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Solanum indicum L. (Family Solanaceae), also known as poison berry in English, is a thorny, heavily branched perennial under shrub that can grow up to 1 metre in height and reach heights of up to 1 metre in height. This wonderful medicinal plant is extensively used in folk and traditional Indian systems of medicine to treat toxic affections, skin problems, ulcers, difficulties breathing, stomach aches, coughing, and dyspepsia, among other conditions. It is native to India and can be found throughout the country, primarily in warmer climates up to an elevation of 1500 metres. It is a well-known Indian medicinal plant that has been utilised extensively in the Ayurvedic system of medicine of treatment for many years in various ailments. It is a key component of the dasamoola group of plants' composition. Solasodine, Solasonine, Solamargine, Solanidine, and Solanine are some of the active steroidal alkaloids/glycoalkaloids found in S. indicum. The presence of various phytoconstituents in the plant has been documented, including steroidal saponins, sesquiterpenoids, hydroxycoumarins, phenolic compounds, coumarins, coumarinolignoids alkaloids, saponin, fatty acids, glycerides of the oil, and triterpenes, among other substances. Various pharmacological effects of the plant, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, anticancer, laxative, cardiotonic activity, CNS depressant and anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective qualities, have been discovered in the plant. So, the aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive information from recognized sources on the ethnobotany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological efficacy and of the medicinal plant, S. indicum. These reports are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more extensively for its therapeutic benefits. Clinical trials using Solanum for a variety of combinations in different formulations should also be conducted. Keywords: Solanum indicum

Solanum indicum L. (Family Solanaceae), also known as poison berry in English, is a thorny, heavily branched perennial under shrub that can grow up to 1 metre in height and reach heights of up to 1 metre in height. This wonderful medicinal plant is extensively used in folk and traditional Indian systems of medicine to treat toxic affections, skin problems, ulcers, difficulties breathing, stomach aches, coughing, and dyspepsia, among other conditions. It is native to India and can be found throughout the country, primarily in warmer climates up to an elevation of 1500 metres. It is a well-known Indian medicinal plant that has been utilised extensively in the Ayurvedic system of medicine of treatment for many years in various ailments. It is a key component of the dasamoola group of plants' composition. Solasodine, Solasonine, Solamargine, Solanidine, and Solanine are some of the active steroidal alkaloids/glycoalkaloids found in S. indicum. The presence of various phytoconstituents in the plant has been documented, including steroidal saponins, sesquiterpenoids, hydroxycoumarins, phenolic compounds, coumarins, coumarinolignoids alkaloids, saponin, fatty acids, glycerides of the oil, and triterpenes, among other substances. Various pharmacological effects of the plant, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, anticancer, laxative, cardiotonic activity, CNS depressant and anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective qualities, have been discovered in the plant. So, the aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive information from recognized sources on the ethnobotany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological efficacy and of the medicinal plant, S. indicum. These reports are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more extensively for its therapeutic benefits. Clinical trials using Solanum for a variety of combinations in different formulations should also be conducted. Keywords: Solanum indicum

Hyperlipidemia is major problem among population those, who have sedentary life style. The effects of ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubiacordifoliain experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats were investigated. 42 wistar rats of both sexes were used for the study. The animals were completely randomized into seven groups comprising 6 animals each. The groups were treated as follows: Group I: normal diet (ND); Group II: HFD ( Vanaspati ghee + coconut oil mixture in ratio of 3:2 at 10 ml/kg/day); Group III: HFD + Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day); Group IV: HFD+ ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose(200 mg/kg/day); Group V: HFD + ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/kg/day); Group VI: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose (200 mg/kg/day); Group VII: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/kg/day). Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding the animals with high fat diet for 21 days before administration of the extract. After 21thday of feeding, administration of extract lasted for 14 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubia cordifolia contains glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that the antihyperlipidemic activity observed with Atorvastatin (10mg/kg oral) and the ethanolic extracts of Rubia cordifolia (400mg/kg) showed better activity thanaqueous extracts of Rubia cordifolia (200mg/kg). Keywords: Rubia cordifolia, body weight, high fat diet, serum lipid, anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

Hyperlipidemia is major problem among population those, who have sedentary life style. The effects of ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubiacordifoliain experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats were investigated. 42 wistar rats of both sexes were used for the study. The animals were completely randomized into seven groups comprising 6 animals each. The groups were treated as follows: Group I: normal diet (ND); Group II: HFD ( Vanaspati ghee + coconut oil mixture in ratio of 3:2 at 10 ml/kg/day); Group III: HFD + Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day); Group IV: HFD+ ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose(200 mg/kg/day); Group V: HFD + ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/kg/day); Group VI: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose (200 mg/kg/day); Group VII: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/kg/day). Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding the animals with high fat diet for 21 days before administration of the extract. After 21thday of feeding, administration of extract lasted for 14 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubia cordifolia contains glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that the antihyperlipidemic activity observed with Atorvastatin (10mg/kg oral) and the ethanolic extracts of Rubia cordifolia (400mg/kg) showed better activity thanaqueous extracts of Rubia cordifolia (200mg/kg). Keywords: Rubia cordifolia, body weight, high fat diet, serum lipid, anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. is an Indian medicinal plant demonstrated to exert multiple health cures. This plant grows naturally in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. It is traditionally used as anti-acne, anti-arthritic, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, wound healing, anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, anti-stress and nootropic, anti-viral, diuretic and gastroprotective. The antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanolic root extracts of Glycyrrhizaglabrawas studied in wistar rats using High Fat Diet (FD) induced hyperlipidemic model, at the doses of 400 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of extract was compared with standard drug simvastatin. The ethanolic extracts, significantly decreased the serum lipid profile level in a dose dependent manner in wistar rats. Ethanolic extracts at 400 mg/kg have shown significant antihyperlipidemic action. These results support the fact that this plant is used traditionally as antihyperlipidemic. The study will help in exploring new plant source as an antihyperlipiedemic agent which can minimize the risk and side effects as compared to that of conventional medicine.  Keywords: Glycyrrhizaglabra, Antihyperlipidemic Activity, Simvastatin, High Fat Diet (FD) induced hyperlipidemic model.

Diabetes globally has become one of the chronic public health problems and is related to group of metabolic defects resulting due to defect in insulin secretion and its action. As the disease progress micro and macro vascular damage may lead to retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and various cardiovascular like complications. It is estimated that by the year of 2030 about 439 million adults would be suffering from any form of diabetes. There are mainly two types of diabetes which is because of their occurrence rate. The current review covers the basic aspect of types of diabetes, insulin molecular, chemical basis, and its secretion, hypoglycemic drugs used and their mode of action, what are the recent advancement in terms of new drugs finding, and the herbal plants. Thus, the information will help researchers for development of combination medication which involve both recent medication and herbal medication for combating various complication associated with diabetes. Â KEY WORDS: Hyperglycemia, insulin, glucose, phyto-constituents.

Diuretics are among the most commonly used drugs. They act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses. The ability to induce negative fluid balance has made diuretics useful in the treatment of a variety of conditions, particularly edematous states and hypertension. A review on physiology of kidney, nephron, urine formation, diuretic drugs with their classification and the mechanism of various diuretics are discussed here with neatly described schematic diagrams. Key words Diuretics, Kidney, Nephron, Physiology of urine formation, Mechanism of action of various diuretic drugs.

Diabetes globally has become one of the chronic public health problems and is related to group of metabolic defects resulting due to defect in insulin secretion and its action. As the disease progress micro and macro vascular damage may lead to retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and various cardiovascular like complications. It is estimated that by the year of 2030 about 439 million adults would be suffering from any form of diabetes. There are mainly two types of diabetes which is because of their occurrence rate. The current review covers the basic aspect of types of diabetes, insulin molecular, chemical basis, and its secretion, hypoglycemic drugs used and their mode of action, what are the recent advancement in terms of new drugs finding, and the herbal plants. Thus, the information will help researchers for development of combination medication which involve both recent medication and herbal medication for combating various complication associated with diabetes. Â KEY WORDS: Hyperglycemia, insulin, glucose, phyto-constituents.

Diuretics are among the most commonly used drugs. They act by diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses. The ability to induce negative fluid balance has made diuretics useful in the treatment of a variety of conditions, particularly edematous states and hypertension. A review on physiology of kidney, nephron, urine formation, diuretic drugs with their classification and the mechanism of various diuretics are discussed here with neatly described schematic diagrams. Key words Diuretics, Kidney, Nephron, Physiology of urine formation, Mechanism of action of various diuretic drugs.