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The interest in tourism to increase economic benefits at any cost, has caused for years a negative impact on natural environments, cities and their anthropology. Numerous investigations have referred to the need to achieve a practical implementation of sustainability in tourism to mitigate these damages, and although there are models and methodologies in the literature that theoretically present how to achieve it, it is in the precepts of the Intelligent Tourism Destinations (ITD) where a greater approach and development of sustainability with an innovative approach is achieved. Cuban tourist destinations, especially Guardalavaca, located in the eastern part of the island, is an example of the relevance of this problem. The objective of this study is to achieve an approach to the existing scientific production on sustainability in tourism, with emphasis on the need for a real implementation, as well as the analysis of the precepts of the STD aligned to tourism sustainability. Finally, a diagnosis carried out in the year 2022 at the Guardalavaca Pole is presented, which evaluates the state of this construct in practice. The information was obtained through documentary review, bibliometric studies, a search was made in the Scopus Database, and tools such as Ednote X19, Microsoft Office Excel 2019, BibExcel and VosViewer were used for data processing. The results show that the need for practical implementation of tourism sustainability is explicit in the literature and that the DTI model offers an approach to sustainability that positively impacts its scope., El interés en el turismo por incrementar beneficios económicos a cualquier costo ha provocado por años un impacto negativo en ambientes naturales, en ciudades y su antropología. Numerosas investigaciones han referido la necesidad de lograr una implementación práctica de la sostenibilidad en el turismo para mitigar estos daños, y aunque existe en la literatura modelos y metodologías que presentan teóricamente cómo lograrlo, es en los preceptos de los Destinos Turísticos Inteligentes (DTI) donde se logra un mayor acercamiento y desarrollo de la sostenibilidad con un enfoque innovador. Los destinos turísticos cubanos, en especial el destino Guardalavaca ubicado en la zona oriental de la Isla, es una muestra de la pertinencia de esta problemática. El objetivo del estudio es lograr un acercamiento a la producción científica existente sobre la sostenibilidad en el turismo, con énfasis en la necesidad de una implementación real, así como el análisis de los preceptos de los DTI alineados a la sostenibilidad turística. Finalmente se presenta un diagnóstico realizado por García Rondón en el año 2022 al destino Guardalavaca, que evalúa el estado de este constructo en la práctica. La información se obtuvo mediante revisión documental, estudios bibliométricos, y se realizó una búsqueda en Base de Datos Scopus. Se emplearon además herramientas como Ednote X19, Microsoft Office Excel 2019, BibExcel y VosViewer para el procesamiento de datos. Los resultados muestran que en la literatura está explícita la necesidad de una implementación práctica de la sostenibilidad turística, y que el modelo DTI ofrece un enfoque para la sostenibilidad que impacta positivamente en su alcance.

In the publication, Narcis Bassols Gardella is misspelled as Narcis Bassols Bardella

Purpose This research finds out to what extent companies’ names are influenced by the place’s attributes versus the official branding policies of a place and, consequently, whether and how local companies “buy into” the place’s strategies put forth by official bodies. Design/methodology/approach This paper is both conceptual and empirical, as a mixed quantitative and interpretive approach is used. The companies’ names of a tourist industry (the tour and guiding companies) in three destinations are compared and pitched against the branding of these cities. The companies' names are classified into categories to ascertain whether they reflect (or diverge from) the official strategies. Finally, a conceptual model is developed to explain the findings: the strategic naming model (SNM). Findings Our main finding is that the overall business features of a place being stronger determinants to the naming strategies than tourist destination branding initiatives. The intrinsic features of a place seem thus to be “above” destination branding policies. The researched features account for different naming strategies, such as highly original names, flat names or non-strategic names. Research limitations/implications As the work is based on a convenience sample, it cannot claim strong representativity. The fact that each of the three data sets was processed by a different researcher might bring up personal biases. Practical implications This work is a call for a more intensive use of naming strategies to the companies’ advantages, as naming is found out to be strategy used to a very low degree. Thanks to this research, companies will understand the different naming possibilities and be able to apply them to their strategies by choosing names which express “uniqueness” or “belonging”. Practitioners will also be aware of whether they are communicating towards the industry or towards the market. Originality/value No works were found that empirically pursue our research goals. Therefore

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to widen the understanding of the shifts the tourism industry experienced as it went though the Covid-19 pandemic. To contribute to this question, an empirical comparison is made between the supply of guided tours and sights at an urban destination in the pre- and postpandemic eras, thus gauging the changes in the guiding tours industry after the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach By conducting a convenience data gathering and a double-level analysis (tours analysis and sights analysis) on the tours and attractions supply at an urban destination, underlying trends come to light, related to the changes in the postpandemic era. This empirical comparison (2019 vs 2022) allows the authors to assess what has and has not changed in the postpandemic context. Findings Guided tours and attractions supply are evolving in the researched destination, but at a slow pace. Therefore, we conclude that long-term processes in destinations prevail over short-term disruptions, no matter how strong these disturbances are. Practical implications The results are of interest to practitioners as they facilitate a better assessment of the impacts of a crisis and greater awareness of the evolution of attractions in urban tourism. While the “staple tours” in a destination are always there, practitioners should keep an eye on new spaces in the city which the sector is opening up and also new touring trends. Originality/value This study is one of the few to empirically compare a pre- and postpandemic situation, as far as city-guided tours are concerned. It helps practitioners and authorities in urban destinations to assess the new trends that have emerged in the postpandemic era, and offers a two-level tool for tour analysis that could be applied to any urban destination.

This article presents a narrative perspective review of the state-of-the-art of destination marketing and management. The past 15 years of developments, stretching from technological advances enabling methodological progress and new consumer behavior to climate, health, and financial crises, require a reassessment of previous academic contributions and current practices. Referring back to the social origins of destinations, this article conceptualizes destinations as a heterogeneous space of flows and proposes future research linked to tourist demand and tourism supply, sustainability and resilience, technological shifts, and institutions. Finally, six broader streams of conversations suggest how to advance the marketing and management of destinations related to a destination ontology grounded in flows, with a focus on processes and action, stewardship and collaboration, resilient destinations, transient and permanent residents, as well as new instrumental technologies and augmented experiences.

This article presents the 2022 Consensus on Advances in Destination Management, a research agenda for destination marketing and management. Like its predecessors, this agenda is grounded in the collaborative consensus discourse methodology. To identify relevant avenues for future research, the consensus draws on three days of structured interactions among scholarly and industry experts invested in advancing the research and practice of destination marketing and management for sustainable development of tourist destinations at the 5th Advances in Destination Management Forum in Kalmar, Sweden. The consensus details avenues for further research in five key areas that relate to (1) the role and future of DMOs, (2) tourism policy and governance issues, (3) advancing destination resilience and sustainability, (4) the measurement and tracking of visitor flows, and (5) destination development in emergent destinations.

Tourism offers a means of promoting a local development strategy capable of harnessing the resources available within a territory. In order to do this, we must know the potential for tourism development in each territory, as well as the factors that would condition it. In this article, a methodology (based on the design of a system of indicators, the construction of composite indexes, and segmentation by means of cluster analysis) is proposed to measure tourism development within an emerging country and segment its different territories. The case study chosen to validate this methodology is Ecuador, a country with interesting tourist potential, where individual cities have very different levels of tourism development. The results highlight the factors that drive or constrain the degree of tourism development presented by the cities analysed, thereby facilitating decision-making for major stakeholders in each of them

Creative tourism entrepreneurs play an essential role in the com-petitiveness and innovation of a tourist destination. Moreover, they are more likely to find sustainable practices in their small-scale business than in large companies. However, despite this impor-tance, the study of these entrepreneurs needs more attention, in particular knowledge about the factors that attract and retain them in a given destination. Thus, this research aims to identify the factors that are most valued by creative tourism entrepreneurs in relation to the characteristics of the destination. Based on a sample of 115 creative tourism entrepreneurs, we ran a two-step cluster analysis. The results showed that the most important factors were entrepreneurial culture, access to the market (tourists, visitors etc.), creative atmosphere, quality of life and level of cooperation. The results also allowed us to identify two different segments of entrepreneurs: balanced and prospectors, which show different attitudes regarding the attraction factors and the willingness to stay in the destination. In the conclusion, the practical implications for destination management are discussed.

Creative tourism has been approached from several points of view: products and processes, enabling elements, marketing, sustainabil- ity, etc. However, to our best knowledge, there is no integrative model that brings together all its dimensions and enables a ‘bird’s eye’ perspective of creative destination competitiveness. As such, this article aims to present a competitiveness model for a creative tourism destination. The model presents four essential dimensions: core elements (products and processes, travellers and entrepre- neurs), enablers (community engagement, stakeholders compe- tences, and creative atmosphere), and developers (marketing and communication). Avenues for future research are presented based on the identification of areas to expand existing knowledge on creative tourism research, mainly by proposing measurement instruments which may contribute to operationalize the proposed model.

This chapter examines the organising of a destination and the challenges of enabling sustainable visits. The purpose of the chapter is to discuss the prerequisites of an assigned DMO so as to take on the responsibility of enabling a sustainable destination by applying the concept of meta organisation. The recommendations by the UNWTO for how destinations should be governed, and its strategic view, are discussed and an alternative view of meta-organisations is presented. Through a case study of a destination, the challenges of organising and managing a destination with multiple and heterogeneous organisations are illustrated. Based on the discussion on organising, the chapter contributes by elaborating on factors enabling sustainable visits.

Tourism needs to reduce emissions in line with other economic sectors, if the international community's objective of staying global warming at 1.5 degrees-2.0 degrees C is to be achieved. This will require the industry to half emissions to 2030, and to reach net-zero by mid-century. Mitigation requires consideration of four dimensions, the Scales, Scopes, Stakeholders and Strategies of carbon management. The paper provides a systematic review of these dimensions and their interrelationships, with a focus on emission inventory comprehensiveness; allocation principles at different scales; clearly defined responsibilities for decarbonization; and the identification of significant mitigation strategies. The paper concludes that without mitigation efforts, tourism will deplete 40% of the world's remaining carbon budget to 1.5 degrees C. Yet, the most powerful decarbonization measures face major corporate, political and technical barriers. Without worldwide policy efforts at the national scale to manage the sector's emissions, tourism will turn into one of the major drivers of climate change.

Despite the growing popularity of outdoor recreation, nature is not equally accessible to everyone. In the case of persons with disabilities, access to nature remains a largely under-researched area, especially in terms of the role of private and public providers of products and facilities for a diverse range of visitors. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities for developing inclusive forms of accessible nature-based tourism in three different natural settings in Sweden. By focusing on the supply-side of nature-based tourism, we examine views and practices in providing inclusive activities and environments. Despite growing stakeholder interest in accessible nature-based tourism, our findings reveal several challenges, including limited knowledge about the consumers, lack of financial resources and long-term planning, and the absence of a holistic accessibility perspective. We discuss these challenges and propose that they can be collectively met through increased stakeholder collaboration for creating accessible nature-based tourism., Accessible and Inclusive Nature-Based Tourism: Promising Practices of Universal Design in Sweden, Accessible and inclusive nature environments in Östersund municipality

Schutzgebiete verzeichnen steigende Besucher:innenzahlen. Gleichzeitig werden Outdoor-Aktivitäten, damit verbundene Nutzungsansprüche und Besucher:innenprofile immer diverser. Folglich kommt es vermehrt zu Konflikten mit der lokalen Bevölkerung, mit anderen Erholungssuchenden oder zu negativen Auswirkungen auf die Flora und Fauna. Für die nachhaltige Entwicklung einer Region ist es jedoch notwendig, die komplexen Stakeholderinteressen in Einklang zu bringen und Konflikte zu minimieren. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Konflikte mit Besucher:innen aus der Perspektive von Key-Stakeholdern eines Schutzgebiets beschrieben. Dazu wurden Interviews (n = 14) mit Akteuren aus den Bereichen Land-/Forstwirtschaft, Naturschutz, Gemeinden, Tourismus, Natursport und Schutzgebietsverwaltung des Nationalparks Kalkalpen (Oberösterreich) geführt. Mit einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse konnten verschiedene Konfliktmerkmale und die Wahrnehmung folgender Konfliktarten abgebildet werden: Naturschutzkonflikte, zwischenmenschliche/wertebezogene Freizeitkonflikte, Mensch-Wildtier-Konflikte, Landnutzungskonflikte, Konflikte aufgrund von Zugangsbeschränkung, ungerechter Nutzenverteilung oder der Missachtung von Rechten/Werten der Einheimischen sowie Konflikte aufgrund politischer/gesetzlicher Bestimmungen. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass Konflikte häufig auf Unwissenheit, fehlendem Natur-/Kulturbezug sowie mangelnder Akzeptanz bezüglich der Zielsetzungen des Schutzgebiets beruhen. Zur Konfliktlösung arbeiten lokale Stakeholder häufig erst dann zusammen, wenn Konflikte bereits eskalieren. Eine vorausschauende Konfliktprävention ist nur sporadisch erkennbar. Zudem wird deutlich, dass es vor allem in Bezug auf die Zielgruppe der Tagestouristen und Naherholungssuchenden eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit des Managements bedarf., Protected areas are recording rising visitor numbers. At the same time, outdoor activities, the associated usage requirements and visitor profiles are becoming more diverse. As a result, conflicts with other recreationists, the local community and negative impacts on flora and fauna are increasing. However, for the sustainable development of a region it is necessary to harmonize the complex stakeholder interests and minimize conflicts. This study describes various conflicts with visitors from the perspective of the main stakeholders of a protected area. For this purpose, interviews (n = 14) were conducted with stakeholders from the fields of agriculture, forestry, nature conservation, municipalities, tourism, nature sports and protected area administration of the Kalkalpen National Park (Upper Austria). A qualitative content analysis was used to map multiple conflict characteristics and the perception of the following types of conflict: nature conservation conflicts, interpersonal/value-related recreational conflicts, human-wildlife conflicts, land use conflicts, conflicts due to access restrictions, unfair distribution of benefits or disregard for the rights/values of locals as well as conflicts due to political regulations and laws. The findings show that conflicts are often based on a lack of knowledge, a lack of connection to nature/culture and a lack of acceptance of the protected area objectives. Local actors often only work together to resolve conflicts once they have already escalated. In addition, forward-looking conflict prevention can only be observed sporadically. Furthermore, increased management attention is required regarding the target group of day tourists and local recreationists., Arabella Wolf, Ein Abstract in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

This article explores and discusses community-based tourism (CBT) and proposes a model intended to be exemplary for CBT cases throughout most of the world’s emerging countries. Further, this paper aims at establishing a connection between competitiveness and local CBT development, calling therefore the proposed model C-CBT. The authors try to establish the motivations to develop this type of tourism, as well as the drawbacks, grouping them into the C-CBT model. This model is then used as a comparative tool and applied to two territories in Colombia which have suffered from conflict in the last decades and have subsequently developed CBT. As for the field work in the two locales, it is based on interviews and observation carried out in the context of tourism development projects in both areas. The outcome is a clearer understanding of the factors that favor CBT initiatives and connects these with competitiveness frameworks, with the added interest that the presented cases come from a severely conflict-burdened country.

Tourism is not only one of the world's fastest growing industries but also verycompetitive. To be able to run a competitive and attractive tourist destination, itis extremely important that the cooperation between all actors works. Manyresearchers claim that a functioning destination management is the cornerstoneof a successful and sustainable tourist destination. However, this cooperationbetween different actors, whether it is the private or the official sector can bemore difficult if a destination is divided by administrative boundaries. As many tourist destinations around the world are divided by administrativeboundaries, it is important to gain a better understanding of how theseadministrative areas and borders can affect tourism planning and destinationdevelopment. Already in the 20th century, researchers recognized thatcooperation between different municipal levels is of great importance, as this isthe only way to achieve a competitive tourist destination. Now that tourism is oneof the world's fastest growing industries and often also people's only source ofincome, it is even more important that the collaboration between different actorswithin a destination works. Collaboration is the foundation of a long-termattractive and competitive tourist destination.Despite a well-functioning destination management, this does not mean thateverything works as it should. Tourism is a complex phenomenon that requiressignificantly more understanding than just a functioning destination management.Tourism is part of an entire form of society that requires a deep understanding,which many actors often fail to do.

The Tourism Destination Saturation Index (ISDT, for its acronym in Spanish) is an instrument that allows to understand the socio-spatial consequences of touristic activity in a territory, in order to improve its territorial management. It is a tool that allows each local government to visualize those aspects in which it’s necessary to focus management and investment (health services, HSW collection, etc.) to promote its sustainability and therefore wellness, for both residents and visitors. It aims to cement public-private alliances in order to avoid saturation situations, and, incentives industry formalization. At the national level, it improves understanding of the impact of tourism on the territory, which, combined with economic indicators, guides investment and allows prioritization of economic programs for this sector. Three aspects of ISDT are addressed: 1) Conceptual definitions and calculation formula; 2) Discussion of results in different destinations; 3) Roadmapping as a management and integration tool between agents., El Índice de Saturación de Destinos Turísticos (ISDT) es un instrumento que permite comprender las consecuencias socio-espaciales de la actividad turística en un territorio, con el objetivo de mejorar su gestión territorial. La herramienta es de interés para los municipios dado que permite visualizar aquellos aspectos en los cuales es necesario enfocar la gestión e inversión (salud, recolección de RSD, etc.) teniendo en perspectiva la sustentabilidad del destino y el bienestar de la población tanto residente como visitante. Los resultados de la aplicación del ISDT, a su vez, logran visibilizar potenciales alianzas público-privadas de interés para evitar situaciones de saturación e incentiva la formalización de la industria. A nivel nacional, el ISDT busca mejorar la comprensión del impacto del turismo en el territorio, lo que cruzado con indicadores económicos, permite orientar la inversión y priorizar programas de apoyo a este sector de la economía. Se abordan 3 aspectos del ISDT: 1) Definiciones conceptuales y fórmula de cálculo; 2) Discusión de resultados en distintos destinos; 3) Las Hojas de Ruta como instrumento de gestión e integración entre agentes., Peer Reviewed

The Paris Agreement suggests that all countries engage in significant emission reductions. To stay within safe guardrails, usually defined as a maximum warming of 1.5 degrees C compared to pre-industrial times, this will mean decarbonisation within less than 30 years. This significant challenge is complicated because of growth in some sectors, such as tourism. This paper analyses emissions and economic output in Norway, considering national Tourism Satellite Accounts. Novel aspects of this paper include a longitudinal perspective covering 12 years through which critical developments and progress on emission reduction pathways can be assessed. Findings suggest that the carbon intensity of tourism (emissions per NOK) is more than twice the Norwegian economy average. Aviation in particular is a major barrier to emission reductions, as it generates 17% of national tourism revenue and 75% of direct tourism emissions. Trend extrapolation shows that tourism will be the largest emission sub-sector of the Norwegian economy by 2030. The Norwegian economy will have to decarbonise at a rate more than 30 times faster than its current rate, if it is to decarbonise to mid-century, while continuing on its observed economic growth trajectory.

La investigación ha sido desarrollada en la cabecera parroquial de Crucita (Portoviejo). El objetivo es identificar las principales limitaciones y potencialidades turísticas de la playa de Crucita, además de explorar el alcance de las prácticas de desarrollo local sostenible por parte de las administraciones públicas y privadas. La investigación se plantea si el modelo de turismo de masas implantado en Crucita podría haberse agotado y si sería necesaria una transformación. Para abordar lo mencionado, se han empleado los métodos de análisis-síntesis, deductivo-inductivo, histórico-lógico y el estadístico. Los resultados demuestran que la cabecera parroquial de Crucita posee gran capacidad de alojamiento y un potencial de empleabilidad de carácter local. Este destino ha reportado un fuerte crecimiento en flujos de visitas en los últimos años que, acompañado de las acciones administrativas adecuadas, podrían hacer del turismo un importante activo para el desarrollo local sostenible., This research has been developed in the parish of Crucita (Portoviejo). The objective is to identify the main limitations and tourism potentialities of Crucita beach, in addition to exploring the scope of the local sustainable development practices by public and private administrations. The research asks whether the mass tourism model implemented in Crucita could have been exhausted and whether a transformation is needed. To address the above, analysis-synthesis, deductive-inductive, historical-logical and statistical methods have been used. The results show that the parish of Crucita has a great housing capacity and local employability. This destination has reported a strong growth in visitor flows in recent years which, accompanied by appropriate administrative actions, could make tourism an important asset for sustainable local development.

Responsible tourism has become a widespread paradigm over the last decades. However, the tourism industry is still affected by over-tourism, and the current COVID-19 pandemic even further revealed the gap between theoretical sustainability and the practical implementation of sustainable tourism concepts. Sustainable concepts are on destination agendas, but the action often remains absent. Hence, sustainable rethinking, rebalancing of tourism behavior, and taking responsibility are required. Therefore, this thesis aims to determine how responsible tourism practices can be promoted and encouraged among stakeholders in a destination. Qualitative, semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with diverse supply-side stakeholders in one destination to answer the research question. By applying the theory of planned behavior, the interviews provided comprehensive insights into the understanding of responsible tourism, identified behavioral patterns, perceived responsibilities, challenges, and drivers for sustainable development. The results allowed the detection of motivators and strategies encouraging stakeholders to implement responsible tourism practices. Based on these drivers, propositions for further research are established, and managerial implications for destination management organizations and tourism enterprises are derived., Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft, Innsbruck, Univ., Masterarb., 2021

The concept of smart tourism destinations has gained increased interest in tourism research. In this study, we show how previous research has shaped the current discourse on smart tourism destinations. By analysing meta-narratives, we outline how the use of language has influencedthe research domain of smart tourism destinations.Whenthe scope of a research field is broad and still unclear, a systematic meta-narrative analysis of the literature is recommended, to provide a holistic view and an understanding of how narratives unfold over time. Our findings highlight that there are certain words that dominate the contemporary discourse in this research field, presented as meta-narratives of smart tourism destinations. Our study shows how language plays an important role in providing frameworks for the research discourse and offers a legitimation of master ideas. By analysing the language used in published scientific texts for describing and defining smart tourism destinations, we identify the meta-narratives that build major language-based concepts and how these have formed the research field of smart tourism destinations.

Los nuevos patrones de consumo turístico junto con los cambios en el uso y disfrute de los espacios y recursos naturales han derivado en una transformación de la forma de concebir estos territorios, lo que supone una clara oportunidad para revisar su planificación y gestión desde la óptica del modelo inteligente. El objetivo de los espacios naturales inteligentes es garantizar la eficiencia en la gestión del uso de los medios naturales a través de la aplicación adecuada de la gobernanza y la tecnología. Su papel es clave con el fin de mejorar la experiencia y generar un impacto positivo sostenible en el territorio. A través de este estudio se plantea una modelización de la gestión del espacio natural acorde con los principios y ejes básicos del modelo de destino turístico inteligente de la Comunidad Valenciana. El desarrollo del modelo se construye desde la base sobre una gobernanza activa y una identificación de las vías de colaboración entre los agentes que conforman, colaboran y participan en el espacio natural, teniendo en cuenta una serie de premisas que persiguen potenciar la accesibilidad, seguridad, sostenibilidad y mejorar la experiencia turística tanto del espacio protegido como de su área de influencia., New patterns of tourism consumption and changes in the use and enjoyment of natural spaces and resources have led to a transformation in the way these territories are conceptualized, offering a significant opportunity to review their planning and management from the perspective of the Smart Model. The objective of smart natural spaces is to ensure efficiency in the management of the use of natural environments through the appropriate application of governance and technology. Their role is essential in order to improve the experience and generate a sustainable positive impact across the territory. This study proposes a modelling of the management of the natural space in accordance with the basic principles and axes of the smart tourist destination model of the Valencian Community. The development of the model is based on active governance and the identification of collaboration methods between the agents that conform, collaborate, and participate in the natural space, taking into account a series of guidelines that aim to promote accessibility, safety, sustainability and enhance the tourist experience both in the protected space and in its area of influence.

Die Dissertation zeigt am Fallbeispiel Berlin, wie stadttouristische Konflikte politisch-administrativ (ent-)problematisiert werden. Die Forschung zur Governance konflikthafter touristischer Phänomene (z. B. Gewerbe-Monostrukturierung) betreibt bislang v. a. good governance-Kritik, oder sie thematisiert die Konflikt-Governance zeitdiagnostisch als Ausdruck unternehmerischer/postpolitischer Stadtpolitiken. Demgegenüber greift die Dissertation das konzeptuell etablierte Postulat auf, bereits die Deutung zu bearbeitender Probleme als zentralen Aspekt von Governance zu verstehen. In der empirisch-analytischen Anwendung wird der Governance-Begriff als „Sehhilfe“ zur differenzierten Beschreibung von problembezogenen Governance-Arrangements herangezogen. Mittels einer Dokumentenanalyse und einer Ethnografie der Tourismusmanagement-Praxis werden sechs einschlägige Techniken der (Ent-)Problematisierung tourismusbedingter Konflikte herausgearbeitet: 1. die geschichtliche Naturalisierung von Interessenskonflikten, 2. die moralische Begrenzung von Debattierbarkeit, 3. die statistische Definition von Problemwahrnehmung, 4. die konzeptuelle Regulierung von Rechenschaftspflichten, 5. die partizipatorische Thematisierung von Problemen und 6. die begriffliche Konsensualisierung von Lösungen. Das Zusammenwirken dieser Governance-Techniken wird in Anlehnung an Mariana Valverde als ein Seeing Like a Tourist City betitelt: Probleme eines konflikthaften Tourismus sind nicht gegeben, sie werden politisch-administrativ mit diversen (teils widersprüchlichen) komplexitätsreduzierenden Mitteln geformt (u. a. moralisch, statistisch, geschichtlich), kontextspezifisch artikuliert (u. a. öffentlich-medial, in Partizipationsforen), verfahrensförmig negiert und nicht zuletzt in Abhängigkeit verfügbarer Lösungen hervorgebracht. Anwendungsorientiert gewendet macht die Dissertation das Zusammenwirken der o. g. Techniken als aktives Verwalten tourismusbedingter Konflikte (an-)greifbar., The thesis explores how conflictive urban tourism phenomena (e. g. commercial gentrification) are (de-)problematized by governmental actors in Berlin. Hitherto, research on “overtourism”-governance has been dominated by good governance criticism; alternatively, governance of conflict-prone urban tourism is discussed as manifestation of an entrepreneurial or post-political urban governance. The thesis, however, seizes on the conceptual claim to understand the way in which tourism conflicts are framed, constructed or contested by governmental bodies as key aspect of governance. Employing the notion of governance as analytical lens to comprehensively describe problem-oriented governance settings, six key techniques used to (de-)problematize tourism-induced conflicts haven been identified (building on document analysis and an ethnography of destination management practice): 1. Mobilising history to naturalise conflicts; 2. Limiting the debate about conflict-prone tourism under moral aspects; 3. Defining the perception of problems statistically; 4. Adjusting accountability conceptually; 5. Addressing problems by means of participatory forums; 6. Achieving consensual solutions by notions (e. g. “sustainability”). Referring to Valverde the combination of the governance techniques is dubbed as Seeing Like a Tourist City: problems of conflictive tourism do not exist a priori, but are constructed in an active political-administrative way. Problems of conflictive tourism are framed by (in part contractionary) ways of knowing (morally, statistically, by legends); conflicts are represented in highly context-specific manners, they are denied by administrative proceedings and intimately linked to the availability of solutions. The combination of the above-mentioned governance techniques represents an “active administration” of tourism conflicts; the „busy“ but noncommittal governance remains in well-established patterns of (discursively) reconciling problems and solutions.

For tourism, voice search is a promising tool with a considerable impact on tourist experience. For example, voice search might not only simplify the booking process of flights and hotels but also change local search for tourist information. Against this backdrop, our pilot study analyzes the current state of voice search in a Swiss tourism destination so that providers can benefit from those new opportunities. We conducted interviews with nine experts in Swiss tourism marketing. They agree that voice search offers a significant opportunity as a new and diverse channel in tourism. Moreover, this technology provides new marketing measures and a more efficient use of resources. However, possible threats to this innovation are data protection regulation and providers’ lack of skills and financial resources. Furthermore, the diversity of Swiss dialects pushes voice search to its limits. Finally, our study confirms that tourism destinations should cooperate to implement voice search within their touristic regions. In conclusion, following our initial findings from the sample destination, voice search remains of minor importance for tourist marketing in Switzerland as evident in the given low use of resources. Following this initial investigation of voice search in a Swiss tourism destination, we recommended conducting further qualitative interviews on tourists’ voice search experience in different tourist destinations.

This paper aims at developing and applying an indicators system for smart tourism destinations in order to better understand the current situation of a set of destinations which are developing smart tourism policies. The indicators were developed by adapting existing indicators in tourism destination management and smart cities literature, creating a new system based on a smart destination theoretical model that establishes three interrelated levels in which smart destinations are grounded: strategic-relational, instrumental and applied levels. Within these levels, nine different dimensions to be measured were identified. The indicators were constructed in collaboration with a public organisation (INVAT.TUR) devoted to providing technical assistance to smart destinations and were pre-tested, readjusted and then applied to a set of destinations of the Region of Valencia (Spain). Obtained findings reveal an uneven performance of destinations in the different dimensions of the three levels. A notable performance is observed in indicators for connectivity and online marketing, while more efforts need to be done in accessibility and sustainability initiatives. However, disparities are evident between different indicators and destinations. These results are discussed and framed within the relevant literature on smart destinations while providing information for destination managers and policy makers to adapt and replicate these indicators in their own territories. This paper is a first attempt to develop and apply indicators to measure smart destinations progress in literature and therefore constitutes an important precedent for future studies.

Destination management organizations (DMOs) are the key for the achievement of sustainable communities. A DMO is the organization in charge of marketing and management of the destination's resources. In Mexico, the DMO figure do not exist, but there are Convention and Visitors Offices (OCV) and Convention and Visitors Bureaus (BCV), which perform marketing functions in the destination. The objectives of this study are to understand the role of destination management organizations for sustainable competitiveness of the destination and analyze if these organizations perform the functions of a DMO. Six local organizations are analyzed. The case study methodology is conducted to draw a conclusion. However, this article shows that, in most, the DMO´s in México are not being sufficiently effective to achieve sustainability and competiveness and to manage the complexity of the relationship between different stakeholders., Los organismos de gestión de destinos (OGD/DMO) según la literatura, son la pieza clave y fundamental para el logro de comunidades sostenibles. En sí, es el órgano a cargo del marketing y la gestión de recursos de un destino. En México, la figura OGD/ DMO no existe como tal, las Oficinas de Convenciones y Visitantes (OCV) y los Burós de Convenciones y Visitantes (BCV), desempeñan las funciones de marketing. Los objetivos del estudio son: entender el rol de las OGD para la competitividad sostenible y analizar si estas organizaciones realizan las funciones de una DMO. Se analizan seis organismos gestores de destinos a través de la metodología del estudio de caso. Los resultados demuestran que en su mayoría los organismos gestores en México no han podido conseguir un balance entre competitividad y sostenibilidad, ni encontrar la fórmula para manejar la complejidad de las relaciones entre los diferentes actores del turismo.

Objective: Systematize methodologies that harmonize integrated and smart tourist destinations management with geographic information, for making timely and accurate decisions, contributing to quality in the context of the cantonal tourist territories of the province, Manabí - Ecuador. Methodology / approach: The paradigms of the management of tourist destinations that reconcile all the participants, policies, components and parts of the system; expressed in an integrated management. The use of information and communication technologies is geared towards smart management, that envolve tourists, communities and managers. Everything in tourism is tied to space and territory, the information systems used require a response to the “where” through analysis and representation tools of places. Originality / Relevance: The sequence of steps of various methodologies and of the systematized theory, focus the integrated and smart tourim destination management, in the transit from the parts to the whole. In practice, it implies the voluntary participation of businessmen, interested in the homogeneous improvement of tourist quality in the territory. Main results: A theoretical model of the concepts that make up the understanding of the integrated and smart tourism destination management and territories for the improvement of quality. A reconfigured methodology from others, for putting the theoretical model into practice. Theoretical / methodological contributions: Guidance for decision-making in tourist territories and understanding by entrepreneurs and managers, to reverse the particular improvement of their businesses, in the homogeneous improvement of the tourist quality of the territories and tourist destinations of the Manabí province., Objetivo: Sistematizar metodologías que armonicen la gestión integrada e inteligente de destinos turísticos con la información geográfica, para la toma de decisiones oportunas y certeras, aportando a la calidad en el contexto de los territorios turísticos cantonales de la provincia, Manabí - Ecuador.Metodología/enfoque: Los paradigmas de la gestión de destinos turísticos que concilia todos los participantes, políticas, componentes y partes del sistema; expresado en una gestión integrada. Se engrana, el empleo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en una gestión inteligente, que acoge turistas, comunidades y gestores. Todo en el turismo está atado al espacio y territorio, los sistemas de información que se empleen requieren dar respuesta al “dónde” mediante herramientas de análisis y representación de los lugares.Originalidad/Relevancia: La secuencia de pasos de varias metodologías y de la teoría sistematizada, enfocan la gestión integrada e inteligente de destinos turísticos, en el tránsito de las partes al todo. En la práctica implica, la participación voluntaria de los empresarios, interesados en la mejora homogénea de la calidad turística en el territorio.Resultados principales: Un modelo teórico de los conceptos que configuran la comprensión de la gestión integrada e inteligente de destinos y territorios turísticos para la mejora de la calidad. Una metodología reconfigurada a partir de otras, para la puesta en la práctica del modelo teórico.Contribuciones teóricas / metodológicas: Orientación para la toma de decisiones en los territorios turísticos y de la comprensión por los empresarios y gestores, para revertir la mejora particular de sus negocios, en la mejora homogénea de la calidad turística de los territorios y destinos turísticos de la provincia Manabí.

The World Tourism Organization proposed to examine studies on previous infectious disease outbreaks (epidemics), in particular the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2002–2004, to better managing the impact of the COVID-19 on the tourism industry. We followed this suggestion by analysing tourism-related literature concerning previous outbreaks. We consequently identified the differences and similarities between past epidemics and the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluated recovery strategies previously adopted by tourism destinations, and suggested a research agenda to facilitate the tourism destinations’ recovery. To provide theoretically grounded research suggestions, which are urgently needed by the tourism industry, only contributions from high-quality peer-reviewed journals were considered in this literature review.

Sport ist zu einem wesentlichen Bestandteil des sozialen und kulturellen Lebens vieler Menschen in der ganzen Welt geworden. Die Popularität des Sports ist auch auf Hallmark und Mega-Events zurückzuführen. In den letzten Jahren hat die Ausrichtung bedeutender Sportereignisse nicht immer zu einem besonderen wirtschaftlichen Nutzen für die Gastgeberstädte geführt. Die Messung der Gesamtwirkung von Sportveranstaltungen ist zum Gegenstand des Interesses verschiedener Gruppen geworden, darunter Politiker und Tourismusakteure. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird argumentiert, dass Sportveranstaltungen eine Ressource für den Tourismus sein können. Das Forschungsprojekt zielt darauf ab, die charakteristischen Elemente von Sportereignissen zu analysieren, die den Reisezielen einen echten Nutzen bringen. Das Ziel und die Ausrichtung des Forschungsprozesses führen am Ende auch zu Ergebnissen. Die Relevanz der analysierten Probleme half dabei, Forschungslücken und -ziele zu identifizieren. Die anschließende Untersuchung der Forschungsfragen anhand der einzelnen Artikel, in denen die verschiedenen Themen behandelt wurden, ermöglichte es, diese in sechs Forschungsbereiche einzuteilen, die alle im Detail untersucht wurden., Sport has become an essential part of the social and cultural life of many individuals throughout the world. The popularity of the sport has also been attributed to hallmark and mega-events. In recent years, hosting significant sports events has not always led to a specific economic benefit for the host cities. Measuring the overall effects of sports events has become the subject of interest from different groups, including politicians and tourism stakeholders. This doctoral thesis argues that sports events can be a resource for tourism. The research project aims to analyse the distinctive elements of sports events that bring real benefits to tourist destinations. Demonstrating this, the aim and direction of the research process also produce outputs at the end. The relevance of the analysed problems helped to identify research gaps and objectives. As a result of the subsequent exploration of the research questions, through the individual articles that addressed the different issues, it was possible to categorise them into six research areas, all of which were explored in detail., Filippo Bazzanella, Kumulative Dissertation aus sechs Artikeln, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2021

Tourism is a important economic sector in many countries of the world and a major source of employment, government revenue and foreign exchange earnings. It is also one of the sectors most vulnerable to and affected by the introduction of economic sanctions. Tourism is usually defined as a form of short-term voluntary mobility which means that it includes not just leisure/holiday travel, but also business travel, visiting friends and relations. Therefore, the reach of tourism includes the movement of a country’s diaspora as well as business connectivity. Sanctions can affect tourism directly, i.e. through the imposition of limitations on individual mobility as well as carriers, as well as substantially affecting investment in the sector. Indirectly, sanctions can affect industry access to equipment and technology, leading in the long-term to a run down in infrastructure and plant as well as a negative destination image. The chapter addresses these issues in relation to a number of cases including Cuba, Iran, Turkey and Russia and notes the way that while tourism flows are often severely affected by the imposition of sanctions, tourism is also sometimes seen as a response.

Arguably, the most challenging task for tourism managers and developers is the effective planning and management of a tourist destination. This is particularly true for community-type destinations (Flagestad & Hope, 2001) which comprise public spaces and public resources. On the demand side, those actors deal with diverse and volatile tourist behavior, foremost driven by more frequent shifts in society. On the supply side, tourism managers and planners try to anticipate relevant changes and adapt “their” destination by means of interventions despite lacking hierarchical control over many if not most production resources and process (for tourist destinations as adaptive complex systems see Schianetz & Kavanagh, 2008). They intervene in an environment that is partly controlled by small entrepreneurs, partly accessible and used by all kinds of visitors with diverse experience and consumption patterns.

Tourism growth, particularly in cities, is coming under increased scrutiny. However, even often visited cities appear to find it difficult to agree upon a strategy to limit tourism growth. The current paper investigates this issue by looking at the extent to which different stakeholders’ perspectives on tourism development align. Q-sort methodology is employed to find the main worldviews and the extent to which they are shared by stakeholders in similar roles (e.g. policymakers, industry, resident). Results point to the existence of five different worldviews, which differ in the extent to which tourism growth is desirable or problematic and whether resident participation is advantageous or counterproductive. Stakeholders have highly different worldviews, even those with similar roles, which may help explain the difficulty to change the tourism growth paradigm as they limit opportunities for generating new consensus-based collective solutions. If we accept that tourism development strategies are driven and informed at least in part by individual worldviews, it may be impossible to make ‘objective’ policy choices. Instead, it might be more useful to explore possibilities to allow stakeholders to express their worldviews to better understand what sustainable tourism development entails for different people at different places and moments in time.

Communication is an inseparable part of activities of any business subject. Evidently, that applies to destination management as well. Advanced destination management can’t do without quality communication. It is necessary to pay due attention to communication so that it can be effective. That means to monitor also new trends and possibilities that modern life offers in the sphere of communication. More and more the emphasis is put on online communication, which has become a phenomenon of our time and in many cases replaces traditional ways of communication gradually. The paper deals with contemporary communication trends and focuses on the tourism sector, specifically on the problems of its management. It examines particular means of online communication and possibilities of their use in destination management. It also explains the situation in the Czech Republic by way of an analysis concerning online communication of particular destination management organizations working in the Czech Republic and by evaluation of its status quo. On the basis of observed results it then put suggestions how it would be possible to make this communication more effective., Komunikace je nedílnou součástí aktivit každého podnikatelského subjektu. To platí samozřejmě i pro oblast destinačního managementu. Vyspělý destinační management se bez kvalitní komunikace neobejde. Aby byla komunikace efektivní, je třeba jí věnovat patřičnou pozornost. To znamená, sledovat i nové trendy a možnosti, které moderní doba v oblasti komunikace nabízí. Důraz je stále více kladen na on-line komunikaci, která se stala fenoménem dneška a v mnoha případech postupně nahrazuje tradiční způsoby komunikace. Příspěvek se zabývá současnými komunikačními trendy a zaměřuje se na oblast cestovního ruchu, konkrétně na problematiku jeho řízení. Zkoumá jednotlivé nástroje on-line komunikace a možnosti jejich využití v destinačním managementu. Zároveň se snaží přiblížit situaci v České republice prostřednictvím analýzy on-line komunikace jednotlivých organizací destinačního managementu, které v České republice působí, a zhodnocením jejího současného stavu. Na základě zjištěných výsledků pak předkládá doporučení, jakým způsobem by bylo možné tuto komunikaci zefektivnit.

Following a long history of using various strategies and policies for diversification and seasonal adjustment in the face of the challenges of achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability, sun and beach destinations should also consider targeting the wellness tourism market as a post pandemic opportunity and long-term solution. Salou is a mature sun and beach destination in the Mediterranean, but one which, for some time, has had an increasing commitment to family and sports tourism as a result of a strategic renewal process. Now, with the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the destination management organization is considering the evolution of the model, the internalization of sustainability as a fundamental value, and the impact of different markets. In this study, we examined the challenges the Salou Tourist Board has faced during the development of a post pandemic model for sustainable tourism and what strategies it has adopted in response. We also considered the opportunities and competitive advantages that Salou has in the field of wellness tourism. The results obtained should encourage the continuation of work that promotes the environmental axis of sustainability and adds value to the natural resources on which it depends, including the sea and the landscape, while maintaining the environmental quality of the resources.

This exploratory study aimed to investigate how private tourist accommodation owners on Gotland perceive, value and act upon sustainability. The overall aim of the research was to examine their actions in the context of circular economy, to see if they share municipalities visions of becoming a sustainable society. A qualitative method, with semi-structured interviews and a online content research based on their accommodation offers was conducted. Challenges and value conflicts of owners were identified. This research concludes that awareness of entrepreneurial practices, knowledge and collaboration are needed to overcome challenges that these owners encounter and help foster sustainable development. This study offers ideas for future research.

This thesis investigates the relationship of regional food products in the tourist home country with destination marketing and management at the example of South Tyrol. South Tyrol was chosen as research area, because the 2 sectors have, on their own, a big standing in the region as well as a cooperate in many different ways. This has led to a symbiosis inside and outside the destination, making it an interesting area to research. While the interplay of the culinary assets of a destination with tourism within the destination is increasingly recognized, developed and used by researchers, planners, companies and authorities, the possible relationship of these sectors outside the destination remains an under-researched area. As Alderighi et al. (2016) found out in a study, an (empirical) connection between availability of local specialities in the tourist home (markets) and the intention of (re-)visit the place is evident. Therefore, this thesis uncovers different tools and mechanisms in (destination) marketing and management for the incorporation of regional food products in the tourist home country. Additionally, experts from the sectors of food and tourism, DMO, will share their considerations and limitations. Theory and practice will be opposed, where as the concepts of “region branding” and “sensory destination marketing” will be elaborated.

The present dissertation intends to unveil some of the dynamics and processes found in multifaceted destinations. Two broad conceptual areas are considered in order to conceptualize and analyse the issues found in such places: destination making and destination management. Specifically, the destination studied is Cartagena de Indias, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, a place boasting sun and sand as well as built heritage, hence a ‘multifaceted destination’. First, an overarching literature review of the following concepts is carried out: destination production, destination management, heritage production and heritage management. Especially Latin American researchers are reviewed, as it is intended to research into a Latin American destination but taking into account frameworks developed by Latin American researchers. The methodology applied is Case Research Theory and the field work consisted of observation, archival research, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with the ‘expert’ stakeholders in the destination. Qualitative methodologies were preferred as these allow for deep insights into dynamics and processes, thus making this research comprehensive and rich in details. The results show a destination that was produced in an organic way, both in terms of heritage as well as sun and sand. This was combined with hard elitist, top-down processes which resulted in brand disengagement and disagreements from the side of the stakeholders. Therefore, Cartagena de Indias is an intrinsically difficult place to manage. As the field work unveils details of the management of this place, several recommendations for practitioners may be found in the final chapter of this dissertation. The contributions to theory from this research are, among others, (a) confirming the difficulties in separating place production from place management on a theoretical level. In fact, both concepts are found to be highly interdependent; (b) refining the concept of ‘semiotic spaces’ br, La present tesi es proposa com a objectiu descobrir i analitzar alguns processos i dinàmiques que es troben a les destinations polifacètiques, per tal de conceptualitzar les qüestions que presenta aquesta tipologia de destinations. Es cosideren dues grans àrees conceptuals: la producció de destinations i la gestió de destinacions. En concret, la destinació estudiada és Cartagena d’Índies, a la costa caribenya de Colòmbia, un lloc en el qual s’hi troba sol i platja i a més patrimoni contruït, la qual cosa la fa que sigui una ‘destinació polifacètica’. Primer de tot, es fa un ampli buidat de literatura entorn de quatre conceptes bàsics: la producció de destinacions, la gestió de destinacions, la producció de patrimoni i la gestió de patrimoni. Es tracten sobretot autors d’Amèrica Llatina ja que la destinació investigada és llatino-americana, i es fa l’intent de discutir la teoria creada per autors d’aquell continent. La metodologia que s’aplica és la de l’estudi de cas i el treball de camp va consistir en observació, treball d’arxiu, un qüestionari i finalment entrevistes semi-estructurades a actors ‘experts’ de la destinació. La metodologia qualitativa va ser triada per tal com permet obtenir una visió profunda i detallada sobre les dinàmiques i processos presents en un lloc, conferint a aquesta recerca amplitud i visió de detall alhora. Els resultats mostren una destinació que va ser produïda de forma orgànica, tant els seus atractius patrimonials com el seu sol i platja. A això cal afegir-hi els processos top-down, que han produït brand disengagement així com notables desacords entre els actors. Per tant, Cartagena d’Índies és un lloc intrínsecament difícil de gestionar. El treball de camp descobreix aspectes de la gestió d’aquest lloc, que es deriven en recomanacions per als professionals, les quals figuren al darrer capítol de la present tesi. Les aportacions teòriques de la present tesi són, entre d’altres, (a) la confirmació de les dificultats en separar a la t

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the direct intervention of university researchers in tourism practices in Hokkaido, Japan. The overall objective is the further understanding into the potential value of research-based evidence and scientific knowledge in tourism destination management. The paper articulates how the outcomes of structured knowledge creation were able to fundamentally change the long-held presumptions of local stakeholders about their destination, and the paper also examines how this knowledge was used to aid decision-making and the formulation of new tourism strategies. Design/methodology/approach - Through an action research approach, data were collected by direct participation and interviews and then qualitatively analyzed. Findings - The results clearly depict that the key factors for making destination management workable and sustainable are related to academic researchers' direct intervention in tourism practices. Originality/value - This paper has filled a gap in existing scholarship where empirical understanding from first-hand experiences has lacked around the important role that scientific knowledge or evidence-based research can play in enhancing decision-making in collaborative initiatives aiming to develop local tourism resources. The importance of the scientific approach and evidence-based decision-making is gaining increasing recognition in tourist destination development and management. This points to an important opportunity for academic researchers to contribute to the realization of sustainable tourist practices.

Governance for the Sustainable Development of Tourism in the Chilean Patagonia. From de Macrovisión of the Master Plans to Focusing in Tourist Interest Zones. The sustainable development of tourism is today a central objective of local administrations, especially in destinations that have a clear vocation for nature tourism and ecotourism. This article analyzes the experience of Chile in the implementation of tourism planning instruments in the Region of Aysén - Chilean Patagonia - based on a review of the process promoted by the State in the last 30 years. This territory has witnessed an accelerated growth of tourism activities linked to fragile natural resources and high landscape value that have generated unprecedented mechanisms of public-private coordination for the management of the territory. In this scenario, governance structures have emerged, led by local communities, which have helped to focus the allocation of regional financing for the tourism sector., El desarrollo sustentable del turismo constituye hoy en día un objetivo central de las administraciones locales, especialmente en destinos que presentan una clara vocación para el turismo de naturaleza y el ecoturismo. Este artículo analiza la experiencia de Chile en la implementación de instrumentos de planificación turística en la Región de Aysén - Patagonia Chilena - a partir de la revisión del proceso impulsado por el estado en los últimos 30 años. Este territorio ha sido testigo de un acelerado crecimiento de las actividades turísticas vinculadas a recursos naturales frágiles y de alto valor paisajístico que han generado a lo largo del tiempo mecanismos inéditos de coordinación públicoprivada para la gestión del territorio. En este escenario, han surgido estructuras de gobernanza, lideradas por las comunidades locales, que han contribuido a focalizar la asignación de financiamiento regional para el sector turismo

Purpose This paper aims to provide a selective review of sectoral and academic developments that have led to the flow-based view of destination management and marketing and inspires future work. Design/methodology/approach A review of the relevant literature serves as a foundation for the discussion of the flow-based view of destination management and marketing. From the results of this review, future prospects for practice and research are derived. Findings Destination management and marketing has undergone many changes in the past and is subject for some major overhauls in the future. Originality/value The paper inspires in terms of rather asking questions for the future than finding answers from the past.

Purpose This study aims to focus on the development and upgrading of the Hagley Park cricket oval in Christchurch for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and how this hallmark event was used a catalyst to rebrand the city following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the findings from research conducted between 2012 and 2016. Data for the analysis were collected from mainstream media, sport organisations websites and government archives. In addition, a two-round series of semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders was undertaken in the aftermath of the Cricket World Cup. Findings In the case of Christchurch, the earthquakes and the destruction of much of the downtown provided a recovery opportunity, with the 2015 Cricket World Cup used to expedite the development of a new sporting venue in the city centre and rebrand the city to international tourists and sport enthusiasts. Originality/value This research provides further evidence on the logics of disaster capitalism and how cities embark on costly redevelopment projects for sports and events whilst overlooking exacerbating vulnerabilities among the local community.

Smart tourism is integral to the concept of smart cities, and existing literature focuses on the application of innovative information and communication technology designed to improve the tourism system. Although research on smart tourism has increased, the reality of attendant tourist dissonance has not yet been adequately addressed. Consequently, we present a matrix of ‘tourist stupidity’ as a conceptual frame to characterise tourists’ potential responses to smart tourism. The matrix provides a counterpoint to previous studies on smart tourism by proposing four types of ‘stupidity’ based on tourist intentions (wilful to inadvertent) and actions (passive to active). The intent of this counterpoint is to facilitate destination planning and management so that truly ‘smart’ tourism can be fostered.

Tourist Destination Management: A Comparative Analysis between Two Consolidated Destinations in Brazil and Portugal. The growth of the international tourist demand of the last years and the new demands of the consumer markets have pressed the tourist destinations, demanding of their managers the search for alternatives and new strategies to compete favorably on a global scale. Being the tourist destination composed by an amalgam of institutions and still, considering that the public and private organizations are groups that more influence in the management, analyzing their roles is an essential question for the understanding of the tourist activity in a certain destination. In this context, this study aimed to comparatively analyze the role played by public and private organizations in the management of consolidated tourist destinations. This was an exploratory-descriptive study, involving bibliographical and documentary research, aiming at delimiting the dimensions to be used, as well as interviews with public and private managers of both studied destinations: Foz do Iguaçu-Brazil and Algarve-Portugal. A structured questionnaire was used, with questions using a Likert scale. After the gathering, we performed the descriptive analysis of each destination and an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) and the results compared between the two samples. The results showed that both Portuguese and Brazilian managers have very close perceptions regarding the importance and implementation of the analyzed dimensions related to the role of public and private organizations in the management of destinations. The similarities identified in the samples collected in different countries and realities are aligned with the Theory of Institutional Isomorphism, considering that the role played by public and private organizations is relatively similar in both destinations, El crecimiento de la demanda turística internacional de los últimos años y las nuevas exigencias de los mercados consumidores han presionado a los destinos turísticos, exigiendo de sus gestores alternativas y nuevas estrategias para competir a escala mundial. Al estar compuesto el destino turístico por una amalgama de instituciones y considerando que las organizaciones públicas y privadas son los grupos que más influyen en la gestión, es esencial analizarlas para comprender la actividad turística. En este contexto, este estudio buscó comparar el rol de las organizaciones públicas y privadas en la gestión de destinos turísticos consolidados. Se realizó una investigación con estudios exploratorio-descriptivos, un relevamiento bibliográfico y documental para delimitar las dimensiones a ser utilizadas y entrevistas a los gestores públicos y privados de ambos destinos: Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil) y Algarve (Portugal). A los datos recolectados se les aplicó un análisis descriptivo de cada destino, un Análisis de Importancia – Desempeño (IPA) y un estudio comparativo. Los resultados mostraron que tanto los gestores portugueses como brasileños tienen percepciones similares en relación a la importancia e implementación de las dimensiones analizadas relacionadas con el papel de las organizaciones públicas y privadas en la gestión de los destinos. Las semejanzas identificadas en las muestras recogidas en países y realidades diferentes se alinean a la Teoría del Isomorfismo Institucional.

The aim of this study is to discuss how visions about places influence the physical place-development, and how people’s ability to inhabit and make use of space is affected as a consequence. A case study of Kødbyen, Copenhagen’s Meat Packing District, was carried out to research this. Research questions relate to how these place-making processes can be understood in terms of power, where some people are included by places while others are excluded from them. A model showing the intersectionality between the visionary aspects of place, the spatial aspects of place, and the movements of people there, is created to better understand the complexities of place-making. The paper draws upon a theoretical framework based on the social construction of place, discourse analysis, perspectives of power as well as urban regeneration processes. The findings reveal a visionary discourse, in which Kødbyen is understood as a shared space for “kød og kreativitet” (meat and creativity). In the physical place-development, this discourse is materialized in two intuitively contradictory ways; by on the one hand making the space accessible for some activities and movements, while simultaneously closing parts of it off for others. As a result, Kødbyen can be seen as an open, inclusive place for some people, movements and activities, while others are seen as anomalies in the street scene and, in consequence, are excluded., Titel: ”Kød og kreativitet” – visioner och verklighet: En studie om plats i skärningspunkten mellan mening, materialitet och människor Universitet: Lunds Universitet, Institutionen för Service Management och tjänstevetenskap Kurs: KSMK65 - Service Management: Examensarbete för kandidatexamen. Våren 2019 Författare: Daniela Ross & Isabella Lindkvist Jensen Handledare: Elisabeth Högdahl Nyckelord: Platsutveckling, Urban regenerering, Vision, Makt, Inkludering, Exkludering Syfte: Syftet är att diskutera och bidra till ökad förståelse kring hur visioner om platser påverkar hur gaturummet utformas och hur människors platstagande möjliggörs och begränsas som konsekvens av detta. Frågeställningar: Vilka är visionerna för Den Hvide Kødby? Hur har platsen skapats utifrån detta? Hur synliggörs gränser i gaturummet till följd av detta? Vem inkluderas och vem utesluts som konsekvens? Metod: En kvalitativ studie där det empiriska materialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, dokumentstudier samt kvalitativa observationer. Totalt tre intervjuer genomfördes med personer som jobbar för Köpenhamns Kommun och som har varit delaktiga i utvecklingen av Kødbyen. Dokumentstudierna gjordes på tre officiella dokument utfärdade av Köpenhamns Kommun. Observationerna genomfördes i Kødbyen under en vecka i April 2019. Slutsatser: I visioner tillskrivs Den Hvide Kødby olika meningar. Dels förstås platsen som en föränderlig, internationell upplevelsesdestination, dels som ett nationellt kulturarv som bör bevaras. Dessa två synsätt förenas genom att tala om Kødbyen som en plats för både “kød og kreativitet”. Diskursen om “kød og kreativitet” materialiseras på främst två intuitivt paradoxala sätt, genom att parallellt tillgängliggöra och avgränsa gaturummet. Som konsekvens uppstår gränser mellan vilka rörelser och aktiviteter som blir möjliga (rörelserum) i gaturummet. Utifrån ett maktperspektiv uppfattas Kødbyen då som ett öppet, inkluderande rum för vissa människor, rörelser, rytmer

Tourism is recognized as a significant industry worldwide, a key sector and source of development and income in several countries. The article focuses on quality management in tourist destinations in the Czech Republic. The overall objective of the present study is to uncover the evaluation of destination management by tourist organisations. Hence, the importance of destination management for each organisation based on the model of excellence EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) is evaluated. Moreover, the article highlights and assesses the difference between organisations which possess a certificate of quality and those which do not. Furthermore, the findings of the research, the data for which were collected from respondents at tourism organisations in the Czech Republic, can be used for assessing the competitiveness of destinations and for recommendations for sustainable development in the future., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Many global tourist destinations have experienced growth in arrivals. This has triggered various conflicts in destinations and sparked debates as to how to deal with what is increasingly referred to as 'overtourism'. Most Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) pursue strategies to stimulate arrivals even further. Pro-growth discourses are reinforced by lead bodies such as the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). However, maximisation strategies based on higher numbers of tourists increasingly cause conflicts with local residents, whereas simultaneously undermining climate change mitigation pledges as negotiated in the Paris Agreement. New approaches to destination management based on optimisation are therefore warranted. Drawing on a survey of international tourists (n = 5,249) in south-western Norway, this article discusses whether 'activities', i.e. the development of local, small-scale and ideally more sustainable experiences, can contribute to economic growth without necessarily increasing numbers of arrivals. Results confirm that destinations should seek to better understand their markets, including length of stay, spending, and/or activity intention, to identify profitable markets. Ultimately, such knowledge may help addressing overtourism conflicts while building tourism systems that are more economically, socially, and environmentally resilient.

The practicalities of destination management present daunting challenges. We introduce «The Visitor Flow Approach» as a way to deal with those challenges. This practical approach to destination management is an example of how research on destination management can bridge the divide between insights and impact despite theorizing tourism as a complex social phenomenon. Specifically, we illustrate how Swisscontact, a development agency, blends the theory of flow-based destination management and the six–step method of the St. Gallen Model for Destination Management to create real impact in emerging and developing countries. We present their experiences and lessons learned from four specific contexts (Laos, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Indonesia) and additional applications across four continents.