Effect of nano pam oil fuel ash and nano eggshell powder on concrete durability.

In this investigation, the efficiency of eggshell powder (ESP) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was assessed as alternative materials to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at different replacement levels. Combining ESP and POFA in nanoparticle size led to the form of a high-pozzolanic reaction during concrete production. The resistance of the pozzolanic concrete towards chemical attack was examined. The quantity of waste materials used as partial cement replacement influences the resistance of concrete against chemical attack. The deterioration of concrete containing both nano eggshell powder and nano palm oil fuel ash increases as the immersion time become longer. Future research is proposed to further explore the kinetic reaction upon inclusion of nano eggshell and nano palm oil fuel ash as partial cement replacement in cementitious environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]