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Context: Farming black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) has become an emerging agricultural sector for upcycling food waste into high-quality protein and oil biomass. Depending on the chemical composition of the food waste, the oil extracted from BSFL can reach high levels of lauric acid, a natural antimicrobial compound. Aims: We aimed to evaluate whether feeding a bakery waste-based substrate can enhance the lauric acid synthesis of BSFL. In addition, we aimed to test the antibacterial activity of these BSFL oil extracts against E. coli in vitro. Methods: In a 12-day-long feeding trial, we reared BSFL either on a ground corn-based control substrate (n = 6) or a substrate based on bread waste sourced from a local bakery in Hong Kong (n = 6). We studied the growth performance, crude fat and lauric acid content, and agar well-diffusion assay-based antibacterial activity of oil samples extracted from the larvae. Key results: The BSFL reared on the bread waste had a higher average weight (P < 0.001) and average daily gain (P < 0.001), similar crude fat content (P = 0.17), and higher lauric acid content (P < 0.001) than did the control larvae. Both oil samples moderately inhibited the growth of E. coli in vitro ; the inhibition zones were 1.92 ± 1.0 mm and 1.25 ± 0.75 mm (means ± s.d.) big in the bread waste-based and the control oil samples respectively (P = 0.28). Conclusions: Our results indicated that locally sourced bread waste is a suitable substrate for farming BSFL, providing a sustainable alternative for waste management. Implications: The inclusion of locally produced BSFL oil as a feed ingredient for the local livestock farming sector might be an avenue not only to achieve circular economy, but also to reduce antimicrobial drug use. However, the effects on animal health and productive performance warrant further in vivo experiments. The concern over the spread of antimicrobial resistance has prompted a search for alternative solutions. Black soldier fly larvae extracts possess natural antibacterial properties that can potentially inhibit bacterial growth. Rearing black soldier fly larvae on a bread waste-based substrate enhanced their lauric acid yield, resulting in significant antibacterial efficacy against E. coli ; hence, incorporating larval oil into animal feed holds the potential for reducing antibiotic drug usage. This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colistin resistance is a global concern warning for a one health approach to combat the challenge. Colistin resistant E. coli and their resistance determinants are widely distributed in the environment, and rats could be a potential source of these isolates and resistant determinants to a diverse environmental setting. This study was aimed to determine the presence of colistin resistant E. coli (CREC) in wild rats, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, and genotypic analysis of mcr-1 CREC through whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 39 rats were examined and CREC was isolated from their fecal pellets onto MacConkey agar containing colistin sulfate (1 μg/ mL). AMR of the CREC was determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution was employed to determine MIC to colistin sulfate. CREC were screened for mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-8) and phylogenetic grouping by PCR. Finally, WGS of one mcr-1 CREC was performed to explore its genetic characteristics especially resistomes and virulence determinants. 43.59% of the rats carried CREC with one (2.56%) of them carrying CREC with mcr-1 gene among the mcr genes examined. Examination of seventeen (17) isolates from the CREC positive rats (n = 17) revealed that majority of them belonging to the pathogenic phylogroup D (52.94%) and B2 (11.76%). 58.82% of the CREC were MDR on disc diffusion test. Shockingly, the mcr-1 CREC showed phenotypic resistance to 16 antimicrobials of 8 different classes and carried the ARGs in its genome. The mcr-1 gene was located on a 60 kb IncI2 plasmid. On the other hand, ARGs related to aminoglycosides, phenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and trimethoprims were located on a 288 kb mega-plasmid separately. The mcr-1 CREC carried 58 virulence genes including genes related to adhesion, colonization, biofilm formation, hemolysis and immune-evasion. The isolate belonged to ST224 and closely related to E. coli from different sources including UPEC clinical isolates from human based on cgMLST analysis. The current research indicates that rats might be a possible source of CREC, and the presence of mcr-1 and other ARGs on plasmid increases the risk of ARGs spreading and endangering human health and other environmental components through this infamous pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent years have seen considerable interest in stimuli‐responsive hydrogels, their strict preparation conditions and narrow applicability limit their use as diverse sensors and soft robots. Herein, a versatile Agar‐Zwirrions hybrid hydrogel actuator (Agar/PSBMA) integrated with simultaneous temperature self‐sensing and wide‐range electrical response is developed. To prepare the Agar/PSBMA hydrogel, a simple and controllable preforming post‐enhancing and mechanical pressing method is used by introducing zwitterions materials into a temperature‐sensitive Agar matrix. Owing to the design, the compact multiplex complementary structure generated by this method and the materials can facilitate the improvement of flexibility, stretchability, and toughness while providing mechanical dissipation and adhesion properties. Importantly, the visible detected temperature self‐sensing ability during 10–40 °C, and quick and wide‐range bending responses of both high‐voltage and low‐voltage electric fields make it unique over other actuators. Furthermore, the electrical response behavior of the hydrogel is found to be impacted by mechanical characteristics and charge polarization based on the finite element Abaqus simulations analysis. The prepared versatile hydrogels show the potential for applications as soft robotics and controlled transportation of adhered substances while simultaneously monitoring their working temperature, which expands the response range of hydrogel actuators and broadens the scope of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the zinc ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide (ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO) was synthesised by using a simplified one-pot solvothermal technique. The synthesised nanomaterials were examined for structural, morphological and optical characteristics is greatly aided by the XRD, HRTEM, SAED, EDX spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The crystallite size calculated from XRD and HRTEM of the ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO nanocomposite was around 10 nm. The presence of desired elements in the synthesised nanomaterials was confirmed using EDX spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy aided in identifying the active functional modes. The absorption maximum (λ max) was found to be approximately ∼310 nm and the optical bandgap of ZF was reduced from 2.1 eV to 1.97 eV in ZF-rG. The antibacterial activity of ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO nanocomposite was discussed against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli bacteria at different concentrations by agar gel diffusion method among which the highest bacterial growth inhibition was seen in Klebsiella pneumonia in all different concentrations in which 86% at 100 μg/ml was the most effective. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals tend to move freely when there is enough room but would act collectively for their survival under external stress. In the case of living cells, for instance, when a drop of low-density flagellated bacterial solution is transferred onto the agar surface, the initially disordered movement of individual bacteria would be replaced with coordinated cell swarming after a lag phase of a few hours. Here, we study how such cooperation is established while overcoming the disorder at the onset of the lag phase with single nanoparticle tracking. Upon the spreading of the droplet, the bacteria in the solution cluster and align near the almost immobilized contact line confining the drop, forming a narrow ring of cells. As individual cells move in and out of the ring continuously, certain flow patterns emerge in the inter-bacterial fluid. We reveal high-speed long-distance unidirectional flows with definite chirality along the outside of the ring, along the inside of the ring and across the ring. We speculate that these flows enable the fast and efficient transport, facilitating the communication and unification of the bacterial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Single doses of gentamicin have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of urogenital gonorrhea, but lower cure rates for oropharyngeal and anorectal gonorrhea. Formulations selectively enriched in specific gentamicin C congeners have been proposed as a less toxic alternative to gentamicin, potentially permitting higher dosing to result in increased plasma exposures at the extragenital sites of infection. The purpose of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of individual gentamicin C congeners against Neisseria gonorrhoeae to that of other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility of three N. gonorrhoeae reference strains and 152 clinical isolates was assessed using standard disk diffusion, agar dilution, and epsilometer tests. Results: Gentamicin C1, C2, C1a, and C2a demonstrated similar activity against N. gonorrhoeae. Interestingly, susceptibility to the 1-N-ethylated aminoglycosides etimicin and netilmicin was significantly higher than the susceptibility to their parent compounds gentamicin C1a and sisomicin, and to any other of the 25 aminoglycosides assessed in this study. Propylamycin, a 4'-propylated paromomycin analogue, was significantly more active against N. gonorrhoeae than its parent compound, too. Conclusion: Selectively enriched gentamicin formulations hold promise for a less toxic but equally efficacious alternative to gentamicin. Our study warrants additional consideration of the clinically established netilmicin and etimicin for treatment of genital and perhaps extragenital gonorrhea. Additional studies are required to elucidate the mechanism behind the advantage of alkylated aminoglycosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agar, as a seaweed polysaccharide mainly extracted from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, has been commercially applied in multiple fields. To investigate factors indicating the agar accumulation in G. lemaneiformis, the agar content, soluble polysaccharides content, and expression level of 11 genes involved in the agar biosynthesis were analysed under 4 treatments, namely salinity, temperature, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The salinity exerted the greatest impact on the agar content. Both high (40‰) and low (10‰, 20‰) salinity promoted agar accumulation in G. lemaneiformis by 4.06%, 2.59%, and 3.00%, respectively. The content of agar as a colloidal polysaccharide was more stable than the soluble polysaccharide content under the treatments. No significant correlation was noted between the two polysaccharides, and between the change in the agar content and the relative growth rate of the algae. The expression of all 11 genes was affected by the 4 treatments. Furthermore, in the cultivar 981 with high agar content (21.30 ± 0.95%) compared to that (16.23 ± 1.59%) of the wild diploid, the transcriptional level of 9 genes related to agar biosynthesis was upregulated. Comprehensive analysis of the correlation between agar accumulation and transcriptional level of genes related to agar biosynthesis in different cultivation conditions and different species of G. lemaneiformis, the change in the relative expression level of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase II (gpiII), mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (mpi), mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (mpg), and galactosyltransferase II (gatII) genes was highly correlated with the relative agar accumulation. This study lays a basis for selecting high-yield agar strains, as well as for targeted breeding, by using gene editing tools in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good organic single crystal of 2‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4, 5‐di‐hydro‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium 4‐methyl‐benzene‐sulfonate (2ADPTS) is grown by slow evaporation technique, and the orthorhombic system with noncentrosymmetric space group (P212121) is corroborated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structural parameters of the 2ADPTS crystal are investigated and weighted up with the theoretical interpretation. The Hydrogen–Hydrogen interaction with (43.6%) in 2ADPTS promotes crystal structure packing stabilization. The presence of various functional groups and chemical composition of the 2ADPTS compound is identified by FTIR and FT‐Raman spectroscopy. The natural bond orbital evaluation interprets all the possible hydrogen bonding interactions and charge delocalizations in the crystal structure. Thermal analysis confirmed the thermal stability of the 2ADPTS crystal. The absorption spectrum of the 2ADPTS crystal is recorded using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The third‐order nonlinear property of the 2ADPTS crystal is confirmed by using the Z‐scan technique. The higher significant antibacterial activity of 2ADPTS is carried out by the standard Kirby‐Bauer test against four pathogenic bacteria commonly called the agar well diffusion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patients infected with difficult-to-treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa are likely to receive meropenem (MEM) empirically before escalation to ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T). We assessed whether pre-exposure to MEM affected C/T resistance development on C/T exposure. Materials and methods Nine clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were exposed to MEM 16 mg/L for 72 h. Then, isolates were serially passaged in the presence of C/T (concentration of 10 mg/L) for 72 h as two groups: an MEM-exposed group inoculated with MEM pre-exposed isolates and a non-MEM control group. At 24 h intervals, samples were plated on drug-free and drug-containing agar (C/T concentration 16/8 mg/L) and incubated to quantify bacterial densities (log10 cfu/mL). Growth on C/T agar indicated resistance development, and resistant population was calculated by dividing the cfu/mL on C/T plates by the cfu/mL on drug-free agar. Results At 72 h, resistant populations were detected in 6/9 isolates. In five isolates, MEM exposure significantly increased the prevalence of ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistance development; the percentages of resistance population were 100%, 100%, 53.5%, 31% and 3% for the MEM-exposed versus 0%, 0%, 2%, 0.35% and ≤0.0003% in the unexposed groups. One isolate had a similar resistant population at 72 h between the two groups. The remaining isolates showed no development of resistance, regardless of previous MEM exposure. Conclusions MEM exposure may pre-dispose to C/T resistance development and thus limit the therapeutic utility of this β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor. Resistance may be a result of stress exposure or molecular-level mutations conferring cross-resistance. Further in vivo studies are needed to assess clinical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel oil (PKO) is a vegetable oil containing active substances beneficial for medicine and health. The applications of PKO can be extended by synthesizing ozonated PKO (OPKO). In this study, the PKO was ozonated at different intervals (0, 1, 3, 7, and 24 h). The physicochemical properties of OPKO were studied, including iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), anisidine value (p-AV), viscosity and fatty acid composition (FAC). Meanwhile, the spectroscopic characteristics, melting and crystallization properties of OPKO were also investigated. Besides, the present study also examined the antimicrobial properties of OPKO against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi using agar disk-diffusion method. The results showed that PV, AV, and viscosity of the OPKO increased in parallel with increasing ozonation time, reaching 963.6 ± 25.0 meq O2/kg fat, 45.30 ± 1.45 mg KOH/g oil, and 196.3 ± 1.6 mPa.s, respectively, after 24 h of ozonation. On the other hand, prolonged ozonation time reduced oleic acid and led to lower IV of 1.6 ± 0.7 g I2/100 g oil. The p-AV exhibited an increasing-decreasing trend, reaching a peak at 3 h ozonation period. Spectroscopic analysis showed that the absorption band at 1712 cm−1, 1400 cm−1, and 1112 cm−1, attributed to C=O, O-H, and -C-O, respectively, were altered with the ozonation time, indicating the change in the chemical composition of PKO. Moreover, the change in the FAC also affected the crystallization and melting profiles of PKO. This work also demonstrated the excellent antimicrobial properties of OPKO with significant inhibition effects against several types of microorganisms tested. Therefore, OPKO can be an essential component with great potential for cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devised a novel Christmas‐tree structure for flexible neural probes, which features recording sites on side‐branches that can be folded along the shank of the probe by temporary encapsulation before implantation. This design reduces the size of the implant and minimizes the surgical footprint. Upon implantation, the temporary encapsulation dissolves in vivo, leading to self‐stretching of the branches, and an expansion of the lateral detecting range of the probe. We conducted in vitro experiment with our probe in 0.6% agar that mimics the brain tissue environment. The results demonstrate that the neural probe we have developed exhibits self‐stretching ability and provides an increased lateral recording range without causing additional damage to the brain tissue. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article in the Journal of Fish Diseases examines the effects of the fungicide dimethomorph on various species of oomycetes, which are harmful to plants and animals, including humans. The study specifically focuses on three oomycete species that cause significant economic losses in agriculture and aquaculture. Through in vitro tests and scanning electron microscopy, the researchers found that dimethomorph inhibited the growth of the oomycetes and caused morphological changes in one species. The study suggests that more research is needed to fully understand these pathogens and develop effective treatments. [Extracted from the article]

Pyocyanin is an extracellular diffusible pigment conferring virulence to Pseudomonas strains for their survival. Surge in antimicrobial resistance demands alternate potential candidates of biological origin. Combining the virulence and antagonistic potential, pyocyanin pigment shall be developed as a biocontrol agent with experimental studies. Media optimization and cross streak method were employed to screen the competent strain and identified using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Agar diffusion, broth dilution and MTT assay were adopted to determine the antimicrobial potential and biocompatibility of pyocyanin. Further, UV–vis spectrophotometry, GC-MS and 1H NMR analyses were used to validate the structural identity of pyocyanin. Results revealed that Potato glycerol broth supported maximum pyocyanin production from competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS1. Significant antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent fashion was observed with MIC 64 – 32 μg / mL. Cytotoxicity with IC 50 @ 108.5 mg L−1 was found to be associated with clumping and cell rounding with consistent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay result. The mass spectrum (m/z) at 210 and N–CH 3 proton resonating at 1.4229 ppm and 7.4 – 7.5 ppm confirmed the condensed nitrogen aromatic ring of pyocyanin. These findings suggest that the combined virulence and antagonistic potential of pyocyanin interfering with the ETC may serve as a promising bio-control agent. [Display omitted] • Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of potential Pseudomonas strains. • Biochemical, molecular and structural elucidation of pyocyanin pigment. • Evaluation of clinical efficacy against toward bacteria and fungi. • Cytotoxicity study of pyocyanin for biomedical and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests that biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) results from quorum sensing, reducing bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics and fostering the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Addressing the need for a compound that can inhibit quorum sensing signals to mitigate biofilm formation in PA, this study screened 40 essential oils for their potential as quorum sensing inhibitors against PA ATCC9027. Utilizing the agar well diffusion assay, the antibacterial activity of these essential oils was compared with levofloxacin, revealing that 25 out of 40 essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against PA ATCC9027. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by essential oils from Cinnamomum burmannii (Cinnamon Bark Oil), Cananga odorata (Ylangylang Oil), and Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus Oil), confirmed by respective MIC values of 0.09765% (v/v), 0.390625% (v/v), and 1.5625% (v/v), and MBC values of 0.09765% (v/v), > 1.5625% (v/v), and > 1.5625% (v/v). Growth curve inhibition assay followed by crystal violet biofilm formation assay revealed that only Ylang-ylang Oil exhibited biofilm formation inhibition at 1/4 MIC concentration. Docking analysis of compounds from these essential oils against quorum sensing enzymes (LasR, PqsR, and QscR) revealed that Ylang-ylang Oil compounds exhibited the highest binding affinity. In conclusion, among the 40 essential oils tested, 25 show potential as antibacterials against PA ATCC9027, with Ylang-ylang Oil standing out as a promising candidate for quorum sensing inhibitor development. The use and development of quorum sensing inhibitors from Ylang-ylang Oil compounds are expected to reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance, especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postbiotic derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum bacteria was produced in three culture media: milk, MRS, and whey, and its antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. To investigate the production efficiency of postbiotics, three methods, heating, sonication and centrifugation, were utilized to prepare postbiotics in MRS broth culture medium. The antibacterial potency of the postbiotic was evaluated using the agar well-diffusion method, and MIC and MBC tests were conducted for different treatments. The results of the study showed that the postbiotic prepared in food environments such as milk and cheese whey can have antibacterial and antifungal properties similar to the postbiotic prepared in the MRS culture medium. However, it is possible to enrich food matrices such as milk and cheese whey and make further adjustments in terms of pH settings. Additionally, the thermal process was able to create a nanoscale postbiotic, which is a significant achievement for the application of postbiotics in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The future outlook of postbiotics clearly indicates that the emergence of this generation of probiotics can have an attractive and functional position in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, future research focusing on this subject will contribute to the development of this generation of postbiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that epithelial-stromal interactions could play a role in the development of colorectal cancer. Here, we investigated the role of fibroblasts in the transformation of normal colonocytes induced by 4-HNE. Methods: Normal Co colonocytes and nF fibroblasts from the same mouse colon were exposed, in monoculture (m) or coculture (c), to 4-HNE (5 μM) twice weekly for 3 weeks. Gene expression was then analysed and the ability of Co colonocytes to grow in anchorage-independent conditions was tested in soft agar. Fibroblasts previously treated or not with 4-HNE were also seeded in culture inserts positioned above the agar layers to allow paracrine exchanges with colonocytes. Results: First, 60% of the genes studied were modulated by coculture in Co colonocytes, with notably increased expression of BMP receptors. Furthermore, while 4-HNE increased the ability of monoculture-treated Co colonocytes to form colonies, this effect was not observed in coculture-treated Co colonocytes. Adding a selective BMPR1 inhibitor during the treatment phase abolished the protective effect of coculture. Conversely, addition of a BMP4 agonist to the medium of monoculture-treated Co colonocytes prevented phenotypic transformation by 4-HNE. Second, the presence of nF(m)-HNE fibroblasts during the soft agar assay increased the number and size of Co(m) colonocyte colonies, regardless of whether these cells had been previously treated with 4-HNE in monoculture. For soft agar assays performed with nF(c) and Co(c) cells initially treated in coculture, only the reassociation between Co(c)-HNE and nF(c)-HNE resulted in a small increase in the number of colonies. Conclusions: During the exposure phase, the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction protected colonocytes from 4-HNE-induced phenotypic transformation via activation of the BMP pathway. This intercellular dialogue also limited the ability of fibroblasts to subsequently promote colonocyte-anchorage-independent growth. In contrast, fibroblasts pre-exposed to 4-HNE in monoculture strongly increased the ability of Co(m) colonocytes to form colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Hantzsch synthesis has been an established multicomponent reaction method for more than a decade, its derivative, whereby an aniline replaces ammonium acetate as the nitrogen source, has not been explored at great length. Recent studies have shown that the products of such a reaction, N-aryl-4-aryldihydropyridines (DHPs), have significant anticancer activity. In this study, we successfully managed to synthesize a wide range of DHPs (18 examples, 8 of which were novel) using a metal-free, mild, inexpensive, recoverable, and biopolymer-based heterogeneous catalyst, known as piperazine, which was supported in agar–agar gel. In addition, 8 further examples (3 novel) of such dihydropyridines were synthesized using isatin instead of aldehyde as a reactant, producing spiro-linked structures. Lastly, this catalyst managed to afford an unprecedented product that was derived using an innovative technique—a combination of multicomponent reactions. Essentially, the product of our previously reported aza-Friedel–Crafts multicomponent reaction could itself be used as a reactant instead of aniline in the synthesis of more complex dihydropyridines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-degradable plastics of petrochemical origin are a contemporary problem of society. Due to the large amount of plastic waste, there are problems with their disposal or storage, where the most common types of plastic waste are disposable tableware, bags, packaging, bottles, and containers, and not all of them can be recycled. Due to growing ecological awareness, interest in the topics of biodegradable materials suitable for disposable items has begun to reduce the consumption of non-degradable plastics. An example of such materials are biodegradable biopolymers and their derivatives, which can be used to create the so-called bioplastics and biopolymer blends. In this article, gelatine blends modified with polysaccharides (e.g., agarose or carrageenan) were created and tested in order to obtain a stable biopolymer coating. Various techniques were used to characterize the resulting bioplastics, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), contact angle measurements, and surface energy characterization. The influence of thermal and microbiological degradation on the properties of the blends was also investigated. From the analysis, it can be observed that the addition of agarose increased the hardness of the mixture by 27% compared to the control sample without the addition of polysaccharides. In addition, there was an increase in the surface energy (24%), softening point (15%), and glass transition temperature (14%) compared to the control sample. The addition of starch to the gelatine matrix increased the softening point by 15% and the glass transition temperature by 6%. After aging, both compounds showed an increase in hardness of 26% and a decrease in tensile strength of 60%. This offers an opportunity as application materials in the form of biopolymer coatings, dietary supplements, skin care products, short-term and single-contact decorative elements, food, medical, floriculture, and decorative industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root cause of global pollution is the reflection of usage of non-degradable plastics. The solutions and methods to mitigate the plastic pollution are in high demand. The application of green technology in polymer science from the marine resource gives stability to the ecosystem. The bio-composite films were fabricated using gelatin of fish scale, agar of seaweed and chitosan of shrimp shell waste by a solvent casting technique. The plasticity and bioactivity enhanced using glycerol and clove essential oil. The physic-chemical and mechanical properties of the film were evaluated against the range of test of thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, puncture resistance, water vapor permeability, Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The characteristics of active packaging mechanism assessed based on antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. A level of 1.5% clove essential oil ration was given desirable properties of active packaging material. The biodegradability was calculated in terms of percentage weight loss under the soil burial and water immersion test. The biodegradation process of composite film took 21 days in soil and 158 in water. Hence, the bio-composite film prepared from green technology is a promising alternative to the conventional plastic to mitigate plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nanoparticles are effective alternative to the antibiotics. The quick recombination of the photogenerated charges and the inefficient exploitation of visible light remain the major problems limiting their large‐scale applications. Modifying the TiO2 with Silver that acting as an electron trap, plays an important role in reducing the recombination of TiO2 charges and shift its photo‐response to the visible light region. The present work aims to synthesize AgTiO2 nanoparticles using sol‐gel and coprecipitation methods and evaluating the antimicrobial behavior of them. Also, to find the optimal conditions based on the anatase phase of TiO2 due to its higher antimicrobial activity than the rutile form. Among Ag‐TiO2 nanoparticles obtained, the one prepared by sol‐gel method at 450 °C and PH=8–8.5 exhibits the best antimicrobial property. AgTiO2 nanoparticles have been characterized by means X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),scanning electron microscope (SEM), ζ‐potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS) that showing promising results. Zeta potential values −103 mV has been reported that is considered as a stable colloidal suspension system that prevents nanoparticles aggregation. Antimicrobial behavior of them were evaluated using Diffusion (Agar disk‐diffusion), Dilution (MIC) and Bacterial colony counting methods and diameter of the inhibitory zone 15 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration 5 mg/ml was observed.Colony count results indicated that AgTiO2 able to kill bacteria at the lowest concentration of 5 mg/ml. Outcomes of MTT assay (measure cell cytoxicity) suggesting the absence of toxicity in living Hfff cells (as a normal human fibroblast) while surviving L929 cells (as a cancer cell line originated from mouse fibroblast cells). After 24 and 48 h incubation from 100 % to 77.3 % and 57.2 % was reduced respectively. This indicates that Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles act as a anticancer drug and have inherent selective toxicity nature towards cancer cells while posing no effect to normal cells. AgTiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized using sol‐gel and coprecipitation methods. The sample prepared by the sol‐gel method at a temperature of 450 °C and pH=8.5, which corresponds to the anatase phase of TiO2 synthesis, shows the best antimicrobial properties and acts as an anticancer drug with inherent selective toxicity nature towards cancer cells while posing no effect on normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a multifunctional single-pass transmembrane receptor that binds to two disparate ligands, namely, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and semaphorins (SEMAs). It is reportedly involved in neuronal and vascular development. In this study, we uncovered the exact functional role of NRP2 and its molecular mechanism during aggressive behaviors and lymph node (LN) metastasis in human head and neck cancer (HNC) and identified algal methanol extract as a potential novel NRP2 inhibitor. Methods: In silico analyses and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the relationship between NRP2 expression and the prognosis of HNC patients. The functional role of NRP2 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties of HNC cells was examined by MTS, soft agar, clonogenic, transwell migration and invasion assays, and sphere formation assays. Signaling explorer antibody array, western blot, and qPCR were performed toward the investigation of a molecular mechanism that is related to NRP2. Results: NRP2 was highly expressed in HNC and positively correlated with LN metastasis and advanced tumor stage and size in patients. Using loss- or gain-of-function approaches, we found that NRP2 promoted the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of human HNC cells. Furthermore, NRP2 regulated Sox2 expression to exhibit aggressiveness and CSC properties of human HNC cells. We demonstrated that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) elevates the aggressiveness and CSC properties of human HNC cells, possibly by mediating NRP2 and Sox2. Zeb1 was necessary for executing the NRP2/RSK1/Sox2 signaling pathway during the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aggressive behaviors of human HNC cells. Moreover, the methanol extract of Codium fragile (MECF) repressed NRP2 expression, inhibiting the RSK1/Sox2/Zeb1 axis, which contributed to the reduction of aggressive behaviors of human HNC cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that NRP2 is a critical determinant in provoking EMT and aggressive behaviors in human HNC through the RSK1/Sox2/Zeb1 axis, and MECF may have the potential to be a novel NRP2 inhibitor for treating metastasis in HNC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli has been categorized as a pathogen of critical priority by the World Health Organization as it is highly infectious with high mortality and morbidity rates and widespread transmission potential. Carbapenem resistance is primarily mediated by carbapenemase-encoding genes and, additionally, through intrinsic factors. In India, over the years, carbapenemase-encoding genes have been reported from diverse clinically significant pathogens. The present study identifies E. coli of clinical origin that harbours bla OXA-144. Methods and results The study isolate was obtained from a tertiary referral hospital in northeast India. Carbapenemase production was investigated through culture on chromogenic agar and Rapidec Carba NP test as per manufacturer's instructions. Susceptibility of the isolate was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and agar dilution method following CLSI guidelines. PCR targeting carbapenemase-encoding genes was performed, followed by transformation and conjugation experiments. Whole-genome sequencing of the isolate was done through the Illumina sequencing platform and the data were analysed using the Centre for Genomic Epidemiology database. BJD_EC180 is 6 919 180 bp in length and consists of six rRNA operons, 111 tRNA, and 6849 predicted protein-coding sequences. BJD_EC180 belonged to ST2437 and harboured the carbapenemase-encoding gene bla OXA-144 with ISAba1 upstream, along with multiple antibiotic resistance genes conferring clinical resistance towards beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, amphenicols, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and rifampin. Conclusions Carbapenem-resistant E. coli harbouring bla OXA-144 associated with insertion sequence pose a serious health threat as their mobilization into carbapenem non-susceptible strains that will contribute to the resistance burden and therefore, needs urgent monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyrcanian forests comprise a long strip along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) is one of the most valuable forest tree species in the Hyrcanian forests. Bark necrosis and bleeding spots of oriental beech were observed in Savadkuh forests in Mazandaran province during summer 2021. Ten samples were collected from symptomatic oriental beech trees. The bark canker symptoms included stem tissue necrosis, dark brown to black spots on the trunk, bleeding with dark exudates and dark lesions in the inner bark. Twenty‐six strains of culturable bacteria were isolated from the samples which in culture were predominantly round, convex, smooth with entire margins on nutrient agar and a metallic green sheen pigment on eosin‐methylene blue (EMB) agar. Fourteen strains induced necrosis and browning of the tissues around the inoculation sites on acorns after 2 weeks. Five representative strains also caused dieback in twigs of oriental beech 3 weeks after inoculation. These bacteria were Gram‐negative, catalase positive and oxidase negative. All strains produced colonies with a green metallic sheen on EMB agar. Strains were negative in tests for starch and gelatine hydrolysis or production of levan. A phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of gyrB and infB genes, of representative strains well as in each of the single gene‐based phylogenetic trees, indicated that these strains clustered with Brenneria alni NCPPB 3934T with high bootstrap values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. alni associated with bark necrosis and bleeding spots on oriental beech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fig‐milk dessert, a traditional and nutritionally rich treat infused with bioactive compounds, was subjected to a comprehensive analysis in this study. The novelty of this research lies in the investigation of the in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial potential of the fig‐milk dessert. This was accomplished through the utilization of the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Annexin/propidium iodide staining, microtiter plate‐based assay and agar well diffusion, respectively, for the first time. Additionally, the study assessed the total phenols and flavonoid content of the extract using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and the aluminum chloride method, respectively. The findings revealed that the cooking method exerted a significant influence on the bioactive properties and nutritional composition of the dessert. Among the samples analyzed, CM1, consisting of figs steamed for 2 min and milk heated to 70°C, exhibited remarkable characteristics. This sample demonstrated the highest peptide concentration (1290 mg/L), superior antioxidant and anticancer activities, and favorable sensory attributes. Specifically, CM1 induced apoptosis in 84% of AGS cells and inhibited 68% of free radicals in the DPPH assay. It is noteworthy that the fig‐milk dessert did not exhibit any antibacterial properties. These discerning results carry substantial implications for the development of functional dairy products endowed with both nutritional and potential therapeutic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyphostemma adenocaule is a therapeutic plant traditionally used to treat rabies, snake bite, diarrhea, and wound healing. To address the bioactive compounds exhibiting these activities, we performed a comprehensive study on the roots of the plant. Thus, the present study aims to inspect the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial efficacies of compounds isolated from the combined dichloromethane : methanol (1 : 1) and methanol extracts of C. adenocaule along with the in silico study of their interaction with selected protein targets. The silica gel column chromatography technique was used for the isolation of compounds, and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities were evaluated using agar disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging assays, respectively. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking screening, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity protocols of the compound isolates were performed to offer the potential applications of the compounds in developing novel medications. A BIOVIA Discovery Studio in combination with AutoDock Vina 4.2 software, SwissADME, and ProTox-II prediction web tools were used to generate the molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity profiles, respectively. Notably, the chromatographic separation of the combined extracts yielded six known compounds, namely, β-sitosterol (1), 3-hydroxyisoagatholactone (2), ε-viniferin (3), myricetin (4), tricuspidatol A (5), and parthenocissin A (6). The in vitro antibacterial activities revealed the highest inhibition zone by tricuspidatol A (5) (16.67 ± 0.47), showcasing its potent activity against S. aureus at 2 mg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin (21.50 ± 0.41). ε-Viniferin (3) (IC50: 0.32 μg/mL) exhibited greater antioxidant activity than the others and displayed promising results compared to ascorbic acid (0.075 μg/mL). The molecular docking study revealed the highest binding affinity by ε-viniferin (3) (−9.9 kcal/mol) against topoisomerase II α. 3-Hydroxyisoagatholactone (2) and ε-viniferin (3) fulfilled Lipinski's rule with no violation, and the organ toxicity predictions revealed that all the compounds showed no cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects. Thus, this study's combined in vitro and in silico outcomes suggest the potential use of the isolated compounds in drug discovery and support the traditional relevance of C. adenocaule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poultry is one of the most prominent sources of Campylobacter jejuni, which is also a major means of transmission to people. Campylobacter jejuni contamination in chicken meat comes from chicken feces because it naturally exists in the intestines of chickens. Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify the antibiotic resistance patterns and genes of C. jejuni, which was found in chickens in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Methods: The samples used in this study were 200 contents of the small intestine of broiler chickens from 40 farms in Pasuruan Regency. The enriched sample was streaked on the selective media of modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar containing the CCDA selective supplement. Antimicrobial susceptibility test utilizing the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test method in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the (hipO), which encodes the C. jejuni strain, fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA), beta-lactam resistance (blaOXA-61), and tetracycline resistance (tetO) genes. Results: The findings revealed a 14% (28/200) prevalence of C. jejuni in the small intestine of broiler chickens. These isolates showed high resistance to enrofloxacin (92.9%). All isolates (100%) were susceptible to amoxicillinclavulanate. The PCR results showed all C. jejuni isolates (100%) detected the gyrA gene, 96.4% detected the blaOXA-61 gene, and 50% detected the tetO gene. Conclusion: The findings of antimicrobial resistance at a high level from the small intestine of broiler chickens illustrate the potential threat to human health. To lessen the effects now and in the future, coordinated and suitable action is needed, as well as steps to guarantee the poultry industry's economic survival and public health insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work explores the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of a newly synthesized calix[4] arene acetanilide derivative (3), which was synthesized through Mannich reaction by the treatment of calix[4] arene with acetanilide, formaldehyde and acetic acid in tetrahydrofuran, The antioxidant activity was determined by using DPPH method. Results show that the new synthesized compound 3 has good antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of 3 was staunched against different types of microorganisms, i.e. gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains (Escherichia Coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 10231) along with a fungus (Aspergillus Niger ATCC 16405). A suitable agar medium (Mueller Hinton agar) was applied for the growth of microorganisms. Kirby-Bauer well agar diffusion method was used to check the antimicrobial activity. The bacterial strains zone has been observed in between 250–4000 µg/ml. It is noticed that compound 3 has very good effect against fungus A niger as compared to bacterial strains. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against A. niger, S. aureus and E. coli is found to be 250, 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Consequently, the study has been compared with the reported calix[4] arene derivatives and it has been revealed that the compound 3 is a good antimicrobial agent. Hence, it could be inferred that compound 3 is considerably effective against selected microorganisms and may be used as a medicine in near future and beneficial for the human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriocins, which have narrow-spectrum activity and limited adverse effects, are promising alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we identified klebicin E (KlebE), a small bacteriocin derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae. KlebE exhibited strong efficacy against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates and conferred a significant growth advantage to the producing strain during intraspecies competition. A giant unilamellar vesicle leakage assay demonstrated the unique membrane permeabilization effect of KlebE, suggesting that it is a pore-forming toxin. In addition to a C-terminal toxic domain, KlebE also has a disordered N-terminal domain and a globular central domain. Pulldown assays and soft agar overlay experiments revealed the essential role of the outer membrane porin OmpC and the Ton system in KlebE recognition and cytotoxicity. Strong binding between KlebE and both OmpC and TonB was observed. The TonB-box, a crucial component of the toxin-TonB interaction, was identified as the 7-amino acid sequence (E3ETLTVV9) located in the N-terminal region. Further studies showed that a region near the bottom of the central domain of KlebE plays a primary role in recognizing OmpC, with eight residues surrounding this region identified as essential for KlebE toxicity. Finally, based on the discrepancies in OmpC sequences between the KlebE-resistant and sensitive strains, it was found that the 91st residue of OmpC, an aspartic acid residue, is a key determinant of KlebE toxicity. The identification and characterization of this toxin will facilitate the development of bacteriocin-based therapies targeting multidrugresistant K. pneumoniae infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst population growth and challenges with existing fertilizers, the development of smart and environmentally friendly agrochemicals is imperative. While 3D printing is widespread, its potential in slow-release agrochemicals remains unexplored. This proof-of-concept study employed solvent casting and 3D printing to develop agar–urea structures. These structures, comprising 2.5% (w/w) agar, incorporated either 7% (w/w) or 13% (w/w) urea as nitrogen nutrients. Rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties and sorption capabilities were explored. Rheological analysis revealed a substantial impact of urea, enhancing material resistance to deformation. In mechanical tests, inclusion of urea showed no significant impact on compressive strength. SEM analysis confirmed the successful entrapment of urea within the agar matrix. The inclusion of urea resulted in a diminished water sorption capacity, attributed to the urea–water interactions disrupting the hydrogen bonding ability of agar. Agar–urea inks were employed in 3D printing utilizing the direct-ink writing technique, and the nitrogen release behavior was investigated. Results revealed nearly complete urea release in the positive control within 48 h. In contrast, agar–urea formulations with 7% (w/w) and 13% (w/w) achieved nitrogen release rates of 88.8% and 94.4%, respectively, suggesting potential for 3D-printed agar formulations to modify the immediate release behavior seen in conventional urea fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) physical cryogels that contained the additives of o-, m-, and p-bis-phenols or phenol were prepared, and their physico-chemical characteristics and macroporous morphology and the solute release dynamics were evaluated. These phenolic additives caused changes in the viscosity of initial PVA solutions before their freeze–thaw processing and facilitated the growth in the rigidity of the resultant cryogels, while their heat endurance decreased. The magnitude of the effects depended on the interposition of phenolic hydroxyls in the molecules of the used additives and was stipulated by their H-bonding with PVA OH-groups. Subsequent rinsing of such "primary" cryogels with pure water led to the lowering of their rigidity. The average size of macropores inside these heterophase gels also depended on the additive type. It was found also that the release of phenolic substances from the additive-containing cryogels occurred via virtually a free diffusion mechanism; therefore, drug delivery systems such as PVA cryogels loaded with either pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, or phenol, upon the in vitro agar diffusion tests, exhibited antibacterial activity typical of these phenols. The promising biomedical potential of the studied nanocomposite gel materials is supposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The macroalgae residue from the industrial agar extraction process contains a significant amount of carbon and has potential as a renewable feedstock. Unfortunately, it is often overlooked and is poorly utilized. This study aims to valorize this macroalgae residue through pyrolysis to produce silica‐rich biochar and other value‐added products in the form of biocrude oil (BCO) and biopyrolysis gas. The macroalgae residue was pyrolyzed at 300–700 °C with a heating rate of 20–40 °C/min. Yields of biochar, BCO, and gas of 62%, 25%, and 13% were obtained at a temperature of 700 °C and a heating rate of 20 °C/min. Biochar has a porous structure, a surface area exceeding 15 m2/g, and is dominated by amorphous silica of up to 13%. This silica‐rich biochar also contains Na and K, which hold potential benefits in agriculture, serving as soil ameliorants and playing a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant growth. In the meantime, BCO contains 29.3% carboxylic acid group as the most important chemical component. Other than that, the biopyrolysis gas contains mainly CH4 and H2 (up to 24–32%), which can act as chemical building blocks. Finally, a simple business scenario of silica‐rich biochar production reveals that it has a specific cost of 0.37 US$/kg. It could be economically viable as a soil ameliorant or fertilizer. However, challenges persist in scaling up production to an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , is the cause of pine wilt disease and reproduces by copulation within host pine trees. Female mate selection in B. xylophilus mating behaviour has been reported but definitive evidence is lacking. Furthermore, while the mating behaviour of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans on agar has been well understood, the mating behaviour of B. xylophilus on agar has not been studied in detail, and the differences in their characteristics remain unclear. Here, we addressed these knowledge gaps by observing B. xylophilus mating behaviour on agar. We identified six primary mating sub-behaviours in B. xylophilus males. Comparative analysis with C. elegans revealed distinct differences in the sequence of mating stages. Notably, B. xylophilus males actively searched for the female's vulva during the wrapping stage, whereas females exhibited back-and-forth locomotion to align the male spicule with the vulva location. Additionally, we conducted mating assays using anaesthetised female nematodes to evaluate the female's role in the mating behaviours of B. xylophilus. The mating duration increased significantly when females were anaesthetised, and the probabilities of reaching the wrapping and vulva location stages were reduced. Therefore, B. xylophilus females actively cooperate in mating behaviours. Our findings highlight unique aspects of mating behaviours in B. xylophilus and provide insights concerning differences in mating behaviours between B. xylophilus and C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agar oligosaccharides are thought to be valuable biomolecules with high bioactivity potential, along with a wide range of applications and advantages. The current study aimed to optimize the culture parameters required to produce agarase enzyme and agar oligosaccharides from industrial waste agar. Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 was isolated from a non-marine source and could synthesize oligo derivatives for use in a variety of industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the strain and culture conditions were optimized to maximize extracellular agarase production. The bacterium grew best at pH 5.0 − 9.0, with an optimal pH of 7.5 − 8.0; temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, with an optimal of 35 °C; and carbon and nitrogen concentrations of 0.5% each. Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methods were used to optimize various process parameters for agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5. Using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, eleven process factors were screened, and agar, beef extract, CaCl2, and beginning pH were found as the most significant independent variables affecting agarase production with confidence levels above 90%. To determine the optimal concentrations of the identified process factors on agarase production, the Box- Behnken design was used. Agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 after optimization was 0.272 U/mL, which was determined to be greater than the result obtained from the basal medium (0.132 U/mL) before screening using Plackett-Burman and BBD with a fold increase of 2.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones was developed by using biodegradable supported nanoparticles in a hydrotropic aqueous medium. Agar-supported NiO nanoparticles (NiO@AG NPs) were synthesized by in-situ co-precipitation method and characterization by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques indicates that spherical NiO NPs successfully supported on the surface of agar with particle size 31.22 nm containing Carbon, Nickel and Oxygen as major elements. NiO@AG NPs exhibit higher activity for the synthesis of 3,4‑dihydropyrimidin‑2(1H)‑ones in an aqueous medium by using hydrotropes with high (463.51 h−1) turn over frequency. Short reaction time, high efficiency, centrifugation-free method of separation of the catalyst, and column chromatography-free isolation of the product are the key factor of this protocol. The easy synthetic method and stable form of NiO nanoparticles supported on agar suggest that it could be an efficient material for water-based organic transformation on a large scale with high turnover frequency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland which has a particular importance in ruminants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare two methods for cultivation of udder pathogens: classical laboratory cultivation on Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood versus MicroMast rapid plates. The results allowed assessing the incidence of mastitis and the prevalence of the pathogens. During the study have been investigated 227 cows in a dairy farm localized in the east of Slovakia. Subsequently, 141 quarter milk samples from the positive cows with California mastitis test score 1-4 have been undergone the laboratory culture on Columbia agar and MicroMast test in accordance with their respective steps. The values obtained from these tests showing sensitivity of positive samples using the MicroMast test at the level of 64.5%, and sensitivity of cultures on Columbia blood agar at the level of 61.7%. After biochemical identification of cultured isolates, the Columbia blood agar and MicroMast test identified both as the main pathogen present Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with results of 13.4% and 14.9%, respectively. On the base of results, both tests are comparable and therefore a test that speeds up testing is more useful in practice. It will be a relevant importance in the following decades to succeed in the development of tests with directly detection of udder pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevention of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, involves reducing transmission of infectious respiratory droplets and aerosols with different methods, including the use of face masks. There have been a variety of studies published about the effectiveness of face masks — they have been recognised as an inexpensive yet expedient prevention method. In this research we aimed to investigate the microbial contamination of used face masks and to compare the results based on mask usage time to determine the efficiency of facial mask use against COVID-19. Microbiological contamination of 51 used face masks was analysed by the imprinting method on suitable cultivation agars and colony forming units were determined. The majority of microorganisms found in our study were those of normal human skin and respiratory tract microbiota. A greater number of bacterial species was found on the outsides of the facial masks, which furthermore increased with prolonged usage time. We conclude that face mask use is effective in both detaining excreted microorganisms as well as protecting the wearer from microbes in the air, and therefore, should be implemented in the prevention strategies of respiratory diseases. Furthermore, our results show the importance of correct facial mask usage by their contamination with a spectrum of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, antioxidant (TAS), oxidant (TOS) and antimicrobial activities of samples collected from Osmaniye province, which is located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey and where Arum dioscoridis Sm. consumption is common, were determined. Water extracts of leaf parts of plant samples were obtained in a soxhlet device. TAS and TOS status were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities of plant samples were determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains using agar dilution method. At the end of the studies, the highest TAS value among the plant samples was determined as 6.486±0.182. The highest TOS value was determined as 15.576±0.235. The highest OSI (oxidative stress index) value was determined as 0.285±0.007. In addition, A. dioscoridis extracts were determined to be effective against test microorganisms at 50-800 µg/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that the samples collected from different regions of the A. dioscoridis samples used in our study showed variability. In addition, it has been determined that A. dioscoridis may be an important antioxidant and antimicrobial source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of DNA damage from exposure to specific types of metalworking fluids has been reported. In this research, size-selective permissible limits to prevent genotoxic damage in A549 cell lines exposed to two types of mineral oil were estimated for the first time using a benchmark dose approach and extrapolated to workers. The comet assay was performed based on Olive and Banath protocol to determine DNA damage. Then, the Benchmark Dose, the 95% lower bound confidence limit BMD, and the 95% upper-bound confidence limit BMD were determined using continuous response data. Finally, the four Benchmark Dose levels reported in the A549 cell line were extrapolated to the human population in occupational settings in two phases. This study showed when determining the permissible limits, the type used or unused, the type of injury, the organ affected in the body and the size of the particles should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the design and synthesis of three series of hybrids of thienopyrimidines and sulfonamides. Dihydrofolate reductase enzyme was selected as a target for the in-silico screening of the synthesized thienopyrimidine–sulfonamide hybrid as an antibacterial, while squalene epoxidase was selected as an antifungal target protein. All screened compounds showed promising binding affinity ranges, with perfect fitting not exceeding 1.9 Å. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests against six bacterial strains in addition to two Candida strains. Compounds 8iii and 12ii showed varying degrees of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains, whereas the best antifungal activity against Candida was displayed by compound 8iii. Compound 12ii, the cyclohexathienopyrimidine coupled with sulfadiazine at position 3, has the best antibacterial activity, which is consistent with molecular docking results at the active site of the oxidoreductase protein. Interestingly, compound 12ii also has the highest docking binding energy at the antifungal squalene epoxidase active site. Investigating the physicochemical properties of the synthesized hybrids revealed their high tolerability with cell membranes, and moderate to poor oral bioavailability, and that all are drug-like candidates, among which 4i, the cyclohexathieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine core with sulphaguanidine incorporated at position 4, recorded the best score (1.58). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the biosynthesis method was used for Fe3O4/CuO core‐shell nanocomposite using by aqueous Alcea medicinal plant extract, which aimed to synthesize antibacterial substances against common resistant bacteria. Antibacterial effects of various samples synthesized in different concentrations were evaluated against gram‐positive and negative bacteria in Mueller Hilton agar culture medium. The photocatalytic properties were carried out in a period of 140 minutes, and the maximum effect of the sample was 76 % in 100 minutes. FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD tests confirmed the correct to design the experiment. synthesis of the nanocomposite with an average size of 38 nm and a surface charge of 23.1 mV. To obtain the best and most effective conditions for the synthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles, the CCD method was used. The main purpose of this research work is to use a medicinal plant as a reducer in the synthesis of metal composite nanoparticles, which plant itself has healing and antimicrobial properties in traditional medical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating drugs in poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles can provide a gradual and consistent drug release. Herein, diclofenac sodium‐encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (DS‐PLGA NPs) were synthesized, characterized, and their effects on bacterial proteolysis and elastolytic activity were evaluated using skim milk agar plate, elastin‐congo red, and staphylolysin disk susceptibility assays. Quantitative PCR was employed to examine the effect of nanoparticles on the expression of lasA/B genes. The DS‐PLGA NPs displayed spherical morphology with an average size of 86 nm, zeta potential of ‐15.2 mV, and DLS size of 124.6 nm. At a sub‐inhibitory concentration, DS‐PLGA NPs inhibited bacterial elastolytic activity by 41.6 to 62.1% during 30–180 min of incubation. The elastolytic curve slopes of samples from PLGA and DS‐PLGA treated groups were respectively 0.0714 and 0.0380 activity/min, indicating a significant reduction of bacterial extracellular elastases by DS‐PLGA NPs. Exposure of bacteria to a sub‐inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles attenuated the expression of the lasA and lasB genes by 0.21 and 0.31 folds, respectively. Attenuation of the proteolytic activity of P. aeruginosa suggests that the antivirulence potential of the DS‐PLGA NPs along with the anti‐inflammatory properties of diclofenac sodium, can be considered for the treatment of acute and chronic P. aeruginosa infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare morphological and physiological responses to increasing salinity of the two subspecies of Mertensia maritima during in vitro propagation in two different systems, and subsequent ex vitro cultivation. Plants were brought into culture using seeds and further propagated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with thidiazuron and naphthaleneacetic acid either on agar-solidified or liquid medium with a temporary immersion system (Plantform bioreactors). Salinity tolerance were tested both in tissue culture and with ex vitro greenhouse-cultivated plants. Low concentration of NaCl increased explant biomass in agar-solidified medium, with no negative consequences even at high concentration. However, the effect of salinity on liquid medium was genotype-specific. Explants in Plantform bioreactors showed several-fold higher biomass in comparison to that on agar-solidified medium, but the multiplication potential was not significantly affected. Ex vitro plants were negatively influenced by increasing NaCl concentration in substrate. In contrast to in vitro plants, accumulation potential of Na+ in ex vitro plants was low. One of adaptations to salinity at the whole plant level was maintenance of adequate tissue mineral nutrient homeostasis, as mineral nutrient concentrations were not negatively affected by increasing salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study tends to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of agar treatment (5, 7, and 9 g.l-1) with sucrose (20, 30, and 40 g.l-1) on in vitro shoot regeneration and rooting in one step using tubereyes and node explants of four potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) varieties “Sagitta, Challenger, SM 13–132– 05 and Taurus”, and minitubers production under greenhouses conditions which are going to be grown in Kurdistan -Iraq. The results showed that SM 13–132– 05 cultivar was superior upon the other cultivars under in vitro conditions through multiplication tests (Agar concentration 7 g.l-1 and sucrose concentration 30 g.l-1) and greenhouse conditions by producing the highest shoot multiplication (3.17 shoots/ explant, 12.84 leaves/ explant and 14.51cm mean length of roots) and the best number of minitubers (5.72 minitubers/ plantlet) in greenhouse. Whereas, Challenger had the lowest number of minitubers (3.75/ plantlet). On the other hand, there was no significant differences in the effect of the different concentrations of Agar and sucrose on the four cultivars in terms of the rooting percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of acid preservatives (AP) and food hydrocolloids (FH) on the shel f life of raw milk at room temperature (between 20 to 25°C). Raw milk samples were treated with different doses of acid preservatives (citric acid: E330 and ascorbic acid: E300) and food hydrocolloids (food agar-agar: E406 and starch: E1400) to determine the optimal dose that could prolong the shelf life of raw milk while maintaining its physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic quality. The results showed that the acid preservatives helped preserve the microbiological quality of the milk samples without significant effects on the final pH values. The food hydrocolloids prevented milk coagulation in the presence of acids only when applied at a dose ≤0.3 g in 100 mL of milk. Citric acid was more effective than ascorbic acid, while food agar-agar (E406) was the best food hydrocolloid. Acid preservatives and food hydrocolloids can be effective tools for prolonging the shelf life of raw milk at room temperature and improving food safety and nutrition in regions where raw milk preservation is a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to find out how common Listeria monocytogenes in a group of Iraqi women who had miscarriages. Also, investigates the dependability of molecular diagnosis, specifically evaluating the target hlyA gene as an alternate solution tool for identification. A total of 200 specimens comprising cervical swabs were collected from 176 women suffered from miscarriage and 24 women as control. The detection of L. monocytogenes in miscarriages women by using HiCrome™ Listeria Agar Base as both a selective and differential agar medium for quick and direct recognition of Listeria species. The biochemical tests were achieved for confirmation identification. In addition, virulenceassociated genes (hlyA gene) isolates were identified using a Real-time PCR approach. Results show out of the 200 (patients and control) specimens, 176 women with miscarriages were analyzed and it was found that 117 (66.5%) specimens from abortion cases were negative for L. monocytogenes, while 59 (33.5%) specimens were positive for Listeria species. All 24 women of control give negative result. Seventy-five (32.4%) isolates from the 59 positive women showed the presence of the hlyA gene in Real-time PCR. We found that molecular diagnostic through Real-Time PCR is a quick and accurate diagnostic method that can help minimize the time it takes to start a specific treatment and track its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-calorie orange marmalade was produced using sugar and reb A (0.08%) or reb A-sugar free recipes with pectin (1%) and agar agar (AA) (1%) stabilizers. The physical, chemical, and sensory properties of the marmalades were evaluated. AA stabilizers increased the viscosity of the marmalades compared to pectin, but they did not affect samples with reb A. Low-calorie samples had higher L* and b* values and lower a* values than sugar-containing samples. Total sugar content in reb A samples was 8.30 to 9.28 g/100 g, and it was lower in agar samples produced in parallel with pectin. The hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) value was lower in sugarfree recipes (3.03 to 3.62) than in sugar-containing samples. Pectin-reb A samples had favorable taste, while AA-reb A samples favored consistency among reb A-containing samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]