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It is proposed that Ionic Liquids offer a new opportunity for exploration into a novel medium for processing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, particularly with respect to habit control and polymorphic form. A review of relevant literature relating to ionic liquids properties, commercial applications and current research has been summarised together with background into fundamental crystallisation theory. Crystallisations using thermal methods were employed at laboratory scale and the physical properties of the resultant powders were analysed and compared to commonly encountered crystal forms. For paracetamol it was found that the morphology of the crystals could be manipulated, producing in some cases, habits not reported for conventional organic solvent crystallisation. This was achieved through changing both the IL used and the saturation of the system whilst in all cases retaining the most stable polymorph. ILs ILs to be ‘designed’ for a given API but greater understanding of the interactions between IL and solute are required first. Properties such as increased solvation power, thermal stability, liquidus range and low vapour pressure bring a number of advantages when designing industrial crystallisations. However ILs also have a number of disadvantages including phase separation problems.

The aims of this project are two-fold. Firstly, it aims to correlate the erotically charged philosophy of Alexander Skryabin with the progressive harmonic structures of his music. Secondly it proposes a new harmonic theory which is designed to offer a deeper understanding of the ways in which music can represent and embody the mechanisms of the human 'drive'. This involves unravelling the numerous strands of thought - both esoteric and mainstream ― that constructed Skryabin's idiosyncratic and highly eccentric world-view. To understand fully tills complex body of ideas it appeals to 20(^th) century psychoanalysis in the Freudian tradition. This vital link connects Skryabin's interest in psychology and philosophy to his compositional procedures whilst showing that certain of Freud's ideas were crystallised in writings on desire from the 1960ร which also brought the various contradictions betrayed in Skryabin's writings into the spotlight. In some cases, Skryabin's music itself offers safe paths out of his philosophical quagmire, where the formal propositions of his writings fail. Whilst the harmonic theory proposed is deeply rooted in the philosophy that Skryabin himself studied, it is equally grown from a correspondence between current trends of analytical thought in music and analytical trends that have been predominant in Russia. Whilst the first chapter outlays the philosophical basis of my theory, the following three chapters explore the intricacies of my analytical system in purely musical terms to present a line of inquiry termed drive analysis. The remaining three chapters pick up the philosophical thread and slowly draw my various strands together in a concluding analysis of Skryabin's Poem of Ecstasy.

Theories of language evolution typically attribute its unique structure to pressures acting on the genetic transmission of a language faculty and on the cultural transmission of language itself. In strongly biological accounts, natural selection acting on the genetic transmission of the language faculty is seen as the key determinant of linguistic structure, with culture relegated to a relatively minor role. Strongly cultural accounts place greater emphasis on the role of learning in shaping language, with little or no biological adaptation. Formal modelling of the transmission of language, using mathematical or computational techniques, allows rigorous study of the impact of these two modes of transmission on the structure of language. In this thesis, computational models are used to investigate the evolution of symbolic vocabulary and compositional structure. To what extent can these aspects of language be explained in terms of purely biological or cultural evolution? Should we expect to see a fruitful interaction between these two adaptive processes in a dual transmission model? As a first step towards addressing these questions, models which focus on the cultural transmission of language are developed. These models suggest that the symbolic vocabulary and compositional structure of language can emerge through the adaptation of language itself in response to pressure to be learnable. This pressure arises during cultural transmission as a result of 1) the inductive bias of learners and 2) the poverty of the stimulus available to learners. Language-like systems emerge only when learners acquire their linguistic competence on the basis of sparse input and do so using learning procedures which are biased in favour of one-to-one mappings between meanings and signals. Children acquire language under precisely such circumstances. As the second stage of inquiry, dual transmission models are developed to ascertain whether this cultural evolution of language interacts with the biological evolution of the language faculty. In these models an individual’s learning bias is assumed to be genetically determined. Surprisingly, natural selection during the genetic transmission of this innate endowment does not result in the development of learning biases which lead, through cultural processes, to language-like communication - there is no synergistic interaction between biological and cultural evolution. The evolution of language may therefore best be explained in terms of cultural evolution on a domain-general or exapted innate substrate.

The research is concerned with accounting for the contemporary forms of discourse and practice of business ethics. Through a review of the literature concerning both business ethics and organisational culture it is argued that each literature expresses the contemporary uncertainty regarding how organisational practices and management may be analyzed and understood. A case study of Sheffield Business School indicates that the interest in "managing" organisational culture, along with the contemporary interest in business ethics, can be viewed as reflecting the uncertainties arising from the increased influence of the free market economy upon both business organisations and other organisational forms. It is argued that both the Business School as a cultural artifact, and the contemporary concerns with organisational culture and business ethics reflect the complexities and the uncertainties confronting individual actors living in an era characterised as one of Reflexive Modernity. With regard to business ethics, it is contended that there is a need to locate the phenomenon within an analysis of the socio-economic milieux of Western society. A postmodernist analysis is rejected on the grounds that the concept itself can be located within a Durkheimian analysis which applies the concept of anomie. By drawing attention to the effects of the free market upon other spheres of social life, it is argued that Durkheim provides an appropriate conceptual framework for the analysis of business ethics. That is, business ethics can be viewed as being both an expression of, and reaction to, contemporary anomie. This is also reflected in controversies regarding the parameters of business ethics, and the methodological difficulties encountered in researching the phenomenon. By providing a non-rejectionist critique of free market business behaviour, a Durkheimian analysis of business ethics provides a means of analyzing future developments within the business community and the role of the free market within society, as well as the implications for individual behaviour.

Power electronic converters are being increasingly used on isolated marine power systems, to provide variable speed control of electric motors. As the rating of these drive converters increases, the converter load becomes a significant part of the total system load. Traditional methods for calculating the performance characristics, which assume the presence of an infinite busbar on the system, are not appropriate for such systems. The intercoupling which exists between system components such as synchronous generators, converters, and the drive motor must be included in the calculation. In this thesis, a commercially available software simulator Saber, is used to model a complete electrical cycloconverter propulsion drive, of the type which may be used for future Royal Navy frigates. This model includes the synchronous generators, cycloconverters, and induction motor drives. The simulation is performed in the time domain, which ensures that the intercoupling present between system components is preserved. The simulation is not restricted to one converter configuration, and has been used to investigate the relative merits of a number of possible converter connections. This method can be used to study drive performance under unbalanced conditions as well as for normal balanced operation. There is no perceived limit to the size, or complexity, of the converter systems which can be studied using this method. The only cost would be increased computer run times.

This thesis examines revivalism sociologically and phenomenologically. It is contended that sociology and phenomenology of religion are not incompatible disciplines, but may and should be complementary. It is possible for both to be fruitfully applied to the study of religion and religious phenomena, and this has been attempted in the present work. The eighteenth-century revival in London in its formative years, 1736 to 1750, is studied in depth. In addition to the contemporary and subsequent published works, such as journals, pamphlets, books, letters and local histories of various description, considerable use has been made of unpublished manuscripts, and other primary sources not previously used in the same way as in this thesis. An examination is then made of a wide chronological and geographical range of other post-Reformation revivals in the Christian tradition. In doing so, those revivals are included which have been of considerable significance in terms of their impact upon, and importance to the religious life of the community with which they are associated, or which have exerted a profound influence in helping to stimulate other such phenomena. Where this has not been of special relevance, the revival has been chosen because it is well documented, often by a contemporary person involved in it, in such a manner as to give added insight into either or both its social and religious aspects. On the basis of these studies, revivalism is considered as a social and religious phenomenon. This is undertaken in the broad context of major world religions, and by reference to those sociological and phenomenological theories and concepts which appear most pertinent to this particular manifestation of religious behaviour.

Consumer awareness regarding the impact of nutrition on health and wellness has been steadily growing, along with interest in fresh, natural and wholesome foods and ingredients. Despite the growing demand for healthy food, and the increasing information supporting the contribution of whole grain products to a healthy diet consumers still fail to meet the USDA recommended daily amount. Among the major factors limiting consumption of whole grains are negative sensory attributes associated with whole grain products. When cereal foods are manufactured with whole grain instead of refined grain flour, lower product acceptability is observed. Understanding how whole grains differ from more widely accepted refined grain flours, and the mechanisms of whole grain flavor development is a vital step in improving the food production system to meet consumer flavor expectations. To address flavor quality challenges, this work had two distinct yet, related goals ultimately aiming to improve the flavor profile of extruded whole grain products. The first aimed to characterize the key aroma differences between refined and whole grain extruded corn puffs. The second goal aimed to understand how processing can influence the content and delivery of bitter compounds from the food matrix. Both aimed at gaining insight on how ingredients and processing affect flavor development and perception thus, providing a basis for food producers to tailor extrusion processing to create more palatable wholesome products and boost consumer acceptance. Key aroma compounds that drive the differences in the refined and whole grain extruded corn puffs were characterized to better understand the flavor performance of whole grain formulated corn puffs and related mechanistic pathways of flavor generation. Gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) were utilized to examine aroma profiles and identify key aroma differences between whole grain and refined grain extruded corn puffs. Following identification sensory descriptive analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of compounds identified through AEDA on aroma attributes of the corn puffs. GC-O/MS and AEDA analysis identified 13 odor active compounds with different aroma intensity and quantitative concentrations between the whole grain and refined corn puffs. Of the identified aroma compounds 9 were significantly higher in concentration in the whole grain puffs (WGP), 2-methyl-pyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, methylthiazoline, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl4H-pyran-4-one, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde were higher in concentration in while one compound 2,5-dimethylpyrazine was higher in concentration in refined grain puffs (RFP). Based on the chemical structures of the identified odorants three reaction pathways that drive aroma differences were identified as of interest; the Maillard or non-enzymatic, phenolic degradation and the lipid oxidation reaction pathways. Descriptive Analysis (DA) was employed to investigate the sensory impact of the identified odorants important for aroma attribute differences. In general, the results indicated that the perceived puffed aroma intensities of the RFP and WGP profiles agreed with the quantitative analysis of the identified aroma compounds. The WG puffs were reported to have a greater intensity of cooked, corn chip, roasted and toasted attributes. Which was reflective of the higher concentration of Maillard reaction products which have aroma characteristics like roasted and toasted In addition to changes in the aroma attribute intensities, other flavors characteristics like taste are important. One bitter compound chaenorpine, a major contributor of bitterness in extruded WGP, was also examined. The impact of processing treatments applied to flour, addition/exclusion of ingredient aids, pH modification and flour aging, on the concentration of available chaenorpine were explored. The influence of heat treatment on bitterness generation was examined using both a bench scale thermal processing protocol, as well as pilot scale extrusion. Chaenorpine concentration was monitored via LC/MS/MS and was determined in solvent extracts, reflecting total content as well as in saliva extracts after mastication, reflecting the oral concentration during consumption. The results indicated that addition of tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) reduced the level of chaenorpine in the puffs. The observed reduction was thought to be related to the ability of the processing aid to raise the pH of the sample. A series of pH modifications were further examined the influence of pH on chaenorpine content. The results revealed a two-fold reduction of chaenorpine when pH of the sample was in the basic region when compared to acidic. Sensory studies agreed with analytical findings and confirmed that the overall perception of bitterness was reduced in puffs, when TSP was included in the formulation and the concentration of chaenorpine was reduced. Thus, providing a potential ingredient method that could effectively reduce bitterness perception of whole grain corn products and improve the overall flavor profile. In summary, this work illustrated the significant impact of inherent flour chemistry on the development of the flavor profile of extruded corn products and related pathways of flavor generation. Understanding aroma and bitterness development provides the foundation for processing and formulation strategies for flavor optimization ultimately to increase consumer acceptability and consumption.

Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) can have a strong influence on patterns of carbon (C) and N cycling in forest ecosystems. High-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) forests in the central Appalachian Mountains have historically been among the most sensitive ecosystems to the negative effects of N deposition. I examined the primary environmental factors that influence 1) N status, 2) belowground C balance, and 3) red spruce aboveground growth in seven high-elevation study sites that are located in an area where N deposition has been historically moderate to high. I established the seven sites in 2011 along a transect of N deposition within the central Appalachian Mountains with the goal of determining whether historically elevated rates of N deposition were continuing to have long-term effects on ecosystem function. With respect to N-induced changes to forest N status, I found no evidence that patterns of N availability were associated with N deposition; instead, I found that site-level differences in the abundance of broadleaf deciduous tree species were a consistently better predictor of N status at these sites. Likewise, annual rates of soil respiration and total belowground C allocation (TBCA) were positively correlated with a higher abundance of broadleaf species, but were unrelated to N deposition. These results suggest that the abundance of broadleaf tree species had a strong influence on N status and soil C balance via differences in the quality and decomposability of aboveground litterfall inputs. I found that the variation in red spruce aboveground growth along this transect was primarily related to differences in mean annual temperature between sites. I observed a weak negative trend relating red spruce growth to imbalances in foliar gas exchange (i.e. ratio of foliar dark respiration to net photosynthesis), suggesting that tree growth was reduced in locations where photosynthetic C uptake was more significantly offset by C losses via respiration. Overall, these red spruce growth patterns indicate that cooler temperatures were a stronger limiting factor to aboveground production than N availability or N deposition. This research suggests that environmental factors apart from N deposition control C and N cycling dynamics in these forests, despite the fact that red spruce ecosystems throughout the Northeast have been negatively affected by acidic deposition in the past. However, while rates of N deposition have significantly declined since their peak in the mid 1980s, it is possible that current rates of N deposition may still have some impacts on ecosystem function, but these effects were undetectable given the overwhelming influence of tree species. Overall, these results are encouraging and could indicate that red spruce forests in this region are in a period of recovery from pollution.

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a collection of rare diseases which effect one or more components of the human immune system and are typically considered monogenic. PID presents with features including increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, atopy and malignancy. The list of genes associated with these inborn errors of immunity continues to expand. However, the majority of patients clinically effected with PID still remain without a genetic diagnosis. In this thesis, I have investigated three novel monogenic associations with PID, and also explored the impacts of common genetic variation in PID-associated genes with common diseases. From analysis of whole-genome sequence data of over 800 PID probands within the NIHR BioResource Rare Disease PID cohort, I identified novel monogenic associations between PID and rare deleterious variants in SOCS1, IVNS1ABP and TRAF3. In two families with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency I investigated the impacts of heterozygous deleterious variants in SOCS1. Patients showed reduced suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) protein leading to enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation. Also, due the reduction in the E3 ligase action of SOCS1, patient cells showed increased Toll-like receptor cytokine responses and hyperactivity of the Akt pathway. Thus, dysregulation of multiple immune pathways leads to autoimmunity and immunodeficiency in affected individuals. I then examined the functions and role of Influenza virus NS1A-binding protein (IVNS1ABP) in immunity through the study of three patients with IVNS1ABP haploinsufficiency. These patients presented with warts and autoimmune disease with low CD4+ T cells and aberrant expression of PD-1 and CD127. Study of patient T cells, IVNS1ABP knockdown Jurkat cell lines, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated IVNS1ABP knockdown in primary human T cells demonstrated that reduced IVNS1ABP leads to T cell hyperactivation. Development of Ivns1abpEM1/+ haploinsufficient mice corroborated these human findings, with Ivns1abpEM1/+ mice displaying Cd4+ lymphopenia and developing an immune phenotype consistent with that of affected humans with age and following host-pathogen interactions. Finally, I investigated seven individuals from three families with heterozygous deleterious variants in TRAF3. Affected individuals clinically presented with bacterial infections and autoimmunity, predominantly early-onset Sjögren's syndrome. Reduced tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) in B cells led to increased NF-B2 activity resulting in polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia and auto-antibody production. Increased NF-B2 activity promoted mitochondrial respiration and consequently B cell activity. TRAF3 is frequently somatically mutated in B cell malignancies, and I showed that somatic loss of TRAF3 has similar biological effects in B cells to those observed in the monogenic PID patients. Utilising the phenotypes of the monogenic TRAF3 haploinsufficient patients I identified common variants in TRAF3 which, via actions as expression quantitative trait loci, reduce expression of TRAF3 and increased the risk of B cell malignancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and bacterial infections in the general population. Thus, the work in this thesis demonstrates how the study of rare monogenic PID can inform on the roles of specific genes in human immunity, and also how common variants in these human PID-associated genes may infer disease risks, albeit at a far lower relative risk to the individual, across the wider population.

Since the 1950s, the investigation of genetic causes of primary immunodeficiencies has fundamentally shaped our understanding of the immune system, and that fountain of knowledge has continued to expand explosively as we enter the genomic era with the dawn of CRISPR and personalized medicine. In this work, I describe four new monogenetic causes of primary immunodeficiency (PID) and a novel gene that may be associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The index cases were initially identified from two large PID cohorts - one based at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States and the other based at University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Eight individuals from four different kindreds were identified to have IL2RB deficiency due to three different loss of function IL2RB mutations, leading to either significant truncation of protein, reduced surface expression, or decreased IL-2 binding affinity. These patients all presented with autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, bowel inflammation, dermatological abnormalities, and cytomegalovirus disease and had loss of regulatory T cells and "adaptive" natural killer cells. Another consanguineous kindred in the NIH cohort was found to have infantile inflammatory bowel disease associated with a rare homozygous IL37 mutation. Functional validation using cell lines and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealed a failure of the mutant IL-37 to be secreted extracellularly or translocated to the nucleus causing an inability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and genome wide association studies to analyze the UK cohort of predominantly antibody-deficient patients, we identified PTPN2 and SOCS1 haploinsufficiency due to a combination of common and rare variants as genetic causes of CVID. These patients had loss of TC-PTP and SOCS1 protein as well as hyper-phosphorylation of STAT1. This dissertation closes with a tantalizing description of a kindred with four CVID patients with either homozygous recessive or compound heterozygous mutations in a poorly characterized gene TTC21A. Preliminary primary B cell CRISPR experiments and CRISPR knock-in mouse studies are so far inconclusive. The work presented here adds to the compendium of PID discoveries and provides insight into well-understood signaling pathways like IL-2, IL-1beta and interferon-gamma as well as attempts to elucidate the role of enigmatic genes like IL-37 and TTC21A using iPSCs and CRISPR technologies.

This dissertation engages in a close reading of the research in composition on transfer, a concept that refers to how the practices learned in one situation influence what a person can do in a future situation. In the studies that have appeared over the last two decades, the results have indicated that not much transfers between writing courses and future contexts, whether they be disciplinary courses or professional workplaces. Yet, despite the increasing prominence of transfer research, little time has been spent discussing the uses and limitations of the concept. To better understand its growing popularity among researchers, I examine its roots in genre theory, its use by empirical researchers, and its function in the debate over first-year composition. Part of the reason we have trouble isolating instances of “transfer” is because of the way the concept frames our understanding of writing development. It treats practices almost like commodities, mental tools that are acquired in the classroom and then eventually carried by learners into new situations. Following the work of social theorists like Stephen Turner, Jean Lave, and Pierre Bourdieu, I argue for a model of practice that views it as a temporal “coupling” between a person’s habitual dispositions and their social environment. The main contribution this perspective makes to transfer theory is the emphasis it places on time. Because the world is always in flux, students must continually respond to new challenges, whether they are as simple as adjusting to a difficult professor’s expectations or as complex as writing in an unfamiliar genre. If we look at writing development from this perspective, transfer is ubiquitous, for learners must necessarily draw on their previous experiences to meet the demands of a changing world. The first chapter establishes the dissertation’s theoretical framework, focusing especially on Bourdieu’s discussion of practice and criticisms made of his work. The second chapter looks critically at the metaphors employed to understand writing practices in genre theory and transfer studies. The metaphors point to some unspoken assumptions in our discipline, mainly by demonstrating the ways researchers portray practices almost like commodities. The third chapter examines the methodological approaches used to examine transfer and shows how researchers often don’t fully take into account the tacit dimension of practice. The fourth chapter articulates an alternative model of writing practices, one that brings together the work of practice theory and actor-oriented transfer research. In the final chapter, I suggest some directions for future research, arguing we especially need more information about how students deal with unexpected situations.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a multi-systemic autoimmune disorder with evidence of circulating pathogenic ANCA. There are two main antigenic targets: proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided evidence that PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV are genetically distinct autoimmune syndromes, though only three loci specific to PR3-AAV and one to MPO-AAV have been identified to date. With the European Vasculitis Genetics Consortium, we conducted a larger GWAS, powered to discover additional risk loci in both PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV independently. A meta-analysis of two European cohorts was conducted, comprising 1,610 PR3-AAV cases, 870 MPO-AAV cases and 11,947 controls. For PTPN22 (rs6679677), a further replication cohort, previously genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform, and comprising 1,122 PR3-AAV and 347 MPO-AAV cases and 1,531 controls was included in the combined analysis. This is the largest genome-wide association study of AAV to date and we have identified a total of 12 AAV susceptibility loci. Previously genome-wide significant loci were confirmed, including HLA class II, SERPINA1, PRTN3 and PTPN22. Seven new genome-wide significant loci were identified: three associated with PR3-AAV (BCL2L11-MIR4435-2HG, EBF3-MGMT, IGHV1-69), two with MPO-AAV (BACH2, ANKRD11-SPG7) and two shared by both (CTLA-4 and DGUOK-TET3). Further analyses based on common variants suggested that a substantial component of the genetic architecture was shared between PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV, similar to that observed between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. In addition, Mendelian randomisation analysis confirmed that a higher eosinophil count increased the risk of PR3-AAV but not MPO-AAV, and this effect might, in part, be modulated by MIR4435-2HG through prolongation of eosinophil survival. MIR4435-2HG encodes a long non-coding RNA that plays a critical role in the regulation of BCL2L11 transcription (a Bcl2 family member essential for controlling apoptosis) in myeloid cells and hence their lifespan. We have also identified a missense variant in IGHV1-69 (rs11845244) that leads to a loss in neutralising function of antibodies generated against the NEAT2 domain of Staphylococcus aureus. This therefore provides a plausible host genetic factor in determining the susceptibility to infectious disease and as a potential driver of PR3-AAV. Overall, this study provides key novel insights into disease biology for AAV and potential therapeutic targets.

Participation in summer session has benefits for students including improved retention and degree completion and increased contact with faculty (Adelman, 2006; DiGregorio, 1998). Just as some characteristics of students limit their access to participate in higher education in general, participation in summer session may also be affected by certain student characteristics. This study used a nationally representative sample to explore how undergraduate students who enroll in summer session may differ from undergraduate students who do not enroll in summer session in a variety of financial, geographic, academic, programmatic and cultural/social/physical characteristics historically associated with access to higher education. Significant differences between summer enrolled and not enrolled students were found in a number of instances. Some characteristics that are negatively associated with enrollment, persistence and attainment in higher education were positively associated with summer enrollment. A regression analysis revealed that the combined predictive value of student characteristics accounts for only a small portion of the overall decision to enroll in the summer term.

In this essay, I examine the ways in which new myths were made of Barack Obama in the months leading up to, and immediately following, the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election at three sites of cultural production: a UFO-based religious movement historically grounded in the black Israelite religious tradition, TIME magazine’s 2008 “Person of the Year” edition, and Sean Hannity’s “The Real Barack Obama” airing on the FOX News network. I argue that, while the content of these three Obama-myths varies considerable, the ways in which these myths are constructed, and function, are in fact rather similar.

Side Channel Attacks (SCA) exploit weaknesses in implementations of cryptographic functions resulting from unintended inputs and outputs such as execution timing, power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, thermal and acoustic emanations. Power Analysis Attacks (PAA) are a type of SCA in which an attacker measures the power consumption of a cryptographic device during normal execution. An attempt is then made to uncover a relationship between the instantaneous power consumption and secret key information. PAAs can be subdivided into Simple Power Analysis (SPA), Differential Power Analysis (DPA), and Correlation Power Analysis (CPA). Many attacks have been documented since PAAs were first described in 1998. But since they often vary significantly, it is difficult to directly compare the vulnerability of the implementations used in each. Research is necessary to identify and develop standard methods of evaluating the vulnerability of cryptographic implementations to PAAs. This thesis defines methodologies for performing PAAs on hardware implementations of AES. The process is divided into identification, extraction, and evaluation stages. The extraction stage is outlined for both simulated power consumption waveforms as well as for waveforms captured from physical implementations. An AES encryption hardware design is developed for the experiment. The hardware design is synthesized with the Synopsys 130-nm CMOS standard cell library. Simulated instantaneous power consumption waveforms are generated with Synopsys PrimeTime PX. Single and multiple-bit DPA attacks are performed on the waveforms. Improvements are applied in order to automate and improve the precision and performance of the system. The attacks on the simulated power waveforms are successful. The correct key byte is identified in 15 of the 16 single-bit attacks after 10,000 traces. The single-bit attack which does not uniquely identify the correct key byte becomes successful after 15,000 or more traces are applied. The key byte is found in 36 of the 38 multiple-bit attacks. The main contribution of this work is a methodology and simulation environment which can be used to design hardware which is resistant to PAA and determine and compare vulnerability.

This thesis presents results of the application of energy-based large-scale optimization of a two-subsystem (propulsion subsystem (PS) and airframe subsystem-aerodynamics (AFS-A)) air-to-air fighter (AAF) with two types of AFS-A models: a fixed-wing AFS-A and a morphing-wing AFS-A. The AAF flies 19 mission segments of a supersonic fighter aircraft mission and the results of the study show that for very large structural weight penalties and fuel penalties applied to account for the morphing technology, the morphing-wing aircraft can significantly outperform a fixed-wing AAF counterpart in terms of fuel burned over the mission. The optimization drives the fixed-wing AAF wing-geometry design to be at its best flying the supersonic mission segment, while the morphing-wing AFS-A wing design is able to effectively adapt to different flight conditions, cruising at subsonic speeds much more efficiently than the fixed-wing AAF and, thus yielding significant fuel savings. Also presented in this thesis are partially optimized results of the application of a decomposition strategy for large-scale optimization applied to a nine-subsystem AAF consisting of a morphing-wing AFS-A, turbofan propulsion subsystem (PS), environmental controls subsystem (ECS), fuel loop subsystem (FLS), vapor compression/polyalphaolefin loop subsystem (VC/PAOS), electrical subsystem (ES), central hydraulics subsystem (CHS), oil loop subsystem (OLS), and flight controls subsystem (FCS). The decomposition strategy called Iterative Local-Global Optimization (ILGO) is incorporated into a new engineering aircraft simulation and optimization software called iSCRIPT™ which also incorporates the models developed as part of this thesis work for the nine-subsystem AAF. The AAF flies 21 mission segments of a supersonic fighter aircraft mission with a payload drop simulating a combat situation. The partially optimized results are extrapolated to a synthesis/design which is believed to be close to the system-level optimum using previously published results of the application of ILGO to a five-subsystem AAF to which the partially optimized results of the nine-subsystem AAF compare relatively well. In addition to the optimization results, a parametric study of the morphing AFS-A geometry is conducted. Three mission segments are studied: subsonic climb, subsonic cruise, and supersonic cruise. Four wing geometry parameters are studied: leading-edge wing sweep angle, wing aspect ratio, wing thickness-to-chord ratio, and wing taper ratio. The partially optimized AAF is used as the baseline, and the values for these geometric parameters are increased or decreased up to 20% relative to an established baseline to see the effect, if any, on AAF fuel consumption for these mission segments. The only significant effects seen in any of the mission segments arise from changes in the leading-edge sweep angle and wing aspect ratio. The wing thickness-to-chord ratio shows some effect during the subsonic climb segment, but otherwise shows no effect along with the taper ratio in any of the three mission segments studied. It should be emphasized, however, that these changes are made about a point (i.e. synthesis/design), which is already optimal or nearly so. Thus, the conclusions drawn cannot be generalized to syntheses/designs, which may be far from optimal. Also note that the results upon which these conclusions are based may very likely highlight a weakness in the conceptual-level drag-buildup method used in this thesis work. Further optimization studies using this drag-buildup method may warrant setting the thickness-to-chord ratios and taper ratios rather than having them participate in the optimization as degrees of freedom (DOF). The final set of results is a parametric study conducted to highlight the correlation between the fuel consumption and the total exergy destruction in the AFS-A. The results for the subsonic cruise and supersonic cruise mission segments show that at least for the case when the AFS-A is optimized by itself for a fixed specific fuel consumption that there is a direct correlation between the fuel burned and total exergy destruction. However, as shown in earlier work where a three-subsystem AAF with AFS-A, PS, and ECS is optimized, this may not always be the case. Furthermore, based on the results presented in this thesis, there is a smoothing effect observed in the exergy response curves compared to the fuel-burned response curves to changes in AFS-A geometry. This indicates that the exergy destruction is slightly less sensitive to such changes.

Fluoro and trifluoromethyl groups are becoming increasingly popular in pharmaceuticals, as their inductive effects can be used to tailor a drug's specific interactions. Fluorous syntheses are also now becoming commonplace due to the efficient partitioning possible between fluorous and organic phases. Several new F-adamantyl derivatives were synthesized from F-Adamantyl lithium as targets for future incorporation into pharmaceuticals or for use as fluorous tags. They are: Ethyl-F-Adamantane from ethyl iodide, methyl Fadamantyl ketone and enolate from acetyl chloride, and TIPS protected F-Adamantyl ethanol from TIPS protected 2-bromoethanol. The synthesis of F-adamantyl sulfonyl halides was attempted, however, the F-adamantyl anion attacks the chlorine of sulfonyl chloride fluoride rather than the sulfur in an SNX reaction. Also, F-adamantyl sulfonyl bromide formed by the reaction ofF-Adamantyl Lithium with sulfur dioxide and bromine desulfonylated to form Fadamantyl bromide.

An evaluation of American higher education distance education programs was conducted to explore how they approach intellectual property, copyright and information sharing/antitrust policy concerns for Internet-based programs. An evaluation of the current status of distance education and Internet-based training in higher education was conducted through a pilot study that included a random sample of 223 accredited institutions. Seventy-seven institutions responded to a survey, of which there were 14 Research I&II, 17 Doctorate I&II, and 46 Master's I&II institutions included in this study. A review of institutional policy approaches for these 77 institutions was conducted via Internet Web site and bulletin review. A multiple-case study was also conducted which included 10 of the top 30 accredited distance education institutions in America. Policy approaches were examined for all institutions and differences were discussed for public and private institutions as well as the following Carnegie Class institutions- Research I&II, Doctorate I&II and Master's I&II. Ten percent of all institutions that responded to the pilot study developed a written policy addressing antitrust/information-sharing concerns. Additionally, the data indicated that 22% of institutions in these Carnegie Class ranges published copyright and intellectual property policy on their institutions' Internet Web site. Ninety percent of the institutions in the case study advised of central control for the distance education program, as well as central control for copyright and intellectual property policy.

Abstract: "Fall 1974."

Many complex problems exist in America today, but surely one of the most important is the problem of preparing for old age. Finding an effective solution to the financial burden of aging is a central issue in our economy in that the assets of private pension plans amounts to an appreciable sum which cannot be overlooked, especially with the growing alarm concerning the effectiveness of these plans; but besides this aggregate economic effect, private pension plans influence a considerable number of individual life patterns. For these reasons, it makes good sense to assess the effectiveness of the plans. This study is one attempt to satisfy the need for more formal analysis to determine the real value of private pension plans. The paper began by bringing together the various terms used in private pension plans; it then proceeded to an history of pensions in America. A systems model for private pension plans was developed in this work, and the objectives of private pension plans were elaborated. The information base developed in these early portions of the thesis was then used to derive an empirical profile of private pension plans from existing data. This profile consisted of a set of eleven parameters which fully describe the provisions of most private pension plans. An empirical profile for an alternate pension planning system was constructed to facilitate comparison. The Civil Service Retirement System was selected for use in this comparison; the comparison of private and federal sector pension plans was prefaced by an elaboration of pension concepts as they apply to the public service. These deliberations ended by supporting the hypothesis that pension plans in the federal sector may be more flexible and effective than private pension plans. An important input to the study was an intense search of the existing pension literature. This research resulted in the delineation of five current issues relating to private pension plans: disclosure, vesting, fiducicary responsibility, portability, and funding. The paper was concluded with the suggestion that much more formal inquiry is needed before these current and controversial issues can be resolved.

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Scope of Study: The mathematics curriculum is in the midst of a revolution in which many changes are being made. These changes are concerned with new approaches to traditional subject matter although some new material is being introduced. The purpose of this report is to compare some of the more significant changes from what has been taught traditionally in first year algebra. This comparison involves the Ball State, the School Mathematics Study Group, and the University of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics projects and the traditional approach of First Course in Algebra, a revised text by Mallory, Meserve, and Skeen.

Questions pertaining to the unique structure and organisation of language have a long history in the field of linguistics. In recent years, researchers have explored cultural evolutionary explanations, showing how language structure emerges from weak biases amplified over repeated patterns of learning and use. One outstanding issue in these frameworks is accounting for the role of context. In particular, many linguistic phenomena are said to to be context-dependent; interpretation does not take place in a void, and requires enrichment from the current state of the conversation, the physical situation, and common knowledge about the world. Modelling the relationship between language structure and context is therefore crucial for developing a cultural evolutionary approach to language. One approach is to use statistical analyses to investigate large-scale, cross-cultural datasets. However, due to the inherent limitations of statistical analyses, especially with regards to the inadequacy of these methods to test hypotheses about causal relationships, I argue that experiments are better suited to address questions pertaining to language structure and context. From here, I present a series of artificial language experiments, with the central aim being to test how manipulations to context influence the structure and organisation of language. Experiment 1 builds upon previous work in iterated learning and communication games through demonstrating that the emergence of optimal communication systems is contingent on the contexts in which languages are learned and used. The results show that language systems gradually evolve to only encode information that is informative for conveying the intended meaning of the speaker - resulting in markedly different systems of communication. Whereas Experiment 1 focused on how context influences the emergence of structure, Experiments 2 and 3 investigate under what circumstances do manipulations to context result in the loss of structure. While the results are inconclusive across these two experiments, there is tentative evidence that manipulations to context can disrupt structure, but only when interacting with other factors. Lastly, Experiment 4 investigates whether the degree of signal autonomy (the capacity for a signal to be interpreted without recourse to contextual information) is shaped by manipulations to contextual predictability: the extent to which a speaker can estimate and exploit contextual information a hearer uses in interpreting an utterance. When the context is predictable, speakers organise languages to be less autonomous (more context-dependent) through combining linguistic signals with contextual information to reduce effort in production and minimise uncertainty in comprehension. By decreasing contextual predictability, speakers increasingly rely on strategies that promote more autonomous signals, as these signals depend less on contextual information to discriminate between possible meanings. Overall, these experiments provide proof-of-concept for investigating the relationship between language structure and context, showing that the organisational principles underpinning language are the result of competing pressures from context, cognition, and communication.

Human languages are not static entities. Linguistic conventions, whose social and communicative meaning are understood by all members of a speech community, are gradually altered or replaced, whether by changing their forms, meanings, or by the loss of or introduction of altogether new distinctions. How do large speech communities go about re-negotiating arbitrary associations in the absence of centralised coordination? This thesis first provides an overview of the plethora of explanations that have been given for language change. Approaching language change in a quantitative and evolutionary framework, mathematical and computational modelling is put forward as a tool to investigate and compare these different accounts and their purported underlying mechanisms in a rigorous fashion. The central part of the thesis investigates a relatively recent addition to the pool of mechanisms that have been proposed to influence language change: I will compare previous accounts with a momentum-based selection account of language change, a replicator-neutral model where the popularity of a variant is modulated by its momentum, i.e. its change in frequency of use in the recent past. I will discuss results from a multi-agent model which show that the dynamics of a trend-amplifying mechanism like this are characteristic of language change, in particular by exhibiting spontaneously generated s-shaped transitions. I will also discuss several empirical predictions made by a momentum-based selection account which contrast with those that can be derived from other accounts of language change. Going beyond theoretical arguments for the role of trends in language change, I will go on to present fieldwork data of speakers’ awareness of ongoing syntactic changes in the Shetland dialect of Scots. Data collected using a novel questionnaire methodology show that individuals possess explicit knowledge about the direction as well as current progression of ongoing changes, even for grammatical structures which are very low in frequency. These results complement previous experimental evidence which showed that individuals both possess and make use of implicit knowledge about age-dependent usage differences during ongoing sound changes. Echoing the literature on evolutionary approaches to language change, the final part of the thesis stresses the importance of explicitly situating different pressures either in the domain of the innovation of new or else the selection of existing variants. Based on a modification of the Wright-Fisher model from population genetics, I will argue that trend-amplification selection mechanisms provide predictions that neatly match empirical facts, both in terms of the diachronic dynamics of language change, as well as in terms of the synchronic distribution of linguistic traits that we find in the world.

Previous research in evolutionary linguistics has made wide use of artificial language learning (ALL) paradigms, where learners are taught artificial languages in laboratory experiments and are subsequently tested in some way about the language they have learnt. The ALL framework has proved particularly useful in the study of the evolution of language, allowing the manipulation of specific linguistic phenomena that cannot be isolated for study in natural languages. Furthermore, this framework can test the output of individual participants, to uncover the cognitive biases of individual learners, but can also be implemented in a cultural evolutionary framework, investigating how participants acquire and change artificial languages in populations where they learn from and interact with each other. In this thesis, I present a novel methodology for studying the evolution of language in experimental populations. In the artificial sign language learning (ASLL) methodology I develop throughout this thesis, participants learn manual signalling systems that are used to interact with other participants. The ASLL methodology combines features of previous ALL methods as well as silent gesture, where hearing participants must communicate using only gesture and no speech. However, ASLL provides several advantages over previous methods. Firstly, reliance on the manual modality reduces the interference of participants’ native languages, exploiting a modality with linguistic potential that is not normally used linguistically by hearing language users. Secondly, research in the manual modality offers comparability with the only current evidence of language emergence and evolution in natural languages: emerging sign languages that have evolved over the last century. Although the silent gesture paradigm also makes use of the manual modality, it has thus far seen little implementation into a cultural evolutionary framework that allows closer modelling of natural languages that are subject to the processes of transmission to new learners and interaction between language users. The implementation and development of ASLL in the present work provides an experimental window onto the cultural evolution of language in the manual modality. I detail a set of experiments that manipulate both linguistic features (investigating category structure and verb constructions) and cultural context, to understand precisely how the processes of interaction and transmission shape language structure. The findings from these experiments offer a more precise understanding of the roles that different cultural mechanisms play in the evolution of language, and further builds a bridge between data collected from natural languages in the early stages of their evolution and the more constrained environments of experimental linguistic research.

For the majority of the 20th century, one of the central dogmas of linguistics was that, at the level of the lexicon, the relationship between words and meanings is arbitrary: there is nothing about the word ‘dog’ for example that makes it a particularly good label for a dog. However, in recent years it has become increasingly recognized that non-arbitrary associations between words and meanings make up a small, but potentially important portion of the lexicon. This thesis focuses on exploring the effect that non-arbitrary associations between words and meanings have on language learning and the structure of the lexicon. Based on a critical analysis of the existing literature, and the results of a number of experiments presented here, I suggest that the overall prevalence and developmental timing of two forms of non-arbitrariness in the lexicon– systematicity and motivatedness – is shaped by the pressure for languages to be learnable while remaining expressive. The effect of pressures for learnability and expressivity have been recognized to have important implications for the structure of language generally, but have so far not been applied to explain structure at the level of the lexicon. The central claim presented in this dissertation is that features of the perceptual and cognitive organization of humans results in specific types of associations between words and meanings being easier for naïve learners to acquire than others, and that the pressure for languages to be learnable results in lexica that leverage these human biases. Taking advantage of these biases, however, induces constraints on the structure of the lexicon that, left unchecked, might limit its expressivity or penalize subsequent learning. Thus, lexica are structured such that early-acquired words are able to leverage these biases while avoiding the limitations imposed by those biases when they are extended past a certain point.

The question of how language evolved has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Compared to seemingly more complex phenomena such as syntax, word meanings are usually seen as relatively easy to explain. Mainstream accounts in psycholinguistics and evolutionary linguistics assume that word meanings correspond to stable concepts which are prior to language and derive straightforwardly from human perception of structure in the world. Taking a cognitive linguistic approach based on psycholinguistic evidence, I argue instead that word meanings are conventions, grounded, learned and used in the context of communication. The meaning of a word is the sum of its contexts of use, with particular features of these contexts made more or less salient by mechanisms of attentional learning and communicative inference. Evolutionarily, word meanings arise as an emergent product of humans’ adapted tendency to infer each other’s intentions using contextual cues. They are then shaped over cultural evolution by the need to be learnable and useful for communication. This thesis presents a series of experiments that test the effect of these pressures on the origins and development of word meanings. Experiment 1 investigates the origins of strong tendencies for words to specify features on particular dimensions (such as the shape bias). The results show that these tendencies arise via attentional learning effects amplified by iterated learning. Dimensions which are less salient in contexts of learning and use drop out of word meanings as they are passed down a chain of learners. Experiments 2, 3 and 4 investigate the structure of word meanings produced during either paired communication games or individual labelling of images by similarity. While communication alone leads to word meanings that are unstructured and poorly aligned within pairs, communication plus iterated learning leads to word meanings that increase in structure and alignment over generations. Finally, Experiment 5 investigates the interaction of event structure and developing conventions in shaping word meanings. The structure of events in an artificial world is shown to influence lexicalisation patterns in the languages conventionalised by communicating pairs. Event features that are less predictable across communicative contexts tend to be more strongly associated with the conventions in the language. Overall, the experiments show that rather than straightforwardly reflecting pre-linguistic conceptualisation, word meanings are also dynamically shaped by learning and communication. In addition, these processes are constrained by the conventions that already exist within a language. This illuminates the mixture of convergence and diversity we see in word meanings in natural languages, and gives insight into their evolutionary origins.

Humans readily infer the meanings of novel symbols in communicative contexts of varying complexity, and several researchers in the field of language evolution have explicitly acknowledged that inference plays a key role in accounting for the evolution of symbolic communication. However, in this field at least, there has been very little investigation into the nature of inference in this regard. That is, evolutionary linguists have yet to address the following questions if we are to have a fuller picture of how humans came to communicate symbolically: 1. What kinds of inference are there? Specifically, i Diachronically, what forms of inference are comparatively simpler in evolutionary terms, and thus shared with a wider range of species? What forms of inference are more complex, and limited to humans or to us and our closest relatives? ii Synchronically, if humans are capable of several kinds of complex inference, how do we know which particular kind of inference is being applied in solving a given problem? 2. How do symbol-learning problems vary? Specifically, i What makes a particular symbol-learning problem more or less complex in terms of the kind of inference needed to solve it? ii How would the communicative context of our pre-linguistic ancestors have been different from that of a human child learning words from its linguistic parent? This dissertation takes a step towards answering these questions by investigating a little-known form of inference called `abduction' (or insightful hypothesis generation), which has thus far been wholly overshadowed in language evolution by a much better understood form called `induction' (or probabilistic hypothesis evaluation). I will argue that abduction and induction are both comparatively complex in the diachronic terms expressed above in 1.i, and while induction is useful in accounting for how modern children learn words from linguistic adults, abduction is more important in situations like those that would have faced our pre-lingistic ancestors as they first began to use symbols. That is, I will argue on both theoretical and empirical grounds that abductive inference was an evolutionary milestone as our ancestors crossed what Deacon (1997) calls the symbolic threshold.

This thesis employs the concept of 'voice' in order to explore the variety of dialogic relationships between men and women in seven Shakespeare plays. Here, 'voice' is defined as an ideological position held by a character and voices within a dialogical relationship test dominant social ideas. In doing so, the aim is to explore how employing a linguistic approach allows us to develop a more nuanced perspective towards women and female voices in Shakespeare. Taking the early modern tradition of an all-male-cast into consideration, this project acknowledges the tension between the idea of embodiment and voice; however, it argues that even though there is no biological female body of the Shakespearean stage, there is a female voice. Dialogism, of course, derives from the work of the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin. These 'voices' are analysed in the context of a theoretical framework informed by his writings on the novel, which are also increasingly being used to make sense of drama in line with Bakhtin's own awareness of a nascent dialogism in Shakespearean drama. 'Polyphony', in particular, assumes a separation between the author's and the characters' points of view. Thus, this project considers Shakespeare's texts as dialogic and his plays as a dialogue of voices, in which the characters have the capacity to hold dialogical relationships where no voice holds more importance than any other. This is significant because these conflicting voices are what make the Shakespearean text different from those in which a single voice is heard - that of the author, for example. As this study talks about an oppressive authoritative/patriarchal language, a dialogic approach unlocks the languages of the others which it tries to marginalise and silence. The research reveals a complex relationship between space, time and voice. More precisely, the carnivalesque becomes visible in Shakespeare's use of innovative discursive devices, such as 'active parody', 'Menippean dialogue' and 'Socratic dialogue', which suggests a multi-toned and ambiguous female voice; a voice that has the capacity to covertly and overtly oppose and challenge social ideologies surrounding gender. The thesis offers new perspectives on the presentation of women and speech. Importantly, it offers a more sophisticated and complex Bakhtinian framework for looking at carnival in Shakespeare. Additionally, a linguistic model of analysis also develops current scholarly use of Bakhtin's concept of carnival. Rather than viewing carnival as simply a time-space of betwixt and between, this project looks at carnival in the context of language (the carnivalesque). More specifically, it reveals how Shakespeare's female figures find pockets of carnivalesque space in everyday existence through dialogue. Thus, suggesting that emancipation is not limited to an allocated time or space, rather, it can also be achieved through language.