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Die Integration von Reaktion und Trennung in der Reaktivrektifikation ist eine etablierte Methode zur Prozessintensivierung. Aufgrund der thermischen Belastung ist die Verwendung von enzymatischen Katalysatoren in der Reaktivrektifikation weitgehend unerforscht. In dieser Arbeit wurden Methoden zur Immobilisierung und zum Austausch des Katalysators weiterentwickelt, um schließlich in experimentellen und simulationsbasierten Untersuchungen erstmals die Umsetzung von enzymspezifischen Reaktionen in der Reaktivrektifikation aufzuzeigen., In reactive distillation processes, the integration of reaction and separation into one unit operation not only reduces equipment and operational costs but also enables enhanced conversion and selectivity. Due to increased thermal stresses, the application of enzymes in this process is hardly explored. In this thesis, methods for integration and exchange of immobilized enzymes were developed to demonstrate the feasibility of enzymes for the production of single enantiomers in reactive distillation processes.

Magnetic fields are present in a variety of astrophysical environments, where they can affect the motions and structure of matter. Observations of magnetic fields in the Milky Way show that magnetic fields are an important force acting on gas in the interstellar medium. Observing magnetic fields outside of the Milky Way is challenging, and the most reliable observations of extragalactic magnetic fields are in galaxies similar to the Milky Way.This dissertation focuses on results from observations of magnetic fields in galaxies at a very different stage of their evolution than the Milky Way. There are two main types of galaxies described here: starburst galaxies and early-type galaxies. Starburst galaxies are galaxies that are very rapidly forming stars as a result of a merger, and represent a short lived, but dramatic, phase during galaxy evolution. Early-type galaxies have limited star formation, and typically have little remaining gas. The three main approaches I use to study extragalactic magnetic fields are: (i) directly measuring magnetic fields via Zeeman splitting, targeting starburst galaxies that host such strong OH maser lines that they are called OH megamasers (OHMs); (ii) exploring the excitation of OH in both starburst galaxies and early-type galaxies, in order to understand how and where OHMs are produced; and (iii) assessing the quality of an alternative method of measuring magnetic fields in galaxies based on measuring synchrotron fluxes, looking in starburst galaxies and one early-type galaxy.Using both single dish and interferometric observations of Zeeman splitting in OHMs, I find that magnetic fields are dynamically important within starburst galaxies, both on scales relevant to star formation (roughly a parsec), and on larger scales with the interstellar medium of starburst galaxies. I discuss observations of OH lines in starburst galaxies and in early-type galaxies, and conclude that they support models in which OHMs are excited radiatively thr

Magnetic fields are present in a variety of astrophysical environments, where they can affect the motions and structure of matter. Observations of magnetic fields in the Milky Way show that magnetic fields are an important force acting on gas in the interstellar medium. Observing magnetic fields outside of the Milky Way is challenging, and the most reliable observations of extragalactic magnetic fields are in galaxies similar to the Milky Way.This dissertation focuses on results from observations of magnetic fields in galaxies at a very different stage of their evolution than the Milky Way. There are two main types of galaxies described here: starburst galaxies and early-type galaxies. Starburst galaxies are galaxies that are very rapidly forming stars as a result of a merger, and represent a short lived, but dramatic, phase during galaxy evolution. Early-type galaxies have limited star formation, and typically have little remaining gas. The three main approaches I use to study extragalactic magnetic fields are: (i) directly measuring magnetic fields via Zeeman splitting, targeting starburst galaxies that host such strong OH maser lines that they are called OH megamasers (OHMs); (ii) exploring the excitation of OH in both starburst galaxies and early-type galaxies, in order to understand how and where OHMs are produced; and (iii) assessing the quality of an alternative method of measuring magnetic fields in galaxies based on measuring synchrotron fluxes, looking in starburst galaxies and one early-type galaxy.Using both single dish and interferometric observations of Zeeman splitting in OHMs, I find that magnetic fields are dynamically important within starburst galaxies, both on scales relevant to star formation (roughly a parsec), and on larger scales with the interstellar medium of starburst galaxies. I discuss observations of OH lines in starburst galaxies and in early-type galaxies, and conclude that they support models in which OHMs are excited radiatively thr

In order to assess the chloride channel gene CLCN2 as a candidate susceptibility gene for childhood absence epilepsy, parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis was performed in 65 nuclear pedigrees. This provided suggestive evidence for linkage with heterogeneity: NPL score=2.3, p<0.009; HLOD=1.5, α=0.44. Mutational analysis of the entire genomic sequence of CLCN2 was performed in 24 unrelated patients from pedigrees consistent with linkage, identifying 45 sequence variants including the known non-synonymous polymorphism rs2228292 (G2154C, Glu718Asp) and a novel variant IVS4+12G>A. Intra-familial association analysis using the pedigrees and a further 308 parent–child trios showed suggestive evidence for transmission disequilibrium of the G2154C minor allele: AVE-PDT , p<0.03. Case–control analysis provided e

Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is an idiopathic generalised epilepsy characterised by absence seizures manifested by transitory loss of awareness with 2.5-4 Hz spike-wave complexes on ictal EEG. A genetic component to aetiology is established but the mechanism of inheritance and the genes involved are not fully defined. Available evidence suggests that genes encoding brain expressed voltage-gated calcium channels, including CACNG3 on chromosome 16p12-p13.1, may represent susceptibility loci for CAE. The aim of this work was to further evaluate CACNG3 as a susceptibility locus by linkage and association analysis. Assuming locus heterogeneity, a significant HLOD score (HLOD = 3.54, alpha = 0.62) was obtained for markers encompassing CACNG3 in 65 nuclear families with a proband with CAE. The maximum non-parametric linkage score was 2.87 (P < 0.002). Re-sequencing of the coding exons in 59 patients did not identify any putative causal variants. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of CACNG3 was constructed using 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Transmission disequilibrium was sought using individual SNPs and SNP-based haplotypes with the pedigree disequilibrium test in 217 CAE trios and the 65 nuclear pedigrees. Evidence for transmission disequilibrium (P < or = 0.01) was found for SNPs within a approximately 35 kb region of high LD encompassing the 5'UTR, exon 1 and part of intron 1 of CACNG3. Re-sequencing of this interval was undertaken in 24 affected individuals. Seventy-two variants were identified: 45 upstream; two 5'UTR; and 25 intronic SNPs. No coding sequence variants were identified, although four variants are predicted to affect exonic splicing. This evidence supports CACNG3 as a susceptibility locus in a subset of CAE patients.

Although complex idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) are recognized to have a significant genetic component, as yet there are no known common susceptibility variants. It has recently been suggested that variation in the BRD2 gene confers increased risk of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which accounts for around a quarter of all IGE. Here we examine the association between the candidate causal SNP (the promoter variant rs3918149) and JME in five independent cohorts comprising in total 531 JME cases and 1,390 healthy controls., Comparative Study, Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, FLWIN, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Although complex idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) are recognized to have a significant genetic component, as yet there are no known common susceptibility variants. It has recently been suggested that variation in the BRD2 gene confers increased risk of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which accounts for around a quarter of all IGE. Here we examine the association between the candidate causal SNP (the promoter variant rs3918149) and JME in five independent cohorts comprising in total 531 JME cases and 1,390 healthy controls., Comparative Study, Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, FLWIN, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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