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Characterization data of a Vicia sativa germplams colection grown at Córdoba, Spain under three crop seasons.

Characterization data of a Pisum sp. germplams colection grown at Córdoba, Spain under three crop seasons

Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a temperate grain legume of major importance for food and feed. Powdery mildews are an important group of diseases in many crops, although in faba bean, it is still considered to be of only minor and local relevance. Here, we report the occurrence of powdery mildew in southern Spain, which was identified through ITS sequencing as Erysiphe trifolii. Resistance screenings allowed the identification of a wide range of responses to the disease, with accessions BPL-710 and ILB-4708 outstanding due to their high levels of resistance. Histological studies showed that the mechanisms of resistance may involve the inhibition of germination and impairment of fungal development, as shown by a limited number of primary and secondary hyphae compared to those of the susceptible accessions. This work permitted a better understanding of the interaction of faba bean and powdery mildew, laying the ground for breeding programs for resistance if needed in the future.

Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.

Figure S1. m/z distribution diagrams and Base Peak Chromatograms of C. truncatum isolate C428 (from lentil) extracts. (a) PDA extract; (b) PDB extract; (c) Rice extract; (d) Richard extract. Figure S2. m/z distribution diagrams and Base Peak Chromatograms of C. trucatum isolate C431 (from soybean) extracts. (a) PDA extract; (b) PDB extract; (c) Rice extract; (d) Richard extract. Figure S3. m/z distribution diagrams and Base Peak Chromatograms of C. trifolii isolate C436 (from clover extracts. (a) PDA extract; (b) PDB extract; (c) Rice extract; (d) Richard extract. Figure S4. Structure of: validated metabolites with pure standards (level A; red); putatively identified and produced by Colletotrichum spp. (level B(i), blue); putatively identified and produced by other fungal species (level B(ii), black); Structures of Curvupallide A and B (Level C(i), brown). Table S1. Parameters Metaboanalyst 5.0 for LC-MS spectra processing. Table S2. Features lists transformation and scaling for PLS – DA analysis. Q2 and R2 values of PLS – DA models in cross validation. Table S3. Metabolites dereplicated by targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis, organised according to identification level. Table S4. Metabolites dereplicated by targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis, organised according to identification level.

Lentil rust is a major disease worldwide caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae. In this study, we screened a large germplasm collection of cultivated lentils (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris) and its wild relatives, both in adult plants in the field with a local rust isolate during 2 seasons and in seedlings under controlled conditions with four fungal isolates of worldwide origin. The main results from our study were the following: (1) a significant number of accessions with resistance based on hypersensitive reaction (reduced Infection Type (IT)) were identified in cultivated lentil and in L. ervoides, L. nigricans and L.c. orientalis. The IT scores showed a clear isolate-specific response suggesting race-specificity, so each fungal isolate might be considered a different race. Resistance was identified against all isolates what might be the basis to develop a standard differential set that should be a priority for rust definition and monitoring. (2) Interestingly, although at lower frequency than in L. ervoides and L. nigricans, the hypersensitive response was also observed within cultivated lentil, with accession 1561 (L.c. culinaris) displaying resistance to the four isolates making this accession a valuable ready-to-use resource for lentil resistance breeding. Resistance to all other rust isolates was also available within L.c. culinaris in an isolate-specific manner. Accession 1308 (L. ervoides) showed resistance against all isolates tested, as well as a reduced number of accessions belonging to other wild Lens species. (3) In addition, our screenings allowed the identification of several accessions with partial resistance (reduced Disease Severity (DS) despite high IT). Adult Plant Resistance resulting in reduced severity in adult plants in the field, despite high susceptibility in seedlings, was more frequently identified in L.c. culinaris, but also in L. nigricans and L.c. orientalis.

Supplementary Figure S1. 1H-NMR spectrum of ascochlorin (1) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S2. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of ascochlorin (1); Supplementary Figure S3. 1H-NMR spectrum of ascofuranol (2) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S4. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of ascofuranol (2); Supplementary Figure S5. 1H-NMR spectrum of (R)-mevalonolactone (3) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S6. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of (R)-mevalonolactone (3); Supplementary Figure S7. 1H-NMR spectrum of ascosalipyrone (4) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S8. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of ascosalipyrone (4); Supplementary Figure S9. 1H-NMR spectrum of benzoic acid (5) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S10. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of benzoic acid (5); Supplementary Figure S11. 1H-NMR spectrum of tyrosol (6) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S12. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of tyrosol (6); Supplementary Figure S13. 1H-NMR spectrum of ascosalitoxin (7) (CDCl3, 400 MHz); Supplementary Figure S14. ESI/MS (+) spectrum of ascosalitoxin (7); Supplementary Figure S15. Images of the symptoms of each of the compounds. Supplementary Table S1. Diseased area (mm2) measured on detached leaves of several legume crops with exudates from the fungus A. fabae growth in vitro on 3 different culture media (Czapek-Dox = CD, potato dextrose broth = PDB, and rice) at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL. Negative (blank untreated, water and MeOH 5%) controls were also included. The experiment was repeated four times. Supplementary Table S2. Diseased area (mm2) measured in leaves detached from various legume crops with metabolites produced by the exudate of the A. fabae fungus from the three-growth media at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 µM. Negative controls (untreated blank, water, and MeOH 5%) were also included. p-value compared with value from MeOH 5% control.

Table S1: Response of the Lens germplasm accessions to U. viciae-fabae ex L. culinaris studied. DS = Disease Severity (%); IT = Infection Type according Stakman et al. (1962) [29], 6 where IT 0 = no symptoms, IT ; = necrotic flecks, IT 1 = minute pustules barely sporulating, IT 2 = necrotic halo surrounding small pustules, IT 3 = chlorotic halo and IT 4 = well-formed pustules with 7 no associated chlorosis or necrosis. 8 Ns = not studied

Peas (Pisum sativum) are the fourth most cultivated pulses worldwide and a critical source of protein in animal feed and human food. Developing pea core collections improves our understanding of pea evolution and may ease the exploitation of their genetic diversity in breeding programs. We carefully selected a highly diverse pea core collection of 325 accessions and established their genetic diversity and population structure. DArTSeq genotyping provided 35,790 polymorphic DArTseq markers, of which 24,279 were SilicoDArT and 11,511 SNP markers. More than 90% of these markers mapped onto the pea reference genome, with an average of 2787 SilicoDArT and 1644 SNP markers per chromosome, and an average LD50 distance of 0.48 and 1.38 Mbp, respectively. The pea core collection clustered in three or six subpopulations depending on the pea subspecies. Many admixed accessions were also detected, confirming the frequent genetic exchange between populations. Our results support the classification of Pisum genus into two species, P. fulvum and P. sativum (including subsp. sativum, arvense, elatius, humile, jomardii and abyssinicum). In addition, the study showed that wild alleles were incorporated into the cultivated pea through the intermediate P. sativum subsp. jomardii and P. sativum subsp. arvense during pea domestication, which have important implications for breeding programs. The high genetic diversity found in the collection and the high marker coverage are also expected to improve trait discovery and the efficient implementation of advanced breeding approaches.

Pea rust is a major disease worldwide caused by Uromyces pisi in temperate climates. Only moderate levels of partial resistance against U. pisi have been identified so far in pea, urging for enlarging the levels of resistance available for breeding. Herein, we describe the responses to U. pisi of 320 Pisum spp. accessions, including cultivated pea and wild relatives, both under field and controlled conditions. Large variations for U. pisi infection response for most traits were observed between pea accessions under both field and controlled conditions, allowing the detection of genotypes with partial resistance. Simultaneous multi-trait indexes were applied to the datasets allowing the identification of partial resistance, particularly in accessions JI224, BGE004710, JI198, JI199, CGN10205, and CGN10206. Macroscopic observations were complemented with histological observations on the nine most resistant accessions and compared with three intermediates and three susceptible ones. This study confirmed that the reduced infection of resistant accessions was associated with smaller rust colonies due to a reduction in the number of haustoria and hyphal tips per colony. Additionally, a late acting hypersensitive response was identified for the first time in a pea accession (PI273209). These findings demonstrate that screening pea collections continues to be a necessary method in the search for complete resistance against U. pisi. In addition, the large phenotypic diversity contained in the studied collection will be useful for further association analysis and breeding perspectives.

Different fungal species belonging to the Colletotrichum genus cause anthracnose disease in a range of major crops, resulting in huge economic losses worldwide. Typical symptoms include dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, or fruits. Colletotrichum spp. have synthesized, in vitro, a number of biologically active and structurally unusual metabolites that are involved in their host’s infection process. In this study, we applied a one strain many compounds (OSMAC) approach, integrated with targeted and non-targeted metabolomics profiling, to shed light on the secondary phytotoxic metabolite panels produced by pathogenic isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum and Colletotrichum trifolii. The phytotoxicity of the fungal crude extracts was also assessed on their primary hosts and related legumes, and the results correlated with the metabolite profile that arose from the different cultural conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the OSMAC strategy integrated with metabolomics approaches has been applied to Colletotrichum species involved in legume diseases.

Pea (Pisum sativum) stands out as one of the most significant and productive cool-season pulse crops cultivated worldwide. Dealing with biotic stresses remains a critical challenge in fully harnessing pea’s potential productivity. As such, dedicated research and developmental efforts are necessary to make use of omic resources and advanced breeding techniques. These approaches are crucial in facilitating the rapid and timely development of high-yielding varieties that can tolerate and resist multiple stresses. The availability of advanced genomic tools, such as comprehensive genetic maps and reliable DNA markers, holds immense promise for integrating resistance genes from diverse sources. This integration helps accelerate genetic gains in pea crops. This review provides an overview of recent accomplishments in the genetic and genomic resource development of peas. It also covers the inheritance of genes controlling various biotic stress responses, genes that control pathogenesis in disease-causing organisms, the mapping of genes/QTLs, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic advancements. By combining conventional and modern omics-enabled breeding strategies, genetic gains can be significantly enhanced.

Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta fabae, poses a significant threat to faba bean and other legumes worldwide. Necrotic lesions on stems, leaves, and pods characterize the disease. Given the economic impact of this pathogen and the potential involvement of secondary metabolites in symptom development, a study was conducted to investigate the fungus's ability to produce bioactive metabolites that might contribute to its pathogenicity. For this investigation, the fungus was cultured in three substrates (Czapek-Dox, PDB, and rice). The produced metabolites were analyzed by NMR and LC-HRMS methods, resulting in the dereplication of seven metabolites, which varied with the cultural substrates. Ascochlorin, ascofuranol, and (R)-mevalonolactone were isolated from the Czapek-Dox extract; ascosalipyrone, benzoic acid, and tyrosol from the PDB extract; and ascosalitoxin and ascosalipyrone from the rice extract. The phytotoxicity of the pure metabolites was assessed at different concentrations on their primary hosts and related legumes. The fungal exudates displayed varying degrees of phytotoxicity, with the Czapek-Dox medium's exudate exhibiting the highest activity across almost all legumes tested. The species belonging to the genus Vicia spp. were the most susceptible, with faba bean being susceptible to all metabolites, at least at the highest concentration tested, as expected. In particular, ascosalitoxin and benzoic acid were the most phytotoxic in the tested condition and, as a consequence, expected to play an important role on necrosis's appearance.

[Background] Rusts and powdery mildews are severe fungal diseases of major crops worldwide, including cereals and legumes. They can be managed by chemical fungicide treatments, with negative consequences as environmental pollution and risk for human and animal health. Bioactive natural products could be the safest alternative for pest control. The family of anthraquinones, as well as analogue compounds containing an anthraquinone moiety or some modified anthraquinone rings, has been reported to exhibit certain antibiotic activity. Thus, the potential antifungal activity of some anthraquinones isolated from Ascochyta lentis, was assayed in this study for their effectiveness to reduce rust and powdery mildew diseases on pea and oat. Their effect on fungal development was macro- and microscopically assessed on inoculated leaves, and compared to the control achieved by the chemical fungicide (Tetraconazol 12.5% and Azoxystrobin 25%). In addition, the most promising compound was also tested at different concentrations in inoculated whole plants in order to evaluate its preventive and curative potential against fungal infection., [Results] All metabolites studied strongly reduced the development of rust and powdery mildews in both pea and oat, being pachybasin and lentiquinone C the most effective ones in hampering fungal spore germination and appressoria formation. Some of them also affected post-penetration events reducing colony size and number of haustoria per colony. Results were confirmed for pachybasin in whole plants assays, showing an efficacy similar to the commercial fungicide to control fungal diseases, both in preventive and curative applications. [Conclusions] Some fungal anthraquinones and close metabolites, especially pachybasin, could be very promising molecules with effective potential as antifungal agents against both rust and powdery mildew of both pea and oat. Some structure activity-relationships feature have also been evaluated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Silico-DArT and SNP datasets of the IAS pea core collection. Each file contain key information of the molecular markers used to establish the population structure and genetic diversity of the IAs pea core collection.

Lithium (Li) is an element considered essential for humans, however, low concentrations in soil, water and food have caused low consumption by the world population. Consequently, fertilization via lithium leaf to increase its concentration in food employing biofortification is an alternative, given the growing health problems in the population caused by low intakes of this trace element.  Thus, the objective was to evaluate doses and sources of lithium, applied by foliar fertilization in the development and productivity of chia, in the south of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, in the agricultural year 2016/17 in pots with 8dm3 containing a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol, with a clay texture, in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 5x2, with four replicates. The first factor was constituted by five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1) and the second factor by two sources of Li (lithium hydroxide - LiOH and lithium sulfate - Li2SO4). Two applications were carried out by foliar fertilization, the first at 75 and the second at 95 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the characteristics of plant height, the height of the upper stem, stem diameter, bunch length, number of bunches and after harvest (145 days), the weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and Li content were evaluated in the grains. The supply via Li leaf through LiOH and Li2SO4 sources promoted the biofortification of chia grains. The highest concentrations of Li in the grains were obtained with the application of 29.2 and 31.8 g ha-1 of LiOH and Li2SO4, respectively. The best responses in cluster length, thousand-grain mass, and pH were obtained using LiOH. Regardless of the source, doses of lithium above 35 g ha-1 promote a reduction in the morphological and agronomic characteristics evaluated in the culture of chia.&nbsp

Lithium (Li) is an element considered essential for humans, however, low concentrations in soil, water and food have caused low consumption by the world population. Consequently, fertilization via lithium leaf to increase its concentration in food employing biofortification is an alternative, given the growing health problems in the population caused by low intakes of this trace element.  Thus, the objective was to evaluate doses and sources of lithium, applied by foliar fertilization in the development and productivity of chia, in the south of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, in the agricultural year 2016/17 in pots with 8dm3 containing a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol, with a clay texture, in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 5x2, with four replicates. The first factor was constituted by five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1) and the second factor by two sources of Li (lithium hydroxide - LiOH and lithium sulfate - Li2SO4). Two applications were carried out by foliar fertilization, the first at 75 and the second at 95 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the characteristics of plant height, the height of the upper stem, stem diameter, bunch length, number of bunches and after harvest (145 days), the weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and Li content were evaluated in the grains. The supply via Li leaf through LiOH and Li2SO4 sources promoted the biofortification of chia grains. The highest concentrations of Li in the grains were obtained with the application of 29.2 and 31.8 g ha-1 of LiOH and Li2SO4, respectively. The best responses in cluster length, thousand-grain mass, and pH were obtained using LiOH. Regardless of the source, doses of lithium above 35 g ha-1 promote a reduction in the morphological and agronomic characteristics evaluated in the culture of chia.&nbsp

Lithium (Li) is an element considered essential for humans, however, low concentrations in soil, water and food have caused low consumption by the world population. Consequently, fertilization via lithium leaf to increase its concentration in food employing biofortification is an alternative, given the growing health problems in the population caused by low intakes of this trace element.  Thus, the objective was to evaluate doses and sources of lithium, applied by foliar fertilization in the development and productivity of chia, in the south of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, in the agricultural year 2016/17 in pots with 8dm3 containing a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol, with a clay texture, in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 5x2, with four replicates. The first factor was constituted by five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1) and the second factor by two sources of Li (lithium hydroxide - LiOH and lithium sulfate - Li2SO4). Two applications were carried out by foliar fertilization, the first at 75 and the second at 95 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the characteristics of plant height, the height of the upper stem, stem diameter, bunch length, number of bunches and after harvest (145 days), the weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and Li content were evaluated in the grains. The supply via Li leaf through LiOH and Li2SO4 sources promoted the biofortification of chia grains. The highest concentrations of Li in the grains were obtained with the application of 29.2 and 31.8 g ha-1 of LiOH and Li2SO4, respectively. The best responses in cluster length, thousand-grain mass, and pH were obtained using LiOH. Regardless of the source, doses of lithium above 35 g ha-1 promote a reduction in the morphological and agronomic characteristics evaluated in the culture of chia.&nbsp

Lentil is a staple in many diets around the world and growing in popularity as a quick-cooking, nutritious, plant-based source of protein in the human diet. Lentil varieties are usually grown close to where they were bred. Future climate change scenarios will result in increased temperatures and shifts in lentil crop production areas, necessitating expanded breeding efforts. We show how we can use a daylength and temperature model to identify varieties most likely to succeed in these new environments, expand genetic diversity, and give plant breeders additional knowledge and tools to help mitigate these changes for lentil producers.

Lithium (Li) is an element considered essential for humans, however, low concentrations in soil, water and food have caused low consumption by the world population. Consequently, fertilization via lithium leaf to increase its concentration in food employing biofortification is an alternative, given the growing health problems in the population caused by low intakes of this trace element.  Thus, the objective was to evaluate doses and sources of lithium, applied by foliar fertilization in the development and productivity of chia, in the south of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, in the agricultural year 2016/17 in pots with 8dm3 containing a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol, with a clay texture, in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 5x2, with four replicates. The first factor was constituted by five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1) and the second factor by two sources of Li (lithium hydroxide - LiOH and lithium sulfate - Li2SO4). Two applications were carried out by foliar fertilization, the first at 75 and the second at 95 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the characteristics of plant height, the height of the upper stem, stem diameter, bunch length, number of bunches and after harvest (145 days), the weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and Li content were evaluated in the grains. The supply via Li leaf through LiOH and Li2SO4 sources promoted the biofortification of chia grains. The highest concentrations of Li in the grains were obtained with the application of 29.2 and 31.8 g ha-1 of LiOH and Li2SO4, respectively. The best responses in cluster length, thousand-grain mass, and pH were obtained using LiOH. Regardless of the source, doses of lithium above 35 g ha-1 promote a reduction in the morphological and agronomic characteristics evaluated in the culture of chia.&nbsp

Lithium (Li) is an element considered essential for humans, however, low concentrations in soil, water and food have caused low consumption by the world population. Consequently, fertilization via lithium leaf to increase its concentration in food employing biofortification is an alternative, given the growing health problems in the population caused by low intakes of this trace element.  Thus, the objective was to evaluate doses and sources of lithium, applied by foliar fertilization in the development and productivity of chia, in the south of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, in the agricultural year 2016/17 in pots with 8dm3 containing a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol, with a clay texture, in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 5x2, with four replicates. The first factor was constituted by five doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g ha-1) and the second factor by two sources of Li (lithium hydroxide - LiOH and lithium sulfate - Li2SO4). Two applications were carried out by foliar fertilization, the first at 75 and the second at 95 days after transplanting. At 120 days, the characteristics of plant height, the height of the upper stem, stem diameter, bunch length, number of bunches and after harvest (145 days), the weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and Li content were evaluated in the grains. The supply via Li leaf through LiOH and Li2SO4 sources promoted the biofortification of chia grains. The highest concentrations of Li in the grains were obtained with the application of 29.2 and 31.8 g ha-1 of LiOH and Li2SO4, respectively. The best responses in cluster length, thousand-grain mass, and pH were obtained using LiOH. Regardless of the source, doses of lithium above 35 g ha-1 promote a reduction in the morphological and agronomic characteristics evaluated in the culture of chia.&nbsp

This template is designed using the previous setting; kindly copy and paste your text to this template. The study related to seed pathology is essential to know the sanitary quality, since the presence of pathogens in favor of seed can spread disease, and physiological influence the quality of seeds, resulting in low germination. Thus, this study aimed to identify the detection, transmission, and pathogenicity of fungi associated with the seeds of chia. The work was conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory and experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins, chia seeds produced being evaluated in Gurupi (Brazil) and Katueté (Paraguay). To check the sanitary quality of chia seed was used the method of the filter paper to the present lifting mycobiota which was subsequently isolated and cultured in a potato dextrose agar culture (BDA). For seed fungi, the transmission test to the plant was sowed 100 seeds of chia divided into four replicates of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown in pots of 4 dm3 (four seeds per pot) evaluations were made to ten, twenty and thirty days after  emergence by observing the characteristic symptoms. The pathogenicity of fungi transported by the seed was evaluated by inoculation in the aerial part of seedlings. The fungi found associated with chia seeds were: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, e Rhizopus spp. the fungus Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. They are transmitted to seedlings via seed. Genres Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. Are pathogenic to plants of chia.

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

This template is designed using the previous setting; kindly copy and paste your text to this template. The study related to seed pathology is essential to know the sanitary quality, since the presence of pathogens in favor of seed can spread disease, and physiological influence the quality of seeds, resulting in low germination. Thus, this study aimed to identify the detection, transmission, and pathogenicity of fungi associated with the seeds of chia. The work was conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory and experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins, chia seeds produced being evaluated in Gurupi (Brazil) and Katueté (Paraguay). To check the sanitary quality of chia seed was used the method of the filter paper to the present lifting mycobiota which was subsequently isolated and cultured in a potato dextrose agar culture (BDA). For seed fungi, the transmission test to the plant was sowed 100 seeds of chia divided into four replicates of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown in pots of 4 dm3 (four seeds per pot) evaluations were made to ten, twenty and thirty days after  emergence by observing the characteristic symptoms. The pathogenicity of fungi transported by the seed was evaluated by inoculation in the aerial part of seedlings. The fungi found associated with chia seeds were: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, e Rhizopus spp. the fungus Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. They are transmitted to seedlings via seed. Genres Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. Are pathogenic to plants of chia.

This template is designed using the previous setting; kindly copy and paste your text to this template. The study related to seed pathology is essential to know the sanitary quality, since the presence of pathogens in favor of seed can spread disease, and physiological influence the quality of seeds, resulting in low germination. Thus, this study aimed to identify the detection, transmission, and pathogenicity of fungi associated with the seeds of chia. The work was conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory and experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins, chia seeds produced being evaluated in Gurupi (Brazil) and Katueté (Paraguay). To check the sanitary quality of chia seed was used the method of the filter paper to the present lifting mycobiota which was subsequently isolated and cultured in a potato dextrose agar culture (BDA). For seed fungi, the transmission test to the plant was sowed 100 seeds of chia divided into four replicates of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown in pots of 4 dm3 (four seeds per pot) evaluations were made to ten, twenty and thirty days after  emergence by observing the characteristic symptoms. The pathogenicity of fungi transported by the seed was evaluated by inoculation in the aerial part of seedlings. The fungi found associated with chia seeds were: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, e Rhizopus spp. the fungus Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. They are transmitted to seedlings via seed. Genres Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. Are pathogenic to plants of chia.

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

A necromassa encontrada nos ecossistemas realizam a manutenção do estoque de carbono. Seguindo esta orientação a quantificação torna-se um atributo valioso para um manejo florestal eficiente. O estudo teve como objetivos quantificar a necromassa lenhosa caída e suspensa sobre o solo, peso e estoque de carbono em área de plano de manejo de nativas como subsidio ao mesmo. A amostragem adotada utiliza o método da área fixa, e foi conduzida através da instalação de uma área circular com raio de 10 metros (314 m2). Foram medidas 27 parcelas distribuídas sistematicamente, obtendo a medição de 806 indivíduos totais, cujo critério de inclusão é ter diâmetro ≥ que 5 cm e de forma tátil-visual o grau de decomposição da madeira morta. A média do volume de necromassa na região foi de 14,70 m³ ha-¹ com 5,37 mg ha-¹ de massa de necromassa. Tal valor apresenta um estoque de carbono de aproximadamente 2,6 mg ha-¹. A pesquisou mostrou que a distribuição da necromassa na área ocorre de forma regular. Os níveis de necromassa são desiguais nas parcelas. O material caído apresenta 78 % dos indivíduos menores que 20 centímetros de diâmetro, e para o material em pé 96,15 % possuem diâmetro menor que 40 centímetros. A necromassa contribui para a redução da concentração do CO2 na atmosfera e para a diminuição do efeito estufa. Contribuindo para a manutenção, tanto da matéria orgânica quanto do carbono orgânico, auxiliando na recomposição e na ciclagem de nutrientes e evidencia a importância fixação de carbono

Pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) is a damaging insect pest affecting pea (Pisum sativum) production worldwide. No resistant cultivars are available, although some levels of incomplete resistance have been identified in Pisum germplasm. To decipher the genetic control underlying the resistance previously identify in P. sativum ssp. syriacum, a recombinant inbred line (RIL F8:9) population was developed. The RIL was genotyped through Diversity Arrays Technology PL’s DArTseq platform and screened under field conditions for weevil seed infestation and larval development along 5 environments. A newly integrated genetic linkage map was generated with a subset of 6,540 markers, assembled into seven linkage groups, equivalent to the number of haploid pea chromosomes. An accumulated distance of 2,503 cM was covered with an average density of 2.61 markers cM−1. The linkage map allowed the identification of three QTLs associated to reduced seed infestation along LGs I, II and IV. In addition, a QTL for reduced larval development was also identified in LGIV. Expression of these QTLs varied with the environment, being particularly interesting QTL BpSI.III that was detected in most of the environments studied. This high-saturated pea genetic map has also allowed the identification of seven potential candidate genes co-located with QTLs for marker-assisted selection, providing an opportunity for breeders to generate effective and sustainable strategies for weevil control.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) is an annual legume crop that is currently underutilized but has the potential for reintroduction into Mediterranean rain-fed farming systems. In this study, we compared the adaptation of breeding lines in multi-environment field testing, which had wide variation for precocity, grain yield and broomrape infection. Heritability-adjusted genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (HA-GGE) biplot and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were performed to determine the effect on genotype (G), environment (E) and G × E interaction on grain yield, precocity and broomrape infection. Precocity was associated with reduced broomrape infection, and this with increased grain yield. Step-wise regression analysis revealed that the broomrape infection had the highest influence on grain yield, whereas precocity had a lower effect. Rain and humidity and mild temperatures before and during flowering were the climatic factors most influential on broomrape. Accessions with a shorter growth cycle suffered lower broomrape infection and were more productive in the environments with a high broomrape incidence. Accessions with longer growth cycle suffered overall higher broomrape infection and were therefore more productive in the environments with low or moderate broomrape incidence.

[Background] Pea (Pisum sativum) is one of the most important temperate grain legumes in the world, and its production is severely constrained by the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Wild relatives, such as P. fulvum, are valuable sources of allelic diversity to improve the genetic resistance of cultivated pea species against A. pisum attack. To unravel the genetic control underlying resistance to the pea aphid attack, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed using the previously developed high density integrated genetic linkage map originated from an intraspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (P. fulvum: IFPI3260 × IFPI3251)., [Results] We accurately evaluated specific resistance responses to pea aphid that allowed the identification, for the first time, of genomic regions that control plant damage and aphid reproduction. Eight QTLs associated with tolerance to pea aphid were identified in LGs I, II, III, IV and V, which individually explained from 17.0% to 51.2% of the phenotypic variation depending on the trait scored, and as a whole from 17.0% to 88.6%. The high density integrated genetic linkage map also allowed the identification of potential candidate genes co‐located with the QTLs identified., [Conclusions] Our work shows how the survival of P. fulvum after the pea aphid attack depends on the triggering of a multi‐component protection strategy that implies a quantitative tolerance. The genomic regions associated with the tolerance responses of P. fulvum during A. pisum infestation have provided six potential candidate genes that could be useful in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and genomic assisted breeding (GAB) after functional validation in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

This template is designed using the previous setting; kindly copy and paste your text to this template. The study related to seed pathology is essential to know the sanitary quality, since the presence of pathogens in favor of seed can spread disease, and physiological influence the quality of seeds, resulting in low germination. Thus, this study aimed to identify the detection, transmission, and pathogenicity of fungi associated with the seeds of chia. The work was conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory and experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins, chia seeds produced being evaluated in Gurupi (Brazil) and Katueté (Paraguay). To check the sanitary quality of chia seed was used the method of the filter paper to the present lifting mycobiota which was subsequently isolated and cultured in a potato dextrose agar culture (BDA). For seed fungi, the transmission test to the plant was sowed 100 seeds of chia divided into four replicates of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown in pots of 4 dm3 (four seeds per pot) evaluations were made to ten, twenty and thirty days after  emergence by observing the characteristic symptoms. The pathogenicity of fungi transported by the seed was evaluated by inoculation in the aerial part of seedlings. The fungi found associated with chia seeds were: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, e Rhizopus spp. the fungus Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. They are transmitted to seedlings via seed. Genres Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. Are pathogenic to plants of chia.

This template is designed using the previous setting; kindly copy and paste your text to this template. The study related to seed pathology is essential to know the sanitary quality, since the presence of pathogens in favor of seed can spread disease, and physiological influence the quality of seeds, resulting in low germination. Thus, this study aimed to identify the detection, transmission, and pathogenicity of fungi associated with the seeds of chia. The work was conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory and experimental area of the Federal University of Tocantins, chia seeds produced being evaluated in Gurupi (Brazil) and Katueté (Paraguay). To check the sanitary quality of chia seed was used the method of the filter paper to the present lifting mycobiota which was subsequently isolated and cultured in a potato dextrose agar culture (BDA). For seed fungi, the transmission test to the plant was sowed 100 seeds of chia divided into four replicates of 25 seeds each. The seeds were sown in pots of 4 dm3 (four seeds per pot) evaluations were made to ten, twenty and thirty days after  emergence by observing the characteristic symptoms. The pathogenicity of fungi transported by the seed was evaluated by inoculation in the aerial part of seedlings. The fungi found associated with chia seeds were: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Colletotrichum spp., Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia spp, e Rhizopus spp. the fungus Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. They are transmitted to seedlings via seed. Genres Colletotrichum spp. and Fusarium spp. Are pathogenic to plants of chia.

Pea, Pisum sativum, is one of the major legume crops worldwide. It is an important source of proteins for both humans and animals [1]. In addition it has the ability to improve the soil economy of agricultural fields by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic interactions with soilborne bacteria. However, pea production is con-strained by several biotic stress factors being particularly susceptible to fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, fusarium wilt powdery mildew or rust.

Lentil has three primary macro-environmental adaptation groups, determined by photoperiod and temperature: spring-sown northern temperate (e.g. Northern Great Plains of Canada and USA), fall-sown mediterranean (e.g. Turkey, Spain, Morocco) and post-rainy season, sub-tropical savannah (e.g. South Asia). Genotypes from one region often fail to perform in the others due to problems related to phenology. Of key importance is the effect of local environment, such as daylength and temperature, on the plant’s ability to flower and set seeds. Breeders are reluctant to use un-adapted germplasm from other regions as parents in crosses, because this strategy requires additional time and resources to reduce the influence of the genes related to poor adaptation. To better understand the genetics underlying adaptation in a field environment, we grew a panel of 324 diverse lines in 9 locations around the globe for a total of 19 site-years. Genotypes flowered quickly in Saskatchewan, very slowly in the Mediterranean region, and in South Asia, genotypes from Canada and other regions with long-days did not flower or did not set seed due to the extreme temperatures at the end of the usual growing season. Interactions with both temperature and photoperiod were evident but not all genotypes responded similarly. Some were early to flower everywhere, some were late everywhere and there were those that responded differently depending on the location. We genotyped all lines using an exome capture array [1], resulting in over 250K markers. Using a GWAS approach we were able to identify several regions of the genome that were associated with flowering time at each of the locations. Some were unique to short-day environments and others to long-day. Candidate flowering time-associated genes were identified and are being tested in bi-parental and NAM populations to confirm their utility for breeding programs.

Pea (Pisum sativum) is still the most grown temperate grain legume in Europe even when the trend of cultivation is decreasing. By contrast, in Spain, pea is the only legume crop whose acreage has increased during the last two decades despite the little adaptation of modern cultivars to Mediterranean environments as the major breeding programs have concentrated their efforts to other environments. In an attempt to address this need, we started at Córdoba in 1996 a research program to support resistance breeding and to give an insight into sanitation problems that are specific of the Mediterranean Basin. We identified sources of resistance to broomrape (Orobanche crenata) is the major constraint, followed by ascochyta blight (Didymella pinodes), powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi), rust (Uromyces pisi), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. pisi) and to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum). These were successfully crossed with elite pea cultivars and submitted to breeding resulting in the registration of the first peacultivars resistant to broomrape combined with other resistances. We advanced in studies of inheritance describing genes or QTLs and in the characterization of the resistance mechanisms that will be critically discussed.

69ORALSESSION8.5Oral Session 8. Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in LegumesPisum sativum is the cool season grain legume most cultivated in Europe and the second in the world. How-ever, its yield is still relatively unstable and low due to the limited adaptability to extreme environmental conditions of available cultivars and their susceptibility to diseases and pests. We studied in the past resistance to a number of fungal diseases and parasitic weeds.

[Background] Pea powdery mildew incited by Erysiphe pisi represents a major constraint for pea crops worldwide. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control, although recently a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides application has emerged. Thus, 12 bioactive plant and fungal metabolites belonging to different class of natural compounds were evaluated, together with a commercial fungicide, at different concentrations on detached pea leaves for their potential to inhibit spore germination and subsequent stages of fungal growth. The most effective metabolites were tested at different concentrations in planta under controlled conditions to evaluate the level of control achieved by treatments before, concurrently and after pathogen inoculation. Pathogen development was macroscopically scored on whole plants as percentage of disease severity and area under the disease progress curve., [Results] Cavoxin, inuloxin C and sphaeropsidin A strongly inhibited E. pisi germination and haustoria formation and reduced colony size. This effect was dose dependent. These results were further confirmed in whole plants by spraying the metabolites on plant leaves for preventive or curative control, which reduced fungal developmental of E. pisi at levels comparable with those obtained by application of the fungicide., [Conclusions] Cavoxin, inuloxin C and sphaeropsidin A have potential as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of crop pathogens of economic importance such as powdery mildew. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Introduzione. Il progetto “e-wall” si colloca nell’ambito del percorso di riqualificazione di una struttura abitativa per anziani collocata nel centro della città di Cremona. L’edificio, gestito dall’Azienda Speciale Comunale Cremona Solidale, è situato nei pressi di ulteriori servizi per anziani: un Centro Diurno, un Centro Sociale Ricreativo, nonché realtà quali gli istituti scolastici, una parrocchia e il centro “Civico 81”, gestito da un consorzio di cooperative sociali, che fornisce servizi di inclusione e promozione sociale. Obiettivi. Obiettivo generale del progetto è stato quello di attivare un percorso di progettazione dialogica per identificare e implementare servizi e iniziative di welfare di comunità. Nello specifico, l’azione è stata tesa ad individuare e rafforzare i servizi rivolti agli inquilini degli alloggi, oltre che il senso di appartenenza da parte degli abitanti e degli ospiti dei servizi presenti, e le connessioni con i diversi attori presenti nel territorio. Metodi. L’intervento è stato realizzato attraverso un percorso concertativo iniziato a partire dal maggio 2017 e che ha previsto diverse fasi e l’utilizzo di differenti modalità di attivazione (ad esempio, focus-group, interviste, momenti conviviali, apertura di nuovi servizi e incontri di progettazione). Risultati. È stato possibile rilevare e apprezzare tre nuclei operativi e strategici (connessione interna, intermedia ed esterna), attorno ai quali ha preso forma l’accompagnamento e che ha visto coinvolti diversi attori: gli operatori del Centro Diurno, gli anziani del Centro Sociale, gli inquilini degli alloggi e i soggetti territoriali. Le attività di natura formativa, ricreativa, organizzativa e progettuale hanno consentito di individuare bisogni espliciti ed impliciti da parte degli abitanti, degli operatori e degli attori locali. È stato inoltre avviato uno spazio progettuale mirato a rispondere alle esigenze rilevate e alla costruzione di opportunità di incontro. Infi

This paper aims to discuss the orality as the methodological center of the accusatory system, indicating an administration of justice format based on the case. To this end, we seek to point out that the written process form, which for a long time has been placed as the ideal process format, is insufficient due to the notable influence of diverse elements, which cannot be formally appropriated, influencing the outcome of the case. In this context of oral litigation, it is necessary to ask: Is there a strategy for presenting the elements in the oral debate? How is the notion of strategy in criminal litigation seen by the law community? At what moments in the process should this strategic action be implemented? These and other issues will be addressed in this exhibition, which has as methodology the theoretical investigation of literature regarding this new framework, concluding that the notion of strategy is a natural consequence of the new procedural paradigm. In addition, this modern thinking process is seen as a trend in the context of criminal procedural reform in Latin America in the last decades, which seeks to overcome the inquisitive nuances of the process, affirming an accusatory system of a truly democratic adversarial tendency., O presente artigo visa a debater a questão da oralidade como centro metodológico do sistema acusatório, indicando um formato de administração da justiça pautado no litígio. Para isso, buscou-se apontar que a forma processual escrita, que por muito tempo se colocou como o formato ideal de processo, apresenta-se insuficiente diante da notável influência de elementos diversos, insusceptíveis de apropriação formal, que influenciam no resultado do caso. Neste contexto de litigância oral, é necessário questionar: Há estratégia na apresentação dos elementos no debate oral? Como a noção de estratégia no litígio penal é vista pela comunidade jurídica? Em que momentos do processo essa atuação estratégica deve se implementar? Essas e outras questões serão enfrentadas neste trabalho, que tem como metodologia a investigação teórica de literatura referente a este novo marco teórico, concluindo que a noção de estratégia é uma decorrência natural do novo paradigma processual. Ademais, esta nova forma de pensar o processo é vista como tendência no contexto de reforma processual penal da América Latina ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que busca superar as matrizes inquisitivas do processo, afirmando um sistema acusatório de tendência adversarial verdadeiramente democrático.

Pisum fulvum, a wild relative of pea is an important source of allelic diversity to improve the genetic resistance of cultivated species against fungal diseases of economic importance like the pea rust caused by Uromyces pisi. To unravel the genetic control underlying resistance to this fungal disease, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was generated from a cross between two P. fulvum accessions, IFPI3260 and IFPI3251, and genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology. A total of 9,569 high-quality DArT-Seq and 8,514 SNPs markers were generated. Finally, a total of 12,058 markers were assembled into seven linkage groups, equivalent to the number of haploid chromosomes of P. fulvum and P. sativum. The newly constructed integrated genetic linkage map of P. fulvum covered an accumulated distance of 1,877.45 cM, an average density of 1.19 markers cM−1 and an average distance between adjacent markers of 1.85 cM. The composite interval mapping revealed three QTLs distributed over two linkage groups that were associated with the percentage of rust disease severity (DS%). QTLs UpDSII and UpDSIV were located in the LGs II and IV respectively and were consistently identified both in adult plants over 3 years at the field (Córdoba, Spain) and in seedling plants under controlled conditions. Whenever they were detected, their contribution to the total phenotypic variance varied between 19.8 and 29.2. A third QTL (UpDSIV.2) was also located in the LGIVand was environmentally specific as was only detected for DS % in seedlings under controlled conditions. It accounted more than 14% of the phenotypic variation studied. Taking together the data obtained in the study, it could be concluded that the expression of resistance to fungal diseases in P. fulvum originates from the resistant parent IFPI3260.

The fungus Uromyces pisi, causing pea rust, is one of the major limiting factors in pea production worldwide to which limited resistance is available. We searched in previous years for resistance in a large germplasm Pisum spp. collection and failed to identify complete resistance, being the higher levels of incomplete resistance identified in P. fulvum. To unravel the genetic control underlying resistance to U. pisi in P. fulvum we generated a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between resistant and susceptible P. fulvum accessions, which was genotyped on the Diversity Arrays Technology Pty Ltd platform. A total of 9,569 high-quality DArT-Seq and 8,514 SNPs markers were generated that assembled in seven linkage groups. The newly constructed integrated genetic linkage map of P. fulvum and the QTLs associated with rust resistance both in seedlings and adult plants will be presented.

Rusts and powdery mildews are major limiting factors worldwide for many crops, including legumes. Despite of continued efforts to develop cultivars with high level of genetic diseases resistance, fungicides are, currently, the mainstay control method and a wide range of synthetic compounds are widely used. However, a renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides application is recently emerged. Considering that spore germination and fungal penetration are key phases for the initial development of biotrophic plant pathogens, a further approach proposed for their management could be the use of natural metabolites produced by plants and fungi as pathogen inhibitors in these pre-penetration stages. With this aim we studied potential application for disease management of eight fungal and plant metabolites. Their inhibitory effect on early stages infection was studied on 4 rusts and 2 powdery mildew species. Results will be presented and critically discussed.

Changing agricultural practices from conventional to conservation tillage generally leads to increased weed populations and herbicide use. To gain information about the possible use of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cover crop as an alternative and sustainable weed-control strategy for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an experiment was performed at Thiverval-Grignon, France, from 2008 to 2010. We compared conventional and reduced tillage as well as the presence and absence of living mulch (i.e. lucerne) on weeds and wheat production. Percentage soil coverage and aboveground biomass of wheat, lucerne and weeds were measured at the end of grain filling. Weed communities were analysed in terms of composition and diversity. During both seasons, wheat biomass did not significantly decrease in reduced-till trials compared with conventional ones (7.0 and 7.2 t ha–1, respectively, in 2008–09; 6.9 and 7.1 t ha–1 in 2009–10). Regardless of soil management, the percentage soil coverage by wheat significantly decreased when it was intercropped, although wheat biomass was not significantly reduced compared with the sole crop. To minimise cash-crop losses, we studied the competition between wheat, lucerne and weeds, testing various herbicide strategies. Early control of lucerne allowed better balance between weed control and wheat development. In addition, weed communities varied among treatments in terms of abundance and composition, being reduced but more varied in plots associated with lucerne. A functional group analysis showed that grasses benefited from reduced-till conditions, whereas problematic weeds such as annuals with creeping and climbing morphologies were substantially reduced. In addition, annual and perennial broad-leaf species with rosette morphology were also significantly decreased when lucerne was used as living mulch. Wheat production in reduced-till conditions intercropped with lucerne living mulch may be useful for integrated weed management, reducing the

Peas and faba beans, as any other crops, can be damaged by a number of diseases. Breeders have explored a range of strategies to exploit available resistances, that unfortunately use to be scarce, incomplete and of limited heritability. As a result, only cultivars with moderate levels of resistance are available to farmers in most instances. This is further complicated by the fact that several clearly distinct species (i.e. Orobanche crenata and O. foetida; Uromyces viciae-fabae and U. pisi; Erysiphe pisiand E. trifolii) can infect the same legume crop. Here we will revise current status of resistance in pea and faba bean to a number of fungal diseases and parasitic weeds discussing historic and recent achievements, with a special focus on potential durability.

Foliar diseases caused by biotrophic pathogens, such as rusts and powdery mildews, are major limiting factors in legume and cereal production worldwide. Crop protection is largely based on chemical control, although there is renewed interest in the discovery of natural products as alternatives to synthetic fungicides.

Rust is a significant yield constraint in the production of lentil and field pea in various regions of the world. Rust is incited by Uromyces viciae-fabae in lentils and in in peas under tropical conditions, while U. pisi is the principal agent causing pea rust in temperate regions. A pea and lentil germplasm collection consisting on more than 300 accessions including current elite cultivars and breeding lines selected in key rust host-spots, were evaluated in terms of rust resistance under field and controlled conditions to allow the identification of novel sources of resistance and introgression of resistant loci into locally adapted elite germplasm. Plants were artificially inoculated and were macroscopically evaluated under field conditions at Córdoba, Spain during two growing seasons. In addition, germplasm was also evaluated under controlled conditions against 4 different rust isolates from various origins. Plant responses were assessed in terms of infection type (IT) and percentage of disease severity (DS %). The most common response of pea to U. pisi was of susceptibility, with all pea accessions showing compatible reaction with mature pustules (IT=4) although 17% of them showed partial resistance associated with reduced DS (<10%). Similarly, susceptibility was also very frequent in lentil accessions against U. viciae-fabae, although in this case low IT was identified. Still, 15% of the accessions showed DS < 10%. These results were validated under controlled conditions with isolates from diverse geographical origins. Selected resistant accessions are being crossed with elite Australian germplasm and markers associated with rust resistance will be developed.

Rusts are major biotic constraints of legumes worldwide. Breeding for resistance is regarded as the most cost efficient method for rust control. Preferred resistance for breeders for decades has been complete resistance, which is usually controlled by single genes. The draw back is the easy breakdrown by development and spread of new races of the pathogen. This has reaised an increasing concern on durability and in the search of more durable types of resistance. The situation is a bit different in cool season legumes. In contrast with the better studied common bean in which complete monogenic resistance has been identified and is efficiently used in breeding, only incomplete resistance of complex inheritance has been described in faba bean, pea, chickpea and lentil and several of their associated QTLs have been mapped. However, the relatively large distance between the QTLs and their associated molecular markers hampers their efficient use for MAS. However rust resistance breeding is not only slow due to the difficulty and the relatively low investment on genomics of the legume crops, but also, and mainly because of the little knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance operative and on the biology of the rust pathogens. Comprehensive studies on host status and virulence of the various rust species are often missing, and in most of the examples listed above, there is little agreement on the existence of races and on their distribution. Also, available information on levels of resistance and on the responsible mechanisms is often incomplete. Only after significant input to improve existing knowledge on biology of the causal agents and in phenotyping plant responses, will resistance breeding be efficiently accelerated. Phenotyping on rust resistance performed at Cordoba will be presented and critically discussed.