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Objective: This comprehensive scope review critically examines the landscape of empirical research on strategy implementation (SI) over the past decade, from 2014 to 2024. Despite its critical role in determining organizational success or failure, strategy implementation remains an underexplored area within the vast domain of strategic management literature. Method: The article is a comprehensive scope review which analyses 50 peer-reviewed articles, this review not only uncovers the depth and breadth of empirical research conducted in diverse industries and countries but also identifies prevailing obstacles, leadership roles, and the strategic levels at which implementation is discussed. Results and Discussion: The landscape of empirical research on Strategy Implementation (SI) over the decade spanning 2014 to 2024 has been marked by a remarkable diversity, with studies branching out across various facets of SI from multiple disciplinary perspectives Noteworthy within this broad array of research is the significant attention given to empirical studies conducted within the African continent, particularly in countries like Kenya, Zambia, and Nigeria. Research Implications: This paper seeks to map out the evolving nature of strategy implementation research, pinpointing areas ripe for future exploration and also offers a foundation for developing robust theoretical frameworks and practical models to guide effective strategy execution in organizations worldwide. Originality/Value: This study provides a systematic overview of empirical studies focusing on strategy implementation, highlighting key trends, methodologies, and thematic concentrations within the SI field., Abstrato Objectivo: Esta revisão abrangente de âmbito examina criticamente a paisagem da pesquisa empírica sobre a implementação da estratégia (SI) durante a última década, de 2014 a 2024. Apesar de seu papel crítico na determinação de sucesso ou fracasso organizacional, a implementação da estratégia continua a ser uma área pouco explorada no vasto domínio da literatura de gestão estratégica. Método: O artigo é uma revisão de âmbito abrangente que analisa 50 artigos revisados por pares, esta revisão não só descobre a profundidade e a amplitude da pesquisa empírica realizada em diversas indústrias e países, mas também identifica os obstáculos prevalecentes, os papéis de liderança e os níveis estratégicos em que a implementação é discutida. Resultados e Discussão: A paisagem da pesquisa empírica sobre implementação de estratégias (SI) durante a década de 2014 a 2024 foi marcada por uma diversidade notável, com estudos que se ramificam em várias facetas do SI a partir de múltiplas perspectivas disciplinares Notavel dentro desta ampla gama de pesquisas é a atenção significativa dada a estudos empíricos conduzidos dentro do continente africano, particularmente em países como Quênia, Zâmbia, e Nigéria. Implicações da Pesquisa: Este artigo procura mapear a evolução da natureza da pesquisa de implementação de estratégias, identificando áreas maduras para exploração futura e também oferece uma base para o desenvolvimento de quadros teóricos robustos e modelos práticos para orientar a execução eficaz de estratégia em organizações em todo o mundo. Originalidade/Valor: Este estudo fornece uma visão geral sistemática de estudos empíricos com foco na implementação da estratégia, destacando as principais tendências, metodologias e concentrações temáticas dentro do campo do SI. Palavras-chave: Implementação de Estratégias, Pesquisa Empirical, Gestão Estratégica, Sucesso Organizacional, Revisão da Literatura, o Objetivo: Este examen amplio del alcance examina críticamente el paisaje de la investigación empírica sobre la aplicación de la estrategia (SI) durante la última década, de 2014 a 2024. A pesar de su papel crítico en determinar el éxito o el fracaso de la organización, la aplicación de la estrategia sigue siendo una esfera poco explorada dentro del amplio ámbito de la literatura de gestión estratégica. Método: El artículo es una revisión amplia del alcance que analiza 50 artículos revisados por pares, esta revisión no sólo revela la profundidad y amplitud de la investigación empírica realizada en diversas industrias y países, sino que también identifica los obstáculos predominantes, los roles de liderazgo y los niveles estratégicos en los que se discute la aplicación. Resultados y discusión: El paisaje de la investigación empírica sobre implementación de estrategias (SI) durante el decenio que abarca 2014 a 2024 ha sido marcado por una diversidad notable, con estudios que se ramifican a través de diversas facetas del SI desde múltiples perspectivas disciplinarias Es notable dentro de esta amplia gama de investigaciones la importante atención que se presta a los estudios empíricos llevados a cabo en el continente africano, en particular en países como Kenya, Zambia y Nigeria. Implicaciones de la investigación: Este documento busca mapear la naturaleza evolutiva de las investigaciones de aplicación de estrategias, identificar áreas maduras para la exploración futura y también ofrece una base para el desarrollo de marcos teóricos robustos y modelos prácticos para orientar la ejecución eficaz de la estrategia en las organizaciones de todo el mundo. Originalidad/Valor: Este estudio proporciona una visión general sistemática de los estudios empíricos centrados en la aplicación de la estrategia, destacando las principales tendencias, metodologías y concentraciones temáticas dentro del campo del SI. Palabras clave: Implementación de estrategias, Investigación empí

AIMS: To describe sources of health information and health-seeking behaviours of adults (aged ≥18) living in medically underserved communities in the Philippines. DESIGN: This is a secondary, quantitative analysis from a cross-sectional parent study. Participants completed a 10-item, self-report survey on their sources of health information, healthcare providers sought for health and wellness and health-seeking behaviours when ill. Responses were evaluated across two age groups (<60 vs. ≥60 years) and genders using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 1202 participants in rural settings (64.6% female, mean age 49.5 ± 17.6). Friends and/or family were their key source of health information (59.6%), followed by traditional media (37%) and healthcare professionals (12.2%). For health promotion, participants went to healthcare professionals (60.9%), informal healthcare providers (17.2%) or others (7.2%). When ill, they visited a healthcare professional 69.1% of the time, self-medicated (43.9%), prayed (39.5%) or sought treatment from a rural health clinic (31.5%). We also found differences in health-seeking behaviours based on age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need to organize programs that explicitly deliver accurate health information and adequate care for wellness and illness. Study findings emphasize the importance of integrating family, friends, media and healthcare professionals, including public health nurses, to deliver evidence-based health information, health promotion and sufficient treatment to medically underserved Filipinos. IMPLICATIONS: New knowledge provides valuable information to healthcare providers, including public health nurses, in addressing health disparities among medically underserved Filipinos. IMPACT: This study addresses the current knowledge gap in a medically vulnerable population. Healthcare professionals are not the primary sources of health information. Approximately one-third of

Biometric technology, leveraging distinctive physiological or behavioral traits for identification, has transformed authentication methods. This thesis explores biometric data sensitivity from theoretical and human perspectives. Theoretical analysis examines factors like uniqueness, permanence, and potential misuse, while empirical research surveys societal attitudes towards biometric sensitivity. Discrepancies between theoretical constructs and real-world perceptions underscore the complexity of this issue. Privacy, security, and trust emerge as central concerns, emphasizing the need for comprehensive approaches in biometric technology development and policy-making. The discussion interprets survey findings, highlighting implications for stakeholders. Future research could explore cultural influences on biometric perceptions, conduct longitudinal studies, and investigate innovative solutions to privacy and security concerns. Collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers is crucial for advancing biometric technology ethically and responsibly in an increasingly digital world.

This thesis explores how the use of a debt management option affects Australian consumers who are burdened with overwhelming debt. A state of overwhelming debt causes financial and emotional stress for debtors and can also adversely affect the debtor’s family and others. Conversely, helping a debtor to recover has ongoing positive effects for the debtor, their family and the broader community. Recognising this, Australia – like many other jurisdictions – provides several options for such consumers through insolvency and other laws. Thousands of people use the common debt management options each year, but there is little information about how they experience these options and whether they are able to recover from their debt problems. Although some data are available from other jurisdictions, this information is not readily transferable to the Australian situation. This absence of data makes it difficult to know whether the current options are working as intended, and also makes it hard to have well-informed debates about proposals for law reform. In this thesis, the experiences of debtors who have used one of three debt management options (financial difficulty assistance, bankruptcy or a debt agreement) to deal with their consumer debts are explored through quantitative and qualitative data. The experiences of practitioners who work in the consumer debt field are also incorporated, providing a different perspective on the topic. In a novel approach compared with previous studies, the thesis also uses a financial wellbeing scale to examine debtor outcomes. In general, this thesis finds that many debtors experience positive outcomes, both financially and emotionally, from using a debt management option. It also finds improvements in average financial wellbeing scores associated with each of the three options. Practitioners also recognise the potential for each of these options to offer positive outcomes. However, given that the features of the three options can be quit

With the rapid advancement of technology, Augmented Reality (AR) technology, known for its ability to deeply integrate virtual information with the real world, is gradually transforming traditional work modes and teaching methods. Particularly in the realms of remote work and online education, AR technology demonstrates a broad spectrum of application prospects. This paper delves into the application potential and actual effects of AR technology in remote work and education. Through a systematic literature review, this study outlines the key features, advantages, and challenges of AR technology. Based on theoretical analysis, it discusses the scientific basis and technical support that AR technology provides for enhancing remote work efficiency and promoting innovation in educational teaching models. Additionally, by designing an empirical research plan and analyzing experimental data, this article reveals the specific performance and influencing factors of AR technology in practical applications. Finally, based on the results of the experiments, this research summarizes the application value of AR technology in remote work and education, looks forward to its future development trends, and proposes forward-looking research directions and strategic suggestions, offering empirical foundation and theoretical guidance for further promoting the in-depth application of AR technology in related fields.

Mutual funds have become an increasingly popular investment vehicle over the past few decades, with a wide range of options available to investors seeking exposure to various asset classes and investment strategies. However, one of the key factors that investors must consider when choosing a mutual fund is the fees charged by the fund manager. These fees can have a significant impact on an investor's returns over time, and yet they are often poorly understood or overlooked altogether. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of mutual fund fees and their impact on investor returns. This research focuses on the relationship between fees and fund performance, as well as the factors that influence fee levels and how they are disclosed to investors. Chapter One introduces the topic of mutual fund fees, outlining the key research questions and objectives of the study. This chapter also presents a discussion of the various types of fees charged by mutual fund managers. Chapter Two presents a review of the existing literature on mutual fund fees, including both theoretical and empirical research. This chapter provides a critical evaluation of the key theories and models that have been used to analyse mutual fund fees, as well as a summary of the most significant empirical findings in this area. The chapter also identifies gaps in the current literature and sets out the research questions that will be addressed in the subsequent chapters. Chapter Three examines one specific family-level strategy: the loss-leader pricing strategy. In this chapter the discussion is rooted in the question of why do fund families price low some of its member funds. Anecdotal evidence suggests this is due to flow incentives. This chapter provides systematic evidence that supports the existence of strategic pricing and finds rich pattern that fund families are leveraging pricing strategies to maximize family-level benefit. The flow incentive of fund families is reflected

[Background.] Empirical research in requirements engineering (RE) is a constantly evolving topic, with a growing number of publications. Several papers address this topic using literature reviews to provide a snapshot of its 'current' state and evolution. However, these papers have never built on or updated earlier ones, resulting in overlap and redundancy. The underlying problem is the unavailability of data from earlier works. Researchers need technical infrastructures to conduct sustainable literature reviews. [Aims.] We examine the use of the Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG) as such an infrastructure to build and publish an initial Knowledge Graph of Empirical research in RE (KG-EmpiRE) whose data is openly available. Our long-term goal is to continuously maintain KG-EmpiRE with the research community to synthesize a comprehensive, up-to-date, and long-term available overview of the state and evolution of empirical research in RE. [Method.] We conduct a literature review using the ORKG to build and publish KG-EmpiRE which we evaluate against competency questions derived from a published vision of empirical research in software (requirements) engineering for 2020-2025. [Results.] From 570 papers of the IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (2000-2022), we extract and analyze data on the reported empirical research and answer 16 out of 77 competency questions. These answers show a positive development towards the vision, but also the need for future improvements. [Conclusions.] The ORKG is a ready-to-use and advanced infrastructure to organize data from literature reviews as knowledge graphs. The resulting knowledge graphs make the data openly available and maintainable by research communities, enabling sustainable literature reviews.© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or

The restoration and preservation of freshwater ecosystems is one of the prerequisites for a sustainable and fair future for all and therefore part of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6). However, countries worldwide are facing a challenge to achieve this ambition by 2030. This paper focuses on the legal and governance challenges faced in the European context with regard to achieving water quality ambitions, using experiences from the Netherlands as a case study. Although many EU Member States (MS) are facing a challenge to meet the ambitions set by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 2027, literature on effectiveness of governance approaches in terms of actual water quality improvement, seems to be scarce. Based on interviews, a survey, expert panel discussions and literature we show that in the Netherlands, an important problem is that stakeholders, also within organisations, have different views on ambitions, achievements and necessary follow-up actions. This is problematic because for realising the water quality ambitions, cross-sectoral cooperation (e.g. from agriculture and spatial development) as well as strengthened interlinkages between these related policy fields is crucial. Moreover, there is a tendency to stick to the status quo. In order to increase effectiveness, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for this lock-in will be necessary. This will enable the development of practical tools and instruments to support cross-sectoral and multi-level collaboration. The sectoral implementation of the WFD in the Netherlands was chosen by many other MS, resulting in similar cross-sectoral challenges as we found in the Netherlands. Insight into how other MS deal with lock-in situations is needed to develop pathways to achieving WFD ambitions.

BackgroundCisgender women represent over half of people living with HIV globally. However, current research efforts toward a cure for HIV focus predominantly on cisgender men. The under-representation of women in HIV cure clinical studies is particularly problematic given data suggesting that sex-dependent phenotypes limit scientific discovery.ObjectiveWe aimed to generate considerations to increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research.Materials and methodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with biomedical researchers and community members to better understand factors that could increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure clinical trials. Participants were affiliated with academia, industry, community advisory boards, and community-based organizations, and were identified using listings from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group and the Martin Delaney Collaboratories. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsWe recruited 27 participants, of whom 11 were biomedical researchers and 16 were community members. Participants included 25 cisgender women, 1 transgender woman, and 1 cisgender man. Key considerations emerged, including the need to ensure that HIV cure studies reflect HIV epidemiologic trends and having accurate representation by sex and gender in HIV cure research. To increase the meaningful involvement of women, recommendations included instituting intentional enrollment goals, frequent and mandatory reporting on enrollment, and incentives for sites to enroll women. Additional themes included the need for agency and self-determination, attention to lived experiences, trauma and healing, and adequate support for women (e.g. logistical, psychosocial, mental, emotional, and physical). Participants noted that women would be willing to participate in HIV cure trials, related procedures (e.g. biopsies), and analytical treatment interruptions. They also expressed a desired for women-centered and ho

In the era of digital transformation, the need for more efficient self-service technologies has increased, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the importance of reducing physical interactions. Although there is some research on self-service technologies, there is a lack of research on the usability of internal self-service portals which are used within organizations. This study aims to address this gap by applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the design principles within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field to examine the usability of a self-service portal in a university in Sweden. The study adopts a mixed-method approach, incorporating data collection techniques such as cognitive walkthrough and semi-structured interviews for qualitative data, as well as System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire, and some other quantitative measurements for collecting data. Findings from the quantitative analysis through the System Usability Scale (SUS) results indicate a good to borderline OK design, with user satisfaction affected by the number of clicks and time required to complete tasks. Findings from the qualitative analysis reveal important factors influencing user experience, including user perception of the portal's design, learnability, impact of access to multiple systems, influence of easy-to-reach IT assistance, impact of insufficient information and guidance, lack of awareness, user desires, and suggestions for the design. The study concludes with the development of design guidelines based on the identified themes, aiming to enhance the usability of the self-service portal. These findings contribute to the understanding of self-service portals' usability within organizational contexts and provide actionable recommendations for improving the design and the user experience.

A widely applicable procedure of examining proximity to unidimensionality for multicomponent measuring instruments with multidimensional structure is discussed. The method is developed within the framework of latent variable modeling and allows one to point and interval estimate an explained variance proportion-based index that may be considered a measure of proximity to unidimensional structure. The approach is readily utilized in educational, behavioral, and social research when it is of interest to evaluate whether a more general structure scale, test, or measuring instrument could be treated as being associated with an approximately unidimensional latent structure for some empirical purposes.

Empirical research in education needs to be revitalised. However, there are some misunderstandings to solve: I) experts must refrain from expropriating the teachers from any possibility of voicing about scientific research that matters; II) considering scientific evidence as incontrovertible fact is erroneous; III) believing that the only research worth being conducted at school is that that delivers certainty and political/ethical impartiality is the last misconception. A couple of obstacles to counter these misunderstandings subsists: I) the teacher training, which does not equip teachers to comprehend and conduct scientific research; II) the practices of accountability of scientific production in academic institutions pushing researchers to publish low-quality/interest studies. In this context, Citizen Science (involvement of non-researchers in interactions with researchers as equals) can be a promising resolving direction.

Supply chain visibility (SCV) has been gaining recognition in recent years as a key factor for achieving analytical capabilities and improving supply chain performance. However, levels of SCV implementation lag behind current technological advances. This research was motivated by the lack of visibility in inbound logistics, which limits the possibility of managing deviation, in particular concerning changes in arrival time of incoming goods, in large industrial firms. We addressed this problem by adopting a design science approach. In particular, we followed context–intervention–mechanism–outcome (CIMO) logic to map and analyse material and information flows. The problems areas were successively translated via business and functional requirements into technological solutions. We evaluated alternative technologies using controlled experiments that mimicked real-life situations. This study provides guidance for manufacturing companies aiming to enhance deviation management and predictive capabilities by improving visibility in their inbound logistics and potentially extending visibility to other areas, such as internal and outbound flows., QC 20220909, LOVIS

Context: Previous research highlighted concerns about empirical research in software engineering (e.g., reproducibility, applicability of findings). It is unclear how these concerns reflect views of those who conduct and evaluate research.Objective: Focusing on software architecture, one subfield of software engineering, we study percep-tions of the research community on (1) how empirical research is applied, (2) human participants, (3) internal and external validity, and (4) replications. Method: We collected responses from 105 key players in architecture research via a survey; we analyzed data quantitatively and qualitatively.Results: Although respondents do generally not prefer either quantitative or qualitative research, around 40% express a preference for various reasons. Professionals are the preferred participants; there is no consensus on the value of student participants. Also, there is no consensus on when to focus on internal or external validity. Most respondents value replications, but acknowledge difficulties. A comparison with published research shows differences between how the community thinks research should be done.Conclusions: We provide evidence that consensus about empirical research is limited. Findings have implications for conducting and reviewing empirical research (e.g., training researchers and reviewers), and call for reflection on empirical research (e.g., to resolve conflicts). We outline actions for the future.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Aims: The aim was to examine the extent and scope of empirical research concerning registered nurses' psychological capital. Background: In a time of global nursing shortage, identifying variables that could positively contribute to the retention of the nursing workforce is essential. Prior research has shown that psychological capital correlates positively with employees' better performance and well-being. Design: A scoping review. Data sources: A systematic literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus covering the period from 1 January 2005 to 7 May 2023. Review methods: The JBI methodological guidance for scoping reviews was followed. The results were summarized narratively. Results: A total of 111 studies reported in 114 peer-reviewed articles were included. Studies were carried out across 20 countries, with the majority from China (45), Australia (nine), Pakistan (nine), Canada (eight), South Korea (eight) and the United States (eight). A positive correlation was found between registered nurses' psychological capital and desirable work-related outcomes, such as work engagement, commitment and retention intention. Conclusion: A comprehensive overview of research evidence suggests that psychological capital is associated with many positive work-related outcomes and might therefore be a valuable resource for reducing nurse turnover. © 2023 The Authors. International Journal of Nursing Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

The increasing importance of online user feedback is also influencing the film industry business. This work analyses the perceptions of film audience in Spain major using netnography. A total of 2187 opinions collected in a specialized film forum have been analyzed through factorial analysis of simple correspondences. The two dimensions obtained, together with the other results, show the importance of intrinsic variables. The first dimension allows to identify the personal action against the so-called environment. The second dimension contrasts positive perceptions against negative ones, allowing to detect market opportunities associated with a good soundtrack and a good plot. This second axis will also facilitate the detection of the worst rated films., La creciente importancia de las valoraciones de los usuarios en la red está influyendo en el negocio del sector cinematográfico. El presente trabajo analiza las valoraciones de los espectadores de cine en España recurriendo para este fin a la netnografía. Un total de 2187 opiniones recogidas en un foro especializado en cine han sido analizadas mediante un análisis factorial de correspondencias simples. Las dos dimensiones obtenidas, junto al resto de resultados, muestran la importancia de las variables intrínsecas. La primera dimensión identifica la actuación personal frente al denominado entorno. La segunda dimensión opone valoraciones positivas frente a negativas y permite detectar una oportunidad de mercado asociada a buena banda sonora y buen argumento. Este segundo eje también facilita la detección de las películas peor valoradas.

The preparation of an opinion turns out to be a complex and extremely responsible task. The optimization in the preparation of an appropriate expert opinion focuses on research, being a specialist in an area does not determine the success of the content. The social commitment that the expert faces before the justice system and its courts is the expertise itself that lies in the diversity of fields of knowledge that give off a legal-forensic link. To this, the regulations indicate the requirements for submitting a forensic examination, whose objective is to provide the administration of justice with certainty in the issuance of an expert opinion. The similarities between an expert report and a postgraduate thesis, their structure and description of each element are mentioned. Thus, studying a postgraduate degree in research, will provide the student with the ideal tools for a complete and improvement in the preparation of documents that demand research, therefore, the thesis is the result of training in a process of knowing how to investigate and develop skills for the identification of a problem that requires attention. The advantage itself is the total dedication to learn about argumentation, methodology and exposition, pillar issues in the development of a postgraduate and expert opinion., La elaboración de un dictamen resulta ser una tarea compleja y de suma responsabilidad. La optimización en la confección de un dictamen pericial idóneo se centra en la investigación, ya que el ser un especialista en un área, no determina el éxito del contenido. El compromiso social al que se enfrenta el perito ante la justicia y sus tribunales, es la peritación misma que radica en la diversidad de campos del conocimiento que desprendan una vinculación legal-forense. Para ello la normatividad señala los requisitos para presentar un examen forense, cuyo objetivo es aportar a la procuración de justicia certeza en la emisión de un dictamen pericial. Se mencionan las similitudes entre un peritaje y una tesis de posgrado, su estructura y descripción de cada elemento. Así pues, el estudiar un posgrado en investigación, proporcionará al estudiante las herramientas idóneas para una completa y mejora en la elaboración de documentos que demandan investigación, por ende, la tesis es el resultado de una formación en un proceso de saber investigar y desarrollar habilidades para la identificación de un problema que requiere atención. La ventaja en sí, es la total dedicación por aprender sobre argumentación, metodología y exposición, temas pilares en el desarrollo de un posgrado y en la dictaminación pericial.

Context: In the contemporary body of software engineering literature, some recurrent shortcomings characterize how threats to validity (TTV) are considered in studies. Objective: With this position paper, we aim to open a discourse on the current use of TTV sections. The goal of our position is to jointly reflect and systematically improve how we, as a research community, consider TTV in our studies. Methods: Based on our personal experience as researchers, authors, reviewers, and editors, we critically reflect on the treatment of TTV in current empirical software engineering literature. Results: We discuss the key shortcomings of TTV consideration, including the failure to acknowledge different types of validity categorizations and the tendency to treat threats just as an afterthought. For each identified problem, we propose a vision for an improved state, intending to catalyze thoughtful engagement and improvements the way our community addresses TTV. Conclusion: We posit there is an urgent need to reconsider how we approach, document, and evaluate TTV in software engineering research.

Software testing, a critical phase in the software development lifecycle, is often hindered by the time-intensive and costly manual creation of test cases. While automating test case generation could mitigate these challenges, its adoption in the industry has been limited due to difficulties in comprehending the generated test cases. To address this, our study presents an approach for clustering test cases and evaluates its impact on the comprehensibility of test suites through empirical research. Our approach clusters test cases based on their covered objectives, grouping together those with similar attributes to enhance developer understanding. The core of our empirical research evaluates developer agreement with our clustering method and contrasts the comprehensibility of clustered versus non-clustered test suites. Findings suggest a broad agreement among developers in favor of our clustering approach, with clustered test suites facilitating faster software maintenance tasks. Notably, the effectiveness of task completion remained comparable between both suite types. In summary, our research introduces and validates an innovative test case clustering strategy, striving to enhance the comprehensibility of automatically generated test suites., Electrical Engineering | Embedded Systems

Background: Co-production is promoted as an effective way of improving the quality of health and social care but the diversity of measures used in individual studies makes their outcomes difficult to interpret. Objective: The objective is to explore how empirical studies in health and social care have described the outcomes of co-production projects and how those outcomes were measured. Design and methods: A scoping review forms the basis for this systematic review. Search terms for the concepts (co-produc∗ OR coproduc∗ OR co-design∗ OR codesign∗) and contexts (health OR 'public service∗ OR "public sector") were used in: CINAHL with Full Text (EBSCOHost), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials (Wiley), MEDLINE (EBSCOHost), PsycINFO (ProQuest), PubMed (legacy) and Scopus (Elsevier). There was no date limit. Papers describing the process, original data and outcomes of co-production were included. Protocols, reviews and theoretical, conceptual and psychometric papers were excluded. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline was followed. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool underpinned the quality of included papers. Results: 43 empirical studies were included. They were conducted in 12 countries, with the UK representing >50% of all papers. No paper was excluded due to the Mixed Methods Quality Appraisal screening and 60% of included papers were mixed methods studies. The extensive use of self-developed study-specific measures hampered comparisons and cumulative knowledge-building. Overall, the studies reported positive outcomes. Co-production was reported to be positively experienced and provided important learning. Conclusions: The lack of common approaches to measuring co-production is more problematic than the plurality of measurements itself. Co-production should be measured from three perspectives: outputs of co-production processes, the experiences of participating in co-production processes and outcomes of co-produc

The term political instability denotes a state of political unrest and turmoil within a country, characterized by the loss of control over territory, the inability to provide essential public services, and the erosion of legitimate authority. This phenomenon has profound repercussions, particularly on a nation's economic growth. Regrettably, Pakistan has grappled with political instability since gaining independence in 1947, paving the way for dictatorial rule. Constitutional conflicts have hindered the establishment of a stable democratic government, resulting in the stagnation of Pakistan's economic and social progress. This research paper focuses on assessing the impact of political instability on economic crises during the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf in Pakistan. The study was conducted in various areas of Faisalabad, with a sample size of 80 respondents chosen through a convenient sampling technique. Data collection was executed via structured interviews, and both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that political instability exerted a profoundly negative influence on Pakistan's economic well-being during this period. Notably, the surge in terrorism, exacerbated by political instability, deterred foreign investments, causing other nations to withdraw their interest in Pakistan. This research underscores the imperative of addressing political instability as a pivotal step towards fostering economic growth and stability in Pakistan and, by extension, in similar nations facing similar challenges.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá charakteristikou, zajištěním a hodnocením Home Office včetně jeho využití ve vybraných podnicích. V práci jsou popsána specifika Home Office, jeho IT podpora a poznatky z realizovaných výzkumů prezentované v odborné literatuře. Dále jsou zjišťovány formou polostrukturovaného rozhovoru se zaměstnanci a manažery jednotlivých podniků zkušenosti s Home Office ve vybraných společnostech. Na základě empirického výzkumu jsou formulována doporučení pro možné využití v ostatních podnicích., The bachelor´s thesis deals with the characteristics, provision and evaluation of Home Office, including its use in selected companies. The thesis describes the specifics of the Home Office,its IT support and findings from research presented in professional literature. Furthermore, experiences with Home Office in selected companies are ascertained in the form of semistructured interview with employees and managers of individual companies. Based on empirical research, recommendations are formulated for possible use in other enterprises., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Studentka přednesla obhajobu práce s¨názvem:Hodnocení Home Office ve vybraných ekonomických subjektech. Cílem práce je na základě vlastního výzkumu zhodnotit využití práce z domova ve vybraných ekonomických subjektech. Během rozpravy byly položeny dotazy dle posudku vedoucího bakalářské práce: Otázka 1.:Jaká je aktuální situace v oblasti legislativy v návaznosti na uplatňování Home Office v českém prostředí? Otázka 2.:Setkala jste se v rámci svého výzkumu s obavami ze zneužití informací, například v důsledku většího využívání IT při komunikaci mezi zaměstnancem a zaměstnavatelem? Studentka na otázky reagovala. Následně byly během rozpravy položeny doplňující dotazy: Otázka 3.: Jak by měl být HO ve firmě správně nastaven? Otázka 4.: Co je motivací HO - jaké jsou pozitiva/ negativa? Studentka na otázky reagovala., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Writing unit tests is a crucial task in the software development lifecycle, ensuring the correctness of the software developed. Due to its time-consuming and laborious nature, it is, however, often neglected by software engineers. Numerous automatic test generation tools have been devised to ease unit testing efforts, but these test generation tools produce tests that are typically difficult to understand. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in generating unit tests and in supporting other software engineering tasks. LLMs are capable of producing natural-looking (human-like) source code and text. In this thesis, we investigate the usability of tests generated by GitHub Copilot, a proprietary closed-source code generation tool that uses a LLM for its generations and integrates into well-known IDEs. We evaluate GitHub Copilot’s test generation abilities both within and without an existing test suite. Furthermore, we also evaluate the impact of different code commenting strategies on test generations, both within and without an existing test suite. We devise aspects of usability to investigate GitHub Copilot’s test generations. In total, we investigate the usability of 290 tests generated by GitHub Copilot. Our findings reveal that within an existing test suite, approximately 45.28% of the tests generated by Copilot are passing tests. The majority (54.72%) of generated tests in an existing test suite are failing, broken, or empty tests. Furthermore, tests generated by Copilot without an existing test suite are less usable compared to those generated within an existing test suite. The vast majority (92.45%) of these test generations are failing, broken, or empty tests. Only 7.55% of tests generated without an existing test suite were passing, and most of them provided less branch coverage when compared to human-written tests. Finally, we find that tests using a code usage example comment resulted in the most usable generations within an e, https://zenodo.org/record/8025746 Replication package., Computer Science | Software Technology

Viele Virtual Reality-Anwendungen (VR), die sich historischen Themen widmen, eint ein Ziel: Zeitreisen wirklich werden lassen. Über die Technologie soll es den Rezipierenden möglich gemacht werden, in Simulationen vergangener Zeiten und Orte einzutauchen und diese zu erleben. Aber was passiert nach diesem «Zeitreiseerlebnis»? Da auf das vermeintliche «Eintauchen» in die Vergangenheit ein «Auftauchen» in der Gegenwart folgt, wird in diesem Beitrag die Frage untersucht, wie das «Auftauchen» aus einer virtuellen Umgebung didaktisch begleitet werden kann. Basierend auf medienpsychologischer und geschichtsdidaktischer Forschung wurden Materialien für die Begleitung des «Auftauchens» aus der VR entwickelt und in einer Laborstudie (N = 70) eingesetzt. Genutzt wurde ein 2x2 Between-Subjects-Design, in dessen Rahmen die Auswirkungen der Materialien und des emotionalen Inhalts der VR auf Präsenzerleben, Emotionen und Geschichtsbewusstsein qualitativ untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die didaktische Begleitung des «Auftauchens» durch die Rezeption weniger emotionalisierender Inhalte und Materialien positive Effekte auf die Äusserungen von Geschichtsbewusstsein hat., Many virtual reality applications (VR) dedicated to historical topics share one goal: making time travel real. The VR-technology is meant to give users the possibility to immerse themselves into past times and places and experience them. But what happens after this «time travel experience»? Since the supposed «immersion» in the past is followed by an «emergence» in the present, this paper examines the question of how the «emergence» from a virtual environment can be supported didactically. Based on research in media psychology and history didactics, we developed material for accompanying the «emergence» from VR and applied it in a laboratory study (N = 70). A 2x2 between-subjects design was used to examine qualitatively the effects of the material as well as the emotional content of the VR on presence, emotions and historical consciousness. Results showed that the didactic support of «emergence» through a reception of less emotionalizing content and additional material has positive impacts on expressions of historical consciousness.

Purpose: This study aims to provide a timely review of the COVID-19-related empirical research published in 19 quartile one (Q1) and quartile two (Q2) tourism and hospitality journals in social science citation index (SSCI). Design/methodology/approach: A total of 407 COVID-19-related empirical papers were collected from the 19 SSCI Q1 and Q2 tourism and hospitality journals via Scopus database. Thematic content analysis was supplemented with Leximancer software to identify the research themes/subthemes, research methods and countries/regions of research. Findings: The study found studies of COVID-19’s impact on consumer behaviour predominate in number, followed by studies on response actions and recovery strategies, impact on industry or sectors and impact on workers and employees. Based on the research themes identified, a knowledge mapping framework was produced. Over 70 % of the studies used quantitative methods with quantitative survey as the dominant method of data collection. The USA and China were found to be the most studied countries. Research limitations/implications: The study reviewed empirical research papers until January 2022 and covered most of the COVID-19-related empirical works in the field. An overview of the current state of COVID-19-related empirical research was provided with some critical discussions and suggestions for future research topics. Originality/value: The findings give researchers a clear index for the current state of the art of COVID-19 research in hospitality and tourism. The paper provides practical implications for industry practitioners to retrieve relevant knowledge from the recent COVID-19-related literature in tourism and hospitality in coping with practical challenges brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Although agile software development (ASD) has been adopted in the industry, requirements approaches for ASD still neglect non-functional requirements. Privacy has become a concern due to new user demands and data protection laws. Hence, privacy needs to be properly specified, but agile requirements engineering techniques do not explicitly represent privacy requirements and, therefore, are not able to proper analyze such requirements. In this context, Privacy Criteria Method (PCM), an approach to specify privacy in requirements activities, was proposed to produce more complete and detailed privacy requirements. By considering PCM a promising approach to be used in ASD and the importance of empirical evaluation of new methods, we have as objectives: 1 evaluate the ability of PCM to support systems analysts in specifying privacy requirements when used in conjunction with some agile specification methods; and 2 show our lessons learned in conducting empirical research based on an mix-method approach defined to empirically evaluate the suitability of a requirements specification in specifying privacy requirements. Mixed-method approach is a controlled experiment as a quantitative evaluation and a feasibility study (questionnaire and task analysis based) study as a qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The requirements specifications following PCM allow to represent privacy aspects, such as user’s personal data and the privacy mechanism that can be used to mitigate a privacy risk scenario. We also observed that some extra time is necessary to specify privacy requirements with PCM, but it does not imply a greater perceived effort. Specifications produced with PCM are of good quality and more privacy detailed. Additionally, we attest to the importance of conducting empirical research to evaluate new methods. PCM assists in specifying more complete and detailed in relation to traditional techniques used in ASD, which facilitates communication between the requirements anal

Patents in information and communication technology (‘ICT’) industries have acquired new functions beyond the protection of a product market exclusivity, such as blocking competitors’ operations, improving bargaining positions in commercial negotiations, and influencing the setting of standardised technologies. The multiple functions make ICT patents very valuable to firms, which aggregate them in collections, also known as patent portfolios. This research analyses the activities of the different entities aggregating patents that go under the encompassing term of patent aggregation. Specifically, it assesses whether single patent aggregation instances can have anti-innovative effects and whether, in so doing, they could violate EU competition law, which also protects technological development.

This scientific article aims to demonstrate how instruments inserted in Social Sciences can contribute to the legal field. For this, the approach of the relationship between both spheres will present (i) the possible reasons for the distancing between those areas; (ii) the inevitable consequences of this absence of dialogue; (iii) and, through examples, demonstrate that research that used methods from different areas of Social Sciences could see beyond the Law, to highlight the need to strengthen ties in the same field, even with different perspectives. In this way, it will be possible to understand how these two spheres that do not dialogue with each other can contribute to the advancement of the legal field., O presente artigo científico objetiva demonstrar como instrumentos inseridos na área das Ciências Sociais podem contribuir para o campo jurídico. Para isso, a abordagem da relação entre ambas as esferas pontuará (i) as possíveis razões do distanciamento; (ii) as inevitáveis consequências dessa ausência de diálogo; (iii) e, por meio de exemplos, demonstrar que pesquisas que utilizaram métodos de áreas das Ciências Sociais puderam enxergar além do Direito, a fim de denotar a necessidade de se estreitarem os laços do mesmo campo, mesmo que com diferentes olhares. Desse modo, será possível compreender como essas duas esferas que não dialogam entre si podem contribuir para o avanço do campo jurídico., Este artículo busca demostrar como instrumentos insertados em el área de las Ciencias sociales pueden contribuir al campo jurídico. Para ello, el planteamiento de la relación entre ambas esferas puntuará (i) las posibles razones del distanciamiento; ii) las consecuencias inevitables de esta falta de diálogo; (iii) y, a través de ejemplos, demostrar que la investigación que utilizó métodos de áreas de las ciencias sociales pudo ver más allá del derecho, para denotar la necesidad de fortalecer los lazos del mismo campo, incluso con diferentes perspectivas. De esta manera, será posible comprender cómo estas dos esferas que no dialogan entre sí pueden contribuir al avance del campo legal.

The field of software ecosystems is rapidly maturing and significant numbers of articles are published each year to further develop our understanding of this concept and support innovation through it. The growth of the field also brings along challenges, such as findability and reusability of research results, coordination of research initiatives, and significant review pressure on members of the community. In this mapping study of empirical research methods in the field, we show that few studies do a good job of reporting their research methods and results. Using data from the study, we provide guidelines for performing empirical research in software ecosystems.

Supervisory bodies, such as market authorities and inspectorates, are expected to make decisions independently and objectively. To what extent are supervisory officers—who work at these institutions—able to make decisions in an objective and unbiased manner? From a social psychological perspective, the current dissertation provides more insight into the decision-making of supervisory officers at the individual and group level. By conducting questionnaire studies and field experiments among diverse samples of supervisory officers, this dissertation examines the extent to which supervisory officers are aware of and affected by biases. Moreover, it tests the effectiveness of various communication strategies and decision-making tools (i.e., advocacy decision procedure and decisional balance sheet) that aim to increase awareness and improve the decision-making of supervisory officers. This dissertation’s findings suggest that supervisory officers are influenced by biases, both at the individual and group level, which increases the risk of making suboptimal decisions. Moreover, results indicate that supervisory officers are in general not so much aware of their own biases and tend to be overconfident about the quality of their decisions. The findings of this dissertation further suggest that informing supervisory officers about the risks of biases and providing a decision-making tool are ineffective strategies to correct for biases. However, results of the current dissertation also imply that participative leaders can stimulate supervisory officers to make informed and timely decisions. These insights can help supervisory officers in taking a closer look at how they reach their decisions and taking the next steps in improving their decision-making.

With the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 necessitating working from home, corporate Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) have become an important item securing the continued operation of companies around the globe. However, due to their different use case, corporate VPNs and how users interact with them differ from public VPNs, which are now commonly used by end-users. In this paper, we present a first explorative study of eleven experts' and seven non-experts' mental models in the context of corporate VPNs. We find a partial alignment of these models in the high-level technical understanding while diverging in important parameters of how, when, and why VPNs are being used. While, in general, experts have a deeper technical understanding of VPN technology, we also observe that even they sometimes hold false beliefs on security aspects of VPNs. In summary, we show that the mental models of corporate VPNs differ from those for related security technology, e.g., HTTPS. Our findings allow us to draft recommendations for practitioners to encourage a secure use of VPN technology (through training interventions, better communication, and system design changes in terms of device management). Furthermore, we identify avenues for future research, e.g., into experts' knowledge and balancing privacy and security between system operators and users.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly important in modern society, there is a pressing need to address the ethical issues associated with these technologies. AI Ethics is a necessary endeavor to capitalize on the benefits of AI while minimizing its risks. However, it faces important challenges related to normative urgency, multi-purpose nature of AI, and multitude of stakeholders operating in the AI space. This doctoral dissertation builds on the premise that empirical information is valuable for AI Ethics to address these challenges and realize its normativemandate. The main ambition is to make an empirical contribution that facilitates the reflective development of AI, which assists the communities operating in the AI space to engage in a critical reflection on AI., Transport and Logistics

An empirical study is performed exploring the sensitivity to hidden confounders of GANITE, a method for Individualized Treatment Effect (ITE) estimation. Most real world datasets do not measure all confounders and thus it is important to know how crucial this is in order to obtain comparable predictions. This is explored through the removal of confounders with varying strengths and by removing subsets of the confounders simultaneously. The sensitivity is measured through the change in Precision in Estimating Heterogeneous Effects (PEHE) and through the divergence in the estimation of Average Treatment Effect (ATE) from the GT. Experiments are performed on synthetic and semi-synthetic data. The number of removed hidden confounders increases the error and variability of predictions, both for ITE and ATE. The strength of the removed confounders does not show a conclusive relationship on the error metrics. The effect of removing confounders with different causal graphs is explored but fails to show any clear patterns due to the high variance of the results., CSE3000 Research Project, Computer Science and Engineering

The paper examines the effect that economic cycles and the process of convergence with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the value relevance of the financial information of the companies listed on the Colombian Stock Exchange, between 2001 and 2020. I also researched . In the empirical analysis, the Ohlson Model is taken as a theoretical and methodological basis. It is estimated in linear regressions for each year (cross section) from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). For the period indicated, it is evidenced a significant influence of the accounting amounts of equity and the net earnings on the change in the price of shares, however, this connection has experienced a notable decrease since 2012. I found that in the years where the variation in the growth rate of GDP per capita was negative, the explanatory capacity of the accounting variables on the stock markets decreased. Likewise, I identified that in the stage of mandatory application of IFRS there was not a substantial increase in value relevance, a situation that is pertinent to study in more detail., No artigo se avalia o efeito que têm os ciclos econômicos e o processo de convergência com os International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) na relevância de valor da informação financeira ao respeito da valorização das companhias cotistas na Bolsa de Valores da Colômbia, entre 2001 e 2020. A base teórica e metodológica da análise empírica é o Modelo de Ohlson e sua estimação mediante regressões lineais para cada ano (corte transversal), a partir de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). No período indicado, se evidenciou uma influência significativa das quantias contáveis do patrimônio e do resultado neto sobre a mudança no preço das ações. Porém, esta relação tem mostrado um declínio acentuado desde 2012. Se achou que a capacidade explicativa das variáveis contáveis sobre as variáveis em bolsa diminuiu, durante os anos nos quais a mudança na taxa de crescimento do PIB per-capita foi negativa. No mesmo sentido, se identificou que não se apresentou um incremento substancial da relevância de valor, durante a etapa de aplicação obrigatória dos IFRS. É pertinente estudar esta última situação com um detalhe maior., En el artículo se examina el efecto que tienen los ciclos económicos y el proceso de convergencia con los International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) en la relevancia valorativa de la información financiera de las empresas cotizantes en la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, entre 2001 y 2020. En el análisis empírico se toma como base teórica y metodológica el Modelo de Ohlson estimado en regresiones lineales para cada año (corte transversal) a partir de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO). Para el período señalado, se evidenció una influencia significativa de los importes contables del patrimonio y el resultado neto sobre el cambio en el precio de las acciones, sin embargo, esta conexión ha presentado un descenso notable desde 2012. Se encontró que en los años dónde la variación de la tasa de crecimiento del PIB per cápita fue negativa, la capacidad explicativa de las variables contables sobre las bursátiles disminuyó. Igualmente, se identificó que en la etapa de aplicación obligatoria de los IFRS no se presentó un incremento sustancial de la relevancia valorativa, situación que es pertinente estudiar con más detalle.

Political judgement is considered an important goal of civics lessons. When judging moral, political, or literary content, the focus is always on discovering connections between aspects that were originally not related. Existing knowledge about a domain-specific area is the basis for drawing conclusions about other knowledge. In this paper, it is showed how difficult it is to determine the quality of a political judgement in terms of content analysis or from a philosophical perspective. Political judgement is here understood as a competence. Judgement competence is the ability to argue based on justifications, weigh the facts, and decide about political matters in a way that is correct from a factual perspective. ln conclusion, the findings from two political didactics studies on political judgements are presented which reveal that quality is a problem in civics lessons.

Rund um die Frage der Professionalisierung qualitativ-empirischer Forschung versammelt der Band des Zentrums für Sozialweltforschung und Methodenentwicklung (ZSM) Beiträge zur Verhältnisbestimmung von Theorie und Empirie, zu Methodologien in ihrer Bedeutung und Funktion für Forschungsprozesse, zu Methoden, Methodenentwicklung und qualitativen Ergebnisformaten sowie zur Frage der Lehre und Vermittlung qualitativer Forschung.

Reflexivity increases the reliability of qualitative research studies and can fuel conversations as to how field researchers make judgments of complex challenges that are simultaneous of a practical, scientific and ethical nature. In this paper, I will reflect on the collection of empirical data for two case studies on the role of the European Union in the regulation and remediation of labour rights violations in the Kenyan floriculture industry and the South Korean electronics industry. This paper has two intertwined objectives. First, this paper explores reflexivity on my research experience and the use of methods in empirical fieldwork. Second, this paper questions the Anglo-American elements of my research, which had been reinforced by my School's Research Ethics Committee. I explain how the contexts of research institutions and research participants can starkly differ and may not always be attuned to each other. I suggest that awareness of and training in "positive ethics" might be useful to deal with such issues.

Die römische Antike ist nicht gerade für ihren liebevollen Umgang mit Kindern bekannt. Im Gegenteil wird die marginale Stellung von Kindern geradezu als Charakteristikum der graeco-römischen Welt stilisiert, wozu nicht zuletzt der scheinbar kaltherzige Umgang mit den natürlich hohen Sterblichkeitsraten beigetragen hat. Doch trifft das wirklich zu? Anhand von inschriftlichen und literarischen Quellen wird hier ein anderer Blick auf die römische Gesellschaft der Kaiserzeit und ihre Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen geworfen.

The paper briefly surveys available data sources and discusses future developments relevant for empirical public finance in Germany. It starts from the notion that public finance deals with decisions of various agents, not only governments, but also private households and firms. Therefore, empirical research needs different types of data. Government decisions are to some extent captured in terms of the budgetary statistics, even though these statistics have shortcomings with regard to the quality of public service provisions and the revenue instruments. To study the decisions of the other agents individual level data is required. While some progress has been made, recently, the combination of various datasets at the individual level is a key priority.

When explaining the ubiquity of rankings, researchers tend to emphasize macro or contextual phenomena, such as the power of or the trust in numbers, neoliberal forces, or a general spirit of competition. Meanwhile, the properties of rankers are rarely, if at all, taken into account. In contrast to the received wisdom, we argue that the institutionalization of rankings in different fields is also contingent upon another, often-neglected factor: Over time, rankers have become increasingly more organized. To investigate the role of ranking organizations, we look into the distinct properties of present-day rankings and highlight three dimensions along which rankings have evolved over the course of the twentieth century, namely, publication frequency, handling complex tasks, and audience engagement. On this basis, we argue that these dimensions have to a large extent been affected by formal organization and we show how ranking organizations have over time developed capacities to: (a) publish rankings on a continual basis; (b) handle the often complex production process by means of division of labor; and (c) generate considerable degrees of attention by addressing large and diverse audiences. On a more general note, we argue that accounting for the role of organization in the instutionalization of rankings requires a combination of insights from both “old” and “new” strands of thinking in institutional theory.

Research has repeatedly shown that high-quality requirements are essential for the success of development projects. While the term “quality” is pervasive in the field of requirements engineering and while the body of research on requirements quality is large, there is no meta-study of the field that overviews and compares the concrete quality attributes addressed by the community. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic mapping study of the scientific literature. We retrieved 6905 articles from six academic databases, which we filtered down to 105 relevant primary studies. The primary studies use empirical research to explicitly define, improve, or evaluate requirements quality. We found that empirical research on requirements quality focuses on improvement techniques, with very few primary studies addressing evidence-based definitions and evaluations of quality attributes. Among the 12 quality attributes identified, the most prominent in the field are ambiguity, completeness, consistency, and correctness. We identified 111 sub-types of quality attributes such as “template conformance” for consistency or “passive voice” for ambiguity. Ambiguity has the largest share of these sub-types. The artefacts being studied are mostly referred to in the broadest sense as “requirements”, while little research targets quality attributes in specific types of requirements such as use cases or user stories. Our findings highlight the need to conduct more empirically grounded research defining requirements quality, using more varied research methods, and addressing a more diverse set of requirements types. © 2022, The Author(s)., open accessA correction to this paper has been published:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-022-00378-4

Bei der Evaluation von sozialen Programmen, wie etwa im Bereich der Extremismus­prävention, kann es förderlich sein, mehrere Forschungs­methoden (Multimethodik) und Akteurs­perspektiven (Multi­perspektivität) einzubeziehen, um dem Evaluations­gegenstand gerecht zu werden. In der Umsetzung können multi­methodische Evaluationen jedoch unterschiedlich aussehen. Der vorliegende Report beschreibt auf Basis einer umfangreichen Analyse publizierter Evaluationen, wie Multi­methodik und Multi­perspektivität in der Breite der sozial­wissenschaftlichen Evaluations­forschung umgesetzt werden. Der Report vergleicht die Umsetzung von Multimethodik und Multi­perspektivität über verschiedene Disziplinen wie Bildung, Gesundheit, Politik, Kommunikation und Justiz hinweg und bietet damit eine Orientierungs­hilfe für ein entsprechendes Vorgehen bei der Evaluation in der Extremismus­prävention.