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The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostility. What makes the hostility between Iran and the United States seem intractable? The investigation of other seemingly intractable relationships (United States–Libya, United States–China, The Troubles, Pre-JCPOA) enables a greater appreciation for the flaws of zero-sum assessments and the gathering of relevant relation-building characteristics. As an alternative, this thesis offers 1) a broad outline of why Iran–United States relations should not be seen as a zero-sum problem and 2) an examination of other perceived intractably hostile relations and how they were solved, with relevant insights gleaned from prior successful endeavors. Diplomacy is undervalued in the current and previous approaches toward Iran over the past 40+ years; U.S. leaders must reinvigorate diplomacy among the elements of national power. History serves as a font of ideas, illuminating considerations for the development of a concerted effort aimed at advancing long-term relations with Iran.The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostili

The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostility. What makes the hostility between Iran and the United States seem intractable? The investigation of other seemingly intractable relationships (United States–Libya, United States–China, The Troubles, Pre-JCPOA) enables a greater appreciation for the flaws of zero-sum assessments and the gathering of relevant relation-building characteristics. As an alternative, this thesis offers 1) a broad outline of why Iran–United States relations should not be seen as a zero-sum problem and 2) an examination of other perceived intractably hostile relations and how they were solved, with relevant insights gleaned from prior successful endeavors. Diplomacy is undervalued in the current and previous approaches toward Iran over the past 40+ years; U.S. leaders must reinvigorate diplomacy among the elements of national power. History serves as a font of ideas, illuminating considerations for the development of a concerted effort aimed at advancing long-term relations with Iran.The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostili, http://archive.org/details/endinganenemyuni1094563482, Major, United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Measurements of blood volume in c rdiovascular surgical patie s indicated good correlation of postopera iv mea urements with preoperativ values when the p tients were s able, but were in considerable error when vital signs were unstabl , or when vasopressor sub tances were being adminis ere . In the absence of clinical evide ce of heart is a e, c rdiac output an coron ry blood flow were w ll maintaine in the postsurgical period. Myoc rdial blood flow nd c r i c output m asure ent in pati n s wit acute hemorrhagic an traumatic s ock incre e in pati ts below age 40 and were essentially unchanged from the predicted value in patients over 40. In dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock discrepa cies of measured blood volume after shock has intervened with volumes known to xi t in the animal obtained by substracting volume of shed blood from pres ock measured volume c nno be e pl in d by tracers of plas a, of red cells, or of tracers of plasma and red cells combined Lig tions of art ries to the extremities d to the gastrointestinal ract do not protect the nimal from hemorrhagic shock. (Author)