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About one person dies every minute from heart disease, consequently, it has surpassed war as the largest cause of death in the twenty-first century. This includes both the male and female demographics, as well as the ratio may fluctuate depending on age bracket & sex. Nothing here suggests that persons of various ages are immune to cardiovascular disease. Classifying the underlying causes and diseases associated with this condition has become more difficult in recent years. In this study, we explore the different classification methods and the Flask Framework used for cardiac illness. As a result, it is drawing attention as a "fatal disease" that may kill a person in the absence of any outward signs of illness. Particularly important in cardiology, early and accurate diagnosis of heart illness is a cornerstone of effective healthcare. Classifying cardiac illness might be difficult at times because of a general lack of funds in the healthcare profession. The medical community and their patients stand to gain a great deal by making use of appropriate technological help in this area. This problem may be handled by using Data Science methodologies. There are now established tendencies in Data Science, and a wide range of research is being conducted in this area. This research seeks to apply the CNN, RF, Naive Bayes, SVM algorithm techniques to create a classifier model for the of Cardiovascular disease. To put our plan into action, we've chosen to work with the Flask framework. Categorizes the desired value in-page using HTML and CSS to connect our models to variables. Given that it's a user-friendly website. An advantage of this framework is that it makes it simple for users to make sense of the values that have been categorised. Users may learn the status of an illness at a preliminary phase by using our website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the dynamics of changes in the daily water level of the Pregolya River (hydrological station of Gvardeysk). As a result of the analysis of the average values of the daily water levels, it can be concluded that during the 20-year observation period in the mid-20th and early 21st centuries, they were practically the same (581.8 and 581.4 cm, respectively). It was found that there are noticeable differences in the extreme values and intra-annual dynamics of the daily water levels over the studied period. It has been determined that the maximum levels of spring floods and rain floods of the Pregolya River (hydrological station of Gvardeysk) at the beginning of the 21st century exceeded the level of dangerous hydrological phenomena according to the Kaliningrad Centre for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. The calculations have shown that the maximum average values from the period of the second half of March - the first half of April in the 20th century has shifted to February-March (and even the end of January) in the 21st century. The reason for such phenomena may be related to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil engineering has transformed the health, wealth and well-being of societies over the past 200 years but is also driving the global climate and environmental crises. This paper proposes the educational requirements for a 'new-model engineer', whose threshold knowledge of engineering fundamentals, outstanding connective skills and holistic systems thinking will empower them to be a responsible part of a more stable socio-ecological system. The approach represents a sea change in civil engineering education, which the authors believe represents the most exciting opportunity for the profession in two centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic fluid is a branch of physics that underlies several phenomena in everyday life. The 21st century skills are a new challenge for workers. This certainly affects the students to prepare them to face these challenges. Creative thinking skills are needed to prepare students to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The level of self-efficacy of students can influence these creative thinking skills. Students' thinking skills still need to improve, and the role of STEM in learning is still sporadic. This research method is a quasi-experiment with treatment by level 2 x 2 design. The research sample consisted of two groups: a group of students who were given the STEM treatment and a group of students who were given the STEM-PjBL treatment. Each group was given a self-efficacy test to group students with low efficacy and students with high self-efficacy. The research data has homogeneous variance and normal distribution as a condition for further hypothesis testing. The next test was carried out by an interaction effect test, which stated an interaction effect between the learning treatment and self-efficacy on students' creative thinking skills. The final test is the sample effect with the independent sample t-test, and a significance value of 0.000 is obtained, which means that there is a difference in the value of the creative thinking skills of students who are treated with STEM and STEM-PjBL for students who have high self-efficacy and a significance value of 0.046, which means there is a difference the value of the creative thinking skills of students who are treated with STEM and STEM-PjBL in students who have low self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We enter a rapid, profound change in the 21st century. Every aspect of education, from preschool to post-secondary education, is focused on preparing citizens with 21st-century competencies. Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) and scientific literacy, among the 21st-century competencies, should be taught, and these two competencies have been a major goal of science education nowadays. So, teachers should not only be capable of using innovative teaching strategy that is in line with contemporary theory/philosophy of learning, but they should assess their students using HOTS-oriented instruments that promote the development of learners' HOTS and scientific literacy. Although studies confirm the importance of teachers in developing students' HOTS as an effort to prepare students for future challenges, some obstacles have been found, such as (1) teaching strategies that engage students' HOTS are rare; (2) teachers' understanding of HOTS is still relatively limited; (3) teachers still have difficulty in developing instruments to measure students' HOTS. Classroom science assessments generally consist of asking students to recall information; (4) although teachers believe that they are assessing HOTS, they are not. It is strongly recommended, however, that assessments should test higher-order as well as lower-order thinking. To assess 21st-century learners, the assessment should reflect the characteristics of 21st-century issues or problems that could trigger students' higher-order thinking. In chemistry education, especially, teaching and learning should be based on chemistry subjects that are relevant to student's lives and represent authentic, relevant issues. Socio-scientific issues and problems faced by 21st-century learners are considered appropriate and relevant to be incorporated into the HOTS assessment. This paper, then, discusses: (1) how higher-order thinking skills can be defined in terms of transfer (Bloom taxonomy), critical thinking, and ill-structured problem solving; (2) what characteristics of socio-scientific issues can be chosen as a context of the problem; (3) how to construct HOTS test by using the identified socio-scientific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the skills that students must possess in the twenty-first century is solving problems. Students' strong perseverance and openness to problem-solving can improve mathematics learning achievement. However, only a few studies in developing countries have examined this topic. This aim study examines the relationship between openness and perseverance to problem-solving on mathematics learning achievement in Indonesia. This study uses multilevel modeling from the 2012 PISA dataset to explore the variables that affect students' mathematical performance. The results obtained with the help of the stratified model are that openness and persistence to problem-solving are statistically significant predictors for the success of learning mathematics. The higher the attitude of openness and perseverance to problem-solving, the higher the students' mathematics learning achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STEM is an approach that integrates four fields, namely science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. STEM approach is needed to assist students to fill the demands of the 21st century. This study aims to determine the perception of pre-service science teacher students towards the STEM approach and the need for STEM-based science learning modules. This research used qualitative research and the population used in this study were all pre-service science teachers at universities in Surakarta. The sample selection technique used purposive sampling with the criteria of students who were taking microteaching classes, namely students of the class of 2019, and students who had taken microteaching classes, namely students of class 2018. The data collection technique used a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions on a closed questionnaire and 5 questions on an open-ended questionnaire which was distributed via google forms. The data analysis technique used in the closed questionnaire uses the percentage formula, while the open-ended questionnaire is analyzed through three stages, namely data collection, reduction, and data presentation. The results show that students have positive STEM perceptions but still find it difficult to connect between STEM aspects. The students find it difficult to apply STEM in learning because of a lack of knowledge about how to apply STEM. The students find it difficult to learn STEM because of various obstacles, including references, motivation, and language. References obtained so far in studying STEM include websites, scientific articles, lectures, learning videos, modules, workshops, practice questions, and practicums. The current reference is deemed not to support pre-service science teachers to learn STEM. Students feel the need for STEM-based learning modules because they can be used as guidelines for studying STEM, guidelines for applying STEM in the classroom, supporting lectures, applying in the real world, equalizing STEM perceptions, improving thinking skills, and increasing STEM habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the abilities that students need in facing the 21st century is the ability to think analytically. The ability to think analytically is part of the High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), namely the ability of students to group several elements and then connect these elements to be used in the problem-solving process, including the phenomena of everyday life. However, currently students' analytical thinking skills are still very low. This study aims to see how to improve students' analytical thinking skills through the implementation of the integrated Bugis Ma'benteng 4C Skills. This research method is quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 19 Bone where the population in this study were all students of class XI, with the research sample consisting of two classes, namely class XI MIPA 1 as many as 25 students as the experimental class and class XI MIPA 3 as many as 25 students as the control class. Sampling technique is non-probability sampling with the type of purposive sampling. Data analysis carried out includes normality test, hypothesis testing and gain score. The results showed a significant increase in the experimental class with a gain score of 81% which indicates that the integrated learning strategy of the Bugis Ma'benteng 4C Skills can improve students' analytical thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we portray experts' narratives reflecting Nationhood education in the context of Malaysian higher institutions. The study was conducted as part of a larger inquiry into all universities in Malaysia. Y Generation of learning Nationhood education in the 21st century begs some attention to educational progress and transform, from the viewpoint of experts and with the culture of their universities and experiences as the inquiry's landscape. We present three ethnographic narratives, crafted of typical universities, and an established nationhood, with three experts as the main social actors. Data were sourced from observations, interviews, informal conversations, and curriculum. Three data themes, expert authority, commitment to the profession, and multitasking are theorised from a symbolic interactionist framework, using constructs such as situational, social and personal identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments in the 21st century are increasing so that students are required to be skilled in technological developments that will be applied in the learning process. Utilization of technology as a learning medium on covalent bonding material by utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the media that can be operated in a simple way on a smartphone, and can visualize abstract concepts into an animation, image, and can help students in understanding the concept. This study aims to describe the appearance, analyze the results of the validation test and the feasibility test of the android-based AR learning media on covalent bonding material. AR learning media is designed using the Design Based Research (DBR) method with the ADDIE model but consists of analysis, design, and development. The results of the validation test obtained an average value of rcount of 0.844 with a valid category. The results of the feasibility test get a percentage of 94.1% with a very feasible category with the conclusion that android-based AR learning media on covalent bonding material can be used as learning media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the development of the 21st century, students must have skills in problem-solving, especially in presenting assignments about prediction problems. This study aimed to describe the problem-solving skills of mathematics students in making predictions based on mathematical representations. This research used a qualitative approach involving and grouping 25 mathematics students based on mathematical representations in understanding prediction problems. The data was analyzed using Polya's problem-solving steps. The results showed that the subjects, when understanding the problem, to make predictions, made different representations. When devising a plan in the form of a generalization-prediction task, three of them coordinated between variables and then used a pattern-finding strategy or looked for patterns to solve the prediction problem. When carrying out the plan, they had differences in steps. In this case, they used visual and symbolic representations because of the differences in the patterns used. Meanwhile, when looking back on solving prediction problems, three subjects made conclusions. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that solving problems using predictive tasks can develop better mathematical understanding and reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second half of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century are marked by two processes that pose a serious threat to the sustainable development of the world in the near future. These are the population explosion in certain parts of the world and climate change. At the beginning of the second millennium the world population was only 300 million, today it exceeds 8 billion and by the middle of this century it will reach 10 billion. At the same time, throughout human history, people have lived and worked in an identical way, now for the first time we have industry, transport, industrial animal husbandry that seriously pollute the natural environment, the consequences of it are unpredictable and they are bound to affect people. And this is already occurring, with increasingly acute drinking water shortages catalysing existing ethno-religious conflicts and generating new ones. The ones we have analyzed in this paper are along the Nile and in the Middle East along the Tigris, Euphrates and Jordan rivers. Already more than half of African countries are in water stress, and nearly a third in water disaster, including one, Uganda, which according to UN projections is expected to have a population growth between 2000 and 2050 of 302%! And when we talk about climate change and water conflicts, we need to act immediately so that tomorrow is not too late!. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A building with zero energy consumption is characterized by significantly lower energy consumption than the corresponding mandatory requirements of building energy regulations at the beginning of the 21st century. Energy-efficient buildings place high demands on the quality of thermal insulation. It is important to characterize the parameters of the building envelope, i.e., envelope construction of the perimeter cladding, roof cladding, floor on the ground or ceiling above the unheated basement, and infill structure (windows, doors), which acts as a thermal envelope of the building. The aim of this paper is to design and compare eight perimeter cladding compositions and evaluate alternative perimeter cladding compositions using the methods used to evaluate the complex quality of buildings. Main criteria define the area of possible solutions and exclude solutions that, for example, are in conflict with legislative requirements. Optimization criteria are used as the basis for the multicriteria evaluation of complex quality. The traditional approach to building assessment requires a reduction in the number of criteria and a focus on the current essential design criteria. Perimeter claddings are designed as multilayer structures insulated with two methods of insulation with different materials based on the infill structure and thermal insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology breakthroughs have opened up unlimited potential to re-imagine and create innovations and applications that can better support human life. Due to the characteristics of the new technologies, the new innovation often disrupts the communication manner, standard development, production, trading and the entire logistics chain. The disruption is compounded by impacts caused by other global development including the climate change and COVID-19 pandemic. Social and economic structures of society have changed and the future is filled with uncertainties. Rapid adoption of technologies to achieve full digital transformation is deemed to be the solution to curb the disruption of existing structures and practices especially after the outbreak of the virus pandemic in 2019. Users and markets are demanding for new innovations to be created fast to revolutionise applications and user experiences in all sectors and aspects of human activities. This paper quoted some successful applications created using 21st century frontier technologies for better human life and its potential economic impacts. Based on the macro-level surveys done by the United Nation, consultancy firms and some industry intelligence platforms, this paper examined the level of technological adoption in digital transformation across the world, development and users' requirement of digital systems in this new adaptation era. This paper highlighted that adoption of technology for digital transformation is not only about technology, but new characteristics of the systems, policies and strategies adopted are equally important to ensure the success in the utilisation of technology for the betterment of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of the 21st century saw significant changes to preferred qualities of shopping centers, mostly due to the emergence of e-commerce and the accepted universality of shopping centers solutions often ignoring conditions of their surroundings. The article argues convergent goals of the latest shift in the development of shopping centers, as manifested in modern solutions of this type of buildings in the second half of the 2010s, and urban development, specifically the practices of placemaking. Furthermore, the article outlines methods and approaches relevant in this context, and highlights connection with tasks of cultural sustainability based on preferred qualities of modern shopping centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditions of club buildings of Lviv have a deeply-rooted history closely intertwined in its development with the activities of cultural and educational institutions that existed here since the 17th c. Clubs started appearing in Galicia back in the mid-19th century, and before World War ІІ they constituted a network that uniformly embraced inhabited settlements in these territories. Community halls, "Prosvita" reading rooms, buildings of societies and unions all became real centres of cultural life. Now most club buildings in the city function in accordance with their designation, but social life has undergone changes, and that has affected the forms, location, and typology of these facilities. Approaches to the use of construction materials and functionality of the building spaces have changed as well. At the beginning they were built of traditional materials: rock, brick, and wood. The beginning of the 20th century livened up the construction movement and encouraged the wide use of glass, concrete, and metal. That did not just accelerate construction of specific facilities, but of the whole building quarters. The 21st century sets new challenges for us, requiring a more profound analysis of existing historical facilities as well as a search and processing of proposals that would meet modern requirements. Since mobility and multi-functionality of the environment, quick response of the club building owners to the changing needs of their users are of immediate interest now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 20th – early 21st century, classical order undergoes significant morphological changes and is given various interpretations. The morphological analysis aims to study the change in order structure throughout the period under examination and identify the principles of its use in architecture. The article establishes a connection between ways in which classical order was applied to the facades of the independence-era buildings in Lviv and other Ukrainian and foreign cities of the same period relying on the research conducted and using facades' drawings. The completed morphological analysis consists of a modular and proportional analysis of order, analysis of order elements interpretation, comparative analysis en masse, and identification of the varieties of classical order interpretation on the facades of buildings to study its morphological transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of 21st-century skills into education systems is being made in order to provide students with the skills they need to live successfully. Given the increasing complexities of 21st-century skills, the assessment process should portray its implementation in realistic and unexpected contexts. This mixed-method study examined how EFL teachers assessed the 21st-century skills in the EFL classrooms. The study also investigated teachers' challenges in implementing the assessment practices for measuring 21st-century skills in teaching a foreign language. 105 Indonesian EFL teachers participated in a self-report assessment of 21st-century skills questionnaire consisting of 48 items on a Likert scale, and 6 EFL teachers participated in semi-structured interviews to corroborate the questionnaire results and identify challenges to the implementation of 21st-century skills assessment. The findings of the questionnaire revealed that EFL teachers in secondary schools had strong preferences for 21st-century skills practices such as collaboration, critical thinking, and the use of technology in the EFL classroom. Simultaneously, making local connections was the least widely adopted assessment of 21st-century skills practices. According to EFL instructors interviewed, this might have occurred due to their lack of knowledge of 21st-century skills assessment practices. Furthermore, semi-structured interview data revealed that EFL teachers in secondary schools encountered a number of challenges while conducting 21st-century skills assessments. The three primary difficulties were challenges related to curriculum, challenges associated with students, and external challenges. The findings contribute to the existing literature on 21st-century assessment practices and offer implications for teachers, school institutions, and educational policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific literacy is one of the skills students need to face the challenges of the 21st century. Unfortunately, the 2018 PISA results show that Indonesia's scientific literacy score is in the bottom 10 of 79 countries. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the Indonesian education system, including the end-of-semester assessment (PAS). This study describes the scientific literacy profile on PAS questions at SMAN 2 Katingan Kuala for the 2019/2020 academic year based on the 2015 PISA framework. This study will enrich the study of literature on scientific literacy, especially on the PAS questions. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The analysis focuses on the type of multiple-choice questions as many as 13 items whose quality has been known logically and empirically reviewed. The instrument used is an identification table and a table for determining the coefficient of agreement. Three validators validated the results of the analysis. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the PAS questions on the topic of hydrocarbon and natural oil compounds had a distribution of scientific literacy in context dimensions of 20.83%, knowledge dimensions 54.17%, and competency dimensions of 25%, with a coefficient of agreement,> 0.75 (special category). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing worldwide effects are transforming the way we live, learn, and work across sectors. That is why some autonomous ways of learning spoken English are worth trying. This study aimed to investigate the effect of technology using Voki as a technique to improve ESL speaking skills among students. Moreover, this study is to examine the students' perceptions using Voki to improve speaking skills during COVID-19 outbreaks in the 21st-century classroom. A mixed-method approach will be utilized in this study to validate the effectiveness of Voki and the learners' perceptions of Voki in improving speaking skills. The sample consists of 100 undergraduate students from public universities in Malaysia who were the subjects of the experimental study (experimental n=50; control n=50). The quantitative research method has employed in this study which involved data collection via a questionnaire, experimental pre-test, and post-test method. The qualitative method was applied through the semi-structured instrument. Stratified purposive sampling by grouping respondents into groups and strata, 10 percent out of 100 samples were interviewed. The outcomes of the study can be used to allow the educators to be more innovative and more creative in their teaching using technologies, especially during pandemic COVID-19 outbreaks. The impact of this study can be beneficial for both educators and learners. The findings concluded that Voki helped in enhancing speaking skills, increasing confidence level, reduce anxiety in speaking English, improve pronunciation and fluency in speaking. They also have positive perceptions towards the use of Voki to improve speaking skills during the COVID-19 outbreak in the 21st-century classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to get an overview of online lab-based virtual tests to measure students' 21st-century skills on measurement materials. The research method used in this study is to use R&D using addie design. The 16 multiple choice items measuring 21st Century Skills based on real laboratories for time and measurement physics topics were developed by capturing 21st century skill frameworks based on expert validity analysis, developing blueprint tests based on physical materials in school curricula, analyzing 21st Century Skills assessment items based on collected data. The construction of the framework is carried out through a literature review (several 21st Century Skills Frameworks, the study of physical materials in the Indonesian curriculum 2013, and analyzing contextual issues as project issues that can be developed). First, based on a real laboratory, we built 16 open-ended questions to measure time measurements and 4C physics to 10th graders in West Java to capture their answers to multiple answer options. Then the instrument is validated by the expert and revises the item if it does not need to be revised. The next step is to validate the contents using an assessment sheet that has been created to be given to the validator. This instrument has been validated by experts. This validation sheet to state the suitability of problem items with 21st century skills indicators. The material provided contains 2 subjects (time and physics measurement) for the first test has a low validity of 0.58, high reliability of 0.73, and good disk interest power. the second test has a low validity of 0.72, high reliability of 0.83, and good discrimanting power. There is a balance or proportion of the difficulty level of the question (easy, moderate, and difficult). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to develop standardized test instruments to measure 21st century skills (4Cs) based on real laboratory for Indonesian eleventh grade high school students on the subject of temperature and heat transfer. The method used in this study is research and development (R&D) by adapting the ADDIE development model. The instruments used to consist of 16 items multiple choices measuring 21st century skills based on real laboratory both for temperature and heat transfer topic. The same instrument was tested on 3 experts and 63 eleventh grade students who attended school on the island of Java, consisting of 37 female students and 26 male students. The revised results will be processed to become stage 2 test instruments. We analyzed the feasibility of 21st century skills test instruments using an ANATES V4. We analyze its validity using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). We found that the test of sub-material temperature and expansion has high reliability 0.60 and for the test of sub-material conduction heat transfer has enough reliability 0.49. There are some problems not validated are caused by several factors, such as students simply guessing the answers, not watching experimental videos first, not studying heat matter, etc. The implication of this study is that the problems with this proposed standardized test should be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehension is the strongest of classic pillars still supporting the social technologies teaching. However, the pragmatic justification of non-standard attitudes in university courses gets its carte blanche at every turn and point in teaching marketing. Let us have a closer look at the intrigue of theory / pragma interaction, and we hope to achieve a fresher diagnosis for marketing courses in the twenty first century. Our research relies on comparing teaching experiences in Russia and Mexico when addressing students of business disciplines. Keeping in mind some absolute cultural variables that define regional youth experiences, we find out dominating semantics of understanding that drives new non-standard motivation for developing marketing skills. Globalization is never self-fulfilled at the start, but what we argue that globalization revives classic premises of education that freshly arrive as new universal invariant for youth social experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the National and Cultural Identity Programme administered by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, the project "Documentation and Presentation of Technical Cultural Heritage on the Elbe-Vltava Waterway (EVW)" has been underway since the year 2018. The project systematically surveys the historical development of EVW navigability since the beginning of the 19th century. The paper focuses on reconstructions and refurbishments that have been realized in the 21st century and discusses the future challenges of this unique waterway. Technical modifications in the infrastructure of the waterway are compartmentalized into four main categories. Firstly, they are the modernization of the technologies of locks and hydroelectric power plants built more than 80 years ago. The second category encompasses the construction of new hydropower plants in localities where the energy potential has not yet been used. The installed capacity at the EVW has increased by more than 30 MW of renewable energy during the last 20 years. The third category contains improving parameters and capacity of the waterway. That covers modifications of the fairway and increases underpass heights under bridges. The last group contains the constructions of new recreational berths, which complement the existing infrastructure on the waterway and opens up the opportunity for more intensive recreational use. Concerning further expected development, other investment projects to increase the potential use of the Elbe-Vltava waterway are preparing. The presented future projects at EVW represent a unique social challenge and help to fulfill the meaning and purposes of sustainable transport infrastructure built for more than the purposes of sustainable transport infrastructure built for more than 150 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventive conservation, which originated from the field of heritage conservation in Europe, is a concept developed from modern conservation theories and practices. In the field of architectural heritage conservation, it aims to ensure that the value and historical information of architectural heritage are authentically and completely preserved to the maximum extent through minimal intervention. After being introduced into Chinese academia in the early 21st century, preventive conservation as a professional theory has gradually become a research hotspot with extensive discussions. Although preventive conservation is a foreign concept, throughout Chinese architectural heritage conservation history, a fact can be discovered: some practices in China from ancient times to the present have reflected the concept of preventive conservation. In ancient China, cyclical maintenance and regular repairs were important traditions of architectural conservation. The Qing court established the annual repair system, and there were also craftsmen engaged in building maintenance in the folk. In modern times, in response to the needs of protection and management, some protected cultural heritage entities in China carried out various forms of work such as monitoring and periodic inspection to conduct practical explorations of preventive conservation. Moreover, drawing on the international experience of preventive conservation, professionals preliminarily discussed the related issues of architectural heritage conservation in China. Based on years of research and efforts, the concept of heritage conservation in China is changing from "rescue conservation mainly" to "emphasis on both rescue conservation and preventive conservation". This paper gives an overview of preventive conservation of architectural heritage in China, including historical context, theoretical research, policies, and regulations. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the current status of architectural heritage conservation in China in combination with practical projects and conducts in-depth discussions of the existing problems, in order to explore effective methods for preventive conservation of architectural heritage in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research studies on learning processes provide strong empirical evidence that active-learning methodologies promote students' engagement which has a positive impact on students' learning outcomes, skills, and performance. Against this background, active teaching-learning environments have seen increasing popularity over the past few decades. Several studies suggest that the implementation of new methodologies based on "ask more, instead of telling" approaches lead to an increase of students' performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of an active learning unit based on innovation co-creation methodologies on students' perceptions of their learning outcomes and on the so-called 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication, in the context of a Portuguese higher education institution - the Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (IPC). Founded in 1979, the IPC is a public higher education institution, oriented towards the pursuit of the objectives of polytechnic education, with an intrinsic vocation for applied research and the transfer of knowledge to the society. The empirical study is carried out based on data derived from a questionnaire survey applied to a class of students. Preliminary results reveal that the implementation of innovation co-creation methodologies in the classroom context is perceived by students as having a positive effect not only on the development of soft skills but also on their learning outcomes. Additionally, results give evidence that students improve their performance and therefore their final grade is higher. Results also reveal that students would like to see this active-learning methodology applied to other courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In learning the digital era of the 21st century or known as the era of disruption and the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which carries artificial intelligence, of course, it cannot immediately replace a person's human character. Therefore, it is very important to include the content of humanist literacy education in language learning to form a humanist character in order to create a superior generation. The purpose of this study is to describe the literature on the implementation of humanist literacy education in the content of language learning materials in secondary and primary schools in the digital era of the 21st century by using an interpersonal rhetoric approach. This research method used descriptive qualitative method with the type of library research model of nine steps from Mary W. George. The results of this study provided descriptive examples of the implementation of humanist literacy education on the content of learning materials in Indonesian language and the regional language at the secondary and primary schools in the digital era of the 21st century using the strategy communication of language teaching in the approach of interpersonal rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living in the 21st century, Technology has acquired an immense prevalence around the world which assists people with being more productive. Innovation has been spread all around the world securing outrageous importance on streams like Education, Industry, Trade as well as Agriculture. India being a critical Agriculture arranged country, it lacks on different benefits of new advancements which assist them with being more productive. Utilization of more current advancements are not found in farming fields. This paper predominantly points on making an Automatic talk bot model by applying Artificial Intelligence on the fundamental necessities of Farmers and Agriculture such as soil type, crop, environment, assessed benefit, Government advantages and Workshops conducted on giving Agricultural guidance to farmers. The bot is prepared with various sorts of inquiries. It replies to any queries or questions raised by a farmer based on the preparation dataset given. It applies Naive Bayes Algorithm to distinguish fitting response from rundown of prepared questions and even figures out how to respond to inquiries on which the bot has not been prepared and gives a response on most extreme capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers in the twenty-first century have an uphill battle to keep up with the rapid advancement of information and communication technology. The function of the teacher in the twenty-first century is examined from three perspectives: teaching and administrative activities, personal self, and psychology. The purpose of this study is to examine students' perceptions of future twenty-first-century teachers' competencies. The research approach employed is a descriptive quantitative one, with a validated questionnaire as the instrument. Five components of a teacher's personality competence are evaluated. According to the study's findings, the following factors were found to be sufficient: 1) adhering to Indonesian national religious, legal, social, and cultural norms; 2) presenting oneself as an honest person, possessing noble character, and setting an example for students and the community; 3) presenting oneself as a steady, stable, mature, wise, and authoritative person; 4) demonstrating a work ethic, high resale value; and 5) demonstrating a work ethic, high res As a result, it is vital to build a learning model that may help prospective teachers gain a better knowledge of the 21st-century teacher candidates' personality skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prometheus – a demigod, and a philanthropist cum thief in Greek mythology is perceived as a rebellious figure who dared to challenge the old gods with a philanthropist approach. Such Promethean characteristics were inherent in Francis Bacon as well – a Renaissance literary giant, and a man of the world, who was highly inspired by Machiavellian ideals that the end justifiesthe means thus presenting an array of self-criticism, fear of failure, perfectionism, God like nature, helpful nature to emphasize on performance and the need for competence. According to him, mind is potentially charged with parameters of judgment, analysis and reasoning having the capability of deriving its conclusions. He believed that one's assumptions are guided by her/his perceptions. His works strongly suggest some moral precepts tinged with worldliness for the welfare of mankind. As an author, the dictums and didacticism of Bacon in Selected Essays, New Atlantis, Novum Organum, ooze out Promethean-fencing characteristics like promotion of scientific interests and curiosity for the so long been 'content' mankind. In his private life, he raised a resistance against the taxation levied by Queen Elizabeth. His later life was spent in scientific experiments like the 'infamous' frozen fowls experiment to deduce the preservative nature of ice. Yet according to Alexander Pope, he is considered as the "meanest of mankind". It is here that the doubt and hence the trial of Bacon as a hero becomes significant. Is the twenty first century condition of the mankind – still deriving profit out of his great effort in writings or not, like Prometheus worked for the welfare of the mankind? In this paper, the Promethean ambition and the Promethean illusion is also going to be a focal point of discussion while attempting to comprehend and analyze every ounce of the set parameter in Bacon as a hero through a select study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking is a way of thinking for problem solving and is one of the basic skills of the 21st century that is very important to be applied in science learning as an effort to prepare for disruption in the industrial era 4.0 and society 5.0. This study aims to find a new method that has proven its effectiveness to apply problem solving skills. The Research and Development (R and D) method with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation) was carried out to develop a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality. This research has produced a product in the form of a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality which has been validated by experts on very feasible and effective criteria to be applied as a science learning design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of technology, increasingly massive amounts of data are being produced, and personal data occupies an important part within it. In the field of civil aviation, companies and governments collect accurate personal data about passengers, but with digitization and the era of big data, there is a challenge to protecting passengers' personal data, especially from a legal point of view. The aim of this paper is to understand how the legal framework keeps pace with technological development and its ability to protect the personal data of air passengers through conducting a law analysis of regulations of international laws and legislations in the field of personal data protection and comparing it with the technological development of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to measure students' creativity and digital literacy in chemistry learning based on the STEAM digital project. The method used is descriptive quantitative on 79 students of MAN Sidoarjo selected by purposive sampling. This study uses the integration of the STEAM project by providing an informative e-poster project uploaded on Instagram social media. Data was collected from a questionnaire that contains 25 items. The results of developing students' creativity in the very high category with an average percentage of 85.2% as well as digital literacy at 84.8% in the high category. This shows that STEAM digital project-based chemistry learning has a positive impact on students' creativity and digital literacy. Students get direct experience in identifying, solving problems, looking for scientific research from journal articles or credible sources, processing information about natural acid-base indicators by making scientific e-posters, and becoming positive content on digital platforms. This experience can indirectly foster the spirit of creativity and build students' digital literacy. The results of this study can be used as scientific information on the importance of building creativity and digital science literacy for students in STEAM project-based chemistry learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the implementation of 21st century skills by chemistry teachers in teaching and learning activity. This research is a descriptive quantitative research based on self-assessment. The instrument used is a close-ended questionnaire about the implementation of 21st century skills, which includes four aspects, namely, critical thinking, creative thinking, communication, and collaboration skills. Respondents in this study were 80 alumni of Chemistry Education Department, The State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah. Data were descriptively analyzed. Based on the analysis, it was found that on average the 21st century skills were very well implemented (the average percentage was 81.86%). This paper described details on how each of the 21st century skill has been implemented by the teachers. This study suggested that the implementation of 21st century skills in the teaching and learning activity was necessary in order to create students who are ready to face future challenges. In accordance with this result, teachers, therefore, were needed to be equipped with the ability to teach the skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the STREAM-based 21st-century learning model to improve students' digital literacy. Method: This type of research method is a quantitative method by design pre and post-test non-equivalent control group design. The sample used was 150 students in the Jakarta area who were selected by a simple random sampling technique. Findings: The results of this study prove that the STREAM-based 21st-century learning model can be used as an alternative model that is feasible and effective to use to improve students' digital literacy. Conclusion: The STREAM model can stimulate students' digital literacy where they will be trained to think critically in solving problems and be able to process, assess, analyze and evaluate the digital information they get wisely reinforced by character values. The novelty of this research is that the STREAM model is a development of the STEAM model by adding an R element, namely Religion, which is implemented in the form of character and moral values. So, this model is a unified whole that includes science, technology, religion, engineering, art, and mathematics. Implications for Research and Practice: The results of this study can contribute and provide solutions for education practitioners in order to develop 21st-century learning models that are able to improve students' digital literacy accompanied by good character and moral values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current crisis conditions caused by the global challenges of the 21st century: globalization, digitalization, the COVID-19 pandemic, managerial competencies are of particular importance. The need to rethink modern approaches to managerial competencies determines the choice of the research topic, its theoretical and applied significance. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations and substantiate the model of managerial competencies of the future. For this purpose, the article analyzes scientific views on the essence and content of managerial competencies and identifies their features in modern economic conditions; the basic models of "competencies of the future" are studied; clusters of management competencies of the future that are similar in meaning are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microchannel is the need of twenty first century. It plays significant role in electro-mechanical systems. The higher the heat transfers from the system higher the effectiveness. They are reliable cooling devices because they can carry high amount of heat energy. In this paper the various parameters are analysed such as pressure drop, flow visualisation, and heat transfer as well as friction factor is also studied. The characteristics of the microchannel heat exchanger are considered under various geometrical parameter, different material, different hydraulic diameter and different working fluid. The pattern of bubble formation inside the channel have been studied which is essential for measured the heat transfer and pressure drop inside the channel. A comparative relation between conventional theories and experimental setup is done to understand the phenomenon of the friction factor. The result shows the effective change in heat transfer characteristics and validate with the microchannel heat exchanger. The relation between friction factor and Reynolds number provides the understanding of Reynolds number in the heat exchanger with different type of fluid flow. The validity of conventional channel is also studied under different conditions. Overall this review provides basic understanding of microchannel heat exchanger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the inculcation of character values and describe the values of superior character and require strengthening through activities for the 21st century in vocational schools, Indonesia. Descriptive qualitative research approach was chosen to reveal the existing phenomena based on the perspective of four vocational teachers involved with the characteristics of two female vocational teachers and two male vocational teachers from public and private school status. Teaching practice experience was considered in the selection of participants, namely 13-25 years, revealing that vocational teachers are actively involved in the formation and cultivation of student character values through school activities or programs and learning practice activities. The data collection technique uses a deep interview a long time 60-90 minutes with an interview instrument of eight questions. The results of the study found as many as five main character values namely Nationalist, Religious, Integrity, Independence, Mutual cooperation with the superior character in vocational students is Integrity, but on the other hand the character is low and needs to be improved, namely Independence due to the lack of self-confidence, initiative in completing responsibilities responsibility in the form of student work. The inculcation of character values in school activities can be seen in school rules, religious activities, extracurricular (scouts, student religious organizations) as well as practical learning activities including (teamwork, 5R culture and occupational health and safety. The formation of character value is an important variable for postgraduates in vocational education and a major consideration for DUIKA in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational Thinking (CT) is an important skill to master in the 21st century. There are several ways that are believed to be able to improve students' CT skills, one of which is the use of block-based programming. Thinking concepts in CT include problem-solving, systems design, and understanding human behavior in terms of basic computer science concepts. Block-based programming is relatively easy to teach because the interface is easier to use, uses natural language, can perform block searches and uses drag and drop interactions. Given the importance of CT skills for students as well as some of the conveniences offered by using block-based programming, it is surprising that this topic has not been explored much. This paper provides a review on 20 papers with a systematic review method, which provides evidence of the influence of block-based programming to computational thinking skills. This systematic review has adopted Chitu Okoli and Kira Schabram framework as the premise for defining and identifying the influence of block-based programming to computational thinking skills. The main findings in this paper is used of block-based programming can affect some of students CT skills through several different delivery methods but there are still some different opinions about the effect on students problem-solving abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argumentation skills are considered essential in the 21st century since they are used in many activities such as social interaction, trading, education, etc. Therefore, efforts for improving argumentation skills are needed. The involvement of internal factors, such as emotion regulation might play a role in the improvement of argumentation skills. This study aimed to investigate whether emotion regulation level influences argumentation skills. Emotion regulation questionnaire developed by Gross & John and argumentation skills test based to Toulmin theory were given to 60 4th semester students from a state university to reach the answer. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and qualitative data were analyzed by using description analyze. Pearson correlation test result showed a negative value (-0.329), which denoted that students with low emotional regulation possessed high argumentation skills. Whereas, simple linear regression showed coefficient value of 0.108, which denoted that argumentation skills affected by emotion regulation level. The results of the qualitative analysis show that students who have low emotional regulation are more easily motivated to argue. Although the effect of emotional regulation to argumentation skills was relatively small (0.108), it is estimated that it can be increased by using a trapping cycle strategy, improving argumentation skills by degrading emotion regulation level through the repetitive use of sensitive topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural science learning during the COVID-19 pandemic is generally carried out online. The change in the way of learning certainly raises several problems, including teacher confusion in terms of instilling life skills, whereas the main goal of education is to produce a generation that is mature in living life or having life skills. Therefore, even online, natural science learning can develop students' life skills so that there is no lost generation. The way that teachers can do to equip students' life skills is to provide appropriate science teaching materials. Based on the data source that life skills in the 21st century include several aspects that can be integrated into a teaching material, such as in e-student worksheet or can be called as e-LKPD. The integration of life skills in teaching materials presents problems that exist in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 21st Century learning, there are several skills that must be possessed by students, one of which is scientific argumentation skills. Currently the learning process in schools is more oriented towards the delivery of information compared to the development of students' scientific argumentation skills. This is in accordance with the results of observations made at SMAN 1 Kediri, which shows that students' argumentation skills are still low because the biology learning process obtained by students is still limited to listening to teacher lectures and giving assignments or problems that are Low Order Thinking Skills. Based on these problems, there needs to be the development of teaching media in the form of electronic modules based on ASICC learning models. This research aims to develop ASICC-based electronic modules that are practical, effective, and also valid so as to improve students' scientific argumentation skills. The data collection methods used are pretest and post test data along with validation data. Pre-test and pos test data are analyzed descriptively quantitatively with the N-Gain test to see improvements in students' scientific argumentation skills, and qualitative descriptive analysis to evenly score validation results. The study used the Plomp model put forward by Tjeerd Plomp. Based on the results of the N-Gain test obtained the results of scientific arguments with high categories. In addition, the average validation score is obtained, namely validation of materials and languages with a score of 93% of categories is very valid, design and media validation with a score of 71% of categories is quite valid, teacher validation with a score of 93% of categories is very valid, and student validation with a score of 90% is very valid category. So it can be concluded that the ASICC-based electronic module is a practical, effective, and valid teaching medium to improve the scientific arguments of students of class X MIPA SMAN 1 Kediri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students must prepare themselves to be successful individuals in the twenty-first century by learning various skills and knowledge. Scientific reasoning is one of the required skills and must be acquired in the twenty-first century. Scientific reasoning skills can be enhanced by the use of a problem-based learning model, specifically RICOSRE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the online platform-based RICOSRE learning model on eleventh-grade students' scientific reasoning skills in the human movement and circulatory systems at SMAN 1 Singosari. A quasi-experimental design was used in this investigation. The research sample comprised of two classes randomly drawn from class XI students at SMAN 1 Singosari during the odd semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. The syllabus, the lesson plan (RPP), the Learning Implementation Sheet, and the Learning Activity Unit all served as instruments for analyzing the independent variable. Meanwhile, the dependent variables were examined using the instrument used to assess scientific reasoning skills. Data collection was conducted using a pre-test and a post-test. The participants' scientific reasoning skills were measured using a test developed based on the scientific reasoning rubric suggested by the Association of American Colleges and Universities. Similarly, the participants' cognitive learning outcomes were also examined using a constructed test as needed. The participants' test answers were analyzed using ANACOVA at a significance level of 0.05 to test the research hypotheses, followed by the LSD test. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference in scientific reasoning skills between students in the RICOSRE class and conventional class, with p (0.000) < (0.05). This result implies that the online platform-based RICOSRE learning model is one of the problem-based learning models capable of improving students' scientific reasoning skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the critical skills that students must possess in the twenty-first century is problem solving. Problem-solving skills can be enhanced by using problem solving-based learning, namely RICOSRE. The RICOSRE learning model is composed of the following steps: (1) Reading, (2) Identifying the Problem, (3) Constructing the Solution, (4) Solving the Problem, (5) Reviewing the Solution, and (6) Extending the Solution. This research has been done during the online teaching period. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the online RICOSRE learning model on the tenth graders' problem-solving skills in Viruses and Bacteria at SMA Negeri 3 Malang. This quasi-experiment employed a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. The research sample was made up of two classes, namely X MIPA E1 (36 students) and X MIPA G1 (34 students). The research instruments consisted of learning tools and essay tests. The participants' problem-solving skills were measured using an essay test administered in the pretest and post-test. The test answers were evaluated using a rubric adapted from the problem-solving rubric developed by the University of Southern Maine and Greenstein. The research data, which were in problem-solving scores, were analyzed using MANCOVA. The study results showed that students taught using RICOSRE experienced more effective problem-solving skills than those taught using conventional methods. Therefore, it was concluded that the online RICOSRE learning model affected students' problem-solving skills in Viruses and Bacteria at SMA Negeri 3 Malang. It was possible due to the RICOSRE syntax that contributed to improving students' problem-solving skills. In conclusion, RICOSRE implemented online can enhance students' problem-solving skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a teacher means assuming a role that involves vocation, social responsibility, a solid scientific training, a didactic culture, and, finally, the desire and ability to study permanently. It seems that, in the 21st century, these skills are not enough for the teaching profession. The proactive character of its practical activity is a sine qua non condition in the 21st century, this presupposes a vision, and in the action plan a systematic concern for equipping students with the "skills of the 21st century". The current study tries to highlight, through a qualitative analysis, this profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the motivations of a group of international students enrolled in the English division of the Faculty of General Medicine, at Ovidius University of Constanta, who intend to pursue medical training in Romania, to return to the country of origin after obtaining the medical degree or to go elsewhere for the medical specialty or to practice medicine. The main objective is to study the motivational process of this student population in the context of long-term academic international migration and temporary migration to Romania in order to determine the role it plays in the 21st century University, which represents one of the actors in the knowledge economy. To do this, we use oral data collected through semi-structured interviews which will be subjected to qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The conclusions of this article will highlight the importance of the presence of international students in Romanian universities and the knowledge of their motivations in the context in which among their challenges are an increased attractiveness and visibility at an international level. This study can be important for other researchers interested in sociolinguistics, in international student migration for studies and in the study of language pathways and motivational factors and can offer a useful tool for all actors involved in the reception and the training of this category of students. The originality of the study lies in the fact that this category of international students, future doctors, as well as the context remain little discussed in national and international scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers fluctuations in the resources of heat and moisture supply of the Republic of Turkmenistan based on the data of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Turkmenistan for the period of the beginning of the 21st century. Average annual temperatures and precipitation were analyzed for 34 meteorological stations. The results obtained made it possible to identify five agro-climatic zones of heat and moisture supply in the study area according to the conditions of the thermal regime and moisture regime. At the same time, the leading factors that determine the regimes of moisture and precipitation are global, as well as azonal factors (mountain systems and highlands of Iran, the proximity of the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia). The nature of moisture supply is determined by the value of the Selyaninov HTC. The analysis showed that the entire territory of Turkmenistan is currently located in a very arid climate zone with a coefficient of less than 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative thinking skills are one of the essential 21st century skills. This paper aims to explore the potential of the science e-student worksheet through nature of science within inquiry based learning approach to foster 21st century skills, namely creative thinking skills, examples of their implementation on the material of the circulatory system. Aspects of creative thinking include fluent thinking, original thinking, flexible thinking, and elaboration. This type of article is a literature review. Creating a literature review there are 5 keys: (1) Search the relevant literature; (2) Source evaluation; (3) Identify themes, debates and gaps; (4) Outline of the structure; (5) Write a literature review. The learning approach planned in this study is NoS-charged inquiry so that it is hoped that students can actively solve problems in the material of the circulatory system and NoS components as a supporter of the integration of creative thinking and the nature of science knowledge. This encourages researchers to examine the potential of the science e-student worksheet with an inquiry approach containing NoS material on the circulatory system to grow students' creative thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster is a must-be-solved issue, especially floods occurred in big cities. The research aimed to analyzes the utilization of environmental disaster mitigation learning media at the university level in 21st century. The research method is descriptive with survey technique. Instrument used in the research is an online questionnaire via Google Form to university students. The research results indicate the necessity of developing a flood-mitigation supplement book for science students (46.32%) and non-science students (44.21%). Moreover, the content of disaster mitigation needs to be discussed in learning for science students (44.21%) and non-science students (58.54). Regarding environmental learning orientation towards problem solving has been conducted partly in science students (78.95) and non-science students (73.17). The research concludes that it is necessary to develop learning media innovation of a flood-mitigation supplement book for the university level. Suggestion offered from the research is to develop a flood mitigation-related supplement book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of using Ambu-Line as an innovative task to increase the rapid response time to the situation of people in urgent need of assistance amidst the digital environment of the twenty-first century. This study examines the results of surveys using Google Forms that were administered right after the health services concluded. The author would leave the room while the patron took the survey on the computer. The innovation articulated a clear concept in the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia's main epidemic approach: clinical trials and innovation cycles. Most people expect "better" evidence than they can get, but the evidence-gathering approach is well- suited to a very practical improvement cycle framework. Due to the size of the study sample, further studies with a larger sample are required. The results of the survey showed that the l0 participants were unfamiliar with innovation in healthcare. Three of the students had heard of the AmbuLine app, but only one had used it. This limited data suggests that there is plenty of room to expand the AmbuLine brand and marketing as a tool for innovation in patient health. As the results below show, patients learn to use AmbuLine quickly and find it useful for accessing medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]