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Konsep ummah, civil society dan mayarakat madani mempunyaidefinisi dan penjelasan yang cenderung mempunyai beberapa persamaan.Ketiganya mempunyai landasan yang sama yakni menekankan pada prinsipprinsiptoleransi, desentralisasi, kewarganegaraan, aktivisme dalam ruang publik,sukarela, swasembada, swadaya, otonom, dan konstitusionalisme dan sebagainya.Meskipun demikian, pemahaman dan aplikasi tentang ketiga konsep tersebut tidakbisa dikerucutkan kedalam satu pemikiran yang seragam. Civil society lebihmenginduk dari proses sejarah masyarakat Barat. Dalam hubungannya dengansejarah panjang umat Islam, pola-pola seperti yang tercermin dalam konsep civilsociety tersebut sudah dibangun oleh Rasullullah ketika di Madinah dengankonsep Ummah, yang tercatat dalam Piagam Madinah. Sementara konsepMasyarakat Madani merupakan suatu istilah untuk memudahkan dan memaknaikonsep civil society dan konsep ummah dalam konteks Islam dan Indonesia.

Biometric and physiological analyses of salt stress responses were performed in two time-course experiments on giant reed (Arundo donax L). Experiment I evaluated biomass production in plants exposed to 128, 256, 512 mM NaCl for 84 days. For Experiment II, plants grown under 256 mM NaCl were further assessed for chlorophyll a fluorescence, ionic partitioning, and proline content at 14 and 49 days after treatment (DAT). Biomass allocation was affected with all the concentrations of NaCl used from 28 DAT onward. Proline biosynthesis in leaves was more stimulated than that in roots after salt stress. Photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) was not affected by salt stress up to 42 DAT, while 49 DAT plants exhibited a significant reduction of both potential (ΦPSII) and maximal (Fv/Fm) PSII quantum yield. A. donax resulted a moderately sensitive species in response to 256 and 512 mM NaCl, concentrations that are however higher than that commonly found in most marginal lands (such as 128 mM or lower), where the biomass yield is appreciable, especially in short-term cultivation (56 DAT here). Altogether, this study indicates that A. donax can be considered as a promising and valuable energy crop for exploiting the Mediterranean marginal land.