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This study aims to analyze Haji Bambang Santoso's electability as a member of the DPD RI based on Pierre Bourdieu's Capital Theory. The 2019 election was the fourth season in which the RI DPD elections were held and became the first time that non-Hindu candidates would participate in the DPD-RI of Bali. This research method belongs to normative research or library research, a research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data consisting of online media, social media, and journals related to this research by tracing how to explain the victory of HBS through Pierre Bourdieu's Capital Theory. The analysis technique used the NVivo 12 plus data processing application, a qualitative document analysis tool. This tool was simple and could process words and explore word frequencies, attributes, and cases from big data. The results showed that Haji Bambang Santoso's victory was closely related to Pierre Bourdieu's Capital Theory because HBS had direct access to various types of capital. HBS also used strategies to strengthen power over social reality. He required capital to maintain or change the environment or social structure. Before being proposed by the MUI of Bali Province as a candidate for the DPD-RI representing the Balinese people in 2018, Haji Bambang Santoso had already served and worked hard for the Balinese people, so he received empathy from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disabilities (PWD) have shown a growing presence in the emerging social virtual reality (VR). To support disability representation, some social VR platforms start to involve disability features in avatar design. However, it is unclear how disability disclosure via avatars (and the way to present it) would affect PWD's social experiences and interaction dynamics with others. To fill this gap, we conducted a diary study with 10 PWD who freely explored VRChat—a popular commercial social VR platform—for two weeks, comparing their experiences between using regular avatars and avatars with disability signifiers (i.e., avatar features that indicate the user's disability in real life). We found that PWD preferred using avatars with disability signifiers and wanted to further enhance their aesthetics and interactivity. However, such avatars also caused embodied, explicit harassment targeting PWD. We revealed the unique factors that led to such harassment and derived design implications and protection mechanisms to inspire more safe and inclusive social VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As social VR applications grow in popularity, blind and low vision users encounter continued accessibility barriers. Yet social VR, which enables multiple people to engage in the same virtual space, presents a unique opportunity to allow other people to support a user's access needs. To explore this opportunity, we designed a framework based on physical sighted guidance that enables a guide to support a blind or low vision user with navigation and visual interpretation. A user can virtually hold on to their guide and move with them, while the guide can describe the environment. We studied the use of our framework with 16 blind and low vision participants and found that they had a wide range of preferences. For example, we found that participants wanted to use their guide to support social interactions and establish a human connection with a human-appearing guide. We also highlight opportunities for novel guidance abilities in VR, such as dynamically altering an inaccessible environment. Through this work, we open a novel design space for a versatile approach for making VR fully accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"We're at the beginning of the next chapter for the internet", said Mark Zuckerberg in 2021 in his letter about the name change from Facebook to Meta. Social virtual reality (VR) platforms are part of the metaverse: Users immerse themselves in the metaverse using VR headsets and can interact with other users as avatars in a virtual world. During a digital conversation, non-verbal communication can suddenly be experienced in three dimensions. This raises the question of the extent to which the metaverse and social VR platforms can be used for online collaboration. Previous research has investigated how other media, such as the telephone or videoconferencing, can influence teamwork. Theories of media choice attempt to justify the extent to which communication media are chosen for particular interactions. However, there is still a research gap when it comes to including, comparing, and classifying the metaverse in these studies. In an experiment, 24 participants were divided into groups of four and given a creativity task and a decision task to solve together. The experiment tests the use of the metaverse as an alternative to videoconferencing. A standardised questionnaire was used to measure differences in use between the metaverse and videoconferencing, and variables from input-process-output models of teamwork were used as comparison characteristics. The results show that the metaverse can improve the process compared to videoconferencing. In particular, it is shown that social presence increases in the metaverse compared to videoconferencing. The quality of communication can also be improved in the metaverse compared to videoconferencing. With further development of the technology, the metaverse has the potential to replace videoconferencing in the mainstream in a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social Virtual Reality (VR), users are embodied in avatars and interact with other users in a face-to-face manner using avatars as the medium. With the advent of social VR, people with disabilities (PWD) have shown an increasing presence on this new social media. With their unique disability identity, it is not clear how PWD perceive their avatars and whether and how they prefer to disclose their disability when presenting themselves in social VR. We fill this gap by exploring PWD's avatar perception and disability disclosure preferences in social VR. Our study involved two steps. We first conducted a systematic review of fifteen popular social VR applications to evaluate their avatar diversity and accessibility support. We then conducted an in-depth interview study with 19 participants who had different disabilities to understand their avatar experiences. Our research revealed a number of disability disclosure preferences and strategies adopted by PWD (e.g., reflect selective disabilities, present a capable self). We also identified several challenges faced by PWD during their avatar customization process. We discuss the design implications to promote avatar accessibility and diversity for future social VR platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Virtual Reality (VR) is growing for remote socialization and collaboration. However, current social VR applications are not accessible to people with visual impairments (PVI) due to their focus on visual experiences. We aim to facilitate social VR accessibility by enhancing PVI's peripheral awareness of surrounding avatar dynamics. We designed VRBubble, an audio-based VR technique that provides surrounding avatar information based on social distances. Based on Hall's proxemic theory, VRBubble divides the social space with three Bubbles—Intimate, Conversation, and Social Bubble—generating spatial audio feedback to distinguish avatars in different bubbles and provide suitable avatar information. We provide three audio alternatives: earcons, verbal notifications, and real-world sound effects. PVI can select and combine their preferred feedback alternatives for different avatars, bubbles, and social contexts. We evaluated VRBubble and an audio beacon baseline with 12 PVI in a navigation and a conversation context. We found that VRBubble significantly enhanced participants' avatar awareness during navigation and enabled avatar identification in both contexts. However, VRBubble was shown to be more distracting in crowded environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose (mandatory): The concept of sustainability, far from being unanimous, represents different conceptions and encompasses institutional aspects. In the context of business organizations, social and environmental issues are peripheral to profitability goals. However, the activities carried out cause impacts and suffer interference from these systems, just as these institutions are central in the process of satisfaction and construction of social reality and human satisfaction. This makes discussions about social responsibility and sustainable development become part of the performance measurement systems of these organizations, as well as becoming of interest to the various users. However, there is a diversity of concepts about sustainable development that makes it difficult to operationalize indicators linked to its dimensions, resulting in a lack of rigor in the evaluation of the results achieved and disseminated. In this perspective, the term is often used and little explained. For Habermas, the communicative act needs to understand intelligibility, pretense of truth, pretense of sincerity and normative correctness. Otherwise, it harms the interpretation and communication itself, especially considering that the organizational environment has informational asymmetry. Thus, the objective of this study is: To critically analyze how disclosure related to sustainability is characterized in the Theory of Communicative Action, based on the understanding of the term by the institutions. Methodology (mandatory): The proposed methodology consists of a theoretical essay that discusses, based on Habermas' TAC communication conceptions, how the term sustainability or sustainable development is conceptualized and operationalized by business institutions. Seeking to discuss critically the purpose of this information and the impacts they cause on stakeholders. Results (mandatory): Preliminary results show that the concept of sustainability is used from many perspectives and that companies seek to adapt the information disclosed to the demands and guidelines of many reports that have different indicators, approaches and objectives. In this way, the indicators and information disclosed are not random and neither happens impartially. In this context, it is clear that organizations are concerned with showing a sustainable image, more than promoting social justice and environmental protection. Considering that they are more concerned with meeting the demands of the systems that issue guidelines and metrics on sustainability, focusing their actions and disclosures on what these systems say are relevant. That is, in Habermas' conception, companies disclose this information through a dramaturgical act (where they seek to build an external image, or a self-representation, without necessarily being a behavior). Still, the act can be regulated by rules, that is, by being part of a certain index and sector, companies disclose information to maintain a standard or meet what is expected. Finally, teleological action is present when the chosen actions are win-win, focusing on financial aspects and not on the tripod of sustainability, and the selection of information is based on strategies, maximizing results. These conceptions distance themselves from communicative action, which must have a presupposition of truth, intelligibility, sincerity and normative correctness, in order to reduce information asymmetry. In this way, it is necessary to reflect on how effectively the entities are helping to build sustainable development. Research limitations (if applicable): For such conceptions to be maintained, it is necessary to monitor and analyze the evolution of discourses, indicators and reporting models. Therefore, evaluating the sustainability reports, based on discourse analysis mechanisms to corroborate the discussions and elucidate new information about the action that governs the attitudes of the companies when disclosing the sustainability reports becomes relevant. Originality (mandatory): A significant part of mainstream accounting research in this area of study is focused on statistical testing of sustainable development models and indicators, seeking to ascertain whether the disclosure of this information is relevant to the market and stakeholders, whether companies that are part of sustainability indices or they have seals and recognition for actions focused on sustainability, are preferred by investors or have a higher market value. However, when these analyzes are carried out, little or no attention is given to understanding the concept of sustainability assumed by the company. Leading to the false conception that the term is unanimous, as well as to a misunderstanding of results. Thus, this study intends to understand the concept of sustainability assumed by management reports, seeking to critically discuss how this concept is operationalized and institutionalized within these organizations and what is the profile of this communication with stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a quantitative approach, this study examines how students of different minority groups in teacher education institutions perceive sociocultural relationships with other groups, belonging, and being minority or majority. Findings show that most participants reported good relationships with students and faculty of different ethnicity and a deep sense of belonging to the academic institution. However, Ethiopian and Arab students tend to form social bonds with students of the same ethnicity. Jewish students mostly define the terms "minority" and "majority" quantitatively, while Arab students relate to their social meaning and see themselves as a disadvantaged minority outside the Arab academic institution. Overall, the results suggest that colleges for education can achieve supervisory relationships that are detached from the reality in the society. However, mere attitude of nurturing and caring is not enough and there is a need for a deliberate policy to encourage interaction among the various groups and to address minority issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the discourse reveals, through the study of texts, that complex antagonistic world, which underlines the discourse, which the author/speaker often presents as "real world", although it is not always taken for granted by the readership/audience. Verbal strategies of conviction or persuasion have, in this sense, the objective to overcome this contradiction, trying to present the author's discourse (in our case the institutional discourse) as being true. The aim is not to build a piece of literature, but to act on the other through words, because the institutional discourse, not only the political or commercial one, tries to persuade, to convince, to conquer its target audience (in our case students from final grade, students, social partners, etc.). At the same time, if we refer to the sphere of the institutional discourse/speech, then the world of words is not subjective, but objective, (re)presenting realities and forms of social behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In objectifying a desirable economic and social reality, the undistorted and efficiency regulatory mode of the conditions for the supply of electricity on a free commercial market by the national authority, a minimum legal requirement for the functioning of the electricity sector and market should be respected, in terms of efficiency, competition, transparency and consumer protection. However, on the electricity market in Romania, marked by a successive translation of the conditions of electricity supply by suppliers and the establishment of the electricity tariff, between the method regulated by state institutions, having legal competences in the field, and the competitive market, the role of the National Energy Regulatory Authority, hereinafter referred to as ANRE, is even more important in avoiding competitive slippage and abuses against final consumers. Contrary to its role of administrative guardianship in the field of electricity supply, ANRE stood out, by issuing administrative orders regulating the conditions for the transition of captive consumers from the regulated to the competitive market, through an administrative-normative approach not only defective, but also harmful to consumers as well as through a lack of transparency and the adoption of at least questionable administrative orders. Therefore, from this point of view, it is strictly imposed the necessity of the systematic and teleological analysis of the ANRE Order no. 188/2020(subsequently amended by Order no. 6/2021), of the ANRE Order no. 241/2020 and of the ANRE Order no. 242/2020, from the perspective of the excess of power in the issuance / adoption of the administrative act institution, regulated by disp. art.2 paragraph 1 letter n) of Law no.554 / 2004. It is necessary to analyze the legal character of these orders issued by ANRE, including the possibility of censoring their stipulations by the court on the basis of excessive power adoption, as an indispensable requirement of compliance with the principle of legality of the administrative act, with the use of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) relevant in the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modern man lives and development takes place within the received information incentives that build character and behavior through responses to these incentives. And information contacts are the main way of interaction between people. It is a simplified form of communication, which exclude deep meaning and content from persons' communication. Any information contact - it's just "here and now", and communication is all over the place available to people who have successfully adapted to the conditions of the information and economic society and managed to maintain the integrity of the "self". The essence of the continuity of this approach is the recognition of the primacy of the internal environment of a person, which is understood as his psychological content, over the external environment, which is understood as the social reality of modern society. The author's attitude to the described problem is offered. Using the theoretical and methodological framework of Russian psychology, the author points to the need to pay attention to the following psychological aspects: firstly, as a direction indicator of the level of innovation in professional activities, secondly, as to the causes of internal mechanisms of this movement, thirdly, as a guarantee of innovation performance in professional activities (Balymova, 2008; Klimov, 2007; Ushakov, 2006). The results of this investigation are to assess the real possibilities and prospects of development of the society in the context of its constant requests for innovation. It is noted that at the present moment professional characteristics, different interpretations of digital behavior and the importance of internal human resources in all sectors of society are wellknown, but there is still no any logical linkage between these components, the components that determine the efficiency in the aggregate required changes to social progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the adequacy of economic theories of the reality of social and economic development. The author shows the scholastic nature of many scientific constructions, the speculative nature of economic models. Criticism of neoclassical theory and a number of others from the standpoint of the theory of economic constructivism is given. The article discusses the impact of the economic worldview of scientists on the nature and development of social and economic processes. Economic theory is not only a construct in itself, but also capable of constructing an independent reality. The practical activities of economists are always tied to one or another theory. The creation of social and economic reality in accordance with the principles of the vision of theoreticians increases the credibility of economic theory, since it creates the illusion of an objective reflection created by theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a global issue. The human body and mind are interlinked during this process. Specifically, an unhealthy mental state has an adverse effect on the body, and loneliness and inadequate social ties affect people’s moods. After retirement, elderly people lead a different life. Real pets can help elderly people develop good social relationships, and their characteristics can improve people's social ties. However, elderly may have difficulties to raised real pets as the cause of pets’ allergies, uncontrollability behaviors, and elderly’s living conditions. Hence, as an alternative solution, many pet robots have been developed as a companion for the elderly and to provide emotional care for them. Even if some of them are used to accompany elderly people or assist them in their social activities, these applications are limited to indoor places and interactions between people and pet robots. Hence, there is a lack of interactions that can strengthen personal activities and promote interpersonal relationships. This study explored how elderly people should interact with robotic pets, and investigated the functional requirements for robotic pets. Through a combination of technological means and pet characteristics, the intent is to help the retired elderly people maintain and strengthen social ties and even develop new social relationships. Using a semi-structured interview approach, this study investigated the daily life of their life after retirement to explore the appropriate time at which interaction design can intervene, and explore the requirements for robotic pets. Furthermore, this study provided follow-up research ideas and design reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global informatization is one of the dominant trends in contemporary social reality. Digital information and communication technologies have enormous innovation potential for the overall modernization and transformation of education and the enrichment of pedagogical sciences. Realizing this potential requires technologies to be fully integrated into educational practice. A high degree of integration is a prerequisite for the implementation of constructivism, increasing autonomy, personal responsibility of learners and the opportunity for personalized learning. Digital technological integration is a progressive change of education to a degree of transformation. In the process of gradual merging of information and communication and pedagogical technologies, innovative pedagogical practices are created, and they cannot be realized without modern technological means. The characteristics of the methods of teaching and learning with digital technologies determine different degrees of integration which are entry, adoption, adaptation, infusion, and transformation. The current features of the applied methods for using Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the Bulgarian secondary education in technology, and entrepreneurship (grades 5-7) were studied by surveying 127 pedagogues teaching this subject. A questionnaire is attached examining the goals, frequency use of digital tools in the educational process, and the applied management decisions for choosing the digital tools and working with them. The analysis of the obtained data showed that ICT was used, but the degree of integration was low and corresponded to the initial levels of entry and initial adoption of the integration process. In isolated cases, lessons were held according to how students performed in activities specific to their level of adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many centuries of social experience lead to the conclusion that conflicts and crisises are an inherent feature of all social activities, regardless of their nature, extent, social and cultural environment. The different assumption, namely that there are activities without internal or external contradictions, which appear in relationships between the participants of activities and their closer or further environment, should be treated as an assumption idealizing social reality. Social conflicts and crisises result from the development of a situation of conflicting interests, i.e. the products of specific objective and subjective conditions. Each such situation is a dynamic phenomenon, i.e. process that can lead to conflict as a result of the accumulation of various causes that are both subjective (e.g. willingness to undertake intended and planned actions) and objective (e.g. unintended events of a random or deterministic nature). The modelling of dynamic systems is indeed a struggle with the uncertainty and complexity of the real world. However, the non-linear nature of dynamic phenomena does not preclude the cognitive capabilities of these processes. Therefore, the main research problem is expressed in a question: how to capture strictly and precisely the nature and the underlying causes and regularities related to crises and conflicts in the social world? An attempt to answer this research question is the present study in system-cybernetic convection. In order to achieve this effectively, the research methods of sociocybernetics and the adoption of cyber causation must be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern social reality can not be imagined without the migration of the population. Leading world development states, applying a selective approach and clearly defining priorities, seek to use international migration as a significant factor in the development of national human capital, the economy and the entire social sphere. A striking example is the United States, where science, high technology, medicine, etc., develop with the help of highly qualified immigrants, and low-skilled labor from abroad provides small and medium-sized businesses with cheap hands. Such countries as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, England, and Germany do not stand aside. However, migration cannot be viewed as a process with only positive effects. In fact, migration is a kind of social "catalyst". If the state has systemic problems in governance, anti-corruption activities, there is an increase in inter-ethnic tensions, crime, shadow economy, illegal employment, drug trafficking, etc. With the growth of labor migration, foreign labor resources began to have a greater influence on the socio-economic and political development of the host countries, including the development of the labor market, individual industries, and the smoothing of demographic imbalances. Unfortunately, the assessment of the impact of labor immigration on economic development is complicated by a number of factors: the widespread illegal employment, the shortcomings of the migration statistics system, and the dependence of the effect on the scale and duration of use of foreign labor. It should also be noted that the consequences of attracting highly skilled labor are different, in some cases drastically, from the immigration of low-skilled workers. Nevertheless, the analysis of the most significant local and foreign scientific research allowed us to form a typology of the positive and negative consequences of the use of foreign labor resources for the economies of the receiving migrant countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of corporative governance relies on idea of governance. Firstly, the accent was on performing of power and, nowdays, its meaning is totality of activities, not only giving orders, commanding, forcing. Nowdays, the corporative governance has different aspects: economic aspect, knowledge management aspect, marketing aspect, human resouse (HR) aspect.The economic aspect is the most present aspect in contemporary researches. What is visible at the first sight is that corporative governance is always the question of its efficiency. In complex reality, the question of efficiency of governing of social reality arises and the science is to supply us with efficient technical solutions - the starting point is theoretical definition of the idea of efficiency, as well as the possibility of its implementation in one social and legal system. Making difference between the principle of efficiency and, at the other hand, the principle of rationalisation and economic principle, is needed, as well as the difference between the principle of the efficiency and the principle of legality. Due to the state intervention into private business area by its legislation, sometimes prevails the principle of legality, rather than strong request for efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorists of social constructionism have maintained an anthropocentric worldview by arguing for outstanding abilities of the human species to engage in a social realityconstruction process. Current discourses about unsustainable anthropogenic developments for life on Earth challenge assumptions of human distinctiveness and call for a review of theories that constitute the modern world. In this paper, we take up a dormant debate about the applicability of social constructionism to non-human animals. By summarizing findings and observations in ethology of the past decades, we argue that, to date, sociological theory erroneously reflects abilities of other forms of life, and that the applicability of social constructionism to a wide range of animals is theoretically possible. We expand social constructionism by elaborating on how the social construction process creates a reduced reality that fortifies human perception of separateness from other forms of life. We discuss how far the pace of reality construction and memory-keeping abilities of constructed reality are criteria explaining perceived dominance of human social systems over other animals. By adding social constructionism to the canon of life development, we propose that if humanity maintains its autocentric social systems, biodiversity and its cultural unfolding are, in the long run, threatened with extermination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this presentation is to shed light on the notion of meso level to illustrate its relevance for life course studies. Looking at how people and groups are concretely tied, a network-based insight on meso level helps us to explain the intrinsic properties of social relationships (embeddedness, dual positioning and synchronization) and its function of mediation between micro-interactions and macro-structures. Our work enriches the "life course cube" toolbox with a blended "macro, meso, micro" model (so-called ANWS) that merges network theory and life course principles to explain the interdependencies among levels of social reality. Moreover, we discuss the fundamental issues and challenges to operationalize this unified conceptual framework contributing to the on-going integration between Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Life Course studies(LC). This work benefited from the support of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES - Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives, which is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number: 51NF40-160590). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper actualizes the theme of social reality construction amidst the development of innovative technologies forming the techno-social space, in which technological and social aspects are closely intertwined in the context of mutually conditioned changes. Based on conceptual ideas of phenomenology, the mental bases of the social world exploration are accentuated and the inclusion of modern technologies in the processes of the social distribution of knowledge, transfer, and assimilation of information, in everyday practices of communication and new forms of social interaction is considered. The thesaurus approach problematizes the changing content of knowledge, reveals the thesaurus worldviews formed in the context of virtual and augmented reality. It is shown that the strengthening of the role of information technologies capable of performing certain cognitive functions deepens the functional relationship between technology and human beings in the process of knowledge production. This demonstrates new aspects of constructing social reality. The separation of knowledge and methods of its obtaining from the social subject as a result of the application of new analytical methods for big data processing is analyzed separately. The increasing role of innovative technologies in the implementation of socio-cultural subjectivity reflecting the ability of an individual or a social group, or society as a whole to act as a creative and transformative principle in the construction of social reality, is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the most common form of law infringement is contravention. The Romanian contravention law was improved at the end of 2017 by a legislative novelty regulating the instruments to ensure the prevention of contraventions. The contraventions provided in this administrative act are diverse and it is interesting that despite this, the law maker provides in many cases the application of a penalty, namely the warning, which is then followed, as the case may be, by the application of a measures plan, limited in time. Furthermore, the offenders will not be pardoned every time, but only once, provided that they fulfill the obligations provided by the measures plan and within the deadline established by the official examiner. This law would have remained only at the stage of intention and without application if the executive had not adopted the administrative act identifying the contraventions contemplated by it, but once the respective Government resolution has been adopted, we can only wait for the time to see the effectiveness of it application. This is why, in this study, we will analyze this topic by being of great interest and adapted to social realities. By being a legislative novelty for the national law system, the scientific research that we performed is mainly focused on the legislation and the doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred North Whitehead (1861 - 1947) was a mathematician, logician and English philosopher, being the most important representative of the philosophical school of thought known as "process philosophy," which today has found application to a wide variety of disciplines such as: ecology, theology, physics, education, biology, economics, psychology. The main ideas of Whitehead's thinking can be circumscribed to the following: -every real-life object can be understood as a series of events and similarly constructed processes; -if philosophy is successful, it must explain the link between the objective, scientific and logical discourses of the world and the present world of subjective experience; -all experience is a part of nature; -a good life is best thought of as an educated and civilized life; -recognizing that the world is organic rather than materialistic is essential for anyone who wants to develop a complete description of nature and so on. Regarding Whitehead's work, we appreciate that, even in our country, there have been and are authors whose views, if not overlapping with Whitehead's thinking, at least present a series of common elements. As far as the present study is concerned, we propose to bring, from this perspective, in the analysis, the conceptions of the most important philosophers of Romanian law: Eugeniu Speranţia and Mircea Djuvara. Eugeniu Speranţia's philosophical work is characterized by a strong biological, social and metaphysical trait. Speranţia admits that none of the fundamental philosophical problems can be resolved unless life is taken into account - which is the original principle of existence - and social reality. What seems to stand in the way of the foundation of a single science that deals with both organic and psychic facts is individuality or discontinuity, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the fluid continuity of states of the soul. What characterizes every living being is unity and its synthesized activity, which assimilates amorphous and disparate elements, thus portraying itself as a continuous process of synthesis in analogous forms (expansion, conquest, construction). Regarding the philosophy of law, Speranţia maintains - in an obviously Kantian spirit - that it must investigate the a priori or transcendent foundations of law in general. Because a philosophy of law must fit into a broad view of the world, it must be preceded by a philosophy of the Spirit. The philosophy of law has as an aim the spiritual justification of law which, encompassing science, offers it the opportunity to rise to the principles or the first causes. Regarding Mircea Djuvara, we agree with the statement that no one up to Mircea Djuvara brought the legal phenomenon under the eyes of the philosophers, and no one offered the practitioners such a broad horizon, the horizon he considers necessary: «the philosophy of law contains one of the indispensable elements of a true culture». In short, Mircea Djuvara's thinking can be qualified as dialectical idealism; it is not a subjective idealism but obviously an idealism whose epistemological way requires experience, a conception in which matter and spirit are mixed, forming two simple aspects of the experience, the deontological result of which reduces everything to objective relationships. Mircea Djuvara is a strict relationalist: „it is a danger to believe that our lives can work without categories." There is no human consciousness without its own philosophy, the practical attitude towards life, the inherent attitude of every human being. Reason, detached from subjectivity, predominates in every human being; the very law - expression of social relations - has a predominantly rational character: attitude towards life determines in any human consciousness a certain philosophical consciousness, the attitude towards society determines a certain philosophical consciousness, the attitude towards society determines a certain legal consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equality in human rights and obligations, the equality of citizens before the law are fundamental categories of the theories on social democracy but also conditions of the lawful state, without which constitutional democracy cannot be conceived. In Romanian Constitution, this principle is consecrated in the form of equality of the citizens before the law and public authorities. There are also particular aspects of this principle consecrated in the Fundamental Law. The equality before the law and public authorities cannot imply the idea of standardizing, uniformity, enlisting of all citizens under the same legal regime, regardless of their natural or socio-professional situation. The constitutional principle of equality requires that equal treatment be applied to equal situations. This social and legal reality implies numerous interferences between the principle of equality and other constitutional principles: the principle of identity and diversity, the principle of pluralism, principle of unity and, in particular, the principle of proportionality. In this study, by using theoretical and jurisprudential arguments, we intend to demonstrate that, in relation to contemporary social reality, equality, as a constitutional principle, is a particular aspect of the principle of proportionality. The latter one expresses in essence the ideas of: fairness, justice, reasonableness and fair appropriateness of state decisions to the facts and legitimate aims proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research develops a theoretical framework joining sociomateriality practice theories and social capital theories as the basis for a causal model of algorithmic trust in blockchain economic networks. Although there is extensive prior work regarding trust in social networks, collective trust models in the context of risk have not been developed. We argue that algorithmic trust is created as a new form of digital materialized capital using two lines of reasoning. The first is based on the social situatedness and digital nature of blockchain sociomaterial practices (drawing on Orlikowski and Scott 2015; Introna and Hayes 2011). The second develops relational theories of technology in which actors co-produce social reality (Barad 2007), and in which new forms of capital emerge as network resources (using social network trust studies (Sherchan et al. 2013)). We suggest an experimental design using game theory and networked games to evaluate algorithmic trust in credit network liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of the news university discourse topical structure. The research goal is to propose a new optimal topical structure model for the South Ural State University (SUSU) website. The integral approach to language and text is chosen as the most productive for the analysis. According to this approach, the university discourse is a type of discourse that reflects cognitive, language, social and cultural reality in a university context. The corpus of texts under analysis is represented by 1135 news articles, taken from the SUSU website within one year. The hierarchy of topics in the current topical structure of the SUSU website news discourse is established on the basis of key-word analysis. Comparative study of university news discourse topical structures presented on websites of ten largest universities-participants in the 5-100 Program is conducted. On the basis of a sociolinguistic survey conducted among 200 participants (students, teachers, applicants) a new optimal topical structure of SUSU news discourse is offered. The results of the sociolinguistic survey and key-word analysis contribute to the generation of a new integral topical structure model of the university news discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the moment Internet technologies play a virtually primary role. The global network opens up a new social reality - a virtual space that becomes a platform for experiments with our self image. The Internet as a part of everyday activities contains a range of opportunities for personal development, but nature of human transformations depends on the choice of the Internet - activity, on conditions of this activity and, of course, on psychological characteristics of users. The study of the peculiarities of self image allows to deal with the problem of personal transformations in virtual space, to improve the quality of those transformations. Methods: In order to explore the peculiarities of virtual and real self-concept between students with different level of self-appraisal we used a survey method. We used a number of techniques such as a technique of the semantic differential (SD) of Ch. Osgud to study the self-concept in virtual space; a technique of research of the selfappraisal (S. A. Budassi); an author's technique on studying of the self - concept in virtual space (N. I. Leonov, T. A. Naumova). The analysis was done using statistical software SPSS 13.0. 22.0. Results: The researchers found out significant difference between virtual, real and ideal self-concepts of the research's participants. Authors revealed peculiarities of virtual and real self-concept between students with different levels of self - appraisal. The results of this work point out the importance of virtual space, show that virtual space gives to the respondents a sense of strength. Conclusions: The study of peculiarities of virtual and real self - concept between students with different level of self - appraisal during the period of continuously increasing Informatization of society is important for a more optimal development of such an Internet space, which promotes the development of the individual, opens opportunities for positive personal transformations, including changes in the self-esteem and self-concept of person. Understanding the personality characteristics of students also opens up the possibility of working with the regulation of the student's network activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to compare two sociological concepts of social reality. Both of them refer to modernity and its' characteristic phenomena, yet they define this reality differently. On the one hand, Anthony Giddens treats the modern times as the decadent (advanced) era of modernity, the so-called late modernity. On the other hand, Zygmunt Bauman notices that postmodernity (liquid modernity) contains certain features of modernity, which not so much constitute a new-quality epoch, but unmask its malfunctions and self-deconstruction. Thus here the main question arises: what is the useful category for explaining the condition of social reality in highly developed societies? In other words, is there any handy concept that could deal with diversity of contemporary societies? One issue seems to be undoubted; modernity is no longer perceived as a milieu or a social framework for explaining contemporary social reality. What is more, both above-mentioned theoreticians provide two different visions with a meaning of an instrument that is handy for understanding this primary/elementary sociological category. Thus the article shows not only similarities and differences in the presentation of these visions but also provides some critical thoughts on both late modernity and postmodern reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the arguments in favour of awarding full legal capacity to underage mothers. Acquiring full legal capacity by an underage mother would result in her gaining the status of an adult, thus allowing her to exercise parental authority over the child. This would result in expiry of the parental authority hitherto exercised over the mother by her parents. The research method applied to achieve the aim of the research was the dogmatic analysis of the applicable law, carried out with consideration given to the knowledge of sociology, pedagogy and psychology. The analysis of the provisions of law and social reality leads to questioning the regulations of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code, which allows the underage mother to acquire parental authority over her own child solely in the event of entering into marriage (not necessarily with the father of the child). The outcome of such a solution is entering into marriage in a situation excluding, or at least highly restricting, the freedom of choice about the marriage itself - as well as about the choice of the husband. The above calls for creation of a judicial procedure where the court would be able to pass a decision that the teen mother be granted the status of an adult, so that she would be able to exercise parental authority over her child. The decision whether to marry or not should be her own decision, and it should not affect her being granted the parental authority. Due to the respect for the constitutional rank of motherhood, the court should be obliged to issue a ruling based on a psychological and pedagogical opinion, community interview, and the hearing of the teenage mother in court - all this to check the degree of maturity of the teenage mother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper dwells upon the problems of formation and modeling of the bitcoin cryptocurrency market. The huge interest of both the scientific community and the citizens of the world dictates the need to analyze the prospects for the development of the bitcoin and other crypto-currencies market. The article outlines the construction of a model covering the bitcoin market and the factors affecting it. As an endogenous variable "Bitcoin market capitalization" is introduced that estimates the aggregate demand for bitcoins. Exogenous variables are the volume of daily trades; the number of created blockchain wallets; interest in the internet for bitcoins; the aggregate number of transactions in twenty-four hours; the number of coins remaining to be mined. The hypothesis of the dependence of bitcoin market capitalization on factors is formulated. In accordance with the formulated hypothesis, the mathematical toolkit of modeling the bitcoin crypto-currency market is chosen, which is an autoregressive distributed lags model with the current values of the series depending both on the past values of this series, as well as on the current and past values of previous time series. The primary statistical data of the bitcoin crypto-currency market are collected, the coefficients of the autoregressive distributed lags model were found, and the predicted values of the variables for the years of 2018 and 2019 are computed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the world development is characterized by application of various practices that manipulate human consciousness. Cultural diplomacy of the Soviet Union was one of these practices. Its analysis involves the search for research programs and application of various epistemological schemes that enable us to obtain and form ideas about this phenomenon. The choice of a cognitive method is ontologically determined by the nature of philosophical knowledge and requires addressing the socio-cultural context of the corresponding time. Science has proposed a great number of cognitive practices, among which the hermeneutical experience occupies a special place. Being shaped into the theory of understanding and interpretation, it helps reveal deep meanings of different phenomena through conversion of formal signs and symbols into the language of meaningful knowledge. Numerous texts of the subject of cultural diplomacy clearly demonstrate the main soviet ideologemes, which the Communist Party strove to inculcate into the mass consciousness of not only its country but also the whole world. Therefore, cultural diplomacy appears to us, first, as a specific reflection of social reality, mediated by signs and symbols of secondary "reading" of the analysed time period and, second, as a designer of social reality in public and individual consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper describes the development process and the pilot use of an ethnography-inspired analysis method to investigate group reflection in group discussions. Reflection is the process of thinking, acting, experiencing, evaluating and analyzing alone or together tied to the surrounding social reality or context. Social relationships are an inherent feature of a group; these relationships refer to group dynamics, i.e. interpersonal processes in and between groups over time. The method is piloted on three lightly moderated microentrepreneur network meetings in Finland. The meetings provide microentrepreneurs with a forum where they get into social interaction with other entrepreneurs. Each meeting provides a single case with a different starting topic. The method development was an inductive and data-driven process. We adapted the double stimulation tool by Vygotsky to the situated event of this study by adding two further steps: analysis of the group reflection and finally the symbolic visualization of the group reflection path. Each case discussions provided a unique road related visualization that symbolizes the discussion flow, directions and process. The main finding of this study is that each case meeting formed a unique group reflection path. The analysis of what, how and why entrepreneurs are talking about topics related to business creates an understanding of how they construct the meaning of entrepreneurship and related factors as part of their culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brexit vote in the United Kingdom has caused turbulence in the European Union, and fueled concerns over anti-EU and anti-immigrant attitudes. Meanwhile, researchers have continued to be interested in the potential effects of media on public opinion. Through the lens of cultivation theory, this paper seeks to examine the potential media role in creating anti-immigrant and anti- EU attitudes in Europe. Using data from 20 different European countries, a serial mediation model and multi-level analysis are conducted to examine media influence and the perception of a mean world on anti-immigrant and anti-EU attitudes. Findings show an indirect effect from television on anti-EU attitudes mediated via anti-immigrant feelings and mean world. The multilevel model adds support to this by showing regions with lower number of immigrants within their country show heightened anti-immigrant sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study related to prosocial behaviors in digital games. Topics discussed include three-factor structure of specific examples of prosocial behaviors; compare prosocial behaviors in reality and in digital games; and how video game violence can be learned and reflected in players' actions.

The article examines the problem of the need for actualization of progressive ideas of feminist and gender thought in modern society. Feminist thought and its unconventional views on social realities actualized a number of fundamental problems that have coordinated a certain path of the civilization development. Special attention is paid to the fact that global integration processes and human society globalisation had a great qualitative influence on on the social climate in the modern world. At the same time gender conflicts in society are a satellite of the social and economic transformation of any society and actualize the progressive nature of the feminist and gender thought ideas. There is increasing discrimination against socially vulnerable groups of people such as women, the disabled, children, elderly people due to the aggravation of economic, intercultural, religious, political and social contradictions in the modern civilization. Attention is focused on the fact that this issue is not being given due attention in the present-day Russian scientific thought. The authors support the paradigmatically significant postulates of the whole philosophy of feminism: counteraction and antidiscrimination in any of its manifestations, and not only against women, is the most powerful stabilizing and humanizing factor that constructs modern civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the most important feature of «social competence» essence as country cultural and social value and environment. The problem of social competence studying as a modern phenomenon is relevant and useful, because it defines the criteria of the individual's success in all social life spheres. In scientific discourse has found a clear interpretation of «social competence» phenomenon essence, as an integrative personality quality that combines axiological understanding of social reality, social knowledge and skills necessary for the successful implementation of human social technologies, subjective qualities and personality characteristics associated with successful implementation of social technology in all spheres of human activity. Based on sources studying, own sociological researching results and pedagogical experiment, the author defines the following basic components of social competence structure: as social intelligence (social knowledge, skills, social reality adoption and social forecasting), motivational-activity component (social adaptation, motivation for socially useful activity, positive orientation toward the «other» person , confrontation avoiding, achievement motivation) and personal-subjective component (empathy, the ability to make decisions, accountability for results, criticality, value orientations, and standards compliance adoption with laws, self-development and education, etc.). Personality social competence is formed in the country socio-cultural environment therefore, there are some differences in its substantive components associated with specific features of the social mentality. Differences examples of intellectual and intelligent concepts in the value content of different cultures are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the discussion of the phenomenon of the culture of understanding within the framework of social communication, the established tendencies of the interpretation of the two-way nature of the culture of understanding are analysed. The culture of understanding, being the condition and the result of social communication, contributes to both the regulation of people's social behaviour and the structuring of the communicative space with the aim of reaching public agreement and mutual understanding. The author covers the problem the understanding culture role in the process of the reproduction of the cultural heritage, spiritual culture of the society. The cultural normative regulation of provision of stabilization of the communicative situation assumes the formation of the culture of understanding as a basis of the dialogical interaction and a means of humanization of human relations. In our opinion the understanding culture is the way of the social reality exploration and the necessary link between the individual experience of a person and the collective experience of previous generations, thus the understanding culture provides the stability of the communicative situation and socio-cultural space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted in the village Toru in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The main objective of the research was to understand and analyze patriarchal structure and sexist ideology in Pakhtun society through Pashto proverbs. The second major objective of the study was to understand the role of Pashto proverbs in the construction of social reality. Through the selected proverbs one can understand the worldview of the males toward the status of females in male dominated Pakhtun society. The study also reveals that how a proverb becomes meaningful in a particular context and how it is used as a powerful tool by the men to construct endocentric social reality. How the prevailing sexist stereotypes and common sense helps in the construction of so called universal reality through the proverbs. In this paper we have challenged matals (proverbs) as a regime of truth and by deconstructing and critically analyzing such derogatory and sexist proverbs we can highlight the hidden discrepancies in so called wise sayings and established facts and reality. The basic purpose of this study is to critically analysis the male chauvinism in Pakhtun culture through the deconstruction of sexist proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our modern societies, the reality that we live is continuously transformed by technology, different ways of communication and multiple information, creating a (new) virtual reality. How is our social world linked to the virtual world? Animated films may help us to discover and understand this interface, in which their boundaries may not be clear. What we call human reality approaches fantasy realms in the virtual worlds. The aim of this study is to explore what animated films transmit to an adult population - what they feel and what they value in animated films, trying to understand the importance of animated films in adults' lives. It is also intended to explore which technologies are most used to consult information about animated films, and which are the most important reasons for choosing an animated film, instead of other styles of movies. Our study consists in the development of two focus groups, with adult participants, between 25 and 35 years. This study is part of a master's thesis that is under development. Through the focus group we aim to obtain data and gather knowledge about our research topic. The results will help us to verify the most relevant factors and indicating the items to include in a questionnaire that will be used in a next study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is globally accepted that corruption in all its forms could prove to be the downfall of political regimes or popular leaders, but this is not always the case, especially in Africa and Asia. This is because corruption leads to lack of trust and the repercussions take different forms as recent history has shown in the cases of the 'Arab Spring', Brazil, and Venezuela. These follow multi-dimensional processes and are determined by the social, political, ideological and economic repercussions of corrupt governance. Unethical, corrupt actions affect the political trust of citizens negatively. This article explores empirically, the causal relationship between governance and citizen trust, and the effect of corrupt actions on government functionality. The research investigation is based on primary and secondary qualitative research and seeks to examine a key issue instrumental in corruption i.e. the relationships between administrative and political leaders and the dynamics of political factionalism in corrupt processes. Such relationships, which on occasion result in conflict, have disastrous repercussions for efficient and effective service delivery, especially for the most vulnerable sections of the population. Such lack of trust increases when the delegated obligations and duties of the elected political leaders are in conflict with those of public servants at different layers of government. The article explores the various facets and different forms that mistrust take which fluctuate between generic or specific acts that create new social realities at different layers and terrains of society, economy and community; and the effects on governance in the shaping of public policy, ideas, beliefs, attitudes, political imperatives and power relationships. Whilst political, economic, social transformation and development have been relegated to a hazy 'radical economic transformation' which has been elevated to a 'societal imperative', empirical studies on such relations of trust and good governance can only open new paths of understanding in the process of the struggle against corruption at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the heart of most, if not all, of the major challenges facing humans on Earth we find mathematics. We can think of the climate crisis, the biodiversity crisis or widespread pollution, for example, which have their origins in the consumer-capitalist economic system around which societies are organised, broadly speaking, around the world. Mathematics underpins processes of extraction, refinement, design, production and distribution of goods, which have as additional effects various forms of extraction, pollution and exploitation of largely minoritized people, many other species and ecosystems. How does the teaching and learning of mathematics contribute to, challenge, or resist its role in these global, human-created problems? In this oral communication, I develop the idea that much teaching and learning of mathematics in classroom contexts contributes to forms of consciousness that introduce a separation of actions from their effects and consequently contributes to the ecosystem crisis. Specifically, I argue that common forms of mathematics teaching produce consciousness that alienates learners from other species, other humans and the ecosystem. I think about both consciousness and alienation by drawing on Bakhtin's (e.g., 1993) dialogic theory in which both these notions are about humans in relation with others. I use these ideas to expand aspects of critical mathematics education such as Skovsmose's (2023) examination of mathematical knowing to consider dimensions of consciousness produced through learning and teaching mathematics. In particular, I propose the idea of mathematical consciousness as emerging from experiences of mathematics in relations with others. Through classroom experiences, learners come to see the world in ways that mathematics requires. At the same time, learners are themselves changed by doing mathematics. Thus, in many mathematics classrooms, mathematical consciousness develops with particular qualities or dispositions, such as objectification, categorisation, and a kind of detachment of the mathematising human from the objects of its application. I illustrate these ideas with an example drawn from research on mathematical modelling, since, as Skovsmose has noted, mathematical modelling is one of the principal ways in which mathematics interacts with social reality. Mathematical modelling is an important tool for understanding climate change, biodiversity, or pollution, for example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on the borders in urban areas, both social, as temporal, spatial, economic and cultural have their coherence, first, on a common vision of the urban world apprehended from an interactive perspective and, moreover, in a move that makes visible the practical side (to do) of urban life. The purpose of this research is to show how the population relates to the lived space, what is the relationship between the centre and periphery, the symbolic borders inside the area. To understand the social reality of the suburbs as finely as possible in all its dimensions, socio-economic, cultural and institutional, I combined the documentary approach and analysis of interview survey (semi-structured). This research is based on the results of a research conducted on the social borders, identity and image in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Florian Zaniecki, classical theorists, argued, the researcher has to acknowledge that social facts are created by the observed subjects and thus can be understood only by the subject themselves. To study social reality, sociologists have to understand how others see the world via their own experiences and researchers are obligated to account and record the way world is viewed by subjects of the study. Scientific interpretations must flow from the sources (the individuals who are subject of study) or from the world of consciousness of others, means the subject's perception of social reality. This so called Humanistic Sociology and its humanistic coefficient denotes that the researcher does not relay on own observations alone but reconstructs the content and the experience of subjects involved in the study when collecting and interpreting data. Sociologists have to understand how others see the world via their own experiences, to record the way world is viewed by subjects of the study. To test applicability of this theoretical approach, I use Znaniecki's methodology to study political refugees from war and conflict ridden countries and economic migrants arriving recently to Buffalo, New York, a city that is one of the main hub of resettlement of immigrants in the United States since the 1980s. I argue that to truly understand the push and pulls for immigration, immigrants' adjustment to American life, as well as obstacles and benefits to local communities that embrace them, humanistic principle could be the most useful methodological tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We analyze the emergence and development of religious education in Kazakhstan. The question is: why over 25 years of independence the processes of legitimization and incorporation of the religious education in social reality still have not been brought to completion, while the need for the introduction of religious literacy and training of professional theologians was actively declared on governmental level, promoted in the media and public forums? Methods: We used such methods as surveys and questionnaires, content analysis, discourse analysis. Results: Institutionalization occurs through the embedding of practices, meanings, expectations, and values. A number of laws and regulations pertaining to the sphere of religion have been adopted in Kazakhstan, but the development of religious education is still far from being completed. Even the vision of the goals and objectives of this type of education by various organizations, institutions and actors is formulated and embodied in different ways. We see the reason in the government fears of losing process control, especially over its ideological (i.e. political) content. This situation is clearly unacceptable for the power. Although the educational structure and curricula for training religious scholars and religious figures are available, there are practically no well-articulated and substantiated concept and qualitative methodological support, as well as systemic research in this field. Conclusions: Although the principle of secularism implies the separation of the state from religious dogma, it does not mean the removal of religion from public life. In the context of Kazakhstan instead of delineation of spheres of influence of the state and religious organizations, the state maintains social and political power and control in the sphere of religious education that, on the one hand, is associated with particular concern of national security and social stability, and on the other hand, artificially constrains the implementation process. Determining the status, strategies and legitimization of religious education can contribute to the actualization and realization of the essential features of religion in its impact on modern society in social and cultural spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results of a sociologic survey of a resource potential known as reflection through studying reflexive strategies as a result of communicative practices of the modern education system in Russia. Images of social reality present the basic component of reflexivity, the authors believe. Reflexive strategies considerably affect the processes of social, including professional, adaptation at earlier stages of professionalization. Since reflexive anticipations are linked to what one thinks as success and successful career, efficient reflexive strategies can be researched as a tool to reproduce human resources. Raising social and political subjectess is a major task of modern education as an institution for relaying democracy values under the conditions of systemic identity crisis. Disruption of sociality concepts, diluting of identity, vague statuses, losing relevant skills of real communication and the decrease of social motivation lead to degrading of social relations between people and eventually lead to flawed social reproduction, the students say. A high level of communicative reflexivity appears to be in highest demand as of today. That is based on its relation to problems of language and ethno-cultural identity. That is why it is important to best preserve and optimize person-to-person forms of communication between teachers and students in higher-education establishments, as a major task and a condition of the modern system of education as a space to render socio-cultural experience as basic forms of pedagogic communication. It is the intersection of personality life worlds where social process are generated and personality self-identification take place. The low level of self-identification as a result of vague ideas of one's place in the social reality downgrades one to the level of a mere functionary, and the person ceases to be a proper measure in things (modus in rebus), gets dehumanized which is against the main value in a democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of controversy and discussion has grown up around the very concept of the individual subject within sociology, and all of these results to a certain degree from its ambiguity. Various theoretical currents and orientations present a different comprehension of the category of individual subject. The main aim of the theoretical research into the subject within the framework of the present paper is to show the historical diversity in the category of the individual subject as well as its theoretical-cognitive status within contemporary sociology. It follows to emphasise that the analysis does not claim to be exhaustive as a result of the fact that it is able to cover only certain selected theoretical positions within its scope. The analysis of the conceptions of the subject within the presented article has the aim, first and foremost, of presenting the diversity in the ways of defining the individual subject in contemporary sociology. To a lesser extent the matter involves the showing of a potential cause-result relation, which would directly link the model of the subject with a concrete society, at a definite time in its historical development. Such a relationship is possible to maintain though only given the premise that specific theories directly result from the social reality in which they came about. Besides the discursive question it follows to state that the essence of the analysis is the individual subject, how it is described and explained on the basis of selected sociological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]