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We investigate effects of tax reporting institutions on evasion and incidence using an experimental double auction market. We find that 28% of the sellers are truthful when only sellers report, but that 88% and 64% of them are truthful under costless and costly third-party reporting by buyers, respectively. Reporting behavior therefore responds to the intensity of deterrence. However, we find that prices do not fully reflect the lower taxes of the evaders. Thus, when sellers can unilaterally evade taxes, tax incidence deviates from the prediction of the standard model, and there is deadweight loss even if tax revenue is low. Pricing, incidence, and reporting patterns in all treatments are consistent with a model with heterogeneous lying costs, or a combination of lying costs and image concerns that give rise to a motivation to appear honest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public finance lies at the heart of politics. It shapes citizens' political attitudes and behaviors. While the expenditure side has been studied very extensively, the income side has been neglected, especially in authoritarian regimes. Taking China as an ideal case, we use a nation‐wide random sample of urban residents to study how citizens under strong authoritarian states perceive their tax burdens. We find that Chinese citizens have low tax consciousness, defined as the perception of fairness both in comparison to people they know and to the amount of public goods they receive. Citizens' income, the amount of public goods they receive, and media consumption have important effects on their tax perception. We argue that there are three mechanisms used by China's "half‐tax state" to reduce their citizens' tax perception: (1) reduce the salience of people's tax burden, conditional on their income level, (2) generate fiscal illusion effects while providing public services in return for taxes paid, and (3) use propaganda to shape the ideology of tax compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax reduction is supposed to garner popular support, yet rural unrest sharply increased following the Chinese government's agricultural tax reform aiming to reduce peasants' tax burden. We argue that the tax reduction could undermine village elites' economic and political incentives to assist the state in implementing unpopular policies and achieving desirable outcomes. We exploit the exogeneous timing of the agricultural tax reform that abolished the agriculture tax and estimate its impact through a rare national representative village‐level panel dataset. We demonstrate that the tax reform led to tax noncompliance and rising social unrest. We further show that local governance worsened because village elites were disincentivized from carrying out state‐preferred yet unpopular policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes optimal tax policy from the perspective of voters who want public policies to systematically advance their interests. Self‐acknowledged ignorance implies that voters have a practical interest in transparent and stable tax systems that allow personal tax burdens to be calculated accurately and easily. Such properties reduce voter mistakes. However, a voter's normative interests may conflict with these practical interests, because ideas about a good life or good society often support tax system complexity. Tradeoffs between these two aims of democratic tax systems imply that the optimal tax system for a democracy neither minimizes voter errors nor maximizes a social welfare function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping lines avoid tax burdens and policy requirements by registering their self-owned vessels in flag of convenience (FOC) countries and establishing subsidiaries in those countries. However, since the international tax system has been increasingly focused on substance, coherence, and transparency, the anti-tax avoidance rules may have affected the choice of registry for shipping lines. Based on the 900-ship registry data of the top 25 liners across 26 flag states over the period 2008 to 2019, this paper uses conditional logit and mixed logit models to examine the effect of anti-tax avoidance rules on the choice of registry for shipping lines. In this regard, the results indicate that introducing country-by-country reporting requirements and a common reporting standard will reduce the probability of shipping lines registering to flag in those countries. On the other hand, after imposing anti-tax avoidance rules, liners are more willing to register flags in countries with higher tax rates. The results of a regional analysis show that better tax performance exerts an adverse effect on flag choice of European shipping lines; however, it has the opposite effect on Asian shipping lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a recent court case, GSS Holdings (Liberty) Inc. v. United States, which highlights the indistinct boundaries and challenges of applying the substance-over-form doctrines. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the decision of the United States Court of Federal Claims, stating that the Claims Court had incorrectly conflated the step transaction and economic substance doctrines. The dissenting opinion argued that the substance-over-form doctrine should be applied instead. The article provides historical context on the development of these doctrines and explains their purpose in allowing courts and the IRS to reject a taxpayer's characterization of a transaction that seeks unintended tax benefits. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines the influence of the reduction in value-added tax (VAT) rates in China during 2018 and 2019 on corporate financialization. By employing a difference-in-differences model and utilizing data from Chinese A-share listed companies between 2017 and 2020, we assess the effects of tax reduction policies. Moreover, it achieves this outcome through three main pathways: alleviating financing constraints, boosting fixed asset investment, and weakening corporate financial arbitrage motives. Further analysis demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of VAT rate reduction on corporate financialization is more pronounced for non-manufacturing companies, businesses reliant on the basic tax rate as their primary revenue source, companies with low intermediate input rates, and those with a strong ability to shift the tax burden. Additionally, debt financing costs play a crucial role in moderating the relationship between tax reduction policies and corporate financialization. The conclusions drawn from this study provide valuable empirical evidence that can contribute to the refinement of VAT reduction policies and the prevention and resolution of financialization at the micro-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the importance and relevance of fundamental values, beliefs to Ukrainian citizens in the context of full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The research assessed the worldviews and beliefs of respondents that have changed in Ukraine regarding the European Union's values commitment. An online survey of Ukrainians' worldviews of European values perceptions was conducted for Ukrainian citizens in all regions in 2022. The assessment of Ukrainian citizens' values shows the growing tendency of Ukrainian citizens to adhere to the European Union values. The study demonstrates dissatisfaction of citizens with the pace of Ukrainian integration into the European Union. Economic values estimations show the dissatisfaction with fiscal freedom and tax burden in Ukraine. The study's findings prove how important it is to implement political and legal changes to build a civil society, democratic institutions, and a state that protects property rights and the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how an important reform of local governance—village democracy—in the world's most populous areas has affected the happiness of residents in rural China. We find that introducing elections per se has no significant impact. In comparison, direct nomination of local leaders by villagers, which is a form of competitive election involving a high degree of public participation in political decision making, leads to higher levels of happiness. Further mechanism analyses show that direct nomination improves the local accountability of elected leaders by boosting the quality and effort of village heads and their governance performance by lowering the tax burden of villagers and vitalizing local public services. Our results highlight the importance of public participation in democracy and the underlying role of local accountability in affecting the subjective well‐beings of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive movements today call for transformative state-led investment in renewable energy and other climate infrastructures—in the United States, a vision that confronts inherited legacies of austerity. I argue that a significant obstacle is the neoliberal toolkit through which the US federal government subsidizes renewables, an indirect, highly opaque system of tax credits and incentives. For forty years, tax subsidies have 'paid' private financial players to invest in renewables, via allowing them to claim legal tax shelters against their other income. In this political economic analysis, I question, first, how US renewable energy acquired this peculiar form of public finance 'through the tax code', unique in the global industry. Second, I explore how the model has shaped US renewables financing, development, and ownership. I center two decisive moments: the California 'wind rush' in the 1980s, and the ongoing renewables boom of the last fifteen years. This history articulates financial experiments and tax sheltering scandals of the Reagan Administration with exploitation returned today in more organized (and lucrative) form, as 'tax equity' finance. Via tax equity, a handful of major US banks dominate financing for renewables and other politically embattled public goods. They exert a troubling ability to extract rents for their capital, gatekeep what projects get built and by whom, and stall US renewables development altogether. Today, the practice is increasingly strained by these and other problems—growing public costs, private capacity ceilings, and amplification of sectoral crises. Under Biden, it faces probable reform, but may need more comprehensive reimagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of residential CO2 emissions, which are not covered by the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), in 19 European countries between 2000-2017. Using both static and dynamic panel models, we found strong relationships between CO2 emissions per capita, GDP per capita, energy prices and heating needs. We then assessed the impact of European carbon taxation and show that a €20/tonne CO2 tax lowers emissions by 1% on average. We found that this tax affects countries differently in terms of tax revenue-to-GDP ratio. Poland and the Czech Republic would have to pay the highest contribution, and Portugal and Denmark the lowest. Finally, we propose a scenario that equalizes countries' tax burdens. We show that, were Europe to redistribute all tax revenues, the main beneficiaries would be Poland and Belgium, while Denmark and Luxembourg would have to pay a surtax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivation: In recent years, governments in low‐income countries have increasingly introduced taxes on mobile money transfers. These are often explicitly promoted as a way of taxing informal economic activity, but critics have noted their potential negative impact on lower‐income groups and specifically those in the informal sector. Yet there is virtually no evidence base on the effects of mobile money taxes on informal workers. Purpose: This article assesses how informal workers in Accra, Ghana, use mobile money and how they perceive Ghana's Electronic Transfer Levy (E‐levy), introduced in May 2022. This provides a particularly interesting case study to explore the equity implications of the tax, as the policy was explicitly justified as a way of taxing the informal economy but also includes measures to limit the tax burden on lower‐income groups. Methods and approach: The article uses data from a survey of 2,700 self‐employed informal workers in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly to capture citizen perceptions of the policy and to examine the likely impact of the E‐levy on informal workers with reference to equity. Findings: Overall, our results suggest that the E‐levy is highly regressive. Further, we show that most informal workers disapprove of the E‐levy, reflecting not just concerns about its equity impacts, but also disappointment with the government's performance. Policy implications: Our findings suggest that taxes on digital financial services should be reconsidered from an equity perspective. While some policy measures, including those undertaken in Ghana, can protect low‐income earners, they are often insufficient to counteract overall regressive impacts. Where they are implemented, social spending from the revenue from these taxes should target low‐income populations in the informal economy, while governments should focus on building trust among informal workers with regard to revenue raising and spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing the marine economy, protecting the marine ecological environment, and speeding up the construction of marine power are important components of the Chinese path to modernization. To promote marine ecological preservation and high-quality development of the marine economy in a coordinated manner, China has carried out the construction of marine ecological civilization demonstration zones, aiming to deepen marine ecological governance and solve difficulties in marine development. Based on the panel data of 47 coastal cities from 2006 to 2019, this study regarded the construction of China' s national marine ecological civilization zones as a quasi-natural experiment, using the difference-in-differences method to explore the impact mechanism of this pilot policy on the coastal zone environment. The results showed that: ① The marine ecological civilization demonstration zones significantly improved the coastal zone environment and effectively promoted the pollution control of the coastal environment and nearshore water quality environment. ② Heterogeneity analysis showed that regional marketization level and local government promotion mechanisms had different moderating effects on the construction of marine ecological civilization demonstration zones. ③ The construction of the marine ecological civilization demonstration zones affected the coastal zone environment by increasing the intensity of the government' s governance and the tax burden on enterprises. Increasing the intensity of government governance could effectively reduce coastal wastewater and waste gas emissions but could not highlight its 'greening' effect on the nearshore water quality environment. Increasing the tax burden on enterprises was conducive to giving full play to the impact of market-oriented and paid management mechanisms on the coastal zone environment. This study focuses on the analysis of coastal zone environmental effects from the perspective of land and sea, which enriches the research on the impact of demonstration zone construction on the coastal zone environment. In the process of comprehensive regulation, we should uphold the concept of overall coordination between land and sea. While giving full play to the role of political guidance, we should effectively enhance the efficiency of economic governance and steadily promote the continuous improvement of the environmental quality of coastal zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microsimulations this paper analyzes the poverty and tax implications of replacing current transfers and subsidies by a budget-neutral (no change in the fiscal deficit) universal basic income program (UBI) in Brazil, Chile, India, Russia, and South Africa. We consider three UBI transfers with increasing levels of generosity and identify scenarios in which the poor are no worse off than in the baseline scenario of existing social transfers. We find that for poverty levels not to increase under a UBI reform, the level of spending must increase substantially with respect to the baseline. Accordingly, the required increase in tax burdens is high throughout. We find that the increase in the average tax rate that would be consistent with not hurting the poor is almost universally above 30%, limiting the feasibility of a UBI reform due to political resistance and efficiency costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the way competitiveness is measured matters, as well as to analyze the relationship between tax burden and economic competitiveness using a variety of model specifications. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses statistical models aimed at finding the relationship between taxes and different measures of economic competitiveness, such as gross domestic product per capita, employment and a third-party competitiveness index. Other variables are also considered, and statistical procedures such as lag specifications and "white period" errors are used to address problems of endogeneity and serial correlation. Findings: The models find no robust relationship between taxes and competitiveness. Certain models find correlations between the tax burden of specific income groups with economic competitiveness, but these vary in direction and are difficult to interpret. This follows past research, which shows different results depending on the period analyzed, measure of competitiveness and other variables used. Originality/value: This paper looks at many of the different measures of competitiveness, control variables and periods that are used in the previous literature and shows how any changes to these model specifications cause inconsistent results. This paper highlights that, because results can vary greatly depending on the model, researchers and policymakers must be careful when drawing any conclusions from relationships between taxes and economic competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important source of local fiscal revenue, will enterprise tax be affected by local government debt? What role do the government's tax collection and management motives and behaviors play in this effect? By investigating the impact of local government debt on the actual tax burden of enterprises, this study shows that local governments have a trade-off of tax collection in the process of resolving the debt repayment pressure. The study finds that, in general, the expansion of local government debt has increased the actual tax burden of enterprises, which is mainly reflected in non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises that are collected and managed by the local tax department. The results of the mechanism test show that local debt pressure will encourage local governments to adjust the intensity of tax collection and tax incentives, and then increase the level of tax burden of enterprises in the jurisdiction. Furthermore, the heterogeneity test that distinguishes the institutional environment shows that there are significant differences in the taxation behavior of local governments and the impact of the corporate tax burden in different regions. Specifically, the strict tax behavior of local governments is more significant in regions with better institutional environment, while regions with worse institutional environment, due to the lack of market competitiveness, are more inclined to provide a relaxed tax collection environment to enterprises in their jurisdiction, so as to stabilize the tax base and resolve debts through long-term tax growth. In the context of unbalanced regional development, this study provides empirical evidence that the expansion of local debt affects the taxation behavior of local governments, and then affects the actual tax burden of enterprises in the jurisdiction, which is helpful to understand the government behavior during the transition period of developing countries, and provides policy implications for improving the public debt management system, creating a fair tax environment, and promoting high-quality economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective and efficient management of financial systems and resources fosters a socioeconomic climate conducive to technological and innovative advancement, thereby fostering long-term economic growth. The study used panel data from 72 countries classified as less financially developed between 2009 and 2017 to examine the role of economic freedom and inclusive growth in financial development. For the long-run estimations, we utilised the linear dynamic panel GMM-IV estimator, panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) linear regression method, and contemporaneous correlation estimator, a generalised least squares method. Our analyses indicate that economic liberty, inclusive growth, and capital stock significantly contribute to financial development in a positive manner. Moreover, inclusive growth contributes positively to overall financial development by enhancing economic freedom. Regardless of exogenous and endogenous shocks, we found that the tax burden and investment freedom are negative drivers of financial development as measured by the overall financial development index. In contrast, protection of property rights, government spending, monetary freedom, and financial freedom are positive and significant drivers of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization leads to significant transformations in the tax structures of countries, as in every field. Taxes come to the fore as the most effective tool in the competition of countries in order to attract highly mobile capital. With the effect of globalization, the national power of countries in the use of taxation powers weakens and it becomes a necessity for them to act in accordance with international requirements. The study analyzes the transformation of the globalization in the taxation of labor and capital in OECD member countries. For this purpose, tax revenues, tax rates, and the distribution of taxes types in total tax revenues are examined from 1965 to the present. As a result, it can be seen that globalization does not cause a decrease in the share of tax revenues in the Gross Domestic Product, both in OECD member countries and in Türkiye, on the contrary, it leads to increases. However, the tax burden changes in favor of capital and against labor. The most effective factors in this situation are the rate cuts in income tax and corporate tax, and especially the increase in social security premiums. Due to the increase in social security premiums, the high tax wedge is considered as a problem especially for Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We develop an index measuring the efficiency of the tax structure. • The TSE (Tax Structure Efficiency) index is based on the marginal excess burden. • We validate the index following two accepted models, using the OECD data. • The perceived tax burden can be controlled by broadening the tax base. Identifying the impact of tax structures on economic growth is crucial to those who create tax policies. In this article, we create a tool called Tax Structure Efficiency Index that is based on the level of the tax system's concentration for assessing the tax structure's efficiency. We validate the measure by using the findings of two existing models—those of Arnold at el. and Lee and Gordon–that analyze the impact of different tax structures on economic growth. Our results accord with the findings of both previous studies and provide an explanation for them–the concentration of the tax structure affects economic growth through the excess burden. We also find that the perceived tax burden can be controlled by broadening the tax base, which can be measured by the TSE index. Those who create tax policies can use our simple measurement tool to design a tax structure that might lower the perceived tax and excess burdens and improve a country's long-term growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor force participation rate has become a vital indicator for economies, especially after the industrial revolution. Because of the mass production after the industrial revolution, the necessity of raw materials increased, which also brought a rise in labor demand. Thus, the labor force participation rate and its determinants have become essential subjects for policymakers. The purpose of the study is to find out and evaluate the effect of the tax burden on labor force participation rate in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The selected countries are determined in accordance with the availability of the data. Panel data estimations were implemented to data set, and due to cross-sectional dependency and autocorrelation problems, the GLS period SURestimation method and cross-sectional covariance methods were used. The findings revealed that tax burden has a negative and significant impact on the labor force participation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the governments of several countries around the world have focused on consumption taxes, which they use from two important points of view - the first point of view is the state budget, where through the increase of the point of consumption tax, revenues to the budget are increased. The second, no less important point of view is health and the environment. These political goals and the structure of consumption taxes as a means of influencing the consumption behavior of the population are, in many ways, the same in OECD countries. However, the difference is in the specific rates within the individual OECD countries, which independently set the consumption tax amount at their discretion. METHODS: The tax burden on specific goods subject to excise duty can differ significantly due to the application of reduced rates e.g. This regulation of alcohol consumption tax should positively affect alcohol consumption and alcohol addictions in the studied OECD countries. Data sources for this researchcomparative analysis were available from the WHO, GISAH, CDC, Tax Foundation, OECD and Eurostat. RESULTS: The presented analysis points to the results of research focused on the impact of consumption taxes (specifically consumption taxes on alcohol) on the development of alcohol addiction in selected OECD countries and Slovakia. CONCLUSIONS: By comparing the results of analyses in selected countries, we concluded that the increase in excise taxes on alcohol does not directly affect the consumption of alcohol in the country and the related addiction to alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ the Affine Stone Index demand system and Irish data to quantify the distributional effects of additional carbon taxes, taking into account the monetary benefits of action. We estimated the avoided economic damages from climate change, and the monetary value of the avoided emissions using willingness to pay from the literature. When these benefits of action are included in the metric for tax incidence, the tax burden decreases considerably. In addition, when the benefits disproportionately benefit low income households, carbon taxes are no longer regressive. We also analyze a flat and a pro-poor revenue allocation. We found that while these instruments reduce vertical inequalities (i.e. across income levels), they can increase horizontal inequalities (within income levels). We show that these instruments can reduce the environmental savings attributed to the additional carbon tax. However, this problem can be minimized by a partial allocation of additional revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the mechanics of sales taxes in the viceroyalty of New Granada (present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and western Venezuela) during the second half of the eighteenth century. Advocating a careful examination of the accounting, institutional, and fiscal practices of North Andean customs houses, it provides an extensive discussion on how tax records can be harnessed to study the scope and nature of Bourbon reforms and to measure trade flows. The article pursues three interrelated goals. First, it studies the impact of local negotiations and jurisdictional fragmentation on local rates and revenue collection, providing new insights into the concrete mechanisms of tax bargaining. Second, the study reinterprets data on the main North Andean entrepôts of trade to measure fiscal cycles, real tax pressure, and tax incidence. Proposing a new method for examining customs records, this research shows how fiscal concessions and economic cycles led to diminishing fiscal revenues. Finally, the research places the viceroyalty within the broader context of fiscal change in the Spanish Empire, arguing that the region collected fewer revenues not only because of its comparatively smaller economic activity but also because the combination of custom and reform yielded lower taxation rates and unique fiscal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, governments of all countries have attached great importance to the development of underground economic activities. The reason is that the characteristics of the underground economy are hidden and the information disclosure is not sufficient, which not only distorts the economic data indicators, but more importantly, the existence of the underground economy has led to the loss of a large amount of tax base, affecting the long-term economic development of the country. Whether raising the tax burden rate boosts the tax revenue or expand the scale of the underground economy. In this paper, we use Kuznet Tax Curve (KTC) method to analyze the relationship between GDP and TTR/DTR/ITR. We find that the tax base erosion rate of indirect tax is lower than that of direct tax. In addition, we explore the relationship among economic growth, tax rate and tax revenue and adopt SUR-OLS method and Threshold approach to estimate the response of economic growth on total tax revenue(TTR), direct tax revenue(DTR) and indirect tax revenue (ITR) in Taiwan from 1991-2020. Our empirical research shows that when DTR tax rates are between 12.59% and 13%, an increase in income leads to a decrease, not an increase, in DTR, leading to severe tax base erosion. That is, the relationship between GDP and DTR presents a N-shaped relationship. However, ITR does not exist any tax rate threshold effect. Obviously, with the increase of GDP, ITR also increases. This reflects that the difference of tax structure between direct tax and indirect tax plays a key role in the relationship between tax rate and tax base erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeowners who make their homes their primary residence have resisted the entry of rentals into their neighborhoods and cities. Possible reasons underlying this resistance are that rentals reduce the property values, increase the property tax burdens, and raise the price of public services for these homeowners. We relate the market values of single‐family homes occupied by permanent homeowners, the effective property tax rate of these homeowners, and the tax price they pay for public services to shifts in their city's housing units toward a variety of different types of rentals and second homes. Our analysis is based on large panels of Florida homes containing hundreds of thousands and millions of observations. Our results show that increases in the share of a city's housing units used as rentals or second homes reduce the home values, increase the property tax burdens, and raise the public services prices of homeowners who permanently reside in single‐family homes. Impacts vary in magnitude among single‐family, condominium, and mobile homes used as rentals and second homes. Estimated impacts are the strongest for share increases in single‐family rentals and second homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian federal policy mandates a floor price on greenhouse gas emissions in all provinces and territories or an equivalent quantity instrument. Provinces that implement a system consistent with the federal benchmark maintain control of revenues. Provinces that do not implement a carbon price are subject to a federally administered pricing system, with revenue recycling via lump-sum household rebates. Using rich synthetic household microdata, we quantify the direct and indirect tax burden on households and carbon pricing revenues in each province. We also calculate carbon pricing revenue available to each province. Using these data, we measure the net cost to households and the overall progressivity of carbon pricing under four revenue recycling scenarios: (a) a means-tested sales tax credit increase, (b) a lump-sum dividend, (c) a sales tax rate reduction, and (d) a personal income tax basic exemption increase. We find that the carbon tax is generally progressive even without revenue recycling, the sales tax credit and lump-sum rebate are progressive, the sales tax rate reduction is mostly regressive, and the income tax change is regressive. We also show that Canada's output-based pricing system for large emitters helps to mitigate indirect carbon pricing costs with a notable effect in reducing household costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in 1689, England was struck by not one but three economic shocks. First, the war against France – Europe's greatest military power – attracted swarms of hostile warships and privateers that heavily damaged English maritime trade, while military expenses also led to a doubling of the tax burden. Second, wartime conditions and government mismanagement sparked a currency crisis in 1695–7 that halted much domestic commerce and caused a run on the recently founded Bank of England. Third, William III's reign brought rapid inflation in the cost of the necessities of life, especially food and fuel, which resulted in prolonged widespread hunger from 1693 onwards. Yet, these hardships have rarely received more than a passing mention in political histories of the Glorious Revolution and do not fit easily into the narratives of economic expansion in the later Stuart period. Close analysis of these 'hard times' demonstrates the limits of histories that emphasize long-term developments over short-term crises. Using evidence from a wide range of local and national archives, this article shows the impact of these shocks on the lives of ordinary people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a Hotelling duopoly and study the relationship between privacy regulation and environmental policy in an industry in which firms invest in "green" innovation (E-R&D) to reduce emissions in production. This research concludes that governments need to set emission taxes consistent with privacy regulations. With strong privacy protections, emission taxes should be higher than the case with no privacy protections. In the asymmetric case with poor privacy regulation, the optimal emission tax is highest to achieve emissions reductions. In addition, an economic trade-off can arise from the industry profits and E-R&D investment. With weak privacy regulation, the effort of E-R&D is highest, and corporatedo the least harm to the environment, while the industrial profits are lowest due to the massive tax burden. Finally, we suggest that policymakers should (i) combine reasonable emission tax policies and green finance for renewable energy projects, (ii) conduct weak privacy regulations on green finance and renewable energy projects, and (iii) encourage uniform pricing for renewable energy products from a competition policy perspective. • Based on a non-cooperative game-theoretic model, the relationship between privacy regulation and environmental policy. • With privacy regulation, an economic trade-off can arise from the industry profits and E-R&D investment. • Governments are advised to set emission taxes consistent with the privacy regulation. • The direct and strategic, are found in the E-R&D investment and emissions taxes determination stages. • The policymakers should (i) combine reasonable emission tax policies, conduct weak privacy regulations and encourage uniform pricing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to present the issue of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The essence of this concept was shown, as well as the measures and methods of analysis used. The aim of the research was to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on the formation of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. Design/methodology/approach: An econometric model was constructed to explain the shaping of the value of the dependent variable (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita) in the years 2004–2019. For this purpose, explanatory variables were used selected from among the measures of the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy. The developed econometric model was verified to check its practical usefulness. This process was performed using the Gretl program. The research also used the Pentagon Model of Macroeconomic Stabilization, which was used to examine the general economic development of Poland because of which it is possible to conclude about the international systemic competitiveness of the economy. Findings: In the analyzed period (2004–2019), the international systemic competitiveness of the Polish economy was to the greatest extent conditioned by such factors as government integrity, tax burdens and investment freedom. It is significant that the integrity of the government had a negative impact on the value of GDP per capita. Practical implications: The results of the conducted research may be particularly useful for the institutional sphere. They indicate systemic factors that had the greatest impact on the prosperity of Polish society in the analyzed period. This enables the weakest elements of the policy to be identified and improved. Proper applications and appropriate corrective actions will have a positive economic effect. Originality/value: So far, it has not been possible to develop/indicate a uniform and generally accepted measure and method of analyzing international systemic competitiveness. Therefore, all attempts to assess and measure systemic competitiveness have a high research value. The vast majority of studies on the international competitiveness of the economy focus only on assessing its level (growth, decline and comparison with other countries). When building an econometric model (based on the 2004–2019 time series), the author also checks the impact of its individual components, not only its level. On this basis, it can be deduced, which factors influenced the competitiveness in a given period to a greater extent, positively or negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to report tax strategies used in popular products with high taxation, demonstrating the positive and negative impacts caused on companies through changes in tax classifications, productions or product structures to reduce tax costs as a result of the variation in the IPI value. For this purpose, the TIPI Table (tax incidence table on industrialized products) was used, which is a list of products with their respective rates. It is a file, regulated and constantly updated by the Federal Revenue, where the industrialized products, their specific Mercosur Common Nomenclature (NCM) and their respective tax rate are gathered. The application of this table and the reclassification of some popularly known products were studied and analyzed. In this study, it was noticed that such reclassifications allowed a reduction in the tax rates on industrialized products, thus maximizing the results of the companies. Finally, it was recommended that companies, mainly whose products marketed are considered "nonessential", properly carry out the tax classification of products, as there are possibilities to legally minimize taxation, thus increasing the profit margin, reducing sales prices. and consequently generating an increase in sales and revenue. However, in the opposite situation, there may be tax penalties if errors in the tax classifications occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of people and the movement of money are often discrete. As such, governments can address the effects of each separately. Because residence provides a general jurisdictional basis for state personal income taxation, however, money often moves with people. States must disentangle the two to prevent tax base erosion and improve distributional equity, particularly with many highnet- worth individuals migrating to states with more favorable tax regimes. A state exit tax may be the answer. This Article begins by examining exit tax theory and advancing novel applications of theories that support subnational exit taxation, both domestically and internationally. With a robust theoretical and technical foundation, this Article turns to state and local exit tax design. This discussion examines constitutional constraints to address specific tax base migration challenges—focusing on the justifications, distributional impact, and optimal exit tax design features to address each situation. If a state has a solid theoretical foundation and incorporates proper design principles, as this Article provides, an exit tax can effectively mitigate tax base migration while aligning with prevailing policy goals and avoiding constitutional infirmities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper criticizes the supply-side economic policy promoted by the UK government under Prime Minister Liz Truss. According to the conventional interpretation, the stagnation and productivity crisis in the UK economy is due to the excessive tax burden on large corporations and the tax burden on the richest 1%. If these tax liabilities were reduced, it would increase the profitability of investment, demand and the rate of growth. This would translate into better incomes and higher levels of employment. This story is based on the Laffer curve and associated with the "trickle down" hypothesis, falsified by empirical evidence. Tax reductions for the richest people worsen the distribution of income, and do not raise income or employment. The cause and effect is from profits to investment and growth; not from spending to profits and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on comparative measures of property tax equity in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Topics include a nationwide analysis of property tax assessments and sales data that found regressivity in assessments and property taxe; the importance of considering tax exemptions, such as homestead exemptions, in achieving a progressive property tax system; and the need for the assessment community to critically evaluate the valuation process for property tax purposes.

The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) imposes an excessive income tax burden on many low- and mid-income performing artists. Low- and mid-income performing artists suffer a higher effective income tax burden than similarly situated taxpayers who are not performing artists and may also suffer a higher income tax burden than high-income performing artists. This inequity is due to a failure in the Internal Revenue Code, which has been significantly exacerbated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) passed in 2017. This Article makes three key assertions: First, it shows that the IRC and the TCJA do not account for the unique employment structures of the entertainment industry, resulting in low- and mid-income performing artists having to pay income tax on more than their net income. Second, the Article uses stylized examples to show how current taxation of performing artists fails the standard benchmarks of sound tax policymaking. Third, the paper explores several possible solutions to the problem and calls for the passage of the Performing Artist Tax Parity Act (PATPA), which has been introduced with bipartisan support in Congress several times but has yet to pass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with evaluating the influence of the tax and levy burden of wages on employment and tax revenue. The high tax and levy burden on wages is not favourable for the economy. The analysis results show that the increase in the tax and levy burden of wages has a negative effect on employment. When evaluating the effect of the tax and levy burden on tax revenue, the effect is different from the scope of used deductions. However, the long-term problem of the Czech Republic in comparison with other countries is not the tax burden on labour, but the related levy burden, which increases the price of labour and thus has a negative effect on the labour market from its transnational perspective. The analysis confirms that the Czech Republic remains among the countries with a high levy burden. To achieve the paper's objectives, methods of description, comparison, analysis, synthesis, and regression and correlation analyses are used. The added value and uniqueness of this article is, among other things, the fact that these indicators - effective, respectively, implicit tax rates on labour are calculated depending on the distribution of wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E. Inheritance Tax Benefits Non-doms also have the advantage of beneficial treatment for UK inheritance tax (IHT) purposes. United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) also provides Brazilians with several immigration options. [Extracted from the article]

Dublin experienced a marked stagnation in population growth in the second half of the nineteenth century, accompanied by decaying infrastructure and poor public health. Historians have emphasized that this crisis was coupled with poor governance of the city of Dublin—manifested by eroding public services together with increasing tax burdens to counteract growing debt. This paper studies the municipal boundary expansion of Dublin in 1901, which occurred as a way to alleviate the city's financial distress. It saw multiple relatively wealthy townships annexed by the city via royal order to increase Dublin's tax base. Using a sample of census records matched to city streets, we show that wealthy residents and Protestant residents were more likely to leave annexed areas compared to areas that remained independent. Moreover, we offer anecdotal evidence that at least some of the wealthy Protestant households departing annexed townships sorted into jurisdictions that remained independent. Our findings offer support to arguments that the municipal annexation by the city of Dublin may have accelerated the decline of annexed areas in the early twentieth century and contributed to municipal fragmentation in metropolitan Dublin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The informal economy has started to become the center of attention of the whole world since the 1960s. Therefore, the informal economy emerges differently in each country and is called with different terms. Defining and measuring the informal economy is difficult and it is an undesirable situation due to the negative effects it creates. For this reason, determining the causes of the informal economy is of great importance in the fight against informality. There are many reasons for the informal economy. Although these reasons differ between countries, the most widely accepted reason is that the tax burden is heavy. So, taxes become an issue that needs to be emphasized in the fight against the informal economy. Although there are studies in the literature that deal with the relationship between informality and tax, most of the studies are on the effect of the informal economy on tax revenues. In this study, the practices that are within the scope of income tax and that can negatively affect informality are discussed. In this direction, the study aims to explain how practices in the Income Tax Law negatively affect informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent changes in the national events have generated the need to increase tax collection, this in order to subsidize public policies that allow us to face the social, sanitary and economic crisis that currently affects our country. The purpose of this investigation is to analyze what is the effect that the elimination and/or modification of exemptions such as the DFL.2 and the Value Added Tax would produce in the services at the level of tax collection, considering the age of these benefits and the amount of taxpayers who choose to use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the relationship between the tax burden on labor and magic quadrangle indicators in the Czech Republic in the years 1993 through 2020. The article examines whether indicators such as the effective rate or tax rate on labor affect the macro-economic indicators of the magic quadrangle. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it deals with the influence of political factors. The analysis shows the strongest correlation between the growth of gross domestic product and the implicit tax rate on labor. Moreover, the study finds that the factor with the most significant – and surprising – bearing on the findings is that fact that right-wing Parliament behaved like left-wing parties. The conclusions reached by this study further underline the significance of the tax burden on labor on the selected magic quadrangle indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate and compare the distributive impact of the personal income tax (PIT) on individual's income in Brazil and China by measuring the Gini Index before and after this tax incidence. The paper also proposes a methodology for transposing the PIT backets from one country to another. The results show that a more progressive scheme implemented by China, with more brackets and higher rates, does not guarantee reduction of inequality, due to the level of income exemption and to the incomes on which the marginal rates affect. Thus, it can be perceived that the PIT brackets of these two countries deserves revisions if they seek to fulfill the distributive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, it is worth noting that, since Flores-Macías focuses on a specific type of tax, his argument does not necessarily contradict the idea that leftist governments I generally i raise taxes more than right-wing ones, or that they force later governments to do so by increasing spending. Gustavo A. Flores-Macías, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. xiv + 205 In 2002 the Colombian government adopted a special tax on the wealthiest citizens to fund its efforts to defeat a growing insurgency and improve public safety. In I Contemporary State Building i , Gustavo Flores-Macías sets out to explain why such taxes are adopted in some situations but not others. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates whether the degree of tax aggressiveness is associated with conditional conservatism in Brazil. After a thorough literature review on accounting conservatism by Brazilian academia and a discussion about tax aggressiveness and accounting conservatism, a literature gap was found because the relationship between a firm's degree of tax aggressiveness and its conditional conservatism had not been investigated previously. Taxable income has a relationship with accounting income in the Brazilian corporate income tax system. Hence, tax planning can affect financial information properties. This study offers a partial explanation of accounting conservatism based on tax issues that contribute to the conservatism and taxation literature. The results suggest that tax strategies that aim to avoid tax burden are related to conditional conservative accounting. Hence, the practice of conditional conservatism in Brazil appears to be linked with tax-deductible alternatives of reducing earnings, which would explain tax planning's association with the degree of conditional conservatism in financial reporting. This finding is relevant to financial reporting users that can consider our results in their analysis and to management that seeks to understand their decisions about tax planning better. For this research purpose, two Basu models (Basu, 1997) were adopted, adapted with tax-aggressiveness controls. The effective tax rate (ETR) was used as a tax-aggressiveness metric, controlling firms with both high and low ETR. The study period was from 2010 to 2019 for Brazilian firms from B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3). The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between tax avoidance and conditional conservatism, that is, more tax-aggressive firms tend to use more conservative accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the industrialization phases in the textile sector has made it important to reveal the unique aspects of the Turkish weaving tradition and the synthesis it has reached, from silk and wool weaving to cotton and linen weaving. The causal ties of the Ottoman weaving tradition with the past and the historical projections that have reached today have not yet been evaluated from a general point of view. This evaluation can only be possible with the researches to be carried out on the sub-types of the weaving tradition. In this context, it is important to reveal the general adventure of the Ankara shawl, which is referred to as the Engürü shawl in the Ottoman archive documents. Ankara shawl is the most important production commodity in Ankara, from the end of the 17th century to the 19th century and is the most demanded fabric by elite groups after quality silk fabrics. The first document in which the Ankara shawl was identified is dated 1715, while the last document is dated 1863. After 1790, the density of documents related to the Ankara shawl has been increasing. There are many signs that suggest that the Ankara shawl weaving technique was produced as a result of technical progress in the weaving technique of mohair fabric. Ankara mohair fabric is a type of weaving completely unique to the weaving technique from yarn raw material. Ankara shawl is a fabric woven from the same thread as mohair, in a period from the end of the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century, it was understood that summer clothes were made from Ankara shawl in cities such as Istanbul and Bursa. Navy and Saray are among those who demand the Ankara shawl. It has been determined that a white Ankara shawl was produced as a flag fabric for the Navy. The role of Muslim women in the production of fabric in Ankara is also reflected in the documents. Since the 19th century, important regulations regarding the production of shawls have been made in Ankara against imported shawl fabrics, but these measures have not been successful. It is also seen in the documents that shawls of European origin started to be in demand in Ottoman cities, especially in Istanbul, since the second half of the 19th century. It is understood that there was a very rapid decline in Ankara shawl production between 1830 and1840. Considering that the problem was due to the instability of quality and price instability, the Ottoman administration wanted Ankara shawl to be produced in standard size and quality and to be dyed and stamped in the miri dyehouse in order to avoid tax loss. For quality and price stability, since the second quarter of the 19th century, fixed places were determined in cities such as Istanbul and Bursa, with the practice of monopolization, and control over the supply was established. While the place determined in Istanbul within the framework of the monopolization application is Yenihan, it is the Old Yenihan in Bursa. Although the heavy tax burden on the Ankara shawl is felt in the content of the statements in the documents, it was not aimed to protect a certain group by bringing monopoly with the practice of monopolization, but rather quality and price stability. Objections to the fixed space application determined afterwards were reflected in the documents on the grounds that it hindered the production ability. Ankara shawl; varieties such as hünkâri, berce, kaba shawl, harcialem mediocre shawl and edna shawl and colors such as narcissus, canary, samuri, squirrel, brown, blue, yellow shawl and white shawl were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A higher tax burden in individual countries need not always deter investors from investing profitably. Countries use tax burden levels in the form of changes in tax rates to attract foreign investment. The main objective of this study is to examine the tax competitiveness of the Slovak Republic compared to European Union (EU) countries (EU-27) and to evaluate the origin, extent, and form of investments from foreign investors in tangible and intangible assets in the Slovak Republic. To meet this objective, we first calculate the average tax rate for specific crossborder investments coming to Slovakia from all EU countries. To determine tax competitiveness, we compare the calculated effective average tax rate (EATR) with the EATR in individual EU countries. Finally, we perform an analysis of EATR and foreign direct investment (FDI) using cluster analysis, which categorises EU countries and evaluates their tax competitiveness. The analysis and comparison of values are conducted for the year 2019, while the countries are divided into old (EU-15) and new (EU-12) EU member countries. The article concludes that the calculated Slovak EART for cross-border investment is more profitable for old EU member countries and is, thus, more tax-competitive versus investors' countries of origin. We can further state that the tax burden is among the most important indicators for investors and, thus, a lower EATR value than that in an investor's country of origin contributes to the inflow of equity participation of FDI in Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For example, Michigan imposes a value-based personal property tax on "Solar Energy Systems."[10] In that case, a preset depreciation factor is applied to a project's original cost to reach the "true cash value", which is ultimately subjected to local property tax rates. B. Sales and Use Tax Like property tax, most states follow similar paths for sales and use tax. It provides a short background on the components that make up wind and solar projects, summarizes commonly applicable taxes, including property tax and sales and use tax, and concludes with a brief discussion of why developers should care about state and local taxation. Between a rapidly changing planet, generous federal tax incentives, and high demand, wind and solar projects are experiencing a major growth spurt.[1] In the summer of 2010, the United States had a total net capacity of 39,134.5 megawatts in utility-scale wind energy.[2] By the summer of 2020, that number climbed to 118,378.7 megawatts, more than a 200% increase in just ten years.[3] Similarly, in the summer of 2010, the United States had a total net capacity of just 393.4 megawatts in utility-scale solar energy.[4] Ten years later, however, that number reached 46,306.2 megawatts, a gigantic 11,600% increase.[5] As wind and solar continue to grow, state taxing authorities are examining, and reexamining, how best to tax these unique projects. [Extracted from the article]