects are discussed to a degree that allows complete use of the simulation vehicle in specific problem areas. (Author)

A summary is presented of the other five volumes of this report which are mathematical and computer simulation studies of PSV systems. Particular emphasis is here placed upon Neurotron artificial nerve cells and networks of these artificial nerve cells, which, together with their goal circuits, probably form the most advanced type of PSV systems. This volume presents a brief discussion of the subject matter covered in the other volumes and contains conclusions drawn from the other volumes. (Author)

The report describes a program for efficiently designing trajectories for the Centaur first burn phase of flight. (Author)

Thermal conductivity for a helium-oxygen mixture is 2.5 times greater than the conductivity of a nitrogen-oxygen mixture at 7 psia. A direct result of this difference is that the convective heat loss from man is higher in a helium atmosphere. Therefore, thermal comfort zones in helium should show an elevated comfort range. Measurements of human comfort zones at pressures of 5, 7 and 10 psia using a random walk technique were made in the Space Cabin Simulator. Air velocities, clothing, and atmosphere diluents were systematically varied. The data show that the mid-point of the comfort range for the clothed subject is highest for He-O2 at 7 psia and lowest for N2 - O2 at both 5 and 7 psia; He-O2 at 5 psia mid way between these extremes. (Author Modified Abstract), Presented at the Aerospace Medical Association Convention held at Las Vegas, Nev., on 18-21 Apr 66.

The problem, as suggested by Mr. R. L. Snyder, was to design a sweep system for an oscilloscope which would sequentially present on the trace three signals. The first would be the trace of the input signal, the second would be a horizontal line representing a voltage level with superimposed timing markers, the third would be another horizontal line representing a lower voltage than the first. The relative amplitudes of the first trace with respect to the difference of the other two should be variable and calibrated to allow direct indication of the amplitude of the input signal.

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This thesis document was issued under the authority of another institution, not NPS. At the time it was written, a copy was added to the NPS Library collection for reasons not now known. It has been included in the digital archive for its historical value to NPS. Not believed to be a CIVINS (Civilian Institutions) title., The problem, as suggested by Mr. R. L. Snyder, was to design a sweep system for an oscilloscope which would sequentially present on the trace three signals. The first would be the trace of the input signal, the second would be a horizontal line representing a voltage level with superimposed timing markers, the third would be another horizontal line representing a lower voltage than the first. The relative amplitudes of the first trace with respect to the difference of the other two should be variable and calibrated to allow direct indication of the amplitude of the input signal., http://archive.org/details/anoscilloscopesw109456502

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Background: The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive lymph node-negative breast cancer is being reassessed. Patients and methods: After stratification by ER status, 1669 postmenopausal patients with operable lymph node-negative breast cancer were randomly assigned to three 28-day courses of ‘classical' CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen for 57 months (CMF→tamoxifen) or to tamoxifen alone for 5 years. Results: ERs were positive in 81% of tumors. At a median follow-up of 13.1 years, patients with ER-positive breast cancers did not benefit from CMF [13-year disease-free survival (DFS) 64% CMF→tamoxifen, 66% tamoxifen; P = 0.99], whereas CMF substantially improved the prognosis of patients with ER-negative breast cancer (13-year DFS 73% versus 57%, P = 0.001). Similarly, breast cancer-free interval (BCFI) was identical in the ER-positive cohort but significantly improved by chemotherapy in the ER-negative cohort (13-year BCFI 80% versus 63%, P = 0.001). CMF had no influence on second nonbreast malignancies or deaths from other causes. Conclusion: CMF is not beneficial in postmenopausal patients with node-negative ER-positive breast cancer but is highly effective within the ER-negative cohort. In the future, other markers of chemotherapy response may define a subset of patients with ER-positive tumors who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy

This report presents the research conducted as part of an investigation for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) regarding the seismic response and overall moment capacity of precast I-girder to inverted-T bent cap bridge connections for seismic applications. The current design practice, as outlined by Caltrans' Seismic Design Criteria, assumes that the connection between the precast I-girders and the inverted-T bent cap will degrade in a seismic event and shall therefore be designed as a pinned connection, making the precast girder option for seismic bridges inefficient. A prototype I-girder to inverted-T bent cap bridge and a 50% scale test unit was designed in order to investigate the behavior of the as-built girder-to-cap connection region. Additionally, per the request of Caltrans, an improved girder-to-cap connection detail was developed in order to ensure a fully continuous moment connection between the I-girders and inverted-T bent cap.