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We present the translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew by the White Father Roberto Focá, published in its first edition in 1932. We have taken as our model the 1938 edition, which contains exegetical notes. We have made a presentation of Fr. Foca and a linguistic study of the text. It is written in a Bedouin Arabic variety belonging to Group A classified by Cantineau. Finally, the reproduction of the 1938 edition is annexed., Presentamos la traducción del Evangelio de S. Mateo llevada a cabo por el padre blanco Roberto Focá y publicada en su primera edición en 1932. Nosotros hemos tomado como modelo la edición de 1938, que es la que contienen notas exegéticas. Hemos hecho una presentación del P. Focà y un estudio lingüístico del texto. Está escrita en una variedad árabe beduina perteneciente al Grupo A clasificado por Cantineau. Por último, acompañamos como apéndice la reproducción de la edición de 1938.

The Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, white sisters, founded by Cardinal Lavigérie in Algeria in 1869, learned Algerian Arabic. This is recorded in the Touggourt community’s annual reports, where a Centre for Arabic and Islamic Studies was set up. Alliaume wrote two works in this variety: əs-sūrāt f əṣəḥra ‎«‎the sisters in the Sahara‎‎»‎, in two volumes; and kitāb əl-adab ‎«‎Book of Education‎‎»‎, in three volumes. The sisters learned Algerian Arabic with them. The second of these works was also used for the moral education of the girls under their care in their schools, workshops and sewing, embroidery and knitting workshops. We also accompany this presentation with a linguistic analysis of the Algerian Arabic in which the works were written, belonging to Cantineau’s group A., Las Misioneras de Nuestra Señora de África, hermanas blancas, fundadas por el cardenal Lavigérie en Argelia en 1869, aprendieron el árabe argelino. Así queda constancia en los informes anuales de la comunidad de Touggourt, en donde se creó un Centro de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos. El P. Alliaume escribió en esta variedad dos obras: əs-sūrāt f əṣəḥra ‎«‎las hermanas en el Sáhara‎‎»‎, compuesto de dos volúmenes; y kitāb əl-adab ‎«‎Libro de la Educación‎‎»‎, de tres volúmenes. Con ellas, las hermanas aprendieron árabe argelino. La segunda de las obras sirvió además para la educación moral de las chicas que tenían a su cargo en sus escuelas, obradores y talleres de costura, bordado y tricotado. Acompañamos además la presentación de estas obras de un análisis lingüístico del árabe argelino en el que fueron escritos las obras, perteneciente al grupo A de Cantineau.

Los activistas del Sáhara se han movilizado para proteger los derechos de los migrantes a la movilidad y la seguridad durante sus desplazamientos al norte de África, pero se enfrentan a retos significativos en un entorno político hostil.

The effects of desert dust upon climate and ecosystems depend strongly on its particle size and size-resolved mineralogical composition. However, there is very limited quantitative knowledge on the particle size and composition of the parent sediments along with their variability within dust-source regions, particularly in dust emission hotspots. The lower Drâa Valley, an inland drainage basin and dust hotspot region located in the Moroccan Sahara, was chosen for a comprehensive analysis of sediment particle size and mineralogy. Different sediment type samples (n=¿42) were collected, including paleo-sediments, paved surfaces, crusts, and dunes, and analysed for particle-size distribution (minimally and fully dispersed samples) and mineralogy. Furthermore, Fe sequential wet extraction was carried out to characterise the modes of occurrence of Fe, including Fe in Fe (oxyhydr)oxides, mainly from goethite and hematite, which are key to dust radiative effects; the poorly crystalline pool of Fe (readily exchangeable ionic Fe and Fe in nano-Fe oxides), relevant to dust impacts upon ocean biogeochemistry; and structural Fe. Results yield a conceptual model where both particle size and mineralogy are segregated by transport and deposition of sediments during runoff of water across the basin and by the precipitation of salts, which causes a sedimentary fractionation. The proportion of coarser particles enriched in quartz is higher in the highlands, while that of finer particles rich in clay, carbonates, and Fe oxides is higher in the lowland dust emission hotspots. There, when water ponds and evaporates, secondary carbonates and salts precipitate, and the clays are enriched in readily exchangeable ionic Fe, due to sorption of dissolved Fe by illite. The results differ from currently available mineralogical atlases and highlight the need for observationally constrained global high-resolution mineralogical data for mineral-speciated dust modelling. The dataset obtained represen, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This study documents the changes in the Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) in the region of saline lakes in north Tunisia, Sahara Desert. Remote sensing data are a valuable data source in monitoring LULC in lacustrine landscapes, because variations in the extent of lakes are visible from space and can be detected on the images. In this study, changes in LULC of the salt pans of Tunisia were evaluated using a series of 12 Landsat 8-9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared (TIRS) images. The images were processed with the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The study area included four salt lakes of north Tunisia in the two regions of the Gulf of Hammamet and Gulf of Gabès: (1) Sebkhet de Sidi el Hani (Sousse Governorate), (2) Sebkha de Moknine (Mahdia Governorate), (3) Sebkhet El Rharra and (4) Sebkhet en Noual (Sfax). A quantitative estimate of the areal extent analysed in this study is 182 km × 185 km for each Landsat scene in two study areas: Gulf of Hammamet and Gulf of Gabès. The images were analysed for the period 2017–2023 on months February, April and July for each year. Spatio-temporal changes in LULC and their climate–environmental driving forces were analysed. The results were interpreted and the highest changes were detected by accuracy assessment, computing the class separability matrices, evaluating the means and standard deviation for each band and plotting the reject probability maps. Multi-temporal changes in LULC classes are reported for each image. The results demonstrated that changes in salt lakes were determined for winter/spring/summer months as detected changes in water/land/salt/sand/vegetation areas. The accuracy of the classified images was evaluated using pixel rejection probability values, which were filtered out using the ‘r.mapcalc’ module of GRASS GIS. The confidence levels were computed and visualised with a series of maps along with the error matrix and measured conve, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

During lichenological fieldwork along the coast of the Atlantic Sahara, Morocco, we collected some remarkably long lobed “Caloplaca” specimens, which turned out to be Stellarangia namibensis. This is the first record of this species in the northern hemisphere, and represents a significant extension of the knownrange of a lichen previously thought to be endemic to the Namib Desert., Durante campañas de muestreo de líquenes a lo largo de la costa del Sáhara Atlántico en Marruecos, recolectamos algunos especímenes de “Caloplaca” con lóbulos notablemente largos que resultaron ser Stellarangia namibensis. Se trata del primer registro de la especie en el hemisferio norte y representa una extensión significativa de la distribución de una especie que hasta ahora se creía endémica del desierto de Namibia.

In the village of Khamlia, Morocco, religious practices and festivities of Islamic, Amazigh and Gnaoua tradition are held throughout the year where music is used for spiritual and medicinal purposes. These practices maintain its historical origins under a multicultural context, harboring traditions, customs and cultural attributes of pre-Islamic origins and attributed to West African ethnic groups, such as the Bambara and other belonging to the Mande ethnolinguistic group. The most important annual festival in Khamlia is the Sadaka. This ethnographic work exposes in detail the preparation, administration, and organization of the festival, in charge of the council of elders of the village, as well as an ethnographic approach to the festival and rituals carried out throughout the three days of duration., En Khamlia, Marruecos, a lo largo del año se llevan a cabo prácticas religiosas y festividades de tradición islámica, amazigh y gnaoua, en las que se utiliza música con fines espirituales y medicinales. Estas prácticas mantienen sus orígenes históricos y anclaje territorial y cultural en un contexto multicultural; albergan tradiciones, costumbres y atributos culturales preislámicos, atribuidos a grupos étnicos de África Occidental, como el bambara y otros pertenecientes al grupo etnolingüístico mande. La festividad anual más importante es la Sadaka. Este trabajo etnográfico expone la preparación, administración y organización de la festividad a cargo del consejo de ancianos del pueblo y un acercamiento a los rituales ejecutados en los tres días de fiesta.

Surveys based on indirect signs and camera trapping are two non-invasive methods extensively used for monitoring elusive mammals. Both approaches can be useful to obtain key information on wildlife in remote areas, since they may allow for the logistically viable design of optimal field frameworks. The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a feline that inhabits the Sahara Desert, the Arabian Peninsula, and western Asian deserts. Its basic ecology is poorly known and the status and impacts of threats are difficult to assess. Some local population declines have been detected, and more research is needed. Based on field surveys carried out in the Atlantic Sahara, we have evaluated the applications of both methods to study this species. Our results show that (a) camera trapping provided reliable data on several key aspects of its ecology, (b) walking surveys to collect feces for molecular data failed completely, and (c) for footprints, identification problems and the marked effects of the absence of optimal substrates and the prevalence of wind are relevant handicaps. Beyond this evaluation, we provide for the first time some key aspects of the ecology of sand cats in the Sahara Desert, including habitat selection, density, diel activity, and predator–prey relationships.

This database provides average trait measurements for dung beetles surveyed a c. 400 km linear transect following a strong aridity gradient parallel to the Morocco-Algerian border from the semiarid Mediterranean coast in the North towards the hyperarid (i.e. extremely dry) conditions of the Sahara toward the South (see deCastro-Arrazola et al. PeerJ 2018). All morphological traits were measured with a Leica M165C microscope, using Leica Application Suite LAS V4.0 with the Z-builder module to process the images and obtain the measurements. Not all traits could be measured in all 61 species sampled in the study. Adult trophic preferences and dung relocation strategy for feeding purposes (both qualitative traits) were obtained from the literature and expert knowledge. For these categorical traits, values could be assigned with confidence to all species. For continuous traits, we aimed at measuring 10 individuals per species, and finally 80% of species had measures for 5 or more individuals due to the limited numbers of individuals in the samples. The individuals measured for each species were chosen from as many localities as possible to maximise intraspecific trait variation, covering their distribution along the gradient. In total, we measured 23 traits on 347 individuals (mean 5.8 and median 5.0 individuals per species) leading to a total of more than 7000 measurements, complemented with further categorical traits gathered from literature or our own observations in the field.

A divergence of opinions between ONDRAF-NIRAS and FANC has been observed during interaction meetings involving the radiological principle of optimisation. Today, after ten years of interaction based on the exchange of scientific arguments, this divergence remains. This is the impetus for this thesis. We show that this difference of opinion can be traced back to an ambiguous international safety doctrine, both in the (non-unique) definition of safety and in that of optimisation. In particular, we observe, for optimisation, a not necessarily justified shift from radiological protection to safety. According to our analysis, this conceptual shift observed during the historical evolution of the principle of optimisation has created an aporia that can lead to an ambivalence of interpretation. To deepen this first observation, to provide a theoretical framework of analysis, and to answer the question of how this divergence is expressed, we question the ICRP work which enshrines the principle of optimisation as a "state of mind" in the search for the safest solutions, and which could give rise to different ways of reasoning and therefore to different rationalities. Using Herbert Simon's research on rationality, the theoretical and practical shortcomings of the optimisation principle are shown. Optimisation is the result of a supposedly perfect substantive rationality, whereas the search for satisfactory solutions (satisficing) reflects the implementation of a procedural or limited rationality. At this stage of the discussion, it can already be assumed that ONDRAF-NIRAS and FANC respond to competing rationality models. To confirm this, we propose a case study to apply Simon's theoretical framework to the issue that most divides ONDRAF-NIRAS and the FANC, namely the optimisation of the choice of host rock for a geological disposal. This case study highlights a difference in the framing of the issue under consideration. This difference, although significant, may be unnoticed i, Une divergence d'opinions entre l’ONDRAF et l’AFCN a pu se constater lors des réunions d’interaction mettant en jeu le principe d'optimisation radiologique. A ce jour, après dix ans d’interactions fondées sur l’échange d’arguments scientifiques, cette divergence demeure. C'est l’impetus de cette thèse. Nous montrons que cette différence d’opinions peut trouver son origine dans une doctrine internationale de sûreté ambiguë, tant dans la définition (non univoque) de la sûreté que dans celle de l’optimisation. En particulier, nous observons, pour l’optimisation, un glissement non nécessairement justifié du registre de la protection radiologique vers celui de la sûreté. Selon notre analyse, ce glissement conceptuel observé au cours de l’évolution historique du principe d’optimisation a créé une aporie pouvant engendrer une ambivalence d’interprétations. Afin d’approfondir ce premier constat, lui fournir un cadre d’analyse théorique et répondre à la question du comment cette divergence se manifeste, nous interrogeons les travaux de la CIPR qui consacre le principe d’optimisation comme un « état d’esprit » dans la recherche de solutions les plus sûres, ce qui pourrait donner lieu à différentes manières de raisonner et donc à différentes rationalités. Le recours aux travaux de Herbert Simon sur la rationalité permet de montrer les insuffisances théoriques et pratiques du principe d’optimisation. L’optimisation résulte d’une rationalité substantive supposée parfaite alors que la recherche de solutions satisfaisantes (satisficing) témoigne de la mise en œuvre d’une rationalité procédurale ou limitée. A ce stade de la réflexion, il est déjà permis de supposer que l’ONDRAF et l’AFCN s’alignent sur des modèles de rationalité concurrents. Pour en obtenir la confirmation, nous proposons une étude de cas visant à appliquer le cadre théorique de Simon à la question qui divise le plus l’ONDRAF et l’AFCN, à savoir l’optimisation du choix de la roche hôte pour un stockage géologique., (FILO - Philosophie) -- UCL, 2022

During a short stay in Ghat in 1850, the British explorer James Richardson arranged for Muhammad Sharif to translate a list of words and phrases into the Tuareg variety spoken by the Uraghen tribe of the area, variably termed Tamahaq or Tamajeq by its speakers at the time. This article provides a transcription, retranscription, retranslation, and analysis of this previously unpublished material. The results provide data relevant to sociolinguistic variation in Ghat, proving the importance of variation even within a single idiolect, including for reflexes of the key Tuareg shibboleth *z > h vs. > z, ž. These phrases also reveal some morphological archaisms not otherwise attested in Tuareg, most notably traces of a person marking system matching the Ghadamsi “future”.

The Spanish Sahara conflict between Spain and Morocco aroused the interest of the United States, due to the risk of an increase of the Soviet influence in North Africa. The U.S. Administration tried to spread the neutrality of its Administration in this conflict, although the real role of this country was more active and decisive than the U.S., Moroccan and Spanish diplomacies have ever recognized. This article intends to provide evidence of the American involvement in the Western Sahara crisis and speculate on the compensations that each country involved obtained after the end of the Moroccan invasion of Spanish soil., El conflicto del Sáhara español entre España y Marruecos concitó el interés de Estados Unidos, debido al riesgo que suponía un incremento de la influencia soviética en el norte de África. La Administración norteamericana se afanó en difundir la neutralidad de su Administración en este conflicto, si bien el papel real de este país fue más activo y decisivo de lo que nunca han reconocido las diplomacias norteamericana, marroquí y española. En este artículo se pretende aportar pruebas de la implicación norteamericana en la crisis del Sáhara occidental y se especulará acerca de las contraprestaciones que cada país involucrado obtuvo tras el fin de la invasión protagonizada por Marruecos en suelo español.

La cuenca baja del río Draa ejerció durante la primera mitad del siglo XX como límite meridional entre el protectorado francés (norte) y español (sur) de Marruecos. Esta presencia colonial europea se puede seguir en nuestros días a través de los restos de los viejos fuertes y puestos de control militares de ambos países que permanecen en diferentes estados de conservación diseminados por el territorio, la mayoría abandonados y en ruinas y los menos aún en uso, y que nos remiten a una época histórica no tan alejada del presente.

Airborne dust represents a hazard to the environment and human health. The outflow of air masses carrying dust from northern Africa, the world's largest active dust source, to the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions is modulated by atmospheric conditions. However, how global warming-driven changes on atmospheric circulation have influenced North African air outflow in the recent past is not well understood. Here, we explore the Saharan air outflow from northwestern Africa over the 1980 to 2020 period. We find a decrease in the transport to the Atlantic Ocean and the Iberian Peninsula of −0.29 ± 0.16% dec and -0.66 ± 0.18% dec, respectively, and an increasing trend to the Mediterranean Sea (0.24 ± 0.18% dec) and Europe (0.60 ± 0.18% dec). The results indicate that the strengthening of the Atlantic high pressure system and the Saharan thermal low, both associated with the narrowing of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Hadley Cell expansion under global warming, could be favoring the Saharan outflow to the Mediterranean Sea and Europe in detriment of transport to the Atlantic Ocean. The results also show that present-day Saharan air arrives at these regions at higher altitudes and in shorter timescales than decades ago. This is associated to the increase in surface heating conditions in the Sahara, 0.41 ± 0.02 °C dec, that can inject air into windier upper atmospheric levels, thereby allowing higher and faster air transport. Our results suggest a change in the Saharan air outflow likely associated with global warming and with potentially significant implications for the temporal and spatial patterns of North African dust export.

[ES] El alcance de este proyecto es el estudio de cómo la reforestación puede contribuir a limitar el cambio climático mediante la captura de CO2. En este caso, se ha simulado una reforestación en el desierto del Sahara, ya que es un buen representante del escenario de reforestación a gran escala, pero desafiante y complicado, debido a su clima desértico principalmente árido y su escasez de agua. Los siguientes temas se han desarrollado a lo largo del proyecto en el mismo orden: ¿ En los primeros cuatro capítulos, se establece un marco descriptivo sobre los aspectos ecológicos del área de estudio. Por lo tanto, se realiza un análisis de los tipos de suelo, el clima y los recursos hídricos. El área de estudio también se clasifica según sus ecorregiones. ¿ En el quinto capítulo, se realiza una simulación de la reforestación seleccionando los árboles más adecuados para las áreas en cuestión, sus ecuaciones alométricas para estimar la biomasa y su contenido de carbono, calculando el CO2 que podría capturar, así como las necesidades de riego y, por lo tanto, las necesidades de agua del proyecto. Además, se seleccionan tres regiones específicas de 10.000 km2 de superficie como representante de tres escenarios muy diferentes y contrastados del área de estudio, tales como: costas desérticas, interiores desérticos y tierras de cultivo que actualmente sufren deforestación debido al cambio climático. ¿ En el sexto capítulo, dado que es un área con escasez de recursos hídricos, se han estudiado dos de las tecnologías de desalinización más utilizadas: una que utiliza membranas, como plantas de desalinización basadas en tecnología de ósmosis inversa; y otro a través de procesos de sistemas térmicos, tales como plantas de desalinización basadas en Multi Stage Flash (MSF). Se hace referencia a la descripción de los componentes y procesos, incluidos los análisis termodinámicos de dichos procesos, los parámetros operativos y de eficiencia. Además, se analizaron las necesidades energé, [EN] The scope of this project is the study of how reforestation can contribute to limiting the climate change by capturing CO2. In this case, a reforestation has been simulated in the Sahara Desert, since it is a good representative of large-scale but challenging and complicated reforestation scenario, because of its mainly arid desert climate and its water scarcity. The following topics have been developed along the project in the same order: ¿ In the first four chapters, a descriptive framework of the ecological aspects of the study area is established. Therefore, an analysis of the soil types, climate and water resources is carried out. The study area is also classified according to its ecoregions. ¿ In the fifth chapter, a simulation of the reforestation is made by selecting the most suitable trees for the areas in question, their allometric equations for estimating biomass and their carbon content, calculating the CO2 that could capture, as well as the irrigation needs and hence, the water needs of the project. Moreover, three specific regions of 10.000 km2 surface are selected as a representative of three very different and contrasted scenarios of the study area, such as: desert coastal, desert interior and cropland currently suffering deforestation due to climate change. ¿ In the sixth chapter, since it is an area with scarcity of water resources, two of the most commonly used desalination technologies have been studied: one using membranes, such as desalination plants based on Reverse Osmosis technology; and another through thermal system processes, such as desalination plants based on Multi Stage Flash (MSF). Reference is made to the description of both components and processes, including thermodynamic analyzes of said processes, operational and efficiency parameters. In addition, the energy needs of both desalination technologies, their CO2 emission, their possible energy sources and the future trends for reducing energy consumption have been analyzed. ¿

Mercury is a potent toxicant whose concentration in the environment has increased markedly due to human activity. However, uncertainties exist on sources and sinks of mercury, including those associated with mineral dust, with the Sahara Desert being the largest aeolian dust source worldwide. To characterize mercury associated with Saharan dust export to the Atlantic Ocean, aeolian dust (>2.2 µm in size) and soil samples were collected from the Canary Islands and Cabo Verde, ~400 and 800 km off the west coast of Africa. The sources of the dust samples were determined by back-trajectory analysis, and mercury content was characterized via direct mercury analysis. Mercury concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.05) between Atlantic-origin dust and Saharan-origin dust. Atlantic-origin dust, defined as dust with a back trajectory which is predominantly (>70%) over the Atlantic Ocean, had a mean mercury concentration of 29.8±31.3 ng/g (w/w), or 1.40±1.34 pg/m3 (w/v); this result is in the lower end of the data reported for remote coastal locations on a w/v basis, but lower than any on a w/w basis. Saharan-origin dust, defined as dust with a back trajectory predominantly (>70%) over the Sahara Desert, had a higher mean mercury concentration of 72.8±7.43 ng/g, or 4.64±2.15 pg/m3. Concentrations of mercury in dust samples were found to increase as back trajectories passed over a larger extent of the western African land surface relative to the Atlantic Ocean water surface. Finally, particulate-bound mercury (PBM) concentrations measured at Cabo Verde were used to estimate the flux of particulate mercury to major dust-impacted regions of the Atlantic Ocean, an area comprising 21.3 million km2. The PBM flux to this region is estimated at 6.5±2.2 t/y if all dust originates from the Sahara, or 3.6±1.6 t/y if the dust is of mixed Saharan and Atlantic origins. These numbers represent only ~1% to 3% of the total mercury deposition to the region estimated by current global merc

[Abstract] Drinking water provision has been a constant challenge in the Sahrawi refugee camps, located in the desert near Tindouf (Algeria). The drinking water supply system is itself divided in three zones which pump groundwater from different deep aquifers. It is equipped with reverse osmosis plants and chlorination systems for treating water. The allocation of water supplied to the Saharawi refugees for human consumption in 2016 has been estimated at between 14 and 17 L/person/day on average. This supplied water volume is below recommended standards, and also below the strategic objective of the Sahrawi government (20 L/person/day). Yet the local groundwater resources are huge in comparison with estimated consumption, and hence there is great potential for increasing the supplied volume through effecting improvements in the supply system. The physico-chemical quality of the raw and supplied water between 2006 and 2016 has been assessed according to Algerian standards for human consumption. The raw water of two zones of the supply system presents a very high conductivity and high concentrations of chloride, nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, sodium, calcium, potassium and iodide concentrations of natural origin, which may entail health risks. The treatment of water in a reverse osmosis plant greatly improves its quality and osmosed water met the standards. However, the supply of osmosed and raw water needs to be combined in Zone 1, to avoid an excessive reduction in water volume, and the supplied raw water poses a risk to the health of the refugees. The present study provides an example of a drinking water supply system under extreme drought conditions and in the political and social conditions of a refugee camp. Furthermore, it establishes a reference for supplied water allocation and quality in the Sahrawi refugee camps.

“The goal of FRAGMENT is to understand and constrain the global mineralogical composition of dust along with its effects upon climate”

This article analyzes Spanish colonial policy towards slavery and servility in the Sahara between 1934 and 1957, with the aim of reconstructing the practices and the administrative language of Spanish officials on a silenced and complexly defined issue such as extreme forms of dependence. The main source on which the study is based is the internal documents of the colonial administration in the Spanish Sahara, which will be interpreted from a double perspective: to reconstruct the power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, and to discover the problems of the colonizers in defining and handling the notions of slavery. The result of the analysis is that the Spanish authorities developed a paradoxical policy that formally prohibited the slave trade, but respected the institution of servility so as not to contravene many tribal chiefs. Despite this supposed neutrality, Spanish officials had to manage numerous conflicts related to the purchase and sale, manumission or escape of slaves in a complex colonial frontier space, which revealed the agency of the subalterns. All this took place in a scenario full of tensions and uncertainties that showed the, Este artículo analiza la política colonial española hacia la esclavitud y el servilismo en el Sáhara entre 1934 y 1957, con el objetivo de reconstruir las prácticas y el lenguaje administrativo de los oficiales españoles acerca de una cuestión silenciada y de compleja definición como las formas extremas de dependencia. La fuente principal en que se basa el estudio son los documentos internos de la Administración colonial en el Sáhara español, que serán interpretados desde una doble perspectiva: para reconstruir las relaciones de poder entre colonizadores y colonizados, y para descubrir los problemas de los colonizadores a la hora de definir y manejar las nociones de esclavitud. El resultado del análisis es que las autoridades españolas desarrollaron una paradójica política que prohibía formalmente el comercio de esclavos, pero que respetaba la institución del servilismo para no contravenir a muchos jefes tribales. A pesar de esta supuesta neutralidad, los oficiales españoles tuvieron que gestionar numerosos conflictos vinculados a la compraventa, la manumisión o la fuga de esclavos en un complejo espacio de frontera colonial, que reveló la agencia de los subalternos. Todo ello se produjo en un escenario repleto de tensiones e incertidumbres que mostraban la pugna por definir los propios fenómenos de esclavitud y servilismo en una época de cambios.

This article analyzes Spanish colonial policy towards slavery and servility in the Sahara between 1934 and 1957, with the aim of reconstructing the practices and the administrative language of Spanish officials on a silenced and complexly defined issue such as extreme forms of dependence. The main source on which the study is based is the internal documents of the colonial administration in the Spanish Sahara, which will be interpreted from a double perspective: to reconstruct the power relations between the colonizers and the colonized, and to discover the problems of the colonizers in defining and handling the notions of slavery. The result of the analysis is that the Spanish authorities developed a paradoxical policy that formally prohibited the slave trade, but respected the institution of servility so as not to contravene many tribal chiefs. Despite this supposed neutrality, Spanish officials had to manage numerous conflicts related to the purchase and sale, manumission or escape of slaves in a complex colonial frontier space, which revealed the agency of the subalterns. All this took place in a scenario full of tensions and uncertainties that showed the struggle to define the very phenomena of slavery and servility in an era of change., Este artículo analiza la política colonial española hacia la esclavitud y el servilismo en el Sáhara entre 1934 y 1957, con el objetivo de reconstruir las prácticas y el lenguaje administrativo de los oficiales españoles acerca de una cuestión silenciada y de compleja definición como las formas extremas de dependencia. La fuente principal en que se basa el estudio son los documentos internos de la Administración colonial en el Sáhara español, que serán interpretados desde una doble perspectiva: para reconstruir las relaciones de poder entre colonizadores y colonizados, y para descubrir los problemas de los colonizadores a la hora de definir y manejar las nociones de esclavitud. El resultado del análisis es que las autoridades españolas desarrollaron una paradójica política que prohibía formalmente el comercio de esclavos, pero que respetaba la institución del servilismo para no contravenir a muchos jefes tribales. A pesar de esta supuesta neutralidad, los oficiales españoles tuvieron que gestionar numerosos conflictos vinculados a la compraventa, la manumisión o la fuga de esclavos en un complejo espacio de frontera colonial, que reveló la agencia de los subalternos. Todo ello se produjo en un escenario repleto de tensiones e incertidumbres que mostraban la pugna por definir los propios fenómenos de esclavitud y servilismo en una época de cambios.

published first as (erstmalig folgendermaßen erschienen): Judith Scheele: “Connectivity and its Discontents: The Sahara – Second Face of the Mediterranean?”. In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie / Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology 145.2 (2020), Special Issue “Rethinking the Mediterranean”, pages 219–236. Die Zweitveröffentlichung dieses Artikels unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) erfolgte mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Reimer Verlags., This paper argues that the Sahara can be approached as a region following Horden and Purcell’s (2000) suggestions for the Mediterranean. Or at least, that this is true in economic and ecological terms. Internally, however, Saharan connectivity tends to be expressed in terms of genealogies, kinship and alliance, which implies moral evaluation of a kind that Horden and Purcell’s model is less able to capture. This becomes especially apparent with regard to the classification of Saharan settlements. From an ecological point of view, it might be meaningless to describe them as either towns or villages. From a moral point of view and in terms of self-definition, however, their classification matters greatly, in practical as much as representational terms. Moral aspirations emerge as an integral part of human ecologies.

The sweet tabaiba (Euphorbia balsamifera Ait.) is one of the classical examples of the disjunct biogeographic pattern known as Rand Flora. This species is currently circumscribed to comprise two subspecies, Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. balsamifera and E. balsamifera subsp. adenensis (Deflers) P.R.O. Bally, with their respective areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 2000 km across central-east Africa. We use multiple sources of evidence including phylogenomics, morphometrics, lineage ages, and climatic niche analysis to disentangle the confusing taxonomy around this charismatic Euphorbia lineage. Based on our integrative approach, we reestablish the two current subspecies to the rank of species (E. balsamifera Ait., E. adenensis Deflers) and resurrect the long forgotten E. sepium N.E. Br., a commonly used species in the western Sub-Saharan and Sahelian regions. The taxonomic treatment presented here includes an identification key, updated morphological descriptions, and lectotypification of several names.

The honey badger (Mellivora capensis) is a medium-sized carnivore distributed throughout Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Turkmenistan, and India. However, available information on its ecology is very scarce. We studied its feeding ecology in the remote north-western Sahara Desert, based on the contents of 125 fecal samples collected during large scale surveys. Samples were confirmed to belong to honey badgers by camera trapping and genetic analyses. Barely 18 prey species were detected. The diet primarily consisted of spiny-tailed lizards Uromastyx nigriventris and U. dispar (72% of volume in scats). Secondary prey items were arthropods (14%), small mammals (8%), other reptiles (4%), and eggs (0.8%). Some small geographic and temporal di erences were related to the consumption of beetle larvae and rodents as alternative prey. Camera trapping and distance sampling surveys showed that diel activities did not overlap between honey badgers and spiny-tailed lizards, suggesting that badgers primarily dig lizards out of their burrows when inactive. Consumption of spiny lizards by other sympatric meso-carnivores was < 6.1% of occurrence (223 analyzed scats); the honey badger behaved as a trophic specialist in the Sahara, probably thanks to exclusive anatomical adaptations for digging. We discuss the role of this circumstance minimizing the exploitative competition, which could allow the survival of this large mustelid in this low productive and highly competitive environment

El islam llegó al norte de África en el siglo VII de la mano de la conquista militar. Sin embargo, su expansión hacia el sur del continente adquirió un cariz muy distinto. Por medio de las rutas comerciales transaharianas, el islam atravesó el desierto y contactó con pueblos africanos como el amazigh, soninke o mande. Siempre aceptado de forma voluntaria, fue utilizado en diversos contextos como vínculo socio-político, herramienta comercial o de legitimación, cristalizando en ciudades e imperios como Takrur, Gao, Mali y Songhay., Islam arrived in North Africa in the 7th century by means of military conquest. Nevertheless, its expansion to the south acquired a different approach. Through trans- Saharan trade routes, Islam crossed the desert and contacted with African peoples such as the Amazigh, Soninke or Mande. Always accepted voluntarily, it was used in a variety of contexts as a socio-politic link, commercial or legitimating tool. It finally crystallized in cities and empires such as Takrur, Gao, Mali and Songhay., Grado en Historia

Se desarrolla cronológicamente la historia del Sáhara Occidental, separada en tres ejes principales: El Sáhara Occidental Precolonial, El Sáhara Español y, por último, La Colonización Marroquí. Se analizará de manera exhaustiva la riqueza del territorio y, por ende, las razones económicas y comerciales que mueven a todos estos países implicados a intentar controlar el territorio o, por otro lado, posicionarse indirectamente a favor de Marruecos. Para concluir se expondrá la situación de la población saharaui actualmente, desde el punto de vista de la economía y el comercio, y, finalmente, las perspectivas de futuro que consideramos pertinentes., Grado en Comercio

Entre los innumerables parajes que la exploradora francesa Alexandra David-Néel cruzó, Túnez fue su lugar de residencia entre 1900 y 1911, de ahí nació en 1907 el bonito cuento «Devant la face d’Allah», testigo por un lado de la belleza de los paisajes saharianos, por otro lado de la historia de aquellas tierras africanas colonizadas, pero sobre todo de la increíble audacia de una mujer nacida a finales del siglo XIX quien habla libremente de su visión de las religiones. Además, este relato que cuenta las aventuras de dos jóvenes parisinos cuyo destino los lleva hasta el Sahara, representa de algún modo, las heridas y las vivencias ocultas de la autora Alexandra David-Néel., Among the numerous parts of the country that the French explorer, Alexandra David-Néel crossed, Tunis was her place of residence between 1900 and 1911. In 1907 she wrote this attractive tale that on the one hand, bears witness to the beauty of an enchanting landscape, and on the other hand tells the story of these colonized African lands. Of special note is the incredible boldness of a woman, born at the end of the 19th century, speaking freely about the Muslim religion. Finally, through this short story of two Parisian children, continuing to the Sahara and dying in the arms of Allah, are the echoes of the wounds and real-life experience of the famous writer Alexandra David Néel.

The Maghreb is a regional system in which two states, Morocco and Algeria, both potentially dominant in terms of geographical size, population and the size of their economy, their military power and their ability to influence, are competing for a position of regional leadership. The hegemonic ambition of both states in regional context takes precedence over security policies, which makes them to adopt expansionary policies while ignoring the fact that, in doing so, they pose a security dilemma to their adversary aggravated by the problem of perception. Although the Maghreb constitutes a balanced bipo-lar security system with a low risk of military confrontation, nevertheless lack of information about the security policies of the other stakeholder feeds regional competition and increases the possibilities of conflict, El Magreb constituye un sistema de seguridad regional donde dos Esta-dos, Marruecos y Argelia, potencialmente dominantes por su extensión geográfica, población, tamaño de su economía, poder militar y capaci-dad de influencia, compiten por conseguir una posición de liderazgo regional que les permita convertirse, finalmente, en hegemónicas. La ambición hegemónica en el contexto regional de ambos Estados hace que tiendan a adoptar políticas expansivas ignorando que, con ello, plantean a su adversario un dilema de seguridad agravado por el pro-blema de las percepciones. Aunque el Magreb constituye un sistema de seguridad bipolar equilibrado y, por tanto, poco susceptible al enfren-tamiento militar, la falta de información sobre la política de seguridad de la otra parte alimenta la competición regional y aumenta las posibi-lidades de conflicto.

Human-mediated global environmental change threatens ecosystem services worldwide. Detailed cultural ecosystem services mapping is crucial to counteract ecosystem degradation, but such mapping exercises have been confined to small-scale analyses in developed countries. Additionally, disturbances constraining the supply of cultural ecosystem services transboundary have never been mapped, which hampers the accurate management of ecosystems, particularly in underdeveloped countries affected by human conflicts. The Sahara-Sahel ecoregions of Africa represent an excellent model to map the distribution of transboundary attractions and constraints to cultural ecosystem services due to the many conflicts affecting its drylands. We mapped and analysed the supply of cultural ecosystem services in the Sahara-Sahel, using a multicriteria approach that includes transboundary attractions and constraints playing at broader scales. We wanted to understand where are located the hotspots of cultural ecosystem services and which regions displaying the highest levels of attractions may be simultaneously threatened by constraint features. Overall, 35.4% of the study area displays high (27.9%) to very high (7.5%) levels of attractions to cultural ecosystem services supply, while 8.6% of the area displays high (7.5%) to very high (1.1%) levels of constraints that limit the usufruct of these services in the region. Our findings showed that the main mountains and wetlands of the region are supplying high levels of cultural ecosystem services but are threatened in some parts of their range by transboundary constraints. Some country-borders displayed a high concentration of constraints impacting desert biodiversity and human communities. This highlights the urgency of policymakers to reinforce transboundary strategic actions to halt the ongoing destruction of natural resources in the region. The developed approach is scalable and replicable in any ecosystem, including in those locate

Insects account for a large portion of Earth's biodiversity and are key players for ecosystems, notably as pollinators. While insect migration is suspected to represent a natural phenomenon of major importance, remarkably little is known about it, except for a few flagship species. The reason for this situation is mainly due to technical limitations in the study of insect movement. Here, we propose using metabarcoding of pollen carried by insects as a method for tracking their migrations. We developed a flexible and simple protocol allowing efficient multiplexing and not requiring DNA extraction, one of the most time¿consuming part of metabarcoding protocols, and apply this method to the study of the long¿distance migration of the butterfly Vanessa cardui, an emerging model for insect migration. We collected 47 butterfly samples along the Mediterranean coast of Spain in spring and performed metabarcoding of pollen collected from their bodies to test for potential arrivals from the African continent. In total, we detected 157 plant species from 23 orders, most of which (82.8%) were insect¿pollinated. Taxa present in Africa¿Arabia represented 73.2% of our data set, and 19.1% were endemic to this region, strongly supporting the hypothesis that migratory butterflies colonize southern Europe from Africa in spring. Moreover, our data suggest that a northwards trans¿Saharan migration in spring is plausible for early arrivals (February) into Europe, as shown by the presence of Saharan floristic elements. Our results demonstrate the possibility of regular insect¿mediated transcontinental pollination, with potential implications for ecosystem functioning, agriculture and plant phylogeography.

[Resumen:] Desde 1975, unos 165 000 saharauis viven como refugiados en el desierto del Sahara cerca de Tindouf (Argelia). El agua disponible proviene de pozos profundos ubicados en algunos casos a decenas de kilómetros de distancia de los asentamientos de población, es tratada en plantas de ósmosis inversa y mediante cloración y, posteriormente, se distribuye mediante una red de grifos y camiones cisterna. La complejidad del sistema de abastecimiento y las condiciones extremas han obligado a la elaboración de un Plan de Seguridad del Agua con objeto de asegurar que el suministro ofrece una dotación suficiente y una calidad del agua adecuada. El plan sigue una metodología de evaluación de riesgos y establece mecanismos de control para minimizar su impacto, que se recogen en seis protocolos de actuación para las infraestructuras y el control de la calidad de agua. Como aportación novedosa la metodología desarrollada en los campamentos incorpora además de los tradicionales conceptos de calidad de agua, el análisis del volumen de agua suministrada, muy relacionada con algunas enfermedades hídricas. Desde finales de 2014, estos protocolos han comenzado a ser aplicados obteniéndose resultados que repercuten en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas refugiadas.

This dissertation examines the place of the médersa, a Franco-Muslim school offering both European and Islamic instruction, in the colonial history of northwest Africa. It pays particular attention to the trans-Saharan nature of the institution, as it expanded from its original context in Algeria to an eventual presence in the West African colonies of Senegal, French Soudan, and Mauritania. It also demonstrates how the médersa evolved over the course of major changes in colonial policy from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth, from the "Arabophilia" of Napoléon III to the civilizing mission of the Third Republic to the era of the French Union and decolonization. Tracing the médersa's history over this span of space and time reveals a process of domestication, a negotiation between African Muslim societies and French administrators that resulted in institutional adaptations and what I call a "multi-local" institution. In other words, the médersa's core mission, providing Franco-Muslim education and producing a class of Muslim intermediary employees for the colonial administration, remained the same while certain practices changed to suit local imperatives. Two of these "practices of order" receive special scrutiny in the dissertation. These are the curriculum, which evolved to include certain local practices of Islamic knowledge transmission, and student recruitment, which determined the makeup of the colonial intermediary corps in tandem with local and colonial ideas of religious, racial, and social identity.Most scholars have dismissed the médersas as a colonial curiosity. The dissertation argues that the médersa's domestication in fact had a major impact on the intellectual, political, and institutional histories of northwest Africa, and that its influence is best understood through a new multi-local, trans-Saharan framework. Adopting this comparative perspective demonstrates how the médersa's institutional practices, and the médersa's students, influe

El objeto de esta investigación es llegar a una posible solución de arquitectura asistencial contemporánea, sostenible y eficiente, capaz de sortear los obstáculos y cubrir las exigencias básicas de cualquier región escasamente desarrollada del planeta. La actuación se centrará en el continente africano, cuna de la humanidad aunque a la cola en cuanto a nivel de desarrollo global, y se acotará a la región desértica del Sáhara, cuyas adversas condiciones suponen ciertamente todo un desafío arquitectónico y asistencial. A fin de componer un discurso completo que conduzca eficazmente a la propuesta, se tratará primero el contexto general que vive el mundo menos desarrollado, junto a ciertas iniciativas planteadas para su desarrollo económico y humano. Posteriormente, se elaborará un recorrido histórico por el hospital, atendiendo también a ciertas intervenciones recientes en el continente. Y, para finalizar, se abordará la arquitectura vernácula y la eficiencia energética como posibles pilares del planteamiento con el que enfocar la construcción en las regiones más desfavorables. El trabajo procurará que todo este ejercicio documental concluya con el diseño de un modelo asistencial universal, tras haber escogido la tipología arquitectónica más apropiada para el contexto. Su materialización propone aprovechar al máximo los recursos materiales y humanos del lugar con el fin de abaratar el proceso de construcción, así como de dar una respuesta sostenible y bioclimática en medio de un panorama marcado por la grave crisis energética actual., Grado en Fundamentos de la Arquitectura

The thesis aims to assess the United States’ antiterrorism strategy in the Sahel to help the Sahel G5 (SG5) organization succeed in its goal of eradicating terrorism. Analyzing the successes and failures of the strategy, including its governance, security, economic development, and educational aspects, confirms the necessity of a comprehensive approach to effectively face the terrorism threat in that region. This thesis addresses critical issues in the framework of the international community to enhance the SG5’s chances of success. Even though funding issues are a major concern, strategic cooperation with regional power Algeria will greatly enhance the SG5’s chances of success. Furthermore, this thesis recommends working toward improving professional security apparatuses and increasing economic development, education, and literacy rates, factors that could bolster resistance to terrorist groups’ recruitment., http://archive.org/details/learningfromusco1094560389, National Guard, Mali, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This thesis examines the importance of international actors’ influence on reaching an effective peace agreement and in enabling its implementation. Specifically, this study seeks to explain why, despite international attention, the situation in Mali has not improved in the past five years, either in terms of defeating the rebels in the country’s northern areas or preventing terrorist attacks. To arrive at an explanation, the thesis examines the significant issues that have challenged the implementation of the 2015 peace agreement. Scholars agree that implementing a peace agreement is equally important as reaching it, and that peacemakers should therefore pay attention to the quality of peace agreements, the presence of spoilers, and the hostility of neighboring countries and international great powers to peace. Similarly, it is generally admitted that international actors should intervene to protect the peace process. Nevertheless, there is controversy over the strategy these international actors must adopt to prevent peace processes from derailing. In the specific case of Mali, the poor quality of the 2015 peace agreement, the inadequateness of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali’s mandate, and the fact that Algeria and France primarily pursued their own interests, have undermined the UN's coordination of the peace process and diffused peace-making efforts., http://archive.org/details/theimpactofinter1094560420, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

[EN] Since 1975, about 165,000 people from Western Sahara are living as refugees in the Sahara Desert near Tindouf (Algeria). Available water resources come from deep boreholes located up to tens of kilometers away from the settlements of the population, bulk water is treated in reverse osmosis plants and by chlorination systems and, after, distributed through a network of taps and water tankers. Water supply system complexity and extreme conditions force the elaboration of a Water Safety Plan, aiming to guarantee appropriate provision and quality of water. The plan follows a risk assessment methodology and establishes control mechanisms to minimize risk impacts, which are compiled in six action protocols for infrastructures and water quality monitoring. As a novel contribution, the proposed methodology developed in the refugee camps incorporates besides the conventional water quality assessment concepts, the analysis of the volume of supplied water, linked with some water-washed diseases. Since the end of 2014, those protocols have begun to be applied obtaining results that have a positive effect on the life quality of refugees., [ES] Desde 1975, unos 165 000 saharauis viven como refugiados en el desierto del Sahara cerca de Tindouf (Argelia). El agua disponible proviene de pozos profundos ubicados en algunos casos a decenas de kilómetros de distancia de los asentamientos de población, es tratada en plantas de ósmosis inversa y mediante cloración y, posteriormente, se distribuye mediante una red de grifos y camiones cisterna. La complejidad del sistema de abastecimiento y las condiciones extremas han obligado a la elaboración de un Plan de Seguridad del Agua con objeto de asegurar que el suministro ofrece una dotación suficiente y una calidad del agua adecuada. El plan sigue una metodología de evaluación de riesgos y establece mecanismos de control para minimizar su impacto, que se recogen en seis protocolos de actuación para las infraestructuras y el control de la calidad de agua. Como aportación novedosa la metodología desarrollada en los campamentos incorpora además de los tradicionales conceptos de calidad de agua, el análisis del volumen de agua suministrada, muy relacionada con algunas enfermedades hídricas. Desde finales de 2014, estos protocolos han comenzado a ser aplicados obteniéndose resultados que repercuten en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas refugiadas.

© <2018>. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, The aim of this paper is to present three years of an evaluation of the performance and degradation rate of three different crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) modules in the Saharan environment. The PV modules are: mc-Si (multi-crystalline), c_Si (mono-crystalline, back contacted) and HiT (heterojunction with intrinsic thin-layer); they are installed in Saida which is located at the proximity of Algeria’s Sahara. Two methods were used to calculate the degradation rate; the effective peak power of the PV modules and the temperature corrected performance ratio. It was found that the HIT technology performs worse than the other technologies with the highest degradation rate, ranging from -1.53%/year to -1.92%/year. The mc_Si PV and c_Si PV module technologies present a lower degradation rate than the HIT technology in the range of -0.74%/year to -0.83%/year and -0.58%/year to -0.79%/year respectively., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Wind and solar farms offer a major pathway to clean, renewable energies. However, these farms would significantly change land surface properties, and, if sufficiently large, the farms may lead to unintended climate consequences. In this study, we used a climate model with dynamic vegetation to show that large-scale installations of wind and solar farms covering the Sahara lead to a local temperature increase and more than a twofold precipitation increase, especially in the Sahel, through increased surface friction and reduced albedo. The resulting increase in vegetation further enhances precipitation, creating a positive albedo–precipitation–vegetation feedback that contributes ~80% of the precipitation increase for wind farms. This local enhancement is scale dependent and is particular to the Sahara, with small impacts in other deserts.

Dust over the Atlantic undergoes decadal variability. Over the past three decades, satellite and in-situ measurements show a downward trend in dust concentration over the Atlantic, indicating there is less dust emission in the Sahara. Meanwhile, observations show an upward trend in the Sahel precipitation. However, it is unknown what affects dust emission in the Sahara and precipitation in the Sahel simultaneously. Dust emission in North Africa also undergoes synoptic variability and high concentration of dust is often observed in the western Sahara, but it is unclear whether dust over the western Sahara is due to local emission or dust transport from the east.The aim of this thesis is twofold, first, to examine the role the Saharan heat low (SHL) plays in dust emission and precipitation from synoptic to decadal timescales. and second, to identify bias of dust in the model. To do so I use reanalysis and satellite products to construct the time series of dust, precipitation and the SHL and perform regression analysis to examine the effect of the SHL on precipitation and winds, which are associated with dust emission. Then I study the lead and lag relationship between the SHL and dust concentration in North African on the synoptic scale to identify source regions. Lastly, I identify the biases in a dust source function using dust output from a climate model.The results from this thesis suggest that the warming of the SHL results in the increase of precipitation in the Sahel and the reduction in dust emission by changing low-level winds on the decadal timescale. On the synoptic scale, cool phases of the SHL is associated with more dust emission and 10% of the dust over western Africa is from source regions to the east. Lastly, the dust source function may overestimate dust emission in the Sahel and western Africa.

El proyecto que a continuación se desarrolla se trata de un Trabajo Final de Grado en Comunicación Audiovisual realizado en el Campus de Gandia de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar una herramienta de comunicación con la que el Festival Internacional de Cine del Sáhara pueda difundir su labor. Para ello, se efectuará un proceso de preproducción, producción y postproducción en los cuales se desarrollarán los pasos a seguir en la elaboración de un proyecto audiovisual: documentación, guión, diseño, animación y edición de vídeo y sonido. Tras el trabajo realizado se obtiene una animación 2D que cumple satisfactoriamente mi objetivo principal. En la animación, por una parte se hará una breve explicación de cómo surgió el conflicto y su evolución y, por otra parte, se detallará la función que desempeña FiSahara, tanto en el festival como en la escuela de cine del Sahara, The project developed in this report is a Final Project Degree in Audiovisual Communication at the Gandia Campus of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The aim of this project is to provide a communication tool for International Film Festival of Sahara can disseminate its work. To do this, there will be carried out a process of preproduction, production and postproduction in which the steps will be developed to follow in the development of an audiovisual project: documentation, script, design, animation and video and sound editing. After the work performed is gets a 2D animation that complies satisfactorily my main objective. In the animation, on one hand there will be a brief explanation of how be came the conflict and its evolution; and, on the other hand, there will be detailed the role played FiSahara, both at the festival and the school of cinema of Sahara.

[EN] In this work the author provides us with his experiences and opinions about the Saharawi people who live in the Tinduf refugee camp, in Argelia, a place he recently visited. Bitter, sweet and mild tells of a trip. It consists of four portraits which delve into the lives of four saharawi children, through faces' paintings and photographical and audiovisual testimonies that he heard, saw and took in person, therefor all the feelings he experienced are inmediately transformed into emotion. The autobiographical work and this social role of art reflect perfectly the conflict of Saharawi people. All through this project that needs its installation and the documentary support to be displayed, [ES] El autor nos ofrecerá en este proyecto sus experiencias y opiniones sobre el Pueblo Saharaui que habita en los campamentos de refugiados de Tinduf, en Argelia, y que recientemente visitó. Amargo, dulce y suave , relata un viaje. Consta de una serie de tres retra- tos que se acercan a la vida de tres niños saharauis, a través de la pintura de rostros y los testimonios fotográficos y audiovisuales que escuchó, vio y tomó allí de primera mano; por lo que toda sensación vivida queda trasformada inmediatamente en emoción. El retrato biográfico y la función social del arte, hacen visible el conflicto del pueblo saharaui a través de este proyecto que toma la instalación y el documental como posible escenario de exhibición

The lack of a dissuasive policy was one of the key factors that explains the outbreak of the last Spanish colonial war. This article analyses the contradictory policy of general Franco’s regime about its territories of the Africa Occidental Española. Especially, it deals with the absence of a credible dissuasive policy in contrast to the increasing menacing presence of the so-called Army of Liberation of the Sahara., La ausencia de una política de disuasión fue uno de los factores clave que explica el estallido de la última guerra colonial española. Este artículo analiza las contradicciones de la política del régimen franquista en sus territorios del África Occidental Española, en especial la carencia de una política creíble de disuasión ante la creciente amenaza de la presencia del denominado Ejército de Liberación del Sáhara.