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The main aims of our study were (1) to determine the flora in railway areas with special emphasis on the presence of neophytes; (2) to describe the features of the flora through analyses of taxonomic composition, chorotypes, life forms and the phytosociological character of species found at 15 stations in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (SE Europe). According to their floristic composition, two broad groups of stations were recognized: i) stations in the most southerly area with higher annual precipitation and air temperature (cities of Ploče, Metković, Čapljina, Mostar), and ii) stations in sub-Mediterranean rural areas located exclusively at higher altitudes, including stations in three Dalmatian large cities (Zadar, Šibenik, Split). Altogether, 359 vascular plant taxa (336 species and 23 subspecies) were identified within 62 families and 230 genera. Therophytes, and Mediterraneans with a considerable proportion of Cosmopolitans were predominant. Neophytes contributed 14% of identified flora, the majority being invasive. In the phytosociological spectrum, the largest element was made up of taxa from Stellarietea mediae and Festuco valesiacae-Brometea erecti classes. Most of the railway stations studied excluding those in large cities, retain a link with the floristic composition of the plant communities of their biogeographic contexts., Glavni ciljevi istraživanja bili su (1) utvrditi floru na željezničkim postajama s posebnim naglaskom na udio pridošlica; (2) opisati florističke značajke analizirajući taksonomski sastav, florne elemente, životne oblike i fitocenološku pripadnost biljnih svojti na 15 postaja u mediteranskom i submediteranskom području Hrvatske i Bosne Hercegovine (Jugoistočna Europa). Analizom florističkog sastava utvrđene su dvije glavne skupine željezničkih postaja: i) postaje na krajnjem jugu Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine s višom godišnjom količinom oborina i temperaturom zraka (Ploče, Metković, Čapljina, Mostar) te ii) postaje u ruralnim područjima na isključivo višim nadmorskim visinama, uključujući i one u tri najveća dalmatinska grada Zadru, Šibeniku i Splitu. Ukupno je utvrđeno 359 svojti (336 vrsta and 23 podvrste) vaskularnih biljaka svrstanih u 230 rodova i 62 porodice. Prevladavali su terofiti te svojte mediteranskog flornog elementa s značajnim udjelom široko rasprostranjenih svojti. Udio neofita u ukupnoj flori bio je 14%, a većina imaju status invazivnih svojti. Fitocenološki, najveći broj svojti svojstvene su vegetacijskim razredima Stellarietea mediae i Festuco valesiacae-Brometea erecti ili njihovim nižim sintaksonima. Najveći broj istraživanih željezničkih postaja, osim onih u velikim dalmatinskim gradovima, pokazuju vezu s florističkim sastavom biljnih zajednica unutar svojeg biogeografskog položaja.

The phylogeographic population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests local adaptation to sympatric human populations. We hypothesized that HIV infection, which induces immunodeficiency, will alter the sympatric relationship between M. tuberculosis and its human host. To test this hypothesis, we performed a nine-year nation-wide molecular-epidemiological study of HIV-infected and HIV-negative patients with tuberculosis (TB) between 2000 and 2008 in Switzerland. We analyzed 518 TB patients of whom 112 (21.6%) were HIV-infected and 233 (45.0%) were born in Europe. We found that among European-born TB patients, recent transmission was more likely to occur in sympatric compared to allopatric host-pathogen combinations (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 7.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.21-infinity, p = 0.03). HIV infection was significantly associated with TB caused by an allopatric (as opposed to sympatric) M. tuberculosis lineage (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.5-19.1, p<0.0001). This association remained when adjusting for frequent travelling, contact with foreigners, age, sex, and country of birth (adjusted OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5-20.8, p = 0.01). Moreover, it became stronger with greater immunosuppression as defined by CD4 T-cell depletion and was not the result of increased social mixing in HIV-infected patients. Our observation was replicated in a second independent panel of 440 M. tuberculosis strains collected during a population-based study in the Canton of Bern between 1991 and 2011. In summary, these findings support a model for TB in which the stable relationship between the human host and its locally adapted M. tuberculosis is disrupted by HIV infection.

Formation of a healthy generation, instilling from an early age the habits of a healthy lifestyle, to engage in physical activity is one of the main strategic tasks of development of children, Формирование здорового поколения, привитие с ранних лет привычки вести здоровый образ жизни, заниматься физической культурой – одна из главных стратегических задач развития детей

Purpose. The research paper aims to determine radioactive contamination on the territory of campus of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan (DNURT). Methodology. The dosimeters measured the radioactive contamination in different places (points) of DNURT campus, focusing on public places. The centres of measurements became dormitories, monuments, stops, main entrances of the new and the old buildings, classrooms, basements, a swimming pool, boiler room and others. Findings. The conducted radiation monitoring for the first time in the history of the University discovered the source of radioactive contamination on DNURT territory and campus. The highest radiation background is observed on three points, namely: the pedestal of the monument, the monument to students-soldiers, the main entrance of the new building (columns). This can be explained by granite materials, which the pedestals and the stairs are made of. Originality. The largest contribution to the total value of annual effective dose of human exposure is made by ionizing radiation sources (IRS) of building materials (65 - 70%). The radioactivity level of building materials is determined by the content of natural radionuclides that are included in uranium-radium and thorium decay series (18 and 12 radionuclides) as well as potassium-40. Radioactivity of building materials is evaluated by the content of dominant radionuclides radium-226, thorium-232 and potassium-40. Their dominant role is explained by the fact that these long-lived high-energy - emitters are the products of decay of radium-226 in uranium series of and radium-224 in thorium series, exposing radioactive gases (radon-222 and radon-220). Radioactive gases are accumulated in the basements of educational buildings; their decay is accompanied by 100% alpha radiation, which is the most dangerous. Practical value. It is necessary to set radioactivity signs near the objects with high radiation and to, Мета. Робота спрямована на визначення радіоактивного забруднення на території студентського містечка Дніпропетровського національного університету залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна (ДНУЗТ). Методика. Дозиметрами вимірювалось радіоактивне забруднення у різних місцях (точках) студентського містечка ДНУЗТ, особлива увага приділялася місцям скупчення людей. Центрами вимірів стали студентські гуртожитки, пам’ятники, зупинки, головні входи в новий та старий корпуси, аудиторії, підвали, басейн, котельня та інші. Результати. На основі дозиметричного контролю вперше в історії університету виявлені джерела радіоактивного забруднення студентського містечка та території ДНУЗТ. Найбільший радіаційний фон спостерігається у трьох точках, а саме: постаменті пам’ятника М. І. Калініну, пам’ятнику студентам-воїнам, головному вході у новий корпус (колони). Це можна пояснити наявністю гранітових матеріалів, із яких зроблені постаменти та сходи. Наукова новизна. Найбільший вклад у величину сумарної річної ефективної дози опромінення людей вносять джерела іонізуючого випромінювання (ДІВ) будівельних матеріалів (до 65–70 %). Рівень радіоактивності будівельних матеріалів визначається вмістом у них природних радіонуклідів, які входять в урано-радієвий та торієвий ряди розпаду (18 і 12 радіонуклідів), а також калія-40. Радіоактивність будівельних матеріалів оцінюється вмістом в них домінуючих радіонуклідів радія-226, торія-232 і калія-40. Їх домінуюча роль пояснюється тим, що ці довгоживучі високоенергетичні -випромінювачі є продуктами розпаду радія-226 в урановому ряду і радія-224 у торієвому ряду з виділенням радіоактивних газів (радон-222 та радон-220). Радіоактивні гази збираються у підвалах навчальних корпусів, їх розпад супроводжується 100 % альфа-випромінюванням, який є найбільш небезпечним. Практична значимість. За результатами дослідження зроблені наступні висновки: біля об’єктів із підвищеним радіоактивним випромінюванням слід поставити покажчики радіоактивності та, Цель. Работа направлена на определение радиоактивного загрязнения на территории студенческого городка Днепропетровского национального университета железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна (ДНУЖТ). Методика. Дозиметрами измерялось радиоактивное загрязнение в разных местах (точках) студенческого городка ДНУЖТ, особое внимание уделялось местам скопления людей. Центрами измерений стали студенческие общежития, памятники, остановки, главные входы в новый и старый корпусы, аудитории, подвалы, бассейн, котельная и др. Результаты. На основе дозиметрического контроля впервые в истории университета обнаружены источники радиоактивного загрязнения студенческого городка и территории ДНУЖТ. Наибольший радиационный фон наблюдается в трех точках, а именно: постаменте памятника, памятнике студентам-воинам, главном входе в новый корпус (колонны). Это можно объяснить наличием гранитовых материалов, из которых сделаны постаменты и лестницы. Научная новизна. Наибольший вклад в величину суммарной годовой эффективной дозы облучения людей вносят источники ионизирующего излучения (ИИИ) строительных материалов (до 65–70 %). Уровень радиоактивности строительных материалов определяется содержанием в них природных радионуклидов, которые входят в уран-радиевый и ториевый ряды распада (18 и 12 радионуклидов), а также калия-40. Радиоактивность строительных материалов оценивается содержанием в них доминирующих радионуклидов радия-226, тория-232 и калия-40. Их доминирующая роль объясняется тем, что эти долгоживущие высокоэнергетические -излучатели являются продуктами распада радия-226 в урановом ряду и радия-224 в ториевом ряду с выделением радиоактивных газов (радон-222 и радон-220). Радиоактивные газы собираются в подвалах учебных корпусов, их распад сопровождается 100 % альфа-излучением, которое является наиболее опасным. Практическая значимость. По результатам исследования сделаны следующие выводы: у объектов с повышенным радиоактивным излучением следует поставить указатели радиоак

In this paper we have applied the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in order to prospect and to analyse the morphological and geological subsurface of the Torcas-Cueva Mayor endokarst system (Sierra de Atapuerca). These works are essential to establish the development of the sedimentary infills where the Early and Middle Pleistocene archaeo-palaeoanthropological sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca are located. The prospecting was based on the elaboration of 15 ERT sections, which were interpreted using topographic, archaeological, geological and geomorphological data. Through this procedure we have indentified the endokarst morphologies and the main lithological groups. The latter correspond to the Upper Cretaceous limestones and dolostones (> 1500 ohm m−1) and Neogene sediments and Quaternary valley infills (< 400 ohm m−1). The endokarst structures inside the Upper Cretaceous carbonates were related to empty cavities (> 1500 ohm m−1), passages filled with speleothems (400–1500 ohm m−1and with detrital materials (< 400 ohm m−1), such as the deposits of the Dolina, Elefante and Galería sites. The analysis of these subsurface structures shows that the karstic passages present a regular south–north development, starting with subsurface faults detected in the north margin of the main valley (Arlanzón River) and finishing along the Pico valley headwaters. These passages were cut off by the Pleistocene incision of the Sierra de Atapuerca minor valleys (e.g. Propiedad valley), forming entrances to caves that were occupied by hominids and fauna from Early Pleistocene times., This work was supported by the research projects BXX2000-1258-03-02, BOSS2003-08938-C03-01 and CGL2006-13532-C03-02 of the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (DGICYT), and by the Junta de Castilla y León.

The ability of early hominins to overcome the constraints imposed by the characteristics of raw materials used for stone tool production is a key topic on the discussion about the evolution of hominin cognitive capabilities and technical behaviours. Thus, technological variability has been the centrepiece on this debate. However, the variability of lithic assemblages cannot be correctly interpreted without understanding site occupational models and function and considering that individual tools represent specific discard moments in a continuous reduction process. In Europe, the earliest technological record is represented by the scarce and scattered Mode 1 technologies, often deriving from occasional occupations or restricted activity areas yielding unrepresentative assemblages. In this paper, we approach the technological behaviours exhibited by Lower Palaeolithic hominins from the subunit TD6.2 of the Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Burgos) by including the perspective of reduction intensity studies on the analysis of technological variability. Gran Dolina TD6.2 is a unique and extremely significant archaeological context, as it represents the oldest multi-layered unit of domestic hominin occupations in the Early Pleistocene of Europe. We use the Volumetric Reconstruction Method (VRM) to estimate the original volume of the blanks and quantify the reduction intensity of each core individually to characterise the reduction distribution patterns using Weibull probability distribution functions. Our results suggest differential raw material management in terms of reduction intensity, according to the characteristics of each lithology. This could reflect a solid understanding of raw material qualities and a certain degree of planning. Altogether, the continuity between knapping strategies through reduction denotes constant adaptation to raw material constraints as well as particular knapping conditions, rather than specific compartmentalised mental schemes. In conclusion

La Cueva del Pindal (Ribadedeva, Asturias) y su arte rupestre paleolítico forman parte de la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO desde 2008. Actualmente está abierta al público con visitas limitadas y en ella se desarrolla un proyecto de investigación sobre actividad microbiana en ecosistemas naturales subterráneos y su aplicación al diseño de estrategias de conservación. El sistema kárstico del Pindal se desarrolla en un macizo calcáreo modelado en forma de terrazas marinas (rasas), situadas entre 30 y 68 metros s.n.m que constituyen el área de captación hídrica preferente y en las que se observan numerosas estructuras exokársticas tipo dolina y poljé. Sobre una de las dolinas, situada casi en la vertical de la cavidad, se instaló una explotación ganadera en 1995. El 23 de octubre de 2019 tras un episodio extremo de precipitaciones (209 l/m2) se produjo una fuerte acumulación de agua en la dolina y una entrada masiva de agua y sedimentos en la cueva. El 31 de octubre se realizó un muestreo específico para conocer los cambios provocados en el ecosistema subterráneo. La inundación provocó un fuerte incremento de materia orgánica, nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio disponibles en los sedimentos y modificaciones muy significativas en la composición de las comunidades microbianas presentes en los sedimentos: aparición de nuevos filos bacterianos (Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes), incluyendo grupos de bacterias patógenas oportunistas (Corynebacterium, Thauera, Clostridiales) y la casi total desaparición de otros (Rokubacteria y Nitrospirae). Los resultados confirman que el agua y sedimentos arrastrados al interior de la cueva en la inundación fueron acompañados de residuos procedentes de la explotación ganadera, demostrando el alto grado de vulnerabilidad de este tipo de ambientes. Tras el estudio e informe correspondiente, la actividad ganadera cesó en 2021 y continúa el estudio de las poblaciones microbianas para conocer su evolución a medio-largo plazo.

The flora and vegetation of three small islets with surface areas from 1.04 to 3.31 hectares, lying between the mainland and the Pelješac peninsula in south Croatia, were investigated in 2014 and 2015. The floristic data have been used to analyze life-form and chorological spectra and to assess speciesarea relationship, the occurrence of islet specialists and to assess the risk of alien plants invasion. Altogether, 126 vascular plant taxa (species and infraspecific units) were recorded on all the islets combined. The richest islet is Gospin Škoj with 72 taxa, followed by Srednjak (68) and Goljak (48). A total of five plant associations, one subassociation and two stands within five vegetation classes have been identified on the islets. Benthic cormophyte communities in the eulittoral and infralittoral zones are represented by Posidonietum oceanicae, Cymodocetum nodosae and Nanozosteretum noltii. The halophytic vegetation of the coastal rocks belongs to the proposed new subassociation Limonietum anfracti helichrysetosum italici. Shrubland vegetation was composed of the Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci and Oleo sylvestris-Pistacietum lentisci associations, macchia with Erica arborea and the Olea sylvestris-Narcissus tazetta community., Clear signs of the degradation of the macchia, due to the high anthropogenic influence, particularly the presence of European rabbit populations. have been observed., Flora i vegetacija tri mala otočića površine od 1,04 do 3,31 hektara, smještenih između kopna i poluotoka Pelješca u južnoj Hrvatskoj, istraživani su 2014. i 2105. Analizirani su spektri životnih oblika i koroloških elemenata, diskutiran je odnos broja svojta i površine otočića, prisutnost biljaka svojstvenih samo za otočiće te opasnost od unosa i širenja alohtonih biljaka. Na sva tri otočića ukupno je utvrđeno 126 svojta (vrsta i nižih taksonomskih kategorija) vaskularnih biljaka. Floristički je najbogatiji Gospin Škoj (72 svojte), zatim Srednjak (68) i Goljak (48). Utvrđeno je ukupno pet biljnih asocijacija, jedna subasocijacija i dvije sastojine unutar pet vegetacijskih razreda. Morske pridnene kormofitske asocijacije u eulitoralu i infralitoralu su Posidonietum oceanicae, Cymodocetum nodosae i Nanozosteretum noltii. Halofitska vegetacija niskih obalnih stijena pripada novopredloženoj subasocijaciji Limonietum anfracti helichrysetosum italici. Vegetaciju makije čine asocijacije Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci i Oleo sylvestris-Pistacietum lentisci, makija s vrstom Erica arborea te sastojine Olea sylvestris-Narcissus tazetta. Zbog značajnog antropogenog utjecaja, poglavito uslijed unesenog patuljastog kunića, utvrđena je značajna degradacija vegetacije makije.

This qualitative case study of an early years setting sought young children’s perspectives on what is compelling in natural outdoor play spaces and on the affordances of the elements in the space. Five themes emerged from the interpretive analysis: creative affordances; active affordances; multisensory affordances; affordances for connoisseurship; and affordances for connections. The implications invite designers and educators to listen to children’s voices and to consider the affordances of the spaces from a child’s perspective.

The phylogeographic population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests local adaptation to sympatric human populations. We hypothesized that HIV infection, which induces immunodeficiency, will alter the sympatric relationship between M. tuberculosis and its human host. To test this hypothesis, we performed a nine-year nation-wide molecular-epidemiological study of HIV-infected and HIV-negative patients with tuberculosis (TB) between 2000 and 2008 in Switzerland. We analyzed 518 TB patients of whom 112 (21.6%) were HIV-infected and 233 (45.0%) were born in Europe. We found that among European-born TB patients, recent transmission was more likely to occur in sympatric compared to allopatric host-pathogen combinations (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 7.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.21-infinity, p = 0.03). HIV infection was significantly associated with TB caused by an allopatric (as opposed to sympatric) M. tuberculosis lineage (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.5-19.1, p<0.0001). This association remained when adjusting for frequent travelling, contact with foreigners, age, sex, and country of birth (adjusted OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5-20.8, p = 0.01). Moreover, it became stronger with greater immunosuppression as defined by CD4 T-cell depletion and was not the result of increased social mixing in HIV-infected patients. Our observation was replicated in a second independent panel of 440 M. tuberculosis strains collected during a population-based study in the Canton of Bern between 1991 and 2011. In summary, these findings support a model for TB in which the stable relationship between the human host and its locally adapted M. tuberculosis is disrupted by HIV infection.

Estudo objetivou analisar a contraposição entre os discursos do Poder Judiciário e do Poder Executivo, contendores em decisão judicial acerca do direito à saúde de criança em situação de adoecimento crônico com desnutrição grave. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, baseado em análise documental de decisão judicial do Tribunal de Justiça de Mato Grosso, demandando o fornecimento de insumo alimentar e medicamentos. A análise mostrou que o Estado, apesar de suas responsabilidades em garanti-los, nega concedê-los afirmando a necessidade de gestão na distribuição farmacêutica, o desconhecimento do risco de morte do bebê e limites nos recursos financeiros da saúde. O estudo evidencia a contradição do discurso do Estado brasileiro na proteção de seus cidadãos, especificamente as crianças. Esta contradição mostra que o Estado descumpre abertamente a legislação, considerando as questões administrativas como mais prioritárias que o bem estar de criança vulnerável.

Aim To identify predictors of bacteremia in critically ill patients, to evaluate the impact of blood cultures on the outcome, and to define conditions for breakthrough bacteremia despite concurrent antibiotic treatment. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was performed over a two-year period (2007-2008) in the medico-surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the San Giovanni Hospital in Bellinzona, Switzerland. Results Forty-five out of 231 patients (19.5%) had positive blood cultures. Predictors of positive blood cultures were elevated procalcitonin levels (>2 μg/L, P < 0.001), higher severity scores (Simplified Acute Physiology Score II>43, P = 0.014; Sequential Organ Failure Assessment >4.0, P < 0.001), and liver failure (P = 0.028). Patients with bacteremia had longer hospital stays (31 vs 21 days, P = 0.058), but their mortality was not different from patients without bacteremia. Fever (t > 38.5°C) only showed a trend toward a higher rate of blood culture positivity (P = 0.053). The rate of positive blood cultures was not affected by concurrent antibiotic therapy. Conclusions The prediction of positive blood culture results still remains a very difficult task. In our analysis, blood cultures were positive in 20% of ICU patients whose blood was cultured, and positive findings increased with elevated procalcitonin levels, liver failure, and higher severity scores. Blood cultures drawn >4 days after the start of antibiotic therapy and >5 days after surgery could detect pathogens responsible for a new infection complication.

BACKGROUND: In Switzerland and other developed countries, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases has been decreasing for decades, but HIV-infected patients and migrants remain risk groups. The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of TB in HIV-negative and HIV-infected patients diagnosed in Switzerland, and between coinfected patients enrolled and not enrolled in the national Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). METHODS AND FINDINGS: All patients diagnosed with culture-confirmed TB in the SHCS and a random sample of culture-confirmed cases reported to the national TB registry 2000-2008 were included. Outcomes were assessed in HIV-infected patients and considered successful in case of cure or treatment completion. Ninety-three SHCS patients and 288 patients selected randomly from 4221 registered patients were analyzed. The registry sample included 10 (3.5%) coinfected patients not enrolled in the SHCS: the estimated number of HIV-infected patients not enrolled in the SHCS but reported to the registry 2000-2008 was 146 (95% CI 122-173). Coinfected patients were more likely to be from sub-Saharan Africa (51.5% versus 15.8%, P<0.0001) and to present disseminated disease (23.9% vs. 3.4%, P<0.0001) than HIV-negative patients. Coinfected patients not enrolled in the SHCS were asylum seekers or migrant workers, with lower CD4 cell counts at TB diagnosis (median CD4 count 79 cells/µL compared to 149 cells/µL among SHCS patients, P = 0.07). There were 6 patients (60.0%) with successful outcomes compared to 82 (88.2%) patients in the SHCS (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of coinfected patients differed from HIV-negative TB patients. The number of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB outside the SHCS is similar to the number diagnosed within the cohort but outcomes are poorer in patients not followed up in the national cohort. Special efforts are required to address the needs of this vulnerable population.

Lung squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of lung cancer, causing approximately 400,000 deaths per year worldwide. Genomic alterations in squamous cell lung cancers have not been comprehensively characterized, and no molecularly targeted agents have been specifically developed for its treatment. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas, here we profile 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas to provide a comprehensive landscape of genomic and epigenomic alterations. We show that the tumour type is characterized by complex genomic alterations, with a mean of 360 exonic mutations, 165 genomic rearrangements, and 323 segments of copy number alteration per tumour. We find statistically recurrent mutations in 11 genes, including mutation of TP53 in nearly all specimens. Previously unreported loss-of-function mutations are seen in the HLA-A class I major histocompatibility gene. Significantly altered pathways included NFE2L2 and KEAP1 in 34%, squamous differentiation genes in 44%, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway genes in 47%, and CDKN2A and RB1 in 72% of tumours. We identified a potential therapeutic target in most tumours, offering new avenues of investigation for the treatment of squamous cell lung cancers.

Objective: to estimate the diagnostic value of cerebral oximetry during cardiosurgical operations and to elaborate principles of the prevention of postperfusion neurological dysfunction. Subjects and methods. Four hundred and sixty-one patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation (EC) were examined. Cerebral oxygenation (CO) was monitored in all the patients. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were analyzed. Results. Two groups of patients were identified: 1) 148 patients with a reduced CO of lower than 45% during EC and 2) 313 patients without reduced CO. Group 1 was found to have lower preoperative levels of hemoglobin and packed cell volume and baseline reduced bilateral CO, more frequent concomitant brachiocephalic artery (BCA) stenoses of more than 50%, more detectable dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DEP) in the history. Group differences were found in the level of hemoglobin and packed cell volume, oxygen delivery, and PaCO2 during EC and there was a relationship of the rate of CO reductions to the type of cardioplegia. There were also group differences in the magnitude of CO reduction versus the baseline levels. In the postoperative period, encephalopathy (EP) was manifested in 24 (16.3%) and 12 (3.8%) patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.05). Decreased CO during EC was noted in 66.7% of the patients with postoperative EP. Conclusion. It is expedient to monitor CO at surgery with EC. A less than 45% decrease in CO, as well as its more than 20% reduction of the outcome levels during EC is a reliable predictor for the development of postoperative EP. The patients with preoperative anemia, concomitant BCA stenoses of more than 50%, manifestations of DEP in the history, as well as those with a baseline decreased CO of less than 70% were referred to as a group at risk for postoperative EC. Significant hemodilution and hypocapnia should be avoided in these patients during EC and preference be also given to blood cardioplegia. Key words: extrac, Цель исследования — изучение влияния коррекции иммунных нарушений на течение заболевания у больных с абдоминальным сепсисом. Материал и методы. Обследованы 95 больных с абдоминальным сепсисом. Тяжесть состояния по шкале АРАСНЕ II — 25—30 баллов. У всех больных изучены показатели гуморального и клеточного иммунитета. В комплексное лечение 42 больных включен иммунотропный препарат Галавит. Результаты. У 74 больных (80%) выявлено иммунодефицитное состояние. Включение в комплекс лечебных мероприятий целенаправленной иммунотерапии активизировало состояние иммунной системы больных и в ряде случаев позволило повысить уровень Т-лим-фоцитов, уменьшило частоту нагноений лапаростомной раны в 1,9 раза и сокращало число летальных исходов на 10,1%. Заключение. Включение в комплекс лечебных мероприятий целенаправленной иммунотерапии активизирует клеточное звено иммунитета; уменьшает степень эндогенной интоксикации; активизирует процессы регенерации в тканях; уменьшает частоту нагноений лапаростомной раны и число летальных исходов. Ключевые слова: абдоминальный сепсис, иммунокоррекция, Галавит.

The 3D-numerical model to simulate the toxic gas dispersion on industrial sites and inflow of toxic gas into the industrial room after accident ejections was developed. The model is based on the K-gradient transport model and equation of potential flow. The results of numerical experiment are presented., Разработана трехмерная численная модель расчета процесса распространения токсичного газа на промплощадке и затекания токсичного газа в помещение при аварийном выбросе на предприятии. Модель основывается на численном интегрировании уравнений конвективно-диффузионного переноса примеси и невязкой несжимаемой жидкости. Приводятся результаты вычислительного эксперимента., Розроблено тривимірну чисельну модель розрахунку процесу поширення токсичного газу на промплощадці та затіканні токсичного газу у приміщення при аварійному викиді на підприємстві. Модель базується на чисельному інтегруванні рівняння конвективно-дифузійного переносу домішки та моделі течії нестислої рідини. Наводяться результати обчислювального експерименту.

Udgivelsesdato: 2009, The principal aim of this investigation was to improve somatic embryogenesis initiation and to enhance representation of families and genotypes within those families of Pinus radiata D. Don. A total of 19 open-pollinated seed families, many with unrelated and weakly related parents, were tested. Optimum stage of cone maturity for initiation success was tested by five collections made at 1 week intervals, spanning the developmental period from pro-embryo to cotyledonary embryos. Two media were compared; embryo-development media (EDM6) and a modified Litvay medium (Glitz). Two zygotic embryo explant-preparation techniques were tested; embryos with retained megagametophytes and excised embryos. Proliferating embryogenic tissues were obtained from all four treatments (2850 explants per treatment, 570 per collection time) for the 19 families. The best initiation rates were achieved with a combination of Glitz medium with excised zygotic embryos, with 55% of explants from all collections and all families combined giving rise to proliferating embryogenic tissue. At the optimal collection time for each of the families, this treatment gave a range of 47%-97% initiation success with an average of 70% per family.

Flora of the south Dalmatian island of Mljet has been relatively well investigated, with 751 vascular plant taxa recorded up to this research. During floristic research on the island in June, August and October of 2008 a total of 77 new plant taxa were recorded. Therefore, the entire flora of the island of Mljet now consists of 828 vascular plant taxa. Out of newly recorded taxa, 10 are cultivated while six are considered to be invasive. Three taxa are strictly protected and 12 taxa are protected by law. Three taxa are Near Threatened (NT), two are categorized as Least Concern (LC) and other two are Data Deficient (DD)., Flora južnodalmatinskog otoka Mljeta relativno je dobro istražena, sa zabilježenom 751 vaskularnom biljnom svojtom do ovog istraživanja. Tijekom florističkih istraživanja na otoku u lipnju, kolovozu i listopadu 2008. godine utvrđeno je 77 novih biljnih svojti. Dakle, ukupna flora otoka Mljeta sada broji 828 svojti vaskularnih biljaka. Od novozabilježenih svojti 10 je kultivirano dok se šest vrsta smatra invazivnima. Tri svojte su strogo zaštićene, a 12 je zaštićeno zakonom. Tri svojte su gotovo ugrožene (NT), dvije se smatraju najmanje zabrinjavajućim (LC), dok su dvije nedostatno poznate (DD).

The long-term goal of the Project is to develop robust inversion algorithms to extract estimates of the optical and physical properties of sea water layers, the sea floor, and the sea surface from LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) returns, and optical imagery of the ocean bottom and depths and to improve the quality of images of subsurface objects collected over the sea.

The editorial proposes a new classification of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Acute lung injury (ALI) is regarded as the first stage of ARDS. Diagnostic tests based on the use of new technologies, such as determination of pulmonary extravascular water, pulmonary capillary permeability index, oxygenation index, and hemodynamic disorders are recommended. The early signs of acute lung injury should be detected to perform early appropriate therapy in order to prevent further complications and to reduce mortality rates., В редакционной статье предлагается новая классификация острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома (ОРДС). Острое повреждение легких (ОПЛ) рассматривается как первая стадия ОРДС. Рекомендуется использование диагностических тестов, основанных на использовании новых технологий — определение внесосудистой воды в легких, индекса проницаемости легочных капилляров, индекса оксигенации, гемодинамических нарушений. Выявление начальных признаков острого повреждения легких необходимо для проведения ранней соответствующей терапии в целях профилактики последующих осложнений и снижения летальности. Ключевые слова

The long-term goal of the Project is to develop robust inversion algorithms to extract estimates of the optical and physical properties of sea water layers, the sea floor, and the sea surface from LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) returns, and optical imagery of the ocean bottom and depths and to improve the quality of images of subsurface objects collected over the sea. OBJECTIVES The project objectives are: 1) to develop new models of water, bottom, and surface returned LIDAR signals and to develop new mathematical inverse techniques to extract from actual or simulated LIDAR returns the inherent optical properties of water (IOP) and to estimate parameters of internal waves (IW) from IW-induced disturbances of IOP stratification; 2) to develop theoretical mathematical techniques and experimental procedures to improve the quality of passive images of the coastal sea floor by correcting distortion due to light refraction through rough sea surfaces; and 3) to develop mathematical techniques for the retrieval of the quantity of optically active materials (chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter, and sediment) from the color spectrum of sea water optical returns., code 1 only. Prepared in cooperation with P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, St. Petersburg, Russia and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

The long-term goal of the Project is to develop robust inversion algorithms to extract estimates of the optical and physical properties of sea water layers, the sea floor, and the sea surface from LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) returns, and optical imagery of the ocean bottom and depths and to improve the quality of images of subsurface objects collected over the sea. The project objectives are: 1) to develop new models of water, bottom, and surface returned LIDAR signals and to develop new mathematical inverse techniques to extract from actual or simulated LIDAR returns the inherent optical properties of water (IOP) and to estimate parameters of internal waves (IW) from IW-induced disturbances of IOP stratification; 2) to develop theoretical mathematical techniques and experimental procedures to improve the quality of passive images of the coastal sea floor by correcting distortion due to light refraction through rough sea surfaces; and 3) to develop mathematical techniques for the retrieval of the quantity of optically active materials (chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter, and sediment) from the color spectrum of sea water optical returns., Prepared in cooperation with University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The original document contains color images.

A technology of cleaning oil-containing waste waters and industrial sewages which contain lubricating and cooling liquids is represented in the article., Представлена технология очистки маслосодержащих вод и промышленных сточных вод, которые содержат смазочно-охлаждающие жидкости., Наведена технологія очистки оливовмісних вод та проміслових стічних вод, які містять мастильноохолодні рідини.

The South American species Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) is invasive in the western Mediterranean and has been found for the first time at four localities in Croatia. The first locality was discovered in 1977 on the island of Lokrum, but has previously been neglected, the second in Komi`a on the island of Vis, the third in the city of Split and the fourth in the city of Dubrovnik. The newly discovered N. glauca is a woody perennial species, while two other Nicotiana species occurring in Croatian, N. tabacum L. and N. rustica L., are annual herbs. An identification key for these three species and their morphological comparison is presented. The further spreading of N. glauca in Croatian littoral can be expected, and should be prevented.

The presence of skull cups (bowls made from human calvaria) is considered evidence of the ritualistic treatment of human bodies. These artefacts are characterised by careful manufacturing which can be taphonomically observed in bone surface modifications (BSM) as cut marks and percussion marks. These BSM show morphological similarities across Upper Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age assemblages. This study is focused on the analysis of the frequency and spatial distribution of cut marks on skull cups from Gough's Cave (UK), Herxheim (Germany), and El Mirador Cave (Spain), as compared to the frequency and spatial distribution of modifications on human skulls (non-skull cups) from TD6.2 of Gran Dolina (Spain) and Fontbrégoua (France), with the aim of identifying a common pattern related to a symbolic background. Nearest neighbour analysis and Kernel analyses were used to identify the distribution pattern of anthropogenically induced modifications. The results indicate that the frequency and distribution of cut marks on human skulls modified into skull cups are unique and are most likely to be the result of meticulous cleaning of skulls. A similar frequency and distribution pattern of modifications was also observed on skulls from Fontbrégoua, possibly related to the collection of skulls as war trophies. No parallels with the treatment of skulls of Homo antecessor at TD6.2 of Gran Dolina were observed. We suggest that the treatment of human skulls for ritualistic purposes therefore results in a consistent pattern of modification.

Obtener una cronología clara de yacimientos con presencia humana es importante para entender cuándo comenzó la migración de los homínidos fuera de África. Como método de datación el paleomagnetismo es una herramienta útil y fácilmente aplicable: presenta un registro temporal amplio (> 180 Ma) y no es destructiva para los restos. En esta tesis doctoral se han realizado análisis paleomagnéticos en los yacimientos de Fuente Nueva 3 y Solana del Zamborino (Cuenca de Guadix-Baza, Orce) y el yacimiento de Gran Dolina (Atapuerca), con presencia humana durante el Paleolítico inferior, para ampliar la información cronológica existente e intentar determinar un mejor marco temporal de cuándo se produjo. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan evidencia adicional de presencia humana cercana al millón de años en el nivel TD4 de Gran Dolina e incluso más antigua en Fuente Nueva 3, y se ha reevaluado la edad de la industria lítica hallada en el yacimiento de Solana del Zamborino., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) del Gobierno de España con la ayuda BES-2011-048877 del Subprograma de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) correspondiente al proyecto CGL2010-16821 (Primeras expansiones Humanas en la Región Circummediterránea: Contexto Geocronológico). Así mismo durante el desarrollo de la presente tesis se ha disfrutado de ayudas para la realización de estancias en el Paleomagnetic Laboratory, Fort Hoofddijk, Faculty of Geosciences, Universidad de Utrecht, Holanda (EEBB-I-13-06414) , y en el Palaeomagnetism and Rock Magnetism Research Group, Departament of Earth Sciences, en la Universidad de Oxford, Reino Unido (EEBB-I-14-09041)

BALB/c mice lack a corpus callosum in about 11% of the population. Two inbred substrains of BALB/c mice, epilepsy-prone (EP) and epilepsy-resistant (ER), have been examined to determine whether these substrains differ in regard to corpus callosum morphology. Further, this study addressed the issue of whether misrouted cortical axons form an aberrant pathway instead of the corpus callosum. Initial studies that examined fresh brain tissue of adult animals revealed normal corpora callosa in all ER mice but deficient or absent corpora callosa in all EP mice. Subsequently, Dil crystals were placed in the motor cortices of aldehyde-fixed brains of 2-week-old animals to investigate cortical projections in both inbred substrains of mice. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that all of the ER animals had normal corpora callosa, whereas all EP animals exhibited either reduced corpora callosa (partially callosal) or an absence (acallosal) of this structure. Both acallosal and partially callosal EP mice displayed an extensive, aberrant projection to the basal forebrain as well as bilateral projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. The fibers projecting to the basal forebrain arose from the cortex, coursed toward the midline before turning ventrally along the midline, and appeared to terminate in the medial septal nucleus and the nucleus of the diagonal band. ER animals lacked this aberrant cortical projection to the basal forebrain. Electron microscopic results obtained from EP mice indicated that labeled axons in this aberrant pathway formed axosomatic, axodendritic, and axospinous synapses with the neurons in the medial septal/diagonal band complex. The function of the aberrant projection to the basal forebrain remains unknown but it may provide an abnormal excitatory input to a region that provides cholinergic and GABAergic input to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The additional projections to midline and contralateral intralaminar thalamic nuclei in EP mice

Mimomys savini is a very important arvicoline as it represents a useful biochronological tool in the study of the first human arrivals in Europe and its expansion across the continent. To date, evolution studies on this species have focused on its size changes and the loss of ancestral characteristics. This work sheds further light on the evolution of this taxon, through a study of the morphological changes in its first lower molar, using, for the first time, 2-D geometric morphometrics techniques based on landmark configurations. To do this, we have analyzed M. savini remains spanning 1.4 to 0.78 Ma from the Gran Dolina site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain), Barranco León site (Orce, Spain), and Barranc de la Boella site (Tarragona, Spain). Our results show a set of occlusal surface shape differences between the more recent and older populations. The oldest populations are characterized by a more developed lingual re-entrant angle 4 (LRA4); a less developed buccal re-entrant angle 3 (BRA3); a narrower lingual re-entrant angle 1 (LRA1); and a wider neck of the head of the anteroconid complex (ACC) than in more recent populations. Moreover, despite the increase in m1 length and width during the evolution of M. savini, it seems that the size of the occlusal surface decreased (maybe as a consequence of shape changes, such as neck width or the size of re-entrant angles). Finally, the shape and size comparisons of the populations studied reinforces previously proposed chronologies for Barranc de la Boella, and suggests a site age similar to that of Gran Dolina (section TD6 -TD5).

A number of typological coincidences in the texts of the Polish-American writer Cz. Miłosz, a Nobel prize winner and German classic G. Von Rezzori are considered. The work of these authors is a result of the crisis of the twentieth century, tragic decline of the traditional culture that was associated with the status of a writer in exile. Biographical background appears very organic for their texts , and in this case it almost coincides: the parents of both future artists “temporarily” left their land when the the situation in the empires was not stable – the Austria-Hungarian (in the case of Rezzori ) and Russian ( in the case of Miłosz). Both writers lived in exile. In their opinion, topos of childhood tragically detached from the future life events, generated separate thematic and anthropological link in their creative work . In this sense “The Issa Valley” (“Dolina Issy” 1955) by Cz. Miłosz and “The Snows Of Yesteryear” (“Blumen im Schnee” 1989) by Rezzori are the most exemplary. The works of a number of other representatives of the European literature of the twentieth century (e.g., “Others shores” by V. Nabokov ). The problem discussed is still relevant. Tendence to autobiographism as genre sign of their texts, and, in addition, the source of many images – primarily children and adolescent characters is evident. The most obvious typological parallels emerge in several dimensions: the perspective of ideological clichés (negation Nietzschean ideas of nihilism by each writer), specific system of images (including images of nannies Cassandra and Antonina), relection the typical paradigm , which presents a complete image of “the world of childhood”, besides – in relation to the issue of “language as poetic phenomenon” (Miłosz’s definition), that mirrors the multinational palette the lost homeland., Рассматривается ряд типологических схождений между текстами польско-американского писателя Ч. Милоша и немецкоязычного классика Г. фон Реццори, творчество которых является следствием кризисных состояний ХХ в., трагического упадка всей традиционной культуры, породившего статус списателя-изгнанника. Наиболее выразительно типологические параллели обнаруживают себя в перспективе идеологических клише (отрицание писателями ницшеанской идеи нигилизма), специфической персоносфере, демонстрировании типичных парадигм, которые воссоздают целостный образ „мира детства”, в отношении к вопросу „языка как поэтического феномена” (определение Милоша), отражающего мультинациональную палитру утерянной родины., Розглядається ряд типологічних збігів у текстах польсько-американського письменника Ч. Мілоша та німецькомовного класика Ґ. фон Реццорі, творчість яких постає наслідком кризових станів ХХ ст., трагічного занепаду всієї традиційної культури, що була пов’язана зі статусом письменника-вигнанця. Найбільш очевидно типологічні паралелі виявляються в перспективі ідеологічних кліше (заперечення письменниками ніцшеанської ідеї нігілізму), специфічній персоносфері, наведенні типових парадигм, за якими постає цілісний образ „світу дитинства”, у ставленні до питання „мови як поетичного феномену” (визначення Мілоша), яке віддзеркалює мультинаціональну палітру втраченої батьківщини.

New geochronological and isotopic geochemical data are given, which make it possible to recognize two types of granitic rocks on the eastern Chukchi Peninsula. Early Cretaceous Tkachen and Dolina granitic plutons with zircon ages (U-Pb SIMS) of 119-122 and 131-136 Ma are related to the first type. They cut through Devonian-Lower Carboniferous basement rocks and are overlain by the Aptian-Albian Etelkuyum Formation. Basal units of the latter contain fragments of granitic rocks. Late Cretaceous Provideniya and Rumilet granitic plutons, which contain zircons with ages of 94 and 85 Ma (U-Pb SIMS), respectively, belong to the second type. They cut through volcanic-sedimentary rocks of the Etelkuyum and Leurvaam formations pertaining to the Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt. In petrographic and geochemical features, the Early Cretaceous granitic rocks of the Tkachen Pluton are commensurable with I-type granites, while Late Cretaceous granite of the Rumilet Pluton is comparable to A(2)-type granite. The Sr-Nd isotopic data provide evidence that from the Early Cretaceous Tkachen and Dolina plutons to the Late Cretaceous Provideniya and Rumilet plutons, the degree of crustal assimilation of suprasubduction mantle-derived melts increases up to partial melting of heterogeneous continental crust enriched in rubidium. An unconformity and various degrees of secondary alteration of volcanic-sedimentary rocks have been established in the Okhotsk-Chukotka Volcanic Belt, and this was apparently caused by transition of the tectonic setting from suprasubduction to a transform margin with local extension.

During project field activities conducted in May 2021 in the territory of the Landscape of Outstanding Features “Dolina Pčinje” at the locality Vogance, one dead and trampled specimen of the web-spinning sawfly Caenolyda reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758) was found. The new finding is the first report of the species from Serbia, as well as from the Balkans, and significantly expands its known distribution into southeast Europe. The host plants of this species are pines (Pinus spp.), of which black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. nigra) occurs in the Pčinja River valley.

La presencia de rocas solubles puede verse fuertemente afectada por procesos de disolución asociados a lluvias y especialmente, a aguas subterráneas. Dicho proceso puede dar lugar al colapso del techo de las cavidades que se van generando y generar morfologías denominadas dolinas. Cuando estas se generan en zonas urbanas o en lugares cercanos en los que se desarrollan actividades humanas, pueden llegar a originar un peligro grave, afectando a las estructuras adyacentes. En el entorno de la localidad de Aranjuez (Madrid), se han desarrollado varias depresiones kársticas asociadas a procesos de disolución de litologías carbonatadas y más concretamente, evaporíticas, como la dolina de El Recuenco o la de Borox. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar el subsuelo de la Finca “La Chimenea”, en las proximidades de la localidad de Aranjuez, motivado por un socavón aparecido en superficie y por la presencia de grandes grietas en las edificaciones adyacentes. Por ello, mediante técnicas geofísicas, concretamente mediante el uso de la tomografía eléctrica, se pretende conocer la envergadura del socavón, su extensión en el subsuelo y la posible presencia de otros procesos kársticos desarrollados en las proximidades.

Na području plodnih rijeka kao što su rijeka Nil te Mezopotamije, pronađeni su neki od najstarijih dokaza o ljudskome uzgoju pčela i korištenja pčelinjih proizvoda. Prvi su ljudi isprva med sakupljali iz divljih košnica koje su se mogle pronaći na području plodnih riječnih dolina, da bi se kasnije i sami okušali u njihovu uzgoju. Već od najranijih razdoblja ljudi su spoznali, kako je med hranjih, zdrav i ljekovit te je smatra jednim od najvećih darova koje je priroda podarila čovjeku, stoga je med postao jednim od najpoželjnijih luksuznih proizvoda. Upravo je motiv ekskluzivnosti vezan uz med u najranijim razdobljima ljudske povijesti te su samo oni najbogatiji ili najmoćniji imali mogućnost konzumacije istoga. Kako su se ljudska društva razvijala i kako su nastajale prve države, pčele su se počele uzgajati pod upravom centralne vlasti i lokalnih moćnika. Na području egipatske države pčelarstvo će se postaviti kao jedno od najvažnijih zanimanja. Nadalje, vrlo rano se spoznalo kako med ima brojna ljekovita svojstva te je stoga smatran jednim od najvažnijih pripravaka za borbu protiv brojnih bolesti. Uz med, stari narodi su se naveliko koristili i pčelinjim voskom, kojemu su pripisivali brojna magična svojstva. U ovome će se radu stoga govoriti o pčelarstvu u razdoblju stare povijesti na području Egipta, uključujući doba grčke i rimske okupacije. Pritom će se najviše pažnje posvetiti pčelarskim metodama, alatima, proizvodima te ekonomskoj, društvenoj, medicinskoj i magijskoj ulozi koju je med i pčelinji vosak nekoć imao. Također, kroz rad će se izdvojiti i značajna religijska uloga pčela (i njihovih proizvoda) te njihova simbolika koju su imali u religijskom i društvenom životu starih Egipćana., Some of the oldest evidence of human beekeeping and the use of bee products was found in the area of fertile rivers such as the River Nile and Mesopotamia. The first people collected honey from wild beehives that could be found in the vicinity of fertile river valleys, and later they tried their hand at cultivating bees themselves. Already from the earliest times, people have realized that honey is nutritious, healthy and medicinal, and it was considered one of the greatest gifts that nature has given to man, therefore in ancient times, honey has become one of the most desirable of luxury products. It is precisely the motif of exclusivity associated with honey in the earliest periods of human history, and only the richest or most powerful had the opportunity to consume it. As human societies developed and the first states emerged, bees began to be cultivated under the direction of the central government and local rulers. On the territory of the Egyptian state, beekeeping will be established as one of the most important professions. Furthermore, it was recognized very early on, that honey has many medicinal properties and it was therefore considered one of the most important remedies for fighting numerous diseases. In addition to honey, the ancient peoples also used beeswax, to which they attributed many magical properties. This paper will therefore talk about beekeeping in the period of ancient history in Egypt, including the later era of Greek and Roman occupation. Most of the attention will be paid to beekeeping methods, tools, products and the economic, social, medical and magical role that honey and beeswax once had. Also, the paper will highlight the significant religious role of bees (and their products) and their symbolism in the religious and social life of the ancient Egyptians.

The present study is a revision of the currently available fossil bear remains from the Epivillafranchian locality Untermassfeld (Germany). The authors have made a detailed description and short reappraisal of the taxonomic status of the specimens by comparison with bear material from other localities. The Untermassfeld bears share a number of common features with both modern brown bears, as well as with the Early Pleistocene Ursus etruscus. They differ from U. etruscus in exhibiting reduced number of premolars, as is also the case with U. arctos, with the U. deningeri-spelaeus lineage and with U. dolinensis from Atapuerca (Spain). Only U. etruscus retains the primitive condition with a full set of premolars. The Untermassfeld ursid is similar to the Atapuerca Gran Dolina U. dolinensis in many respects. Both share a number of primitive arctoid-like features, while others link them to the cave bear lineage. For this the Untermassfeld bear is here referred to as Ursus ex gr. U. dolinensis. Untermassfeld provides us with a window into European bears during the Epivillafranchian. They constituted a metapopulation of interconnected subpopulations characterised by a mosaic of primitive and derived traits. These features were differentially inherited in the descendant lineages that finally separated from one another starting sometime from the latest Early Pleistocene through the early Middle Pleistocene, leading to typical brown and cave bears.

Durante los últimos años se ha debatido mucho acerca de cuándo tuvo lugar el poblamiento de Europa. Los yacimientos de la Península Ibérica han aportado datos que permiten afirmar que los humanos ocuparon Europa hace más de un millón de años. En el yacimiento de Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) se han descubierto restos faunísticos, líticos y humanos (Homo antecessor) que datan de ca. 800,000 años. En Fuente Nueva 3 y Barranco León 5 (Granada) se han recuperado restos faunísticos y artefactoslíticos que podríantener una cronología de 1,3 millones de años. Además hay hallazgos aislados en terrazas fluviales del Noroeste, Centro y Sur de la Península que son menos concluyentes. Todos los objetos líticos recuperados pertenecen al Modo técnico 1. Por último, se discute la posibilidad de un acceso a la Península a través de Gibraltar., During the last years researches has debated about when the European settlement took place. The sites of the Iberian Peninsula have shown data that allow us to affirm that humans arrived to Europe morethan one million of years ago. In the deposit of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) was found a sample of faunal, lithic and human remains (Homo antecessor) dating about 800,000 years ago. In Fuente Nueva 3 and Barranco León 5 (Granada)there have recovered faunistic remains and lithic artifacts that may be able to have a chronology of 1,3 million years. In addition there are isolated findings in river terraces of the Northwest, Center and South of the Peninsula that are less conclusive. All the lithic objects recovered belong to the technical Mode 1. Finally, the possibility of an access to the Peninsula through Gibraltar is discussed.

s are presented of 28 conference papers and the excursion guide comprises the full text of a further 16 papers, on the structure of the Western Carpathians, the metallogenic evolution of the Gemericum unit and its vein, submarine-exhalative and magnesite deposits, the Roznava vein deposit, the Rudnany orefield, the Novoveska Huta U, Mo and Cu deposit, the Nizna Slana stratiform metasomatic siderite deposit, Variscan mineralisation in the Alpine terranes, the Jasenie-Kysla W-Au deposit, mineralisation of the SW Vaporic complex, the Stare Hory-Spania Dolina ore district, the Pezinok-Kolarsky Vrch Sb-As-Au mineralisation in the Male Karpaty Mountains and the genesis of stockwork base-metal mineralisation in the Neogene volcanics of the Western Carpathians., s are presented of 28 conference papers and the excursion guide comprises the full text of a further 16 papers, on the structure of the Western Carpathians, the metallogenic evolution of the Gemericum unit and its vein, submarine-exhalative and magnesite deposits, the Roznava vein deposit, the Rudnany orefield, the Novoveska Huta U, Mo and Cu deposit, the Nizna Slana stratiform metasomatic siderite deposit, Variscan mineralisation in the Alpine terranes, the Jasenie-Kysla W-Au deposit, mineralisation of the SW Vaporic complex, the Stare Hory-Spania Dolina ore district, the Pezinok-Kolarsky Vrch Sb-As-Au mineralisation in the Male Karpaty Mountains and the genesis of stockwork base-metal mineralisation in the Neogene volcanics of the Western Carpathians.

The paper deals with the toponomastic data collected in the village of Biograd, belonging to the municipality of Nevesinje in East Herzegovina. Their quantity is astonishing; a single rural settlement provided totally 1505 microtoponyms, which is unparalleled so far within the Serbian language area. In sum, they bear witness of ethnic and linguistic continuity in the region, preserve memory of historical or anecdotic events and reflect both material and spiritual culture of the people living there in the present and in the past. Among the names motivated by the landform configuration, those of elevated landforms (Brdo, Brijeg, Greda, Krš, etc.) and those designating depressions (Vala, Do, Dolina, Pod, Podina, etc.) are equally represented. The abundance of water found expression in the names of hydrological objects, both natural (Bara, Voda, Vrelo, Ljeljenski izvor, Potok, etc.) and artificial (Bunar, Močilo, Stublina, Čatrnja, etc.). The local flora and fauna are adequately reflected too in the microtoponymy of Biograd, a village with no bare spots. Among the phytonyms underlying the microtoponyms are names of trees, both fruitful and unfruitful (Višnjice, Jabuka, Kruška, Trešnja, Šljivik, etc.; Brijes, Bukvik, Vrba, Jasika, etc.), of cereals and vegetables (Graovišta, Krtolište, Lanište, Ražnica, etc.), of herbs and other plants (Brštan greda, Zubača, Lopar, etc.). Of zoonyms, the most prominent group constitute the names of mammals, both domestic and wild (Volujak, Goveđa vlaka, Kobilj do, Kozica, Mačija gruda, Svinjac, etc.; Vučija dolina, Zeči do, Jazavčine, Lisičina, etc.); the birds are fairly represented (Golubov do, Jastrebić, Lastavica, Orlove kamenice, Ćukovina, etc.), the reptils (Zminjaci, Zmiokoljak) and the insects (Osište) rather rarely. A considerable part of the microtoponyms refer to the husbandry, in the first place to the agriculture (Bašta, Voćnjak, Vrti, Guvno, Lanište, Njiva, Ornica, etc.), then to the cattle breading (Kotari, Pojatine, Solil

DOI: 10.1038/srep34799 URL: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep34799 Filiació URV: SI Inclòs a la memòria: SI, Gran Dolina is a cavity infilled by at least 25 m of Pleistocene sediments. This sequence contains the TD6 stratigraphic unit, whose records include around 170 hominin bones that have allowed the definition of a new species, Homo antecessor. This fossil accumulation was studied as a single assemblage and interpreted as a succession of several human home bases. We propose a complete stratigraphic context and sedimentological interpretation for TD6, analyzing the relationships between the sedimentary facies, the clasts and archaeo-palaeontological remains. The TD6 unit has been divided into three sub-units and 13 layers. Nine sedimentary facies have been defined. Hominin remains appear related to three different sedimentary facies: debris flow facies, channel facies and floodplain facies. They show three kinds of distribution: first a group of scattered fossils, then a group with layers of fossils in fluvial facies, and third a group with a layer of fossils in mixed fluvial and gravity flow facies. The results of this work suggest that some of these hominin remains accumulated in the cave by geological processes, coming from the adjacent slope above the cave or the cave entry, as the palaeogeography and sedimentary characteristics of these allochthonous facies suggest.

Este trabajo examina las evidencias morfológicas del conjunto de fósiles humanos recuperados del nivel TD6-2 del yacimiento de la cueva de la Gran Dolina (sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). Estos fósiles, incluidos en la especie Homo antecessor y con una cronología compatible con el MIS 21, presentan rasgos plesiomorfos del clado Homo, rasgos derivados compartidos con H. sapiens, rasgos derivados compartidos con H. neanderthalensis, rasgos derivados compartidos con estas dos últimas especies y rasgos derivados compartidos con poblaciones del Pleistoceno Medio de Eurasia. Este complejo mosaico, con un sello netamente europeo, podría ser explicado en el marco de un proceso de cladogénesis, ocurrido durante el Pleistoceno Inferior, posiblemente en el suroeste de Asia. La población polimórfica resultante de este proceso pudo originar diferentes pulsos migratorios al menos hacia Europa cuando las condiciones climáticas fueron favorables. Este proceso pudo ser muy complejo desde el punto de vista de las relaciones de la “población madre” con otros grupos humanos y tendría que contemplar al menos una migración hacia el continente africano a través del Corredor Levantino. Solo así se podría justificar el origen y evolución de H. sapiens en África durante el Pleistoceno Medio., This report examines the morphological evidences of the human fossils recovered from the TD6-2 level of the Gran Dolina cave site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, northern Spain). These fossils, which were included in the species Homo antecessor and might have been deposited during the MIS 21, exhibit plesiomorphic features for the Homo clade, apomorphic features shared with H. sapiens, apomorphic features shared with H. neanderthalensis, apomorphic features shared with the two latter species, and apomorphic features shared with the Eurasian Middle Pleistocene populations. This complex mosaic, which has a distinctly European hallmark, could be explained in the framework of a cladogenetic process occurred during the early Pleistocene, probably in Southwest Asia. The polymorphic population originated in this process might have been source of different migratory waves, at least towards Europe, during favourable climatic conditions. This process could have been very complex concerning the interactions of the “mother population” with other human groups and must consider at least one migration to the African continent through the Levantine Corridor. Only this way we could justify the origin and evolution of H. sapiens in Africa during the Middle Pleistocene.

The translocation between the short arm of chromosome 1R of rye and the long arm of chromosome 1A, 1B or 1D of wheat represents practically the most common introduced foreign genes into the genome of hexaploid wheat. 1RS chromosome arm represents a source of different useful genes, associated with increased disease resistance, improved adaptability, stress tolerance, and increased stability and level of yield. On the other hand, translocation is associated with poor technological quality of wheat as a result of the presence of secalin and reduced number of gluten loci. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of 1RS translocation among some Croatian winter wheat varieties using molecular markers. The study included 40 varieties of which 23 Croatian. Four pairs of primers: RIS, SCM9, RYE-NOR and PAW161 were used for determination of translocation. The presence of translocation was determined in 12 of 40 (30%) varieties, while among the Croatian wheat varieties translocation had 8 of 23 (34.78%) varieties (Zlatna Dolina, Barbara, Nova Žitarka, Marija, Prima, Kuna, Koleda and Dea)., Translokacija između kratkoga kraka kromosoma 1R raži i dugoga kraka kromosoma 1A, 1B ili 1D pšenice predstavlja praktično najzastupljenije unesene strane gene u genom heksaploidne pšenice. 1RS krak kromosoma predstavlja izvor različitih korisnih gena, koji se povezuju s povećanom otpornošću na bolesti, povećanom adaptabilnosti, tolerantnosti na stres te povećanom stabilnošću i visinom prinosa. S druge strane, translokaciju se povezuje i s lošom tehnološkom kvalitetom pšenice, kao posljedicom prisutnosti sekalina i smanjenja broja glutenskih lokusa. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi zastupljenost 1RS translokacije u hrvatskom sortimentu ozime pšenice korištenjem molekularnih markera. U istraživanje je bilo uključeno 40 kultivara pšenice, od čega 23 hrvatska kultivara. Za identifikaciju translokacije korištena su četiri para početnica: RIS, SCM9, RYE-NOR i PAW161. Istraživanjem je utvrđena prisutnost translokacije u 12 od 40 (30%) ispitivanih kultivara, dok je među hrvatskim kultivarima pšenice translokaciju imalo 8 od 23 (34,78%) kultivara (Zlatna Dolina, Barbara, Nova Žitarka, Marija, Prima, Kuna, Koleda i Dea).

Objetivo: Evaluar y valorar sitios de interés geológico mediante el planteamiento de georrutas turísticas asociadas a geoformas kársticas (dolinas) para luego proponerlas en el proyecto Global Geosites de la Unión Internacional de Ciencias Geológicas (IUGS, por su sigla en inglés). Recomendar futuros estudios en la temática exokárstica, ya que la información es muy escasa, lo cual contribuiría a un mejor desarrollo turístico del departamento de Malargüe. Metodología: La metodología aquí aplicada se abordó a partir del estudio de las geoformas kársticas mediante un exhaustivo trabajo de interpretación de imágenes satelitales y posterior control de campaña. Además, se desarrolló una valoración sobre la base de trabajos previos (Panizza y Piacente 1993, Reynard, Fontana, Kozlik y Scapozza, 2007; Pereira, Pereira y Caetano-Alves, 2007; Zouros, 2007; Coratza, Galve, Soldati y Tonelli, 2012) y se basó en tres conjuntos de valores: valor científico, valor adicional y valor de uso. Resultados: La dolina N.° 6 (laguna de La Niña Encantada) fue la que obtuvo mayor puntuación total, siendo casi perfecta; con valoraciones máximas en casi todos los criterios. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos a partir de la valoración sugiere que la primer georruta propuesta, ubicada al norte del área de estudio, comprendida por las dolinas N.° 1 a N.° 7, es la más propicia para la determinación de geositios. La valoración más alta de esta georruta fue de 9 puntos, laguna de La Niña Encantada, un registro casi perfecto en todos los criterios de clasificación. Financiamiento: Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan.

Chert tools from Galería and Gran Dolina Caves, located in the Sierra de Atapuerca site complex (Burgos, Spain), were characterized (macro-visual inspection, mineralogical phases, degree of crystallinity, soluble salts, surface morphology and optical surface roughness) and compared to chert samples collected from the surrounding Atapuerca mountain range. The chert tools were studied to determine their causes of decay and for selecting the most compatible conso lidation treatments. It was found that samples solely containing quartz were not significantly altered and required little conservation treatment compared to those that contained quartz and moganite, which were more weathered and powdery, requiring consolidation. The effi cacy of the consolidating products traditionally used by conservators (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) to preserve these chert remains, together with novel nanoparticle-based products (SiO2 and a mixture of SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) were assessed in this study. Changes produced by these consolidating products in the physical (surface morphology and cohesion) and aesthetic properties of the chert tools were evaluated using non-destructive techniques (peeling test, spectrophotometry and optical surface roughness), followed by destructive techniques, such as SEM and XRD.

Chert tools from Galería and Gran Dolina Caves, located in the Sierra de Atapuerca site complex (Burgos, Spain), were characterized (macro-visual inspection, mineralogical phases, degree of crystallinity, soluble salts, surface morphology and optical surface roughness) and compared to chert samples collected from the surrounding Atapuerca mountain range. The chert tools were studied to determine their causes of decay and for selecting the most compatible consolidation treatments. It was found that samples solely containing quartz were not significantly altered and required little conservation treatment compared to those that contained quartz and moganite, which were more weathered and powdery, requiring consolidation. The efficacy of the consolidating products traditionally used by conservators (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) to preserve these chert remains, together with novel nanoparticle-based products (SiO2 and a mixture of SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) were assessed in this study. Changes produced by these consolidating products in the physical (surface morphology and cohesion) and aesthetic properties of the chert tools were evaluated using non-destructive techniques (peeling test, spectrophotometry and optical surface roughness), followed by destructive techniques, such as SEM and XRD.

In this essay I will ask if getting married and remaining married are rational things for a reflective person to do. I will limit my discussion to marriage within the western tradition. Most people in this tradition marry at some point in their lives. When they do, they are usually thought to be doing something worthwhile. Yet all too many marriages end in disappointment and divorce. So is it rational for us to choose to bind ourselves to another person in perpetuity in this way? To answer this question, I will begin by examining the sociobiological thesis which claims that human beings are gene-governed to pair bond. If this is correct, it might be thought that it explains the practice of marriage. However I will show that one implication of sociobiology is that, given this thesis, monogamous marriage goes against our natural inclinations; while pair bonding may be natural to us, exclusive pair bonding for life is not. I will go on to discuss the fact that monogamous heterosexual marriage is part of the traditional mores in western, Christian societies. The main reasons given in the past to support this tradition are that marriage provides a safe framework in which a couple's sexual needs can be met; it is the best setting for the procreation and rearing of children; and it provides couples with residential and economic advantages which are not open to non-marrieds. I show that there are good arguments for thinking that these reasons do not apply with quite the same force today. So we are still faced with our question: is it rational for a couple to choose to marry? There is, however, a more positive side to my account. For I will point out that even today when a couple choose to marry they believe that their marriage will be a good one and thereby both of them will lead happy lives. I will then identify some of the conditions which are necessary for the concept of 'a good marriage' to apply to a relationship and which are presumably conditions which guide most peo

In this essay I will ask if getting married and remaining married are rational things for a reflective person to do. I will limit my discussion to marriage within the western tradition. Most people in this tradition marry at some point in their lives. When they do, they are usually thought to be doing something worthwhile. Yet all too many marriages end in disappointment and divorce. So is it rational for us to choose to bind ourselves to another person in perpetuity in this way? To answer this question, I will begin by examining the sociobiological thesis which claims that human beings are gene-governed to pair bond. If this is correct, it might be thought that it explains the practice of marriage. However I will show that one implication of sociobiology is that, given this thesis, monogamous marriage goes against our natural inclinations; while pair bonding may be natural to us, exclusive pair bonding for life is not. I will go on to discuss the fact that monogamous heterosexual marriage is part of the traditional mores in western, Christian societies. The main reasons given in the past to support this tradition are that marriage provides a safe framework in which a couple's sexual needs can be met; it is the best setting for the procreation and rearing of children; and it provides couples with residential and economic advantages which are not open to non-marrieds. I show that there are good arguments for thinking that these reasons do not apply with quite the same force today. So we are still faced with our question: is it rational for a couple to choose to marry? There is, however, a more positive side to my account. For I will point out that even today when a couple choose to marry they believe that their marriage will be a good one and thereby both of them will lead happy lives. I will then identify some of the conditions which are necessary for the concept of 'a good marriage' to apply to a relationship and which are presumably conditions which guide most peo

The Sierra de Atapuerca contains some of the most important Early and Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites in Europe. In the Trinchera del Ferrocarril, three sites highlight for their palaeotological and archaeological remains: Sima del Elefante, Galería and Gran Dolina. Scanner laser 3D technique is applied in these sites, getting a 3D model with a resolution of 1 mm. These 3D models have been used to elaborate 3D stratigraphic sections in the site local coordinate system . In this work, we describe the surveying process, its limitations, as well as results and stratigraphic sections of each archaeological site. In the future, the use of this technology will allow us to record the temporal evolution of the excavations surfaces and the 3D reconstruction of stratigraphic levels., La Sierra de Atapuerca alberga algunos de los yacimientos paleo-arqueológicos más importantes del Pleistoceno medio e inferior en Europa. Entre ellos, destacan por su registro paleontológico y arqueológico tres yacimientos emplazados en la Trinchera del Ferrocarril: Sima del Elefante, Galería y Gran Dolina. En estos yacimientos se ha aplicado la técnica de escáner láser 3D obteniendo un modelo 3D con una resolución de 1 mm de las excavaciones. Estos modelos han servido para levantar las secciones estratigráfi cas de los yacimientos en 3D y con las coordenadas del sistema local de excavación. En este trabajo describimos la toma de datos, con sus limitaciones, y mostramos los resultados y las secciones de cada yacimiento. En el futuro, el uso de esta tecnología permitirá tener un seguimiento de la evolución temporal de las superficies de excavación y una reconstrucción 3D de los niveles estratigráficos.

Razlog današnjega heterogenog sastava stanovništva Gorskoga kotara potrebno je tražiti u različitim migracijskim procesima. Izuzetak u tim procesima nisu bili ni Središnji kraj ni Kupska dolina, te je kroz povijest zabilježeno doseljavanje stanovništva iz različitih dijelova nekadašnje Habsburške Monarhije. Razloge doseljavanja stanovništva i intenzitet njihova dolaska može se pratiti po zapisima u knjigama Stanje duša, gdje su zabilježeni razlozi dolaska ili odlaska pojedinaca, ali i cijelih obitelji. Na te-melju tih podataka mogu se izvući uopćeni zaključci za određeni geografski prostor i političko-povijesno razdoblje. U radu se razmatraju podaci o doseljavanju stanovništva u Središnji kraj i Kupsku dolinu, s naglaskom na doseljavanje stanovništva iz današnjih slovenskih krajeva od sredine 19. do sredine 20. stoljeća. Podaci dobiveni iz knjiga Stanje duša iz župa Središnjega kraja i Kupske doline upućuju na doseljavanje stanovništva, što dokumentira postojanje migracija iz slovenskih krajeva prema današnjim hrvatskim područjima, ali i obratno. Izneseni zaključci nadopunjeni su i ilustrirani podacima iz matica učenika osnov-nih škola u Brodu Moravicama, Brodu na Kupi, Crnom Lugu, Delnicama, Divjakama, Fužinama, Lokvama, Skradu, Razlogama i Vrbovskom., Different migration processes caused the present heterogeneous composition of the population of the Gorski kotar region. The Central Region and the Kupa Valley were not an exception, and the immigration of people from various parts of the Habsburg Monarchy have been recorded throughout history. The reasons for immigration and for its intensity can be seen in the notes written down in the church books named Status Animarum (cro. Stanje duša, slo. Družinske knjige) in which the motives for immigration or emigration of individuals as well as of whole families have been noted. On the basis of these data we can draw generalized conclusions for the precise geographical area, and the precise political and historical period. The paper analyzes data on immigration in the Kupa Valley, with a focus on population migration from today’s Slovene regions from the mid-19th to mid-20th century. The data obtained from the Status Animarum books written in the parishes of the Central Region and the Kupa Valley, show the immigration of people, which proves migration from Slovenian regions to the Croatian ones, but also vice versa. The conclusions of the paper are illustrated and backed with data from the elementary schools registers in the settlements Brod Moravice, Brod na Kupi, Crni Lug, Delnice, Divjake, Fužine, Lokve, Skrad, Razloge and Vrbovsko.

Područje Oštarije–Tounj nalazi se na kontaktu dviju velikih geomorfoloških cjelina: Ogulinsko-plaščanske zavale i Unsko-koranske zaravni, uz sjevernu granicu dinarskoga krša u Hrvatskoj. Radi se o izrazito okršenom terenu s brojnim površinskim i podzemnim krškim oblicima. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja utvrditi značajke krškoga reljefa te uvjete i procese njegova oblikovanja u svrhu sagledavanja interakcije dviju velikih cjelina prilikom njihova geomorfološkoga razvoja. Korištene su metode opće i specifične digitalne morfometrijske analize reljefa te geomorfološko kartiranje. U okviru morfogentskoga pristupa analizirani su morfostrukturni uvjeti okršavanja te prostorni raspored i značajke krških i fluviokrških reljefnih oblika. Utvrđeno je nekoliko suhih dolina koje upućuju na to da je ovaj prostor bio važan koridor površinskoga otjecanja iz područja Ogulinsko-plaščanske zavale prema Unsko-koranskoj zaravni. Tektonskim izdizanjem uske zone između ovih dviju cjelina nastao je orografski prag koji je onemogućio daljnje površinsko otjecanje te stvorio uvjete za razvoj podzemnih krških provodnika. U radu se daje i prijedlog modela morfogeneze Ogulinsko-plaščanske zavale sažetoga naziva „zaravnjavanje i zatvaranje”., The Oštarije–Tounj area lies in the contact zone of two large geomorphological units: the Ogulin-Plaški basin and the Una-Korana plateau, along the northern edge of Dinaric karst in Croatia. This is a highly karstified landscape, with numerous surface and subterranean karst forms. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of the karst relief and the processes of its formation, with the aim of examining the interaction of these two large units during their geomorphological evolution. General and specific digital geomorphometric analyses were used, with geomorphological mapping. Within the morphogenetic approach, the morphostructural conditions of karstification, spatial distribution and significance of karst, and fluviokarst relief forms were analysed. Several dry valleys were established, indicating that this area was the important corridor for surface runoff from the Ogulin-Plaški basin towards the Una-Korana plateau. Tectonic up-lifting of the narrow zone between these two units created an orographic barrier, which hindered any further surface runoff and created the conditions for the development of karst subterranean watercourses. This paper provides a proposal of the morphogenesis model of the Ogulin-Plaški basin, summarised with the description “flattening and closure”.

What has Rome to do with Silicon Valley? In other words, what has the Church today to do with science and technology? Does the Church have any interest in a debate with the present scientifi c and technical progress, of which Silicon Valley is a symbol? The aim of my research is to look for a new idea of technological progress that will allow to build an integral vision of reality. The teaching of Pope Francis, especially in the Encyclical ‘Laudato sí’ (2015), provides the basis for the undertaken topic. The structure of the considerations refers to the principles of the social doctrine of the so-called three steps: look, judge, act. Therefore, in the course of the considerations fi rstly ZWISCHEN ROM UND SILICON VALLEY 69 the features of technical progress will be presented (1), then its evaluation (2), and fi nally elements of an integral vision of reality (3)., What has Rome to do with Silicon Valley? In other words, what has the Church today to do with science and technology? Does the Church have any interest in a debate with the present scientifi c and technical progress, of which Silicon Valley is a symbol? The aim of my research is to look for a new idea of technological progress that will allow to build an integral vision of reality. The teaching of Pope Francis, especially in the Encyclical ‘Laudato sí’ (2015), provides the basis for the undertaken topic. The structure of the considerations refers to the principles of the social doctrine of the so-called three steps: look, judge, act. Therefore, in the course of the considerations fi rstly ZWISCHEN ROM UND SILICON VALLEY 69 the features of technical progress will be presented (1), then its evaluation (2), and fi nally elements of an integral vision of reality (3)., Co Rzym ma wspólnego z Doliną Krzemową? Innymi słowy, co Kościół ma współcześnie wspól- nego z nauką i technologią? Jak Kościół odnosi się do problematyki postępu naukowo-technicz- nego, którego symbolem jest Dolina Krzemowa? Celem podjętych rozważań jest poszukiwanie nowej koncepcji postępu technicznego, uwzględniającej całościową wizję rzeczywistości. Naucza- nie papieża Franciszka, zwłaszcza z Encykliki Laudato si’ (2015), stanowi podstawę realizacji wybranego tematu. Struktura rozważań nawiązuje do zasad nauki społecznej tzw. trzech kroków: zbadać, ocenić, działać. Dlatego w trakcie rozważań są prezentowane najpierw cechy postępu tech- nicznego (1), dokonana jego ocena (2), a następnie elementy integralnej wizji rzeczywistości (3).