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Der Beitrag setzt sich mit den methodischen und technischen Herausforderungen auseinander, die im Rahmen des Dissertationsprojektes "Musterhafter Sprachgebrauch beim Sprechen über Literatur im Deutschunterrichtsdiskurs. Eine korpuslinguistische Untersuchung von Deutschunterrichtstranskripten" bei der Erstellung eines fachspezifischen Korpus auf der Grundlage archivierter Transkripte aus unterschiedlichen Projektkontexten aufgetreten sind. Dabei wird zum einen auf die Anforderungen der Erstellung eines fachspezifischen Korpus mit gesprochensprachlichen Daten eingegangen, indem auf einer theoretischen Ebene Merkmale der Verständigung über Literatur im Deutschunterricht erläutert werden. Auf dieser Grundlage wird zum anderen aufgezeigt, welche Aufbereitungsschritte in dem Projekt die maschinelle, korpuslinguistische Analyse der Daten ermöglichen. In einem Fazit werden die Grenzen und Potenziale dieses Zugriffs diskutiert.

Evidence for sleep-dependent changes in microstructural neuroplasticity remains scarce, despite the fact that it is a mandatory correlate of the reorganization of learning-related functional networks. We investigated the effects of post-training sleep on structural neuroplasticity markers measuring standard diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), mean diffusivity (MD), and the revised biophysical neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), free water fraction (FWF), and neurite density (NDI) parameters that enable disentangling whether MD changes result from modifications in neurites or in other cellular components (e.g. glial cells). Thirty-four healthy young adults were scanned using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on Day1 before and after 40-min route learning (navigation) in a virtual environment, then were sleep deprived (SD) or slept normally (RS) for the night. After recovery sleep for 2 nights, they were scanned again (Day4) before and after 40-min route learning (navigation) in an extended environment. Sleep-related microstructural changes were computed on DTI (MD) and NODDI (NDI and FWF) parameters in the cortical ribbon and subcortical hippocampal and striatal regions of interest (ROIs). Results disclosed navigation learning-related decreased DWI parameters in the cortical ribbon (MD, FWF) and subcortical (MD, FWF, NDI) areas. Post-learning sleep-related changes were found at Day4 in the extended learning session (pre- to post-relearning percentage changes), suggesting a rapid sleep-related remodeling of neurites and glial cells subtending learning and memory processes in basal ganglia and hippocampal structures., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Aim To explore and compare Danish health-care professionals’ attitudes and knowledge towards pain management of children. Methods The cross-sectional study was carried out using the Pediatric Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to all health care professionals caring for children in three hospital settings, including nurses and physicians in departments of pediatric, emergency, and anesthesia and medical laboratory technologists. Results The study was conducted in 2020 and 765 health care professionals participated. Within the six main categories included in the questionnaire, there were significant differences between nurses and physicians in three subcategories: view on the care of children in pain, using drugs to relieve pain, and the four mandatories. Comparing nurses with medical laboratory technicians, there were significant differences in the subcategory "view on the care of children in pain." Comparing types of clinical departments, there were significant differences in the subcategories’ view on the care of children in pain, using drugs to relieve pain, and the four mandatories. Overall, we found that the participating health professionals did not have a uniform understanding of pain management and therefore might treat children differently. Conclusion The present study highlights the need to align health care professionals’ knowledge regarding pain assessment and management of children, as well as the need to develop and test interventions that support the use of knowledge in practice., AIM: To explore and compare Danish health-care professionals' attitudes and knowledge towards pain management of children.METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out using the Pediatric Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to all health care professionals caring for children in three hospital settings, including nurses and physicians in departments of pediatric, emergency, and anesthesia and medical laboratory technologists.RESULTS: The study was conducted in 2020 and 765 health care professionals participated. Within the six main categories included in the questionnaire, there were significant differences between nurses and physicians in three subcategories: view on the care of children in pain, using drugs to relieve pain, and the four mandatories. Comparing nurses with medical laboratory technicians, there were significant differences in the subcategory "view on the care of children in pain." Comparing types of clinical departments, there were significant differences in the subcategories' view on the care of children in pain, using drugs to relieve pain, and the four mandatories. Overall, we found that the participating health professionals did not have a uniform understanding of pain management and therefore might treat children differently.CONCLUSION: The present study highlights the need to align health care professionals' knowledge regarding pain assessment and management of children, as well as the need to develop and test interventions that support the use of knowledge in practice.

Agulhas leakage, the transport of warm and salty waters from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic, has been suggested to increase under anthropogenic climate change, due to strengthening Southern Hemisphere westerly winds. The resulting enhanced salt transport into the South Atlantic may counteract the projected weakening of the Atlantic overturning circulation through warming and ice melting. Here we combine existing and new observation- and model-based Agulhas leakage estimates to robustly quantify its decadal evolution since the 1960s. We find that Agulhas leakage very likely increased between the mid-1960s and mid-1980s, in agreement with strengthening winds. Our models further suggest that increased leakage was related to enhanced transport outside eddies and coincided with strengthened Atlantic overturning circulation. Yet, it appears unlikely that Agulhas leakage substantially increased since the 1990s, despite continuously strengthening winds. Our results stress the need to better understand decadal leakage variability to detect and predict anthropogenic trends.

Observations of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 2010s show exceptional freshening and cooling of the upper ocean, peaking in 2016 with the lowest salinities recorded for 120 years. Published theories for the mechanisms driving the freshening include: reduced transport of saltier, warmer surface waters northwards from the subtropics associated with reduced meridional overturning; shifts in the pathways of fresher, cooler surface water from the Labrador Sea driven by changing patterns of wind stress; and the eastward expansion of the subpolar gyre. Using output from a high-resolution hindcast model simulation, we propose that the primary cause of the exceptional freshening and cooling is reduced surface heat loss in the Labrador Sea. Tracking virtual fluid particles in the model backwards from the eastern subpolar North Atlantic between 1990 and 2020 shows the major cause of the freshening and cooling to be an increased outflow of relatively fresh and cold surface waters from the Labrador Sea; with a minor contribution from reduced transport of warmer, saltier surface water northward from the subtropics. The cooling, but not the freshening, produced by these changing proportions of waters of subpolar and subtropical origin is mitigated by reduced along-track heat loss to the atmosphere in the North Atlantic Current. We analyse modelled boundary exchanges and water mass transformation in the Labrador Sea to show that since 2000, while inflows of lighter surface waters remain steady, the increasing output of these waters is due to reduced surface heat loss in the Labrador Sea beginning in the early 2000s. Tracking particles further upstream reveals that the primary source of the increased volume of lighter water transported out of the Labrador Sea is increased recirculation of water, and therefore longer residence times, in the upper 500–1000 m of the subpolar gyre.

Observations of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 2010s show exceptional freshening and cooling of the upper ocean, peaking in 2016 with the lowest salinities recorded for 120 years. Published theories for the mechanisms driving the freshening include: reduced transport of saltier, warmer surface waters northwards from the subtropics associated with reduced meridional overturning; shifts in the pathways of fresher, cooler surface water from the Labrador Sea driven by changing patterns of wind stress; and the eastward expansion of the subpolar gyre. Using output from a high-resolution hindcast model simulation, we propose that the primary cause of the exceptional freshening and cooling is reduced surface heat loss in the Labrador Sea. Tracking virtual fluid particles in the model backwards from the eastern subpolar North Atlantic between 1990 and 2020 shows the major cause of the freshening and cooling to be an increased outflow of relatively fresh and cold surface waters from the Labrador Sea; with a minor contribution from reduced transport of warmer, saltier surface water northward from the subtropics. The cooling, but not the freshening, produced by these changing proportions of waters of subpolar and subtropical origin is mitigated by reduced along-track heat loss to the atmosphere in the North Atlantic Current. We analyse modelled boundary exchanges and water mass transformation in the Labrador Sea to show that since 2000, while inflows of lighter surface waters remain steady, the increasing output of these waters is due to reduced surface heat loss in the Labrador Sea beginning in the early 2000s. Tracking particles further upstream reveals that the primary source of the increased volume of lighter water transported out of the Labrador Sea is increased recirculation of water, and therefore longer residence times, in the upper 500–1000 m of the subpolar gyre.

ObjectiveTo analyse trends, risk factors, and outcomes related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP).DesignRepeated cross-sectional.SettingUS delivery hospitalisations.PopulationDelivery hospitalisations in the 2000-2018 National Inpatient Sample.MethodsUS hospital delivery hospitalisations with HDP were analysed. Several trends were analysed: (i) the proportion of deliveries by year with HDP, (ii) the proportion of deliveries with HDP risk factors and (iii) adverse outcomes associated with HDP including maternal stroke, acute renal failure and acute liver injury. Risk ratios were determined using regression models with HDP as the exposure of interest.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of HDP, risk factors for HDP and associated adverse outcomes.ResultsOf 73.1 million delivery hospitalisations, 7.7% had an associated diagnosis of HDP. Over the study period, HDP doubled from 6.0% of deliveries in 2000 to 12.0% in 2018. The proportion of deliveries with risk factors for HDP increased from 9.6% in 2000 to 24.6% in 2018. In adjusted models, HDP were associated with increased stroke (aRR [adjusted risk ratio] 15.9, 95% CI 14.8-17.1), acute renal failure (aRR 13.8, 95% CI 13.5-14.2) and acute liver injury (aRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.2-1.3). Among deliveries with HDP, acute renal failure and acute liver injury increased; in comparison, stroke decreased.ConclusionHypertensive disorders of pregnancy increased in the setting of risk factors for HDP becoming more common, whereas stroke decreased.Tweetable abstractWhile hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increased from 2000 to 2018, stroke appears to be decreasing.

DK resuméMed denne artikel ønsker vi at skrive os ind i, hvad vi forstår som den anden bølge af forskningen i børneperspektiv, hvor forskningsinteressen samler sig om at undersøge hvordan børns muligheder for at blive hørt er afhængig af de voksnes fortolkninger af, hvad der er væsentligt og relevant. Med et agential realistisk perspektiv bliver pædagogers stemmegivning ikke blot et spørgsmål om hvilke børn, der får stemme og hvordan, men inkluderer også spørgsmål om hvad, der indgår i stemmegivningen og de diskursive begrundelser derfor. Med afsæt i vores empiriske materiale viser vi, hvordan pædagoger forholder sig til stemmegivningen og hvilke etiske opmærksomheder de retter, og bør rette, mod sig selv. Vi argumenterer for at begreber som emergent lytning, situeret etik og samtykke, og børn som medundersøgere, kan støtte pædagoger i at omsætte fordringen fra dagtilbudsloven om at tage ”udgangspunkt i et børneperspektiv” til en produktiv og handlende etik i den daginstitutionelle praksis. Abstract – UKWith this article, it is our aim to write our way into what we understand as the second wave of research into children’s perspective. The focus of this research is gathered around the investigation of how children’s possibilities of being listened to depend on the adults’ interpretation of what is essential and relevant. With an agential realistic perspective, pedagogues’ way of giving children a voice does not only become a question of what children get a voice and how, but will also include questions about what enters into the act of giving a voice and the discursive arguments for doing so. Taking our starting point in our empirical material, we show how pedagogues deal with the act of giving a voice and what ethical attention they turn to, and ought to turn to, themselves. We argue in favour of the fact that concepts like emergent listening, situated ethics and consent, and children as co-investigators, may support pedagogues in converting the requirements of the

Metabolic reprogramming is critical for tumor initiation and progression. However, the exact impact of specific metabolic changes on cancer progression is poorly understood. Here, we integrate multimodal analyses of primary and metastatic clonally-related clear cell renal cancer cells (ccRCC) grown in physiological media to identify key stage-specific metabolic vulnerabilities. We show that a VHL loss-dependent reprogramming of branched-chain amino acid catabolism sustains the de novo biosynthesis of aspartate and arginine enabling tumor cells with the flexibility of partitioning the nitrogen of the amino acids depending on their needs. Importantly, we identify the epigenetic reactivation of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), a urea cycle enzyme suppressed in primary ccRCC, as a crucial event for metastatic renal cancer cells to acquire the capability to generate arginine, invade in vitro and metastasize in vivo. Overall, our study uncovers a mechanism of metabolic flexibility occurring during ccRCC progression, paving the way for the development of novel stage-specific therapies. Primary and metastatic tumours have different metabolic phenotypes due to changes in nutrient availability. Here the authors perform multi-omic analyses of primary and metastatic renal cancer cells grown in a physiological medium and show that the reprogramming of the branched-chain amino acid catabolism and urea cycle through re-expression of ASS1 allows metabolic flexibility during renal cancer progression.

Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Germline mutations of FH lead to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC), a cancer syndrome characterized by a highly aggressive form of renal cancer. Although HLRCC tumors metastasize rapidly, FH-deficient mice develop premalignant cysts in the kidneys, rather than carcinomas. How Fh1-deficient cells overcome these tumor-suppressive events during transformation is unknown. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify genes that, when ablated, enhance the proliferation of Fh1-deficient cells. We found that the depletion of the histone cell cycle regulator (HIRA) enhances proliferation and invasion of Fh1-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Hira loss activates MYC and its target genes, increasing nucleotide metabolism specifically in Fh1-deficient cells, independent of its histone chaperone activity. These results are instrumental for understanding mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HLRCC and the development of targeted treatments for patients.

The inflow of relatively warm and salty water from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic via Agulhas leakage is important for the global overturning circulation and the global climate. In this study, we analyse the robustness of Agulhas leakage estimates as well as the thermohaline property modifications of Agulhas leakage south of Africa. Lagrangian experiments with both the newly developed tool Parcels and the well established tool Ariane were performed to simulate Agulhas leakage in the eddy-rich ocean–sea-ice model INALT20 (1/20∘ horizontal resolution) forced by the JRA55-do atmospheric boundary conditions. The average transport, its variability, trend and the transit time from the Agulhas Current to the Cape Basin of Agulhas leakage is simulated comparably with both Lagrangian tools, emphasizing the robustness of our method. Different designs of the Lagrangian experiment alter in particular the total transport of Agulhas leakage by up to 2 Sv, but the variability and trend of the transport are similar across these estimates. During the transit from the Agulhas Current at 32∘ S to the Cape Basin, a cooling and freshening of Agulhas leakage waters occurs especially at the location of the Agulhas Retroflection, resulting in a density increase as the thermal effect dominates. Beyond the strong air–sea exchange around South Africa, Agulhas leakage warms and salinifies the water masses below the thermocline in the South Atlantic.

Neuroimaging and genetics studies have advanced our understanding of the neurobiology of sleep and its disorders. However, individual studies usually have limitations to identifying consistent and reproducible effects, including modest sample sizes, heterogeneous clinical characteristics and varied methodologies. These issues call for a large-scale multi-centre effort in sleep research, in order to increase the number of samples, and harmonize the methods of data collection, preprocessing and analysis using pre-registered well-established protocols. The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium provides a powerful collaborative framework for combining datasets across individual sites. Recently, we have launched the ENIGMA-Sleep working group with the collaboration of several institutes from 15 countries to perform large-scale worldwide neuroimaging and genetics studies for better understanding the neurobiology of impaired sleep quality in population-based healthy individuals, the neural consequences of sleep deprivation, pathophysiology of sleep disorders, as well as neural correlates of sleep disturbances across various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this introductory review, we describe the details of our currently available datasets and our ongoing projects in the ENIGMA-Sleep group, and discuss both the potential challenges and opportunities of a collaborative initiative in sleep medicine.

Schule, Ausbildung, Weiterbildung und Arbeit prägen unser Leben. Die Soziologin Jutta Allmendinger erforscht, wie Lebensverläufe aussehen können und sollen. Seit Jahren ist sie als meinungsstarke Mahnerin eine zentrale Figur in der Diskussion um Bildung. Im Gespräch mit uns erklärt sie, warum sie die Diskussion um lebenslanges Lernen nicht mag, warum Deutschland in der Bildungspolitik nicht alles falsch macht und warum sie noch keinen Burn-out hatte.

Afhandlingen Originale pædagoger - Daginstitutionspædagogers faglighed(er) i lyset af en insisterende læringsdagsorden er en undersøgelse af, hvordan pædagoger skaber og erobrer pædagogisk faglighed i daginstitutionens daglige liv indenfor en uddannelsespolitisk organisation, der i stigende grad bekender sig til læring. Ambitionen med afhandlingen er at bidrage med kundskab om de dominerende selvfølgeligheder og naturaliserede diskurser, der eksisterer omkring børn og pædagogisk praksis i daginstitutioner og undersøge, hvordan disse forestillinger fungerer som mulighedsbetingelser for daginstitutionspædagogers faglighedsdannelse.  Afhandlingen tager afsæt i en analyse af den aktuelle policy-proces om en styrket pædagogisk læreplan og indførelse af læringsmål i dagtilbud og undersøger, hvordan denne trækker tråde tilbage til andre uddannelsespolitiske projekter som fx Task Force om Fremtidens Dagtilbud, Ny Nordisk Skole og udviklingsprojektet Fremtidens Dagtilbud samt transnationale strategier om livslang læring fra bl.a. OECD og EU. Herigennem belyses, hvordan den aktuelle policy-proces foreløbig er kulmineret i, hvad jeg kalder en uddannelsespolitisk læringsdagsorden. En dagsorden der for tiden anskuer læring som løsning på samfundsmæssige udfordringer i relation til kvalitet, vækst og konkurrencekraft, og som rammesætter, hvordan der kan tænkes, tales og forhandles om den gode pædagogik i dagtilbud. På baggrund af analysen identificeres 4 stærke og konfliktuerende tænkemåder, der danner et spændingsfelt, inden for hvilket pædagogen må erobre og skabe pædagogisk faglighed. Jeg præsenterer disse tænkemåder i afhandlingen som 4 rationalefigurer – hhv. Strategen, Praktikeren, Idealisten og Pragmatikeren – og viser dernæst, hvordan de imaginært forsøger at tale deres forskellige rationaler frem i pædagogernes handlinger. Et andet afsæt for afhandlingen er en analyse af, hvordan tre ledere i en sammenhængende organisatorisk styringskæde favoriserer og søger a

How far do marine larvae disperse in the ocean? Decades of population genetic studies have revealed generally low levels of genetic structure at large spatial scales (hundreds of kilometres). Yet this result, typically based on discrete sampling designs, does not necessarily imply extensive dispersal. Here, we adopt a continuous sampling strategy along 950 km of coast in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea to address this question in four species. In line with expectations, we observe weak genetic structure at a large spatial scale. Nevertheless, our continuous sampling strategy uncovers a pattern of isolation by distance at small spatial scales (few tens of kilometres) in two species. Individual-based simulations indicate that this signal is an expected signature of restricted dispersal. At the other extreme of the connectivity spectrum, two pairs of individuals that are closely related genetically were found more than 290 km apart, indicating long-distance dispersal. Such a combination of restricted dispersal with rare long-distance dispersal events is supported by a high-resolution biophysical model of larval dispersal in the study area, and we posit that it may be common in marine species. Our results bridge population genetic studies with direct dispersal studies and have implications for the design of marine reserve networks.

Highlights: • Fan-shaped sponges display panmixia at three locations in the Cantabrian Sea. • Subtle sponge population genetic and pronounced microbial differences were observed between a canyon and bank (<100km apart). • Lagrangian modelling reveals variable inter-annual connectivity via ocean currents between the sampling regions. • Interdisciplinary approaches can help to improve understanding about connectivity in the deep-sea. Abstract: Connectivity is a fundamental process driving the persistence of marine populations and their adaptation potential in response to environmental change. In this study, we analysed the population genetics of two morphologically highly similar deep-sea sponge clades (Phakellia hirondellei and the ‘Topsentia-and-Petromica’ clade, (hereafter referred to as ‘TaP clade’)) at three locations in the Cantabrian Sea and simultaneously assessed the corresponding host microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A virtual particle tracking approach (Lagrangian modelling) was applied to assess oceanographic connectivity in the study area. We observed overall genetic uniformity for both sponge clades. Notably, subtle genetic differences were observed for sponges of the TaP clade and also their microbiomes between a canyon and bank location, < 100 km apart and with the same depth range. The Lagrangian model output suggests a strong retention of larvae in the study area with variable inter-annual connectivity via currents between the three sampling regions. We conclude that geologic features (canyons) and the prevailing ocean currents may dictate sponge holobiont connectivity and that differentiation can emerge even on small spatial scales.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is creating tremendous human suffering. To date, no effective drug is available to directly treat the disease. In a search for a drug against COVID-19, we have performed a high-throughput X-ray crystallographic screen of two repurposing drug libraries against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which is essential for viral replication. In contrast to commonly applied X-ray fragment screening experiments with molecules of low complexity, our screen tested alreadyapproved drugs and drugs in clinical trials. From the three-dimensional protein structures, we identified 37 compounds that bind to Mpro. In subsequent cell-based viral reduction assays, one peptidomimetic and six nonpeptidic compounds showed antiviral activity at nontoxic concentrations. We identified two allosteric binding sites representing attractive targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2.

Continuation of experience-dependent neural activity during offline sleep and wakefulness episodes is a critical component of memory consolidation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offline consolidation effects have been evidenced probing behavioural and neurophysiological changes during memory retrieval, i.e. in the context of task practice. Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) further allows investigating the offline evolution of recently learned information without the confounds of online task-related effects. We used rsfMRI to investigate sleep-related changes in seed-based resting functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) after spatial navigation learning and relearning. On Day 1, offline resting state activity was measured immediately before and after topographical learning in a virtual town. On Day 4, it was measured again before and after relearning in an extended version of the town. Navigation-related activity was also recorded during target retrieval, i.e. online. Participants spent the first post-training night under regular sleep (RS) or sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. Results evidence FC and ALFF changes in task-related neural networks, indicating the continuation of navigation-related activity in the resting state. Although post-training sleep did not modulate behavioural performance, connectivity analyses evidenced increased FC after post-training SD between navigation-related brain structures during relearning in the extended environment. These results suggest that memory traces were less efficiently consolidated after post-learning SD, eventually resulting in the use of compensatory brain resources to link previously stored spatial elements with the newly presented information., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We examined whether ambient lighting conditions during extended wakefulness modulate the homeostatic response to sleep loss as indexed by. slow wave sleep (SWS) and electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) in healthy young and older volunteers. Thirty-eight young and older participants underwent 40 hours of extended wakefulness [i.e. sleep deprivation (SD)] once under dim light (DL: 8 lux, 2800 K), and once under either white light (WL: 250 lux, 2800 K) or blue-enriched white light (BL: 250 lux, 9000 K) exposure. Subjective sleepiness was assessed hourly and polysomnography was quantified during the baseline night prior to the 40-h SD and during the subsequent recovery night. Both the young and older participants responded with a higher homeostatic sleep response to 40-h SD after WL and BL than after DL. This was indexed by a significantly faster intra-night accumulation of SWS and a significantly higher response in relative EEG SWA during the recovery night after WL and BL than after DL for both age groups. No significant differences were observed between the WL and BL condition for these two particular SWS and SWA measures. Subjective sleepiness ratings during the 40-h SD were significantly reduced under both WL and BL compared to DL, but were not significantly associated with markers of sleep homeostasis in both age groups. Our data indicate that not only the duration of prior wakefulness, but also the experienced illuminance during wakefulness affects homeostatic sleep regulation in humans. Thus, working extended hours under low illuminance may negatively impact subsequent sleep intensity in humans.

Artiklens ærinde er dels at udforske, hvordan pædagoger kan begribe og udvikle deres professionsidentitet, og dels at udfolde hvilken betydning bevægelse har for en teoretisk forståelse af professionsidentitet. En teoretiske indkredsning af begrebet professionsidentitet kvalificeres via et realist review og en interviewundersøgelse af fire daginstitutionspædagoger. Artiklen konkluderer, at self-efficacy, motivation, affektiv engagement og praksisfællesskaber kan anvendes som analytiske redskaber til at få øje på, hvordan pædagoger udvikler professionsidentitet i kontekster hvor bevægelse har et særligt fokus. Artiklens pointer perspektiveres afslutningsvist i relation til en analyse af læringsforståelser i bekendtgørelsen for pædagoguddannelsen. AbstractThe purpose of this article is partly to explore how pedagogues understand and develop professional identity and partly to elaborate upon how pedagogues’ sense of embodiment and physical activity are significant to a theoretical understanding of professional identity. A theoretical identification of professional identity is informed and elaborated upon via a realist review and a study based on interviews of four daycare pedagogues. In conclusion the article specifies self-efficacy, motivation, affective commitment, and communities of practice as a relevant analytical apparatus to identify and discuss development of professional identity and the significance of sense of embodiment and physical activity in this context. Finally the conclusion is put into perspective in relation to the current Danish Bachelor Programme of Social Education

Auf Basis publizierter Daten zu geschmacksaktiven Inhaltsstoffen der Pflanze Camellia sinensis erfolgte unter Verwendung instrumentell-analytischer und sensorischer Methodiken zunächst die Charakterisierung der an der Protein/Polyphenol-Interaktion beteiligten bitteren und adstringierenden phenolischen Verbindungen im Schwarzteegetränk. Mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten Methode zur Messung kontrolliert ablaufender Bindungsexperimente wurde das Bindungsverhalten der phenolischen Verbindungen mit verschiedenen Proteinen durch Aufnahme von Bindungskurven und der Bestimmung der halbmaximalen Bindungskonzentration (BC50-Werte) studiert. Um diese vielschichtige Interaktion zwischen Proteinen und Polyphenolen aufzuzeigen, wurden Modellstudien mit ausgewählten Polyaminosäuren durchgeführt. Die Struktur/Wirkungsbeziehungs-Betrachtungen zu Protein/Polyphenol-Interaktionen ermöglichen neben der Charakterisierung der als Schlüsselbindungspartner auftretenden Teegeschmacksstoffe vertiefende Einblicke in den komplexen Bindungsmechanismus und erlauben den Erkenntnistransfer auf andere polyphenolhaltige Lebensmittel sowie funktionelle Getränke., Employing published data about taste active compounds of the tea plant Camellia sinsensis, the influence of milk additives on the taste perception of bitter and astringent key taste compounds in tea beverages were investigated with help of instrumental analytical and sensory analyses. The characterization of the binding behaviour of phenolic compounds after addition of diverse proteins was studied with help of binding curves and the determination of half-maximum binding concentration (BC50-values) using an assay based on the use of amino-functionalized magnetic beads. To analyze multilayer protein/polyphenol interactions, binding experiments with model proteins were executed. Structure/activity relationship studies on the protein/polyphenol interaction did not only lead to the identification of the key taste compounds affected by adding proteins to tea beverages, but also allowed a detailed analysis of the multilayer binding interactions between phenolic compounds and proteins, thus enabling the knowledge transfer on other polyphenol-rich foods and functional beverages.

Purpose Entomophagy (i.e. human insect consumption) is seen as one promising route to substantially reduce food-related carbon footprints as insects can be produced at a fraction of the carbon emitted by traditional Western meat production (e.g. beef, pork, poultry). In this light, the purpose of this paper is to address how prices may affect preferences for insects as food. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on consumer research on positive functions of prices (e.g. the widely held belief that price and quality are positively correlated), the authors present two behavioural experiments that manipulated price cues to estimate the effect on expectations, eating behaviour and willingness-to-pay as central preference indicators. Findings Consistent with the predictions, high prices as initial anchors positively affect food preferences. Furthermore, they incur a positive spill-over effect to subsequent consumption of insects that are unprocessed (i.e. truffles in which mealworms are visible in their entity) and for which no price information is available. Additionally, the authors show that the positive effects of high prices on preferences are muted if prices are artificially lowered (e.g. by means of government subsidies, Experiment 2). Practical implications Taken together, the authors show that preferences for novel foods such as insects can be promoted by systematically taking into account behavioural economic theories. This suggests that behavioural theory can be used to reap environmental benefits of entomophagy. Originality/value This research links behavioural economics with the actual consumption of insects and therefore complements survey research on behavioural intentions.

A key challenge for climate change mitigation on the consumer side is to break habits that excessively lead to carbon emission. One of the culturally most robust human routines is the heavy reliance of the Western societies on conventional meat sources such as beef, pork, and poultry, which were recently accused of causing particularly high climate costs. In this light, the UN (FAO) has suggested the increasing use of insects as an alternative source of animal protein intended for human diets. Yet, insects have not reached the mainstream of Western cuisine. Currently, a frequent promotion strategy of insects is to highlight the Utilitarian benefits associated with their consumption (e.g., with respect to the environment or one's health). The present research addresses the efficacy of such claims in a consumer research study involving 180 participants recruited from the general population in Germany. Arguing based on social-cognitive research in the area of moral and environmental psychology, we hypothesized and found that a focus on beneficial, but temporally distant motives (e.g., health)-counterintuitively-decreases consumption in comparison to immediate, hedonic advertisements (e.g., tasty). Furthermore, our study provides process evidence suggesting pretrial expectations induced by a particular claim mediate the relationship between claims and consumption. Thus, the present research not only refutes a state-of-the-art approach in the promotion of insects as food, but also provides an alternative approach and process evidence by integrating psychological factors.

AIM: To determine whether intestinal expression of guanylate cyclase activator 2A (GUCA2A) and guanylate cyclase activator 2B (GUCA2B) genes is regulated in obese humans following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and to evaluate the corresponding guanylin (GN) and uroguanylin (UGN) peptides for potentially contributing to the beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB.METHODS: Enteroendocrine cells were harvested peri- and post-RYGB, and GUCA2A/GUCA2B mRNA expression was compared. GN, UGN and their prohormones (proGN, proUGN) were administered subcutaneously in normal-weight mice to evaluate effects on food intake and glucose regulation. The effect of pro-UGN or UGN overexpression, using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, was assessed in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of GN and UGN was performed in rats for assessment of putative centrally mediated effects on food intake. GN and UGN, as well as their prohormones, were evaluated for effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in rat pancreatic islets and perfused rat pancreas.RESULTS: GUCA2A and GUCA2B mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in enteroendocrine cells after RYGB. Peripheral administration of guanylins or prohormones did not influence food intake, oral glucose tolerance, and GSIS. Central administration of GN and UGN did not affect food intake in rats. Chronic AVV-mediated overexpression of UGN and proUGN had no effect on body weight or glucose homeostasis in DIO mice.CONCLUSION: GN and UGN, as well as their prohormones, do not seem to play a significant role in body weight regulation and glycemic control, suggesting that guanylin-family peptides do not show promise as targets for the treatment of obesity or diabetes.

Current therapies for medulloblastoma, a highly malignant childhood brain tumour, impose debilitating effects on the developing child, and highlight the need for molecularly targeted treatments with reduced toxicity. Previous studies have been unable to identify the full spectrum of driver genes and molecular processes that operate in medulloblastoma subgroups. Here we analyse the somatic landscape across 491 sequenced medulloblastoma samples and the molecular heterogeneity among 1,256 epigenetically analysed cases, and identify subgroup-specific driver alterations that include previously undiscovered actionable targets. Driver mutations were confidently assigned to most patients belonging to Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma subgroups, greatly enhancing previous knowledge. New molecular subtypes were differentially enriched for specific driver events, including hotspot in-frame insertions that target KBTBD4 and 'enhancer hijacking' events that activate PRDM6. Thus, the application of integrative genomics to an extensive cohort of clinical samples derived from a single childhood cancer entity revealed a series of cancer genes and biologically relevant subtype diversity that represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with medulloblastoma.

Current therapies for medulloblastoma, a highly malignant childhood brain tumour, impose debilitating effects on the developing child, and highlight the need for molecularly targeted treatments with reduced toxicity. Previous studies have been unable to identify the full spectrum of driver genes and molecular processes that operate in medulloblastoma subgroups. Here we analyse the somatic landscape across 491 sequenced medulloblastoma samples and the molecular heterogeneity among 1,256 epigenetically analysed cases, and identify subgroup-specific driver alterations that include previously undiscovered actionable targets. Driver mutations were confidently assigned to most patients belonging to Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma subgroups, greatly enhancing previous knowledge. New molecular subtypes were differentially enriched for specific driver events, including hotspot in-frame insertions that target KBTBD4 and 'enhancer hijacking' events that activate PRDM6. Thus, the application of integrative genomics to an extensive cohort of clinical samples derived from a single childhood cancer entity revealed a series of cancer genes and biologically relevant subtype diversity that represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with medulloblastoma.

Current therapies for medulloblastoma, a highly malignant childhood brain tumour, impose debilitating effects on the developing child, and highlight the need for molecularly targeted treatments with reduced toxicity. Previous studies have been unable to identify the full spectrum of driver genes and molecular processes that operate in medulloblastoma subgroups. Here we analyse the somatic landscape across 491 sequenced medulloblastoma samples and the molecular heterogeneity among 1,256 epigenetically analysed cases, and identify subgroup-specific driver alterations that include previously undiscovered actionable targets. Driver mutations were confidently assigned to most patients belonging to Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma subgroups, greatly enhancing previous knowledge. New molecular subtypes were differentially enriched for specific driver events, including hotspot in-frame insertions that target KBTBD4 and 'enhancer hijacking' events that activate PRDM6. Thus, the application of integrative genomics to an extensive cohort of clinical samples derived from a single childhood cancer entity revealed a series of cancer genes and biologically relevant subtype diversity that represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with medulloblastoma.

Motor memory consolidation is characterized, in part, by a sleep-facilitated decrease in susceptibility to subsequent interfering experiences. Surprisingly, the cerebral substrates supporting this phenomenon have never been examined. We used fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of the influence of sleep on interference to motor memory consolidation. Healthy young adults were trained on a sequential motor task, and subsequently practiced a second competing sequence after an interval including diurnal sleep or wakefulness. Participants were then retested on the initial sequence 8 h and 24 h (including nocturnal sleep) after training. Results demonstrated that a post-training nap significantly protected memory against interference at 8 h and modulated the link between cerebral activity and behavior, such that a smaller post-interference decrease in cortico-striatal activity was associated with better performance. Interestingly, the protective effect of a nap was only transitory, as both groups performed similarly at 24 h. Activity in cortico-striatal areas that was disrupted during the day, presumably due to interference and accentuated in the absence of a nap, was restored overnight. Altogether, our findings offer the first evidence that cortico-striatal areas play a critical role in the transient sleep-facilitated reduction in motor memory vulnerability and in the overnight restoration of previously degraded memories., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Résumé (FR)Cette thèse s’articule autour de cinq études ayant pour objectif principal de tenter de mieux comprendre les processus de plasticité cérébrale prenant place après un apprentissage, ainsi que les modifications apparaissant au cours du vieillissement normal. La magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) et l’électroencéphalographie (EEG) ont été utilisées pour investiguer les mécanismes électrophysiologiques de la consolidation en mémoire procédurale et déclarative durant la veille et le sommeil, chez des personnes jeunes et âgées en bonne santé. L’ensemble de nos études indique un déclin de la plasticité cérébrale avec l’âge, ainsi qu’une réorganisation différenciée en fonction de l’âge des réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans les premières étapes de la consolidation en mémoire. L’acquisition de nouvelles habiletés motrices chez les personnes âgées dépend davantage de réseaux neuronaux sous-tendant des processus attentionnels et de contrôle cognitif. Le recrutement de ces réseaux plus diffus et non spécifiques à la tâche d’apprentissage chez les personnes âgées semble défavorable au développement d’une nouvelle habileté motrice. Cependant, le recrutement chez les personnes âgées d’un réseau cortico-striatal spécifique à l’apprentissage moteur pourrait être favorable à la consolidation en mémoire procédurale. Ces résultats soulignent l’existence d’une grande variabilité interindividuelle dans le vieillissement, qui ouvre des perspectives quant aux processus favorisant le maintien versus contribuant au déclin des capacités de consolidation en mémoire avec l’âge., (EN)The 5 studies presented in this doctoral thesis aimed at better understanding post-learning cerebral plasticity process, and the cerebral changes that occur during normal ageing. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) techniques were used to investigate the electrophysiological mechanisms of procedural and declarative memory consolidation during awakening and sleep in young and old healthy adults. Altogether, our studies highlight reduced experience-dependent plasticity in the aging brain, and the age-dependent reorganization of large-scale functional networks involved in the early stages of memory consolidation. With aging, new motor skills acquisition depends more on neuronal networks subtending controlled and attentional processes. These networks are unspecific to the motor learning task, and their involvement in old adults is negative for the development of a new motor skill. However, the involvement of a learning-related cortico-striatal network in old adults promotes procedural memory consolidation. These results indicate high inter-subjects variability in ageing, and open new perspectives to understand the memory consolidation processes that contribute to the maintenance versus the decline of newly learned information., Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Morning-type individuals experience more difficulties to maintain optimal attentional performance throughout a normal waking day than evening types. However, time-of-day modulations may differ across cognitive domains. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated how chronotype and time of day interact with working memory at different levels of cognitive load/complexity in a N-back paradigm (N0-, N2-, and N3-back levels). Extreme morning- and evening-type individuals underwent two fMRI sessions during N-back performance, one 1.5 h (morning) and one 10.5 h (evening) after wake-up time scheduled according to their habitual sleep-wake preference. At the behavioral level, increasing working memory load resulted in lower accuracy while chronotype and time of day only exerted a marginal impact on performance. Analyses of neuroimaging data disclosed an interaction between chronotype, time of day, and the modulation of cerebral activity by working memory load in the thalamus and in the middle frontal cortex. In the subjective evening hours, evening types exhibited higher thalamic activity than morning types at the highest working memory load condition only (N3-back). Conversely, morning-type individuals exhibited higher activity than evening-type participants in the middle frontal gyrus during the morning session in the N3-back condition. Our data emphasize interindividual differences in time-of-day preferences and underlying cerebral activity, which should be taken into account when investigating vigilance state effects in task-related brain activity. These results support the hypothesis that higher task complexity leads to a chronotype-dependent increase in thalamic and frontal brain activity, permitting stabilization of working memory performance across the day., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

„Exploring New York City” dokumentiert und reflektiert die Studienreise des Lehrstuhls für Landschaftsarchitektur unter der Leitung von Johannes Rolfes nach New York City. Der Bericht enthält Ausarbeitungen der 28 teilnehmenden Studierenden zu allgemeinen Themen der Stadtentwicklung New Yorks und speziellen sowie aktuellen Stadtentwicklungsprojekten Manhattans. Zusätzlich werden verschiedene Orte der Stadt in Bildern und kurzen Kommentaren vorgestellt. Die thematische Bandbreite umfasst neben dem Schwerpunkt landschaftsarchitektonischer Projekte auch Architektur, Stadtplanung, Städtebau und Stadtkultur. Im abschließenden Kapitel wird ein Einblick über die Ausstellung zur Studienreise an der RWTH Architekturfakultät in Aachen gegeben.

Sleep is regulated in a time-of-day dependent manner and profits working memory. However, the impact of the circadian timing system as well as contributions of specific sleep properties to this beneficial effect remains largely unexplored. Moreover, it is unclear to which extent inter-individual differences in sleep-wake regulation depend on circadian phase and modulate the association between sleep and working memory. Here, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during a 40-h multiple nap protocol, and working memory performance was assessed by the n-back task 10 times before and after each scheduled nap sleep episode. Twenty-four participants were genotyped regarding a functional polymorphism in adenosine deaminase (rs73598374, 12 G/A-, 12 G/G-allele carriers), previously associated with differences in sleep-wake regulation. Our results indicate that genotype-driven differences in sleep depend on circadian phase: heterozygous participants were awake longer and slept less at the end of the biological day, while they exhibited longer non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and slow wave sleep concomitant with reduced power between 8–16 Hz at the end of the biological night. Slow wave sleep and NREM sleep delta EEG activity covaried positively with overall working memory performance, independent of circadian phase and genotype. Moreover, REM sleep duration benefitted working memory particularly when occurring in the early morning hours and specifically in heterozygous individuals. Even though based on a small sample size and thus requiring replication, our results suggest genotype-dependent differences in circadian sleep regulation. They further indicate that REM sleep, being under strong circadian control, boosts working memory performance according to genotype in a time-of-day dependent manner. Finally, our data provide first evidence that slow wave sleep and NREM sleep delta activity, majorly regulated by sleep homeostatic mechanisms, is linked to working mem

Sleep is regulated in a time-of-day dependent manner and profits working memory. However, the impact of the circadian timing system as well as contributions of specific sleep properties to this beneficial effect remains largely unexplored. Moreover, it is unclear to which extent inter-individual differences in sleep-wake regulation depend on circadian phase and modulate the association between sleep and working memory. Here, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during a 40-h multiple nap protocol, and working memory performance was assessed by the n-back task 10 times before and after each scheduled nap sleep episode. Twenty-four participants were genotyped regarding a functional polymorphism in adenosine deaminase (rs73598374, 12 G/A-, 12 G/G-allele carriers), previously associated with differences in sleep-wake regulation. Our results indicate that genotype-driven differences in sleep depend on circadian phase: heterozygous participants were awake longer and slept less at the end of the biological day, while they exhibited longer non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and slow wave sleep concomitant with reduced power between 8-16 Hz at the end of the biological night. Slow wave sleep and NREM sleep delta EEG activity covaried positively with overall working memory performance, independent of circadian phase and genotype. Moreover, REM sleep duration benefitted working memory particularly when occurring in the early morning hours and specifically in heterozygous individuals. Even though based on a small sample size and thus requiring replication, our results suggest genotype-dependent differences in circadian sleep regulation. They further indicate that REM sleep, being under strong circadian control, boosts working memory performance according to genotype in a time-of-day dependent manner. Finally, our data provide first evidence that slow wave sleep and NREM sleep delta activity, majorly regulated by sleep homeostatic mechanisms, is linked to working mem

Under sleep loss, vigilance is reduced and attentional failures emerge progressively. It becomes difficult to maintain stable performance over time, leading to growing performance variability (i.e., state instability) in an individual and among subjects. Task duration plays a major role in the maintenance of stable vigilance levels, such that the longer the task, the more likely state instability will be observed. Vulnerability to sleep-loss-dependent performance decrements is highly individual and is also modulated by a polymorphism in the human clock gene PERIOD3 (PER3). By combining two different protocols, we manipulated sleep-wake history by once extending wakefulness for 40 h (high sleep pressure condition) and once by imposing a short sleep-wake cycle by alternating 160 min of wakefulness and 80 min naps (low sleep pressure condition) in a within-subject design. We observed that homozygous carriers of the long repeat allele of PER3 (PER3 (5/5) ) experienced a greater time-on-task dependent performance decrement (i.e., a steeper increase in the number of lapses) in the Psychomotor Vigilance Task compared to the carriers of the short repeat allele (PER3 (4/4) ). These genotype-dependent effects disappeared under low sleep pressure conditions, and neither motivation, nor perceived effort accounted for these differences. Our data thus suggest that greater sleep-loss related attentional vulnerability based on the PER3 polymorphism is mirrored by a greater state instability under extended wakefulness in the short compared to the long allele carriers. Our results undermine the importance of time-on-task related aspects when investigating inter-individual differences in sleep loss-induced behavioral vulnerability.

Accumulating evidence suggests that dopamine plays a key role in sleep-wake regulation. Cerebral dopamine levels are regulated primarily by the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum and by catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) in the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesized that the variable-number-tandem-repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the gene encoding DAT (DAT1, SLC6A3; rs28363170) and the Val158Met polymorphism of COMT (rs4680) differently affect actigraphy-derived rest-activity cycles and sleep estimates in healthy adults (65 men; 45 women; age range: 19-35 years). Daytime sleepiness, continuous rest-actigraphy and sleep diary data during roughly 4-weeks were analyzed. Nine-repeat (9R) allele carriers of DAT1 (n = 48) more often reported elevated sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness score ≥10) than 10-repeat (10R) allele homozygotes (n = 62, p < 0.02). Moreover, male 9R allele carriers showed higher wrist activity, whereas this difference was not present in women ("DAT1 genotype" × "gender" interaction: p < 0.005). Rest-activity patterns did not differ among COMT genotypes. Nevertheless, a significant "COMT genotype" × "type of day" (workdays vs. rest days) interaction for sleep duration was observed (p = 0.04). The Val/Val (n = 36) and Met/Met (n = 24) homozygotes habitually prolonged sleep on rest days compared to workdays by more than 30 min, while Val/Met heterozygotes (n = 50) did not significantly extend their sleep (mean difference: 7 min). Moreover, whereas the proportion of women among the genotype groups did not differ, COMT genotype affected body-mass-index (BMI), such that Val/Met individuals had lower BMI than the homozygous genotypes (p < 0.04). While awaiting independent replication and confirmation, our data support an association of genetically-determined differences in cerebral dopaminergic neurotransmission with daytime sleepiness and individual rest-activity profiles, as well as other sleep-associated health characteristi

Behavioral studies have cast doubts about the role that posttraining sleep may play in the consolidation of implicit sequence learning. Here, we used event-related fMRI to test the hypothesis that sleep-dependent functional reorganization would take place in the underlying neural circuits even in the possible absence of obvious behavioral changes. Twenty-four healthy human adults were scanned at Day 1 and then at Day 4 during an implicit probabilistic serial RT task. They either slept normally (RS) or were sleep-deprived (SD) on the first posttraining night. Unknown to them, the sequential structure of the material was based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar, with 15% chance on each trial of replacing the rules-based grammatical (G) stimulus with a nongrammatical (NG) one. Results indicated a gradual differentiation across sessions between RTs (faster RTs for G than NG), together with NG-related BOLD responses reflecting sequence learning. Similar behavioral patterns were observed in RS and SD participants at Day 4, indicating time- but not sleep-dependent consolidation of performance. Notwithstanding, we observed at Day 4 in the RS group a diminished differentiation between G- and NG-related neurophysiological responses in a set of cortical and subcortical areas previously identified as being part of the network involved in implicit sequence learning and its offline processing during sleep, indicating a sleep-dependent processing of both regular and deviant stimuli. Our results suggest the sleep-dependent development of distinct neurophysiological processes subtending consolidation of implicit motor sequence learning, even in the absence of overt behavioral differences., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Human morning and evening chronotypes differ in their preferred timing for sleep and wakefulness, as well as in optimal daytime periods to cope with cognitive challenges. Recent evidence suggests that these preferences are not a simple by-product of socio-professional timing constraints, but can be driven by inter-individual differences in the expression of circadian and homeostatic sleep-wake promoting signals. Chronotypes thus constitute a unique tool to access the interplay between those processes under normally entrained day-night conditions, and to investigate how they impinge onto higher cognitive control processes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assessed the influence of chronotype and time-of-day on conflict processing-related cerebral activity throughout a normal waking day. Sixteen morning and 15 evening types were recorded at two individually adapted time points (1.5 versus 10.5 hours spent awake) while performing the Stroop paradigm. Results show that interference-related hemodynamic responses are maintained or even increased in evening types from the subjective morning to the subjective evening in a set of brain areas playing a pivotal role in successful inhibitory functioning, whereas they decreased in morning types under the same conditions. Furthermore, during the evening hours, activity in a posterior hypothalamic region putatively involved in sleep-wake regulation correlated in a chronotype-specific manner with slow wave activity at the beginning of the night, an index of accumulated homeostatic sleep pressure. These results shed light into the cerebral mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences of higher-order cognitive state maintenance under normally entrained day-night conditions., Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The synchrony effect refers to the beneficial impact of temporal matching between the timing of cognitive task administration and preferred time-of-day for diurnal activity. Aging is often associated with an advance in sleep-wake timing and concomitant optimal performance levels in the morning. In contrast, young adults often perform better in the evening hours. So far, the synchrony effect has been tested at fixed clock times, neglecting the individual's sleep-wake schedule and thus introducing confounds, such as differences in accumulated sleep pressure or circadian phase, which may exacerbate synchrony effects. To probe this hypothesis, the authors tested older morning and young evening chronotypes with a psychomotor vigilance and a Stroop paradigm once at fixed morning and evening hours and once adapting testing time to their preferred sleep-wake schedule in a within-subject design. The authors observe a persistence of synchrony effects for overall median reaction times during a psychomotor vigilance task, even when testing time is adapted to the specific individual's sleep-wake schedule. However, data analysis also indicates that time-of-day modulations are weakened under those conditions for incongruent trials on Stroop performance and the slowest reaction times on the psychomotor vigilance task. The latter result suggests that the classically observed synchrony effect may be partially mediated by a series of parameters, such as differences in socio-professional timing constraints, the amount of accumulated sleep need, or circadian phase, all leading to differential arousal levels at testing., Comparative Study, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Circadian and homeostatic sleep-wake regulatory processes interact in a fine tuned manner to modulate human cognitive performance. Dampening of the circadian alertness signal and attenuated deterioration of psychomotor vigilance in response to elevated sleep pressure with aging change this interaction pattern. As evidenced by neuroimaging studies, both homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian sleep-wake promotion impact on cognition-related cortical and arousal-promoting subcortical brain regions including the thalamus, the anterior hypothalamus, and the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). However, how age-related changes in circadian and homeostatic processes impact on the cerebral activity subtending waking performance remains largely unexplored. Post-mortem studies point to neuronal degeneration in the SCN and age-related modifications in the arousal-promoting LC. Alongside, cortical frontal brain areas are particularly susceptible both to aging and misalignment between circadian and homeostatic processes. In this perspective, we summarize and discuss here the potential neuroanatomical networks underlying age-related changes in circadian and homeostatic modulation of waking performance, ranging from basic arousal to higher order cognitive behaviors., Journal Article, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Flow cytometry is commonly used to establish the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A defined combination of antibodies discriminates between normal B cells and CLL cells (coexpression of CD5, CD19, and CD23). The receptor tyrosine-like orphan receptor one (ROR1) is an embryonic glycoprotein involved in several developmental processes. It was shown to be highly and specifically expressed on circulating B lymphoma cells, but not on normal B cells. Here, we examined the potential of ROR1 as a diagnostic marker in initial and follow-up diagnostics of patients with CLL. 105 untreated and 72 treated patients, as well as healthy volunteers were examined using flow cytometry assays. Furthermore, we examined 10 patients with various B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL). ROR1 was detected using a directly labeled antibody. We detected uniformly high ROR1 expression levels in all CLL samples. In marked contrast, only low or absent ROR1 expression levels were found on B cells from healthy donors. ROR1 expression in CLL patients was not influenced by various treatments. Taken together, ROR1 may be used as a diagnostic marker for CLL. As it is the only antigen which can exclusively be detected on neoplastic B cells it may greatly increase both, specificity as well as sensitivity, in lymphoma diagnostics. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Astafiev et al. question whether the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response that we reported in the brainstem was located in the locus coeruleus (LC). Using high-resolution T1-turbo spin echo images (Tl-TSE) acquired in an independent group of subjects, we show that the reported task-related BOLD response in the brainstem is actually compatible with the anatomical location of the LC., SCOPUS: no.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published