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Bone fractures are a significant concern globally, with a high number of reported cases. According to recent statistical data, bone fractures are prevalent and pose significant challenges in clinical settings. These fractures can result from trauma, degenerative diseases, infections, or oncology. Current treatment options, such as autografts and allografts, have limitations in terms of availability, donor site morbidity, and immune response. In this study, the focus is on the fabrication of a composite material using resin, eggshell, and calcium sulfate hemihydrate for bone reconstruction. Resin-based materials offer good biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and stability. Eggshells and Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate, on the other hand, are a rich source of calcium and other minerals necessary for bone regeneration and have been used in the field of biomaterials for applications such as bone filling and repair. A total of four samples including Pure Resin, Resin/Eggshell composite, Resin/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate, and Resin/Eggshell/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate are fabricated and tested for hardness, compression, and contact angle. Results indicate that samples fabricated using Resin/Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate and Resin/Egg Shell/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate exhibits hardness value within the range of the human trabecular bone i.e. 33.3±5.17 HV and also the Young's modulus is in the range of human trabecular bone i.e. 689-871 MPa. Furthermore, all fabricated samples are found to be hydrophilic with a contact angle of less than 90ᵒ. Further, in-vivo testing can be conducted to analyze the performance of the samples and assess their suitability for orthopedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days Concrete is used as a construction material and it is available easy.it has some properties like strength, tensile, durability, etc. Sawdust and eggshell powder used as a natural material and it will reduce the cost of construction materials. Sawdust and eggshell powders are one mostly available waste materials on the earth, so we are using these waste materials as useful construction materials and we also improving the strength of concrete. Eggshell powder consist of high calcium percentage compared normal cement and sawdust is very low in weight but it has given the same strength like cement. We brought the eggshell powder and sawdust from my nearest area and we replaced cement weights with 5%, 10%and15%. We added 5% of eggshell powder and 5% of sawdust for 10% weight of cement, 10% of eggshell powder and 10%sawdust for 20% weight of cement, 15% of eggshell powder and 15% of sawdust for 30% weight of cement. The compression strength results by replacing 10% of cement has got 20.9N/mm2,by replacing 20%of cement as got 20.3N/mm2, by replacing 30% of cement as got 18.2N/mm2. We also done tensile strengths for cylindrical concretes and we got 3.2 N/mm2 by replacing 10% weight of cement and 3.5N/mm2 for 20% weight of cement and 2.4N/mm2 for 30% weight of cement. As per the reports 10% and 20% replacements given better strength compared to cement concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-ceramic powder from chicken egg shells has been made using a planetary ball mill with varied numbers and types of grinding balls and gradual heating. Chicken egg shells powder is used as a precursor for manufacturing Hydroxyapatite (HA) bio-ceramic material. HA is used as a scaffold, bone filler, and metal implant coating. The manufacture of HA powder with a fine size is very well used for making bone grafts. HA, which consists of calcium and phosphate, is the main component of bone. HA sourced from organic materials such as bovine bones, pig bones, fish bones, goat bones, clam shells, egg shells, snail shells, crab shells, and so on. The research was conducted using a ball mill with variations in the number and ball milling. The balls used are agate and stainless steel. Milling will be carried out in two stages in each variation, namely grinding without gradual heating and grinding followed by gradual heating to a temperature of 900°C. Milling was carried out at 200 rpm for 2 hours. Furthermore, the chicken egg shells powder was characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that milling using 45 balls effectively reduced powder size. The powder size decreased in the first stage by 175 µm in the second stage to 32 µm. The Stainless Steel grinding ball type is more effective in reducing powder size than the Agate ball type. The difference in powder size between the two types of balls in the first stage was 133 µm and in the second stage was 80 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken eggs are one of animal product which have high nutrition with cheaper price compared to another animal product. As one of the most consumed food, the quality of chicken eggs need to be more considered. According to SNI 3926:2008 and Egg Grading Manual Booklet, the quality of chicken egg can be seen from inside and also external characteristic of egg (egg shell). The internal characteristic are the yolk, egg whites, blood stains. The external characteristic are color, texture, cleanliness, thickness of the shell. This study builds a system which can detect the quality of chicken eggs by seeing the texture and the color of the shell. The quality of that chicken eggs grouped into three levels which is Grade A, Grade B, and Grade C. The amount of data that used in this study are 60 data that divided into 480 data for training and 120 data for testing. Data were doing pre-processing before classified with Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network method with ResNet-50 as pre-trained model. Based on the result of training system, this system can classify the quality of chicken eggs with an accuracy rate of 94%. The performance of the system in classifying egg quality is very sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current study conducted in the quail house that affiliated of College of Agriculture in Tikrit University to know the effect of fed quail birds on Aloe vera on some qualities characteristics of stored eggs in refrigerator for three weeks. The first treatment was a control (without supplementation), but the second, third and fourth treatments, the aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaves gel was added to the drinking water at levels of 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. After two months of age, the eggs were collected and stored in the refrigerator for three weeks, then the qualities characteristics of eggs (external and internal) were measured. The results of the study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the mean of egg weight and shell weight for the fourth treatment compared with control treatment and an increase in the average shell thickness for the second treatment compared with control treatment. The treatments did not differ significantly (P≤0.05) among them in the egg shape, the mean diameter and albumin weight and the diameter of the yolk decreased for the third and fourth treatment compared with the control treatment and the treatments did not differ between them significantly (P≤0.05) in the height, index of albumin and yolk and Hugh unit. We concluded from the study that feeding quails on aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel kept the diameter of the yolk from expanding during the storage period, in addition to increasing the thickness of the eggshell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of dairy industries in Malaysia have disposed extensive quantity of waste, resulting in pollutions. This waste could be the potential feedstock for biodiesel production in the presence of catalyst which is also from organic waste. Eggshell and cow bone contained CaO when calcined at 800℃ that could enhance the biodiesel and decreased the reaction time. Characterization of dairy waste showed that it is suitable for biodiesel due to high FFA (7.95%) and very low water content (0.34%). The FESEM-EDX analysis showed the peaks of Ca and O with traces of Mg in both catalysts. The surface morphology of the eggshell indicated that it has numerous porous structures with rod-like shaped and moderate average pore size (15.33 nm) based on BET results. While for cow bone, the surface structure was like aggregate particles with porous structure and high average pore size (21.61 nm) which could increase the biodiesel production. The transesterification of biodiesel from dairy waste with presence of eggshell and cow bone catalysts would be enhanced due to potential properties of the feedstock and catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silt can behave like sand when most silt particles are in the more extensive range of the silt particle-size band. Silt frequently exhibits more clay-like behaviors, and silt and clay are frequently combined, which causes severe geotechnical challenges in the building involving silt soil. Silts can pose serious difficulties in the construction stage and retain moisture; their dilatancy makes improving them more challenging. The geopolymer approach, which substitutes environmentally friendly waste fly ash (FA) and eggshell powder (ESP) for cement and lime, can stabilize and improve the soil. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used as alkaline activators (Na2SiO3: NaOH) with a ratio of 1:1 and molarity of five molars and ten molars for NaOH concentration. For this investigation, triaxial unconsolidated undrained (UU) testing was conducted. This study investigates the effects of FA and ESP content, alkaline activator molarity, and curing period on stress-strain behavior and soil shear strength. The replacement of 5% FA with ESP contributed to an increase in early-period strength. The internal friction angle tended to be slightly greater in soil stabilized with a 15% FA+5% ESP precursor-based geopolymer. However, the cohesiveness of the 20% FA-based geopolymer dramatically increased. The increase in molarity and curing time caused the increase in strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the efficiency of eggshell powder (ESP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was assessed as alternative materials to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at different replacement levels. Combining ESP and POFA in nanoparticle size led to the form of a high-pozzolanic reaction during concrete production. The resistance of the pozzolanic concrete towards chemical attack was examined. The quantity of waste materials used as partial cement replacement influences the resistance of concrete against chemical attack. The deterioration of concrete containing both nano eggshell powder and nano palm oil fuel ash increases as the immersion time become longer. Future research is proposed to further explore the kinetic reaction upon inclusion of nano eggshell and nano palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement in cementitious environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of phytase in ration containing eggshell powder on the performances of native chickens. This study was designed using one-way ANOVA of the CRD method, consisting of 3 treatments, each consisting of 4 replications of 3 native chickens. R0: basal ration; R1: basal ration+phytase from L. Plantarum A1-E; and R2: basal ration + commercial phytase. The variables observed were feed consumption, gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and blood cholesterol content. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and if there were differences, a DMRT further test was carried out. Phytase supplementation significantly affected (p<0.05) daily feed consumption. FCR was not affected by treatments. No significant differences in blood cholesterol levels were observed among the treatments, being R0=110.93 ± 63.63, R1=86.90 ± 15.65, and R2=101.95 ± 31.70 mg/dL in RO, R1, and R2, respectively. It was concluded that supplementation of phytase at a dose of 500 FTU/kg in a ration containing eggshell powder did not affect the performances of native chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is an urgent need to search for alternative materials such as concrete ingredients; therefore, various natural materials such as organic wastes have been explored. Iraq produces a lot of organic and agricultural wastes that are largely unused. This study conducted an experimental investigation to evaluate the suitability of incorporating eggshells powder and Date Seeds (DS) in concrete. Concrete mixtures including 10% eggshells powder as a replacement by weight of cement in combination with different contents of DS of 0, 15, 25, and 35% as volume replacement to natural coarse aggregate. In addition, a reference concrete mixture without eggshells or date seeds was prepared (M). The features considered were flexural and compressive strengths, workability, dry density, permeability, thermal conductivity, and water absorption. The results illustrated that the optimal replacement content is 15% replacement of date seeds as volume fraction of natural coarse aggregate in the concrete. This content reduces thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and compressive strength, by about 6%, 9.81%, and 19.37%, respectively, compared to the concrete mixtures containing only eggshells powder at 28-day age. Furthermore, the water absorption and permeability of DS concrete were increased whenever DS level ascended, but permeability and water absorption values were lower than 10% and 50 mm, respectively, which indicate the good quality of this concrete. This investigation demonstrates that eggshells powder and date seeds can be successfully used as waste materials to produce high-strength, sustainable concrete with acceptable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite which also known as HA is a natural mineral from the Calcium Phosphate (CaP) family. HA can be used as a drug delivery agent and a gene delivery agent in biomedicine. It has been used widely in biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity properties. Natural HA, in addition to commercial HA, can be obtained from calcium-containing materials. Product waste such as shells, scales, and bones had an impact on the daily, resulting in pollution of the environment. Hence, this study was conducted to extract biological natural HA derived from the eggshells waste from household. The eggshells are a low-cost source to extract the HA that can applied to health industries. The main goal of this study was to produce HA from eggshells which Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). The eggshells have been calcined at two different temperatures to produce HA from the calcium precursor which were CaP raw, calcined CaP 800℃, and calcined CaP 1000℃. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphology, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTiR) for functional group analysis. The presence of derived HA in standard HA was confirmed through XRD analysis. The FTiR spectra confirmed that organic compounds had been removed during the calcination process. Calcined CaP produced had similar quality with pure HA. Therefore, HA extracted from eggshells can be used as a substitute for currently available synthetic materials in biomedical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is one of the calcium phosphates types that contain both hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and possess similar chemical composition to human bone. In this research work, biocomposite material was prepared using polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) as polymer matrix, BCP as reinforcement and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as binder for potential use in bone scaffold. Biocomposite with varying BCP from 3-15 wt% range were obtained by conventional compounding followed by injection molding. The effect of BCP loading on PHA matrix was assessed using Charpy impact test. The sample after impact test was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze effect of impact energy on sample. The physical property of the samples was determined by using density test. As per results, PHA biocomposite shows decreasing impact strength when BCP loading increase. The maximum impact strength recorded at neat PHA was 13.07 kJ/m2 while the minimum impact strength recorded at 15 wt% of BCP was 6 kJ/m2. SEM reveals the presence of pores when PHA was added with BCP. Density test shows increasing value when BCP content in PHA increase. The highest density recorded at 15 wt% of BCP was 1.36 g/cm3 while the lowest density recorded at neat PHA was 1.24 g/cm3. The overall results confirm the usefulness of these biocomposite from mechanical and physical point of view as this biocomposite have suitable properties to be applied in human femoral bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshells are one of the widely used by-products in the food processing and manufacturing industries. Due to the increased content of minerals, especially calcium and magnesium and less trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper), chicken eggshell waste can be used in many agricultural activities as a mineral fertilizer, as an additive for improving the physical parameters of the soil, or reducing the accessibility of lead and cadmium from soils polluted with heavy metals, as a substitute for natural calcium carbonate or as a nutritional improver in animal feed. The purpose of this paper was to characterize the eggshell waste resulting from household activities of food preparation and their use for the regeneration of the acid soils contaminated with heavy metals. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of eggshells as a material for blocking lead and cadmium in acidic soils contaminated with heavy metals. The use of eggshells in agricultural soil rehabilitation activities contributes both to increasing soil fertility and can also be an effective way of neutralize eggshell waste from agro-industrial activities. It can be also said that chicken eggshell powder can be recommended both as an organic fertilizer, which increases the mineral intake of plants, and as a soil stabilizer, improving plant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the microstructure of dental composite resin, the waste chicken eggshell particles with white color were incorporated in it, by the weight ratios 2.5% and 5%. Egg shells, which are a natural source of calcium that mainly involved in the formation of bones and teeth, were used as an additive to strengthen dental composite against external stresses. The main mechanical test represented by hardness, wear resistance and compression strength. The addition of supra nanoparticles eggshell with particles size (300 nm) by weight ratio 2.5% to dental composite resin, significantly improves all of its mechanical properties, in addition to the increase the value of the its glass transition temperature from 58 oC to 75 oC, which rises by the ratio (∼ 36%). Electron microscope images were used to observe the degree of homogeneity in dental composite microstructure, which interpretation all the results that are improved mechanically and thermally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of chemical solutions on the mechanical properties of natural composite materials (eggshell with Vinylester) was studied experimentally. Three different weight fractions (30, and 60) were used. hydrochloric acid with concentrations (31, 15, and 10.32%) also, brine solution (Marmara Sea water) with concentrations (23, 11.5, and 5.75%)was used. In experimental work, many samples of eggshell with Vinylester with different weight fractions were manufacturing and placing it in hydrochloric acid and brine solution. Mechanical properties were found from tensile test. The result show that, decreasing in ultimate stress and modules of elasticity by (23, 17, and 10%) and (29, 22,and 16%) for effect of hydrochloric acid (31, 15, and 10.32%) respectively. Also, decreasing ultimate stress and modules of elasticity by (12, 7, and 4%) and (10, 6, and 3%) for effect of brine solution (23, 11.5, and 5.75%) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents waste eggshell material's reusing in cement mortar as fine aggregate. Waste eggshells were used as a partial replacement of natural sand and its influence on some properties was examined. The use of waste material like an eggshell as aggregate instead of natural sand help reduced cost, support sustainability, and help to keep the natural source. So this work studied the influence of sand by eggshells on fresh and hardened state properties. It was found that adding eggshells as fine aggregate reduced the flow of mortar. The density of the mortar was reduced by about 5% by replacing sand with 10% eggshell aggregate. Also, compressive and flexural strength were reduced by about 14% and 4.7% for 2.5% eggshell aggregate and 64% and 33% for 10% eggshell aggregate, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the ability of eggshell treated orange peel as a low-cost adsorbent to remove malachite green (MG) dye from an aqueous solution was investigated. The eggshell treated orange peel was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. From the FTIR analysis, the functional group that might be involved in the adsorption process was found to be carboxylic acid and alcohol. The effect of contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were also investigated by using batch adsorption mode. The results showed that the percentage of dye removal increased with the increase of contact time and the process attained equilibrium within 140 minutes with the highest percentage of MG dye removal was 98%. The percentage of dye removal was also found to increase with the increase of initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage. The experimental result showed that 0.1 g eggshell treated orange peel was able to remove 98% of MG dye while about 99% of MG dye was removed for 250 mg/L of dye concentration. The adsorption isotherm data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model with the qmax of 31.45 mg g−1. Meanwhile, the kinetic data was best presented by the pseudo-second-order model with R2> 0.99. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the materials that can be used as an adsorbent because it has a high ability as an ion exchanger and heavy metal adsorbent. HAp can be synthesized from chicken eggshells because of the CaCO3 content in the shells. In this study, HAp was synthesized from chicken eggshells that were treated with calcination at a temperature of 1000°C and without calcination, then reacted with Na3PO4 in a base condition atmosphere. Characterization using XRD showed that crystalline HAp was formed from calcined chicken eggshells, and amorphous HAp was formed from uncalcined chicken eggshells. The ratio of Ca/P HAp synthesized from the calcined and uncalcined eggshells were 1.66 and 1.74, indicating that the synthesis using calcined eggshells was closer to the mole ratio of pure HAp. The results of SEM characterization showed that the surface pores of HAp from calcined eggshells were more than that of uncalcined. The results showed that the HAp synthesized from chicken eggshells was a good adsorbent for absorbing Cd(II) ions, the absorption efficiency of Cd(II) metal ions for HAp from calcined and uncalcined chicken eggshells was 99.85% and 97.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Hydroxyapatite has been widely used in biomedical applications, especially in bone and dental implants. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized using chemical compound precursors, but the product is not biocompatible. For medical applications, Natural-based hydroxyapatite such as eggshells will be safer. In addition, eggshell-based hydroxyapatite can absorb bacteria and viruses. However, hydroxyapatite cannot decompose the molecules it absorbs, so it requires additional compounds such as titanium dioxide. Hydroxyapatite-titanium dioxide (HA-TiO2) composite proven to be effective as an antibacterial. In this study, HA-TiO2 composites were synthesized made from eggshells by the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 230°C. Hydroxyapatite which is synthesized from eggshell has a purity of 97.8%, crystallinity 56.46% While the HA-TiO2 composite with a composition of 1:1 has been successfully synthesized with a white solid powder texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium is an essential mineral for improving egg quality and its availability can be enhanced by the phytase enzyme. A trial was conducted to determine the effect of calcium levels and phytase inclusion at 2500 FTU/kg diet on egg quality kept for 14 days. This trial used 216 hens, aged 22 weeks old. The hens were reared for 12 weeks and fed with different calcium concentrations (2, 3, and 4%) with or without phytase supplementation. The diets and water were offered ad-libitum. A completely randomized factorial design was used. Analysis of variance and Tukey test were applied. The significant effect of calcium levels was found in the parameters of eggshell percentage and eggshell thickness (P<0.05). Phytase could improve the qualities of eggshell, yolk, and albumen. Egg shape index, albumen percentage, yolk percentage, and yolk colour were not affected by phytase. There was no interaction between calcium levels and phytase inclusion on all parameters of egg quality. In conclusion, the increased inclusion of calcium from 2% to 3 and 4 % increased eggshell percentage and eggshell thickness. Phytase inclusion increased the qualities of eggshell, yolk, and albumen. Calcium level and phytase did not have interaction in affecting all egg quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Hydroxyapatite has been widely used in biomedical applications, especially in bone and dental implants. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized using chemical compound precursors, but the product is not biocompatible. For medical applications, Natural-based hydroxyapatite such as eggshells will be safer. In addition, eggshell-based hydroxyapatite can absorb bacteria and viruses. However, hydroxyapatite cannot decompose the molecules it absorbs, so it requires additional compounds such as titanium dioxide. Hydroxyapatite-titanium dioxide (HA-TiO2) composite proven to be effective as an antibacterial. In this study, HA-TiO2 composites were synthesized made from eggshells by the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 230°C. Hydroxyapatite which is synthesized from eggshell has a purity of 97.8%, crystallinity 56.46% While the HA-TiO2 composite with a composition of 1:1 has been successfully synthesized with a white solid powder texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of heterogeneous catalysts is one of the important factors in biodiesel synthesis. The use of various temperatures for calcining chicken eggshells as heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production from Moringa seed oil has been successfully carried out. This study aims to obtain the calcination temperature for biodiesel production with the highest methyl ester mass fraction and also to determine the biodiesel characteristics. Heterogeneous catalyst CaO from chicken eggshells was prepared by calcining at temperatures of 700, 800, 900, 1000, and 1100oC. CaO catalyst at each calcination temperature was used in the transesterification reaction between Moringa seed oil and methanol. The use of a calcination temperature of 1100oC resulted in a mass fraction of 90.69%. The results of biodiesel characterization obtained water content of 0.28%, acid number of 0.73 mgKOH/g, saponification number of 147.6 mgKOH/g, iodine number of 71.06 g (I2/100 g oil), cloud point of 18oC, pour point of 13oC, and the cetane number of 65.15. Some biodiesel quality values have met ASTM standards, including saponification number and cetane number. GC-MS analysis showed that 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-methyl ester was the dominant compound in biodiesel with a peak area of 6.59% at a retention time of 12.39 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of calcium-based hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken eggshell was prepared by using microwave-wet chemical synthesis approach. The influence of pH value at 8,9,10,11 and 12 that applied on the HA has been investigated. Several characterization methods such as the XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX were used to evaluate the morphology and structural properties of eggshell-derived HA powders. It was revealed that the particle morphology was influence by the pH of the mixture. At pH 10, a needle-like HA particle of sizes approximately 10–15 nm (width) and 60– 80 nm (length) were obtained. It was also found that a more rounded nanoparticles was produced when further increased in the pH. The present work indicated that the biowaste eggshells serve as starting calcium precursor assisted with microwave irradiation provides a reference as an effective approach in preparing phase pure nano HA powder which suitable for biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshells are a rich source of calcium and can be easily converted into biogenic hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. This research aims to to fabricate hydroxyapatite (HA-Es) and 5 mol% zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite (5ZnHA-Es) dense bioceramic using initial powders synthesized from waste eggshells. The as-prepared powders were presureless sintered at 1250°C and after that their mechanical as well as cytotoxic properties were evaluated. TEM micrographs of the starting powders showed that HA-Es and 5ZnHA-Es particles have nano-rod shape and were highly agglomerated. For densification study, it was revealed that 5ZnHA-Es exhibited higher fracture toughness compared to zinc-free sample with 1.55 ± 0.06 MPa.m1/2. This enhancement of the fracture toughness was attributed to the presence of minor β-TCP phase when 5 mol% zinc ion was incorporated into HA, combined with enhanced densification at 1250°C. Cytotoxicity analysis through MTT assay analysis indicated that both HA-Es and 5ZnHA-Es were non-toxic. Nevertheless, the 5ZnHA-Es specimen showed more than 90% of cell viability after 24 h exposure in the MTT assay solution, compared to only 81% for HA-Es sample. This finding inferred that the presence of Zn ion may have promoted cells proliferation more effectively than HA-Es. This work had provided an insight on the feasibility of using natural calcium extracted from waste eggshells as starting material in the preparation of Zn-substituted HA, suitable for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative processing of heavy metals in laboratory wastewater by adsorption. The objective of this was to determine the effectiveness of adsorption from eggshell powder, zeolite, and combine eggshell powder-zeolite adsorbents in laboratory wastewater. The reactor used is a PVC pipe with a diameter of 4 dim and a pipe height of 30 cm and the height of each adsorbent there in is 15 cm. The efficiency of reducing Mn concentration in the eggshell powder reactor, zeolite, and combine eggshell powder-zeolite was 47.48%, 54.60%, and 49.56%, respectively. The efficiency of reducing Cd concentration in the eggshell powder reactor, zeolite, and combine eggshell powder-zeolite was 19.53%, 56.70%, and 43.30%, respectively. All reactors have a maximum reduction in concentration at a time of 120 minutes immersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bricks consume a massive quantity of clay. Using clay bricks causes erosion, lowers the water table, and harms the environment. This research examined various waste materials, including fly ash, quarry dust, marble dust, eggshell powder (ESP), and rice husk ash (RHA), in varying percentages to avoid using clay in manufacturing bricks. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted, and the results were compared with the specifications for traditional clay bricks. It was observed that the compressive strength and water absorption values met the relevant standards needed for standard construction bricks. Furthermore, the cost of manufacturing bricks from waste materials was estimated, and the findings show that manufacturing bricks from waste materials cost less than conventional bricks. Finally, it was concluded that the brick industry could become more sustainable and economically feasible by using specific waste materials in manufacturing bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the fact that by fortifying chocolate, more nutritious and healthier chocolates are obtained, in this work we set out to obtain an assortment of milk chocolate with the addition of chicken eggshell powder and to evaluate its mineral intake. Practically, the purpose of this experiment is the superior valorization of eggshell waste from household activities as a mineral fortification for milk chocolate. Four types of milk chocolates were prepared with the addition of 0, 1, 2 and 4% chicken eggshell powder, which were analyzed from the point of view of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The results obtained from the analysis of chocolates show an increase in the mineral concentration of milk chocolate with the increasing addition of eggshell powder: 265 - 1.724 mg/100g Ca; 124-140 mg/100g Mg; 2.947 - 3.231 mg/100g Fe; 0.569 - 0.612 mg/100g Mn; 2.407 - 2.460 mg/100g Zn and 0.940 - 0.988 mg/100g Cu. Under the conditions of the present experiment, a consumption of 50 g of chocolate with 1 - 4% eggshell powder covers a good part of the recommended daily mineral requirement: 31.47 - 86.20% Ca - for women and men; 15.21 - 22.66% Mg for women and men; 8.19 - 20.19% Fe - for men and women; 12.46 - 17.08% Mn - for women and men; 10.97 - 15.38% Zn - for men and women respectively; 52.50 - 54.89% Cu - for women and men. A possible increase in the mass of eggshell used for the mineral fortification of chocolate is possible, but this may decrease the sensory quality of the chocolate, especially in terms of texture and taste. The obtained results confirm the fact that milk chocolate fortified with 4% eggshell has a higher mineral intake than nonfortified chocolate, especially from the point of view of Ca and Mg content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research checked the efficiency of using eggshell once as powder replaced partially the cement in mortar's matrix. Effect of each state of waste eggshell has been studied on some fresh and hardened properties of cement mortars. Level of replacement with either eggshell powder or eggshell fine aggregate are; 0%, 2%, 4%, 5.0 %, 7 % 8.0% and 10% (by weight of cement). The resulting mortars was compared for setting time (initial and final), slump and fresh density and hardened properties like; dry density, compressive and flexural tensile strength, water absorption and porosity. Results showed that eggshell powder work like accelerators, it reduced both initial and final setting time. The difference in the initial setting time is about 9.3 to 37.0% for 0% to 10% of ESP ratio respectively. While the difference in the final setting time is about 3.3% to 25.6% for 0% to 10% of ESP ratio. At early age (7 day) incorporating led ESP into mortar led to higher compressive strength than control one. While at late age (28 and 56 days) the rate of strength is increasing decrease. Flexural strength increased with increasing of ESP% up to 5%, then began to decrease for higher content. also ESP led to decrease both of % absorption and %porosity especially for low content up to 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decreasing availability of masons led to the need for self-compacting concrete mixture in the construction site. It only requires a few masons, but it can create high-quality concrete. The concrete makes use of the aggregate size setting, aggregate portion, and superplasticizer admixture to obtain a special thickness that allows the concrete to flow independently without the aid of a compactor. The use of substitutes for cement in concrete mixture has been widely practiced, both organic and inorganic waste materials. One of the many organic wastes that we can easily find in Indonesia is eggshell waste. The objective of the research is the effect of eggshells as a cement substitution material in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) on compressive strength and tensile strength value with 0%, 2.5%, 7.5%, 12.5%, and 17.5% variations. The research method used in this research was an experimental method which was carried out at the Laboratory of Building Material, Structure, and Construction, of the Department of Architecture, Universitas Hasanuddin. Quantitative research with experimental based on two variables (age and concrete treatment) was also used as the research method. The data was obtained from the test specimen by measuring the compressive strength and tensile value of the concrete with a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The data analysis method used in the research was comparative analysis by using tabulations and charts. The results showed that the effect of eggshell substitution or ESP (eggshell powder) on 28-days-old SCC could increase the concrete compressive strength even though it was not optimal. While the tensile strength shows higher value strength than SCC variation 0% (normal SCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel 304 is a metal used to replace damaged bones. However, this metal has a low level of biocompatibility in the body. To solve this problem, the metals are coated with a biocompatible material before implantation. The material used to coat the stainless steel is an apatite compound derived from eggshell because the composition of minor minerals of eggshell was CaCO3 94%, MgCO3 1%, CaPO4 1%, and organic material 4%. The method used in this research is the electrophoretic deposition method. This research aims to study the effect of apatite compounds that are coating on stainless steel 304 surfaces. Based on the experimental results, the suspension process carried out pH controls that resulted in pH 11.15, 1.42, 3.86, and 4.55. Increasing and decreasing pH can occur because the compound of HNO3 and NH4OH was strong acid and base. Researchers were not very careful in measuring the volume of HNO3 and NH4OH when it was inserted into the apatite compound suspension. The pH of the suspension affected the potential value (ζ), which indicated the stability of the particle resistance and determined the direction and speed of migration during the EPD process. Using the apatite compound concentration affected the mass of apatite compounds deposited on the stainless steel 304. Based on the experimental results, apatite compounds can attach to the stainless steel 304 surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken eggs are the most important cooking ingredient with rich protein and calcium. It can be consumed by all humans and the eggshells are disposed as a waste material to the environment. These waste materials are disposed directly in the environment without any pre-treatment which creates environmental pollution by its microbial action. Nowadays, the researchers are converting these waste materials into valuable biomaterials. More than 2.2 million people worldwide undergo bone transplantation each and every year. Surgery needs to repair large critical-size bone defects accidents, traumas, diseases. Hydroxyapatite is a biomaterial that is similar to the mineral component of the mammalian bones and it can also be used to replace the damaged bones as well as a coating material on various implant which enhance the bone growth of prosthetic implants in orthopedic, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction applications. The present investigation is to synthesize the CaO from the waste eggshells with different calcinations temperature from 400° C – 900° C via solid state reaction method. The resulting CaO is employed as the primary source for the production of HAp biomaterial; it is environmentally friendly and also increases the life span of the host. The synthesized CaO is characterized by FTIR, XRD and Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction results revealed that the phase transformation starts at 700°C and CaO formed at 900° C. TG-DTA analysis indicated that the calcium oxide is formed at 829° C during the decomposition of calcium carbonate. The less weight loss is observed from the TGA analysis and it could be used as precursor material for the production of bioceramic materials like HAp for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is bioactive substance that is nearly identical to a mineral component of the bone and teeth. HAp has been employed as a bone substitute material in orthopedic applications because of the remarkable properties such as non-toxic, non-inflammatory, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and the ability to develop a direct chemical bonding with human hard tissues. In recent years, natural biogenic resources are available in vast amounts in the environment and that could be used to develop natural biomaterial which has been motivated by the researchers to solve the limitation obtained from the synthetic material. The bio-waste materials are creating the environmental pollution caused by emission of CO2, promote the bacterial growth during degradation. In order to reduce the pollution in the environment, the waste materials can be converted into valuable biomaterials. The present study focuses on the synthesis of HAp from chicken eggshells using simple precipitation method, CaO was used as a precursor material obtained from the calcination of raw eggshell at 900 ° C. The synthesized HAp has been analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Antibacterial Activity. The FT-IR spectrum reveals that the phase transformation occurs at 700° C. The FT-IR spectrum confirms the formation of HAp by the existence of functional groups OH−, PO43- and HPO42-. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the particle size and purity of the sample. The surface analysis and elemental composition of the synthesized HAP have been confirmed by SEM and EDAX method. The rod-like hexagonal structure is seen by SEM analysis. The obtained results confirm that the synthesized HAp possesses excellent biocompatible and antibacterial properties and it would be used as a potential candidate for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide a basis for households that relates the effectiveness of sustainable fertilizers to the vegetation growth of sweet potatoes. The proponents analyzed the vegetative growth results of sweet potato using 100g, 200g, and 300g of eggshells and 158g, 316g, and 474g of rice husks, comparing it to commercially available urea fertilizer with 11.34g and no fertilizer. The factors used to measure sweet potatoes' vegetative growth were Vine Length, Leaf Length and Width, and their overall acceptability through taste test surveys. Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test and ANOVA Single Factor, results showed that the highest amount of Eggshell and Rice Husk fertilizer, 300 g, and 474 g, respectively, produced the highest mean value of leaf and width, as well as vine length. However, among the four fertilizers, there is no statistically significant difference in the overall vegetative growth of the sweet potato. Also, in the sensory evaluation, results suggest no statistically significant difference in using any fertilizers on the color, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability of the Sweet Potato Tops. However, the Kruskal-Wallis tests indicate urea fertilizer has the highest rating regarding mouthfeel and overall acceptability. Finally, the Eggshell, Rice Husk, and no fertilizer received the highest mean rating in color, taste, and aroma. With this, the proponents recommend studying the right and proper usage of Urea Fertilizer to ensure its safety and effectiveness as it had the most favorable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggshells are household waste that in large quantities can harm the environment. The very high content of Calcium Carbonate 90% is the main component of the composition of eggshells. This study aims to identify the manufacture of dental biomaterials; toothpaste. The eggshell was calcinated with the sintering temperatures of 350, 500, 600, and 900 ℃ for 10 minutes and reacted with Hydroxy o-phosphate. From the spectrum results obtained, the best hydroxyapatite was at a sintering temperature of 900 ℃. The samples were compared to the addition of NaOH and the control variables. The additive fortification was carried out in preparations including glycerin, baking soda, and betel leaf extract for antimicrobials. The tested pH was the best in the range of 4.5-10.5. From the results obtained the best is sample 10 where the pH is neutral 7 organoleptic appearance was semi-solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of eggshell powder as a waste adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution. Taguchi method was employed for experimental design, and the data were analyzed using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. During the removal process, a batch technique was used to determine the effects of several controllable factors on the percent of removal. These factors were pH of the solution (3, 6, 9 and 12), initial dye concentration (100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm), and adsorbent dose (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g). The results revealed that the optimum conditions for methylene blue removal of about 70% were obtained at an adsorbent dose of 1 g, pH 9 and 100 ppm dye concentration for a contact time of about 1 hour and at agitation speed of 250 rpm. The effect of contact time was studied on the percent of removal from aqueous solution by eggshell powder. It was found that the rates of adsorption were rapid initially within the first 20 minutes and reached maximum adsorption after 1 hour. Analyses of results were achieved to discuss the contribution of the individual factors on the objective functions. Various adsorption isotherm models were investigated such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Harkins-Henderson. Kinetic studies were conducted on the adsorption of dye on eggshell powder. These kinetic models were the zero-order, pseudo-first order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to other costly treatment methods, the effectiveness of adsorption process as the wastewater treatment for the removal of dye has made it as an ideal alternative method. Batch adsorption studies were conducted for the adsorption of Congo red dye using eggshells by varying the adsorption process parameters such as pH (2-8), adsorbent dose (0.2–0.8 g) and contact time (5–20 minutes). Central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the interactions effects of adsorption process parameters as well as for optimization of congo red removal using eggshells as adsorbent. The significant of independent variables and their interactions were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA indicated that a second-order polynomial regression equation was the most appropriate model for fitting the experimental data. Results revealed that coefficient of correlation (R2) for the quadratic model are 0.9060. The optimum conditions for congo red adsorption by eggshells were found to be at pH 8, 0.8 g and 20 minutes, respectively and the removal efficiency was found to be 97.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deformation behavior of the chicken eggshell under shearing and bending was examined. An eggshell is a biomineral consisted of more than 90% of calcium carbonate. Samples for mechanical testing were cut from commercial chicken eggs along and perpendicularly to the egg axis. Their average size was 50×3×0.5 mm3. The crack evolution in the samples under bending was studied in situ on the metallographic light microscope. Some samples were exposed to water for 15 min before the testing. The samples exhibit viscoelastic behavior under shearing, while they behave in a brittle manner under bending. The width of the crack in the sample could be grown using the increase of the arrow of bending. It means that some deformation mechanism suppresses fracture in the chicken eggshell and, hence, the crack growth is close to the viscoelastic type. The orientation of the samples and the exposure of them in the water do not qualitatively change the deformation behavior of the chicken eggshell under shearing and bending. The deformation behavior of the chicken eggshell is similar to rock materials and minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that the current eggshell crack detection method has poor precision and completeness, a large-scale eggshell crack detection method based on impulse response signal is proposed. The eggshell shock response signal collecting device is composed of exciter, egg, base and acceleration sensing equipment's signal acquisition terminal. The obtained unsteady signal is decomposed into several inherent mode functions by EMO, and the main components of the signal are transformed by Hilbert Huang to obtain the energy distribution atlas of time-frequency. It is added to principal component analysis method to calculate the characteristic contribution rate of signal. The singularity index of each layer of eggshell signal is obtained, and the standard value of singularity index of corresponding layer is given. The singularity index of each layer is compared with the standard value, if the singularity index is greater than the standard value, it is a cracked eggshell; otherwise, it is a good eggshell. By layer comparison, a large-scale eggshell crack detection is realised. The experimental results show that the precision rate and recall rate of this method are both high and reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new insights in the development of biodegradable composites for packaging industries, using PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and eggshell ash particles (ESAp) were investigated. The composites were produced using the modified solution cast method. In the experimentation; 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20wt% ESAp were used in the production of the composites. Tensile, Impact energy, Water absorption, Density, and Biodegradability tests were carried out on the resulting composites samples to determine their characteristics and composition with the most suitable property for mechanical and packaging applications. The composite samples showed variants in mechanical properties according to the results obtained from the tests carried out. This led to the conclusion that for optimum mechanical properties for packaging applications, bio-composites with the studied composition should be obtained at 15wt%ESAp. It was established that the developed composites film can be used in the packaging industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite is the inorganic material with formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. It is one of bioceramic was used for one repairs, fixing defects of filing voids in biomedical fields. The use of chicken eggshell is one of the natural sources to obtain the calcium phosphate compounds. The main objective of this study is to synthesize the hydroxyapatite by precipitation method from eggshell. The raw eggshell was calcined at 850°C for 2 hours following by grinding for 16 hours. The HA powder was synthesized by wet chemical method, using eggshells and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Xray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the morphology, composition and distribution of the particles. The Thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA) was also carried out to evaluate the stability of the synthesized HA powder. The particle-size distribution (PSD) of the powder was determined by the laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer. The results showed that the sintered at 1000°C of HA powder resembles the feature of pure and single apatite phase having favorable Ca/P ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further research is needed to try to utilize calcium carbonate from chicken eggshells as an adsorbent. The use of chicken eggshells as adsorbent is expected to minimize the amount of waste generation and reduce environmental pollution. This research aims to utilize chicken eggshells as adsorbent. Eggshell powder was activated with 0.1 M HCl solution for 48 hours, then heated in an oven at 150°C for 30 minutes which aims to enlarge pores, increase surface area, increase volume and create new pores that will increase adsorption power. The adsorbent obtained was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, BET and BJH. Based on XRD data, it can be seen that the activated adsorbent contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which shows a phase with β-calcite symmetry. SEM data shows that the adsorbent particles are almost spherical in shape and some form an aggregate and there is an empty space. EDS analysis shows the concentration of calcium, carbon and oxygen are 27.05; 15.75 and 56.60% respectively. The results of BET analysis showed that the adsorbent obtained included type V, mesoporous category and type H3, the presence of nonrigid aggregate in the form of plates that have slit-shaped pores. The results of BJH analysis showed that the most dominant pore sizes were pores with diameter of 33.3 and 36.3 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal of lead in soil samples was carried out by eggshells activated carbon (ESAC). Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) was used as the activation agent at 500 °C for an hour. The prepared ESAC was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique was used to determine the surface area of the prepared activated carbon. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the formation of ESAC material. Besides, the EDX spectrum showed that the elements of ESAC such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (0), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) present in the matrix. The BET analysis showed that the surface area of ESAC was 0.5566 m2/g, and the type of pores present on the surface was macropores with an average diameter between 0.05 to 2 µm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the percentage removal of lead in soil using the Aqua Regia method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken Egg Shell contains calcium phosphate which may mimic bone composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate remineralization efficiency of Chicken Eggshell Powder (CEP) on demineralized human tooth enamel in-vitro using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). In this study a window of 3x3 mm on 15 extracted human teeth were prepared and demineralized for 48 hours to create artificial early carious lesions on the enamel. The teeth were assigned randomly to three study groups of 5 teeth each and the groups being artificial saliva, Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) and CEP. The samples were then subjected to 4 remineralising demineralizing cycles of 2 hours each and prepared for evaluation under SEM and EDX analysis. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The statistically evaluated results revealed that the levels of calcium in the teeth treated with CEP was higher than the teeth treated with CPP-ACP but the calcium-phosphate ratio showed no significant difference. The results confirmed CEP as a potential biomaterial for remineralization of early carious lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change remains a major topic of global concern in the twenty-first century. Recent research in this area has been focused on managing its impact and halting the increase of anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs). The construction and waste management industries remain one of the important players in the production of GHGs. Research works involving the calcination of eggshells has often been done by burning both shell and its constituent proteins and membrane. In the pursuit of a circular economy, this research investigated the effect of membrane separation on the calcination process and quality of CaO produced. Acetic and nitric acid was used to leach the eggshells and aid separation of the shell membrane. XRD, XRF, AA, and RGB analysis were used to characterize the calcined shells and leachate. Leaching was optimum at 60 minutes and averaged at 17 minutes. Optimum calcination occurred at 900°c. Leached and separated shells produced higher calcium concentration and crystallinity after calcination. Leaching duration beyond 17 minutes did not affect calcium content of the calcined shells as seen in the XRF results, however, XRD peaks of CaO experienced a reduction after 17 minutes of leaching. AA analysis also indicates that nitric acid dissolved more Ca during leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite synthesis was conducted from broiler eggshell (Gallus-gallus) by using precipitation method. Hydroxyapatite is synthesized from a calcium source that is broiler eggshell. Hydroxyapatite synthesis is done by heating up a 200 mesh by using furnace at the temperature of 600Ԩ for 3 hours. The eggshell is heated for turning the CaCO3 contained into CaO. The precipitation method is carried out by react the calcium source with H3PO4 solution, which functions as a phosphate to obtain hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite obtained was characterized by XRD and FTIR to determine the crystalline phase and to see the functional groups of hydroxyapatite. From the results obtained, the size of crystal is 97.7 nm and the crystal structure is hexagonal. From the results of FTIR characterization, it is known that 3 main groups have formed, namely the phosphate group (PO43-) which appeared at wavenumbers around 562.65 cm-1, 896.29 cm-1, 1065.52 cm-1, carbonate group (CO32-) at wave number 1400.00 cm-1 and hydroxyl group (OH-) at wave number 3435.71 cm-1. The result of hydroxyapatite characterization from broiler eggshells indicated that hydroxyapatite has formed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the previous years, utilization of natural bio-fruit waste has received way more attention than ever before, this because the low cost of bio-fibers and to improvement some properties of polymer composite and also to reduce the environmental west. Egg shell powder, with grain size (100μm) was added with 5,10,15,20 and 25% weight fraction to epoxy to improve some mechanical properties like: hardness, impact, compression, tensile and bending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the late 20th century was used to create a practical source for the detection of irradiated products. EPR spectrometry is suitable for dry products (cereals, spices) or food components that are relatively dry (i.e. shell, seeds, bones). The relative ease, with which radiation-induced EPR signals can be measured in meat, seafood, and fruits, has been demonstrated. The possibility of using EPR dosimetric control of chicken eggshells is of high relevance in connection with the use of radiation processing methods of these products and allows studying without the use of dosimeters. In this work, we conducted a study of EPR spectrometry after radiation treatment of chicken egg’s shells with a dose of 40 kGy. The results obtained will allow determining the method of chicken eggs control exposed to surface radiation treatment with a nanosecond electron beam (NEB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel chemical modification of a natural polymer (soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP)) with one of carbon nanostructures (graphene oxide (GO)) was used to prepare nano adsorption material. The graphene oxide-soluble eggshell membrane protein (GO-SEP) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, TG, DTG, DSC, SEM, STEM and particle size distribution thereafter was used for packing the solid phase extraction column. The SPE using GO-SEP as packing material was developed and enhanced by unique method depends on using dithiocarbamate as a chelating agent for the lead to determine its concentration in four different water samples by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The prepared chelating agent bis sodium barbituric acid dithiocarbamate (BADTC) was produced by treating barbituric acid with CS2 in the presence NaOH. The factors that influence the preconcentration and determination of lead (pH, sample and eluent flow rates, concentration and type of eluents, a volume of sample, chelating agent concentration and interfering ions) have been examined in detail. Detection limits (LOD) (0.1 µg.L−1) and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) were found lower than <0.12% (n=10, c=0.5 µg.L−1). This new method has been successfully applied to determine lead in four water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer composite from biowaste material have gained enough interest by its unique light weight, high strength, high corrosion resistance, affordability, pollution free, renewability and ecofriendly natures. These important factors are relevant to form an energy efficient domain which will boost the fuel economy in many engineering and industrial sectors. In present study, composite material has developed from waste chicken eggshells (CES). Existing hydrophilic semipermeable membrane in eggshell create trouble during the development of composite with hydrophobic matrix. So (CES)/matrix interface was modified by treating CES with sodium hydroxide chemical which better known as “Mercerization”. Structural, morphological, vibrational and mechanical properties were investigated both for untreated and treated CES particle as well as composites. Structural result showed an increase in crystallite size of ESP which indicated the additional crystal growth in crystalline region. A smooth surface with porous membrane were spotted from morphological study. Combinely, porous membrane and crystallite size increment facilitated the interfacial bonding between ESP/matrix which may cause the improvement in mechanical properties of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is an abundant egg producing country. When the eggshell is not managed properly, the eggshell will become a medium for microbial growth and cause environmental pollution. Eggshell contain very high calcium carbonate which can be used as a precursor for hydroxyapatite formation. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of hard tissue in the natural tissues of bones and teeth, hydroxyapatite can be applied to the medical world as an ingredient to cure damaged bones and teeth. In the process of eating food, mastication occurs in the oral cavity where the strength of mastication depends on several factors. This study aims to find out as optimal as the factors that influence the process of mastication. The crystallite size obtained from phase identification by X-Ray Diffraction and the morphology of eggshell powder obtained from a Scanning Electron Microscope. The experimental design process used Taguchi method and statistical tool used analysis of variance (ANOVA). The parameters for experimental design are crystallite size of the eggshell powder and mastication amount. The result shows that the optimal condition that can increase the strength of mastication is the crystallite size of 107 nm with the amount of mastication 40 times. The parameter that most contributes to the increase in masticatory strength is the size of the crystal with a percentage of 97.11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]