Search

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are functional systems with several treatment procedures to mitigate pollutants and toxins in wastewater. The monitoring of the influent raw wastewater and the effluent processed wastewater has been conducted throughout the years 2022 and 2023 to assess the performance of the wastewater treatment plant. The chosen metrics for assessing the operational effectiveness of the Al-Rustumiya WWTP in Iraq are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphorus (PO4), and the quantitative measurement of acidity or alkalinity (pH). The calculation and comparison of the removal effectiveness of each parameter in the influent and effluent wastewater are conducted concerning the Iraqi standards. The findings from the operational performance evaluation conducted on the Al-Rutumiya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) indicated that the quantities of all pollutants present in the effluent wastewater were found to comply with the established requirements set by the Iraqi regulatory authorities. The study revealed that the mean monthly levels of the parameters BOD, COD, TSS, and PO4 over 2022 and 2023 were determined to be 21 ppm, 44 ppm, 25 ppm, and 2.8 ppm, respectively. The parameters' concentrations adhere to the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) 2017. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and phosphate (PO4) were found to be 91%, 83.4%, 96%, and 34%, correspondingly. The removal efficiency values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) can be deemed satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify the surface and subsurface water quality measurements that are present in a particular lake. The Methodology and the Elements: It was Adiyur lake that provided the samples for analysis. The examples have utilised physical and chemical characteristics to assess the qualities of subsurface water in two groups of 18 samples each. The G-power was set at 80 percent, the alpha and beta qualities were set at 0.05 and 0.2, respectively, and the confidence interval was set at 95 percent. In the process of determining the quality of water, two different kinds of samples are utilised: lake water, which has four examples out of a total of eighteen, and subterranean water, which contains eighteen instances. In surface and subsurface lake water, the pH, variety, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and turbidity correspond to 6.46, 16.826.4, 36, and 14.6 respectively. On the other hand, the pH, total suspended solids, pH, and turbidity of subsurface water are 7.9, 26.1, 936.2, 232.9, and 26 respectively. In accordance with the statistical package known as SPSS, the significance value is 0.000 (p<0.05), which signifies that the independent sample t-test conducted on the two groups revealed noteworthy differences. In terms of the actual properties of the water's surface and subsurface, this study discovered that the subsurface water generated superior findings in comparison to the surface water while the researchers were researching the nature of the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irrigation water in Plosowahyu Village, Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia, was predicted to be low quality due to pollution from the metal coating industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of irrigation water. Water sampling was carried out in October 2021 at the irrigation canals, which served as outlets for the disposal of metal coating industrial waste. Several water parameters were measured, including the value of pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, orthophosphate, the concentration of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The parameter measurements were conducted in the Ecology and Chemistry Laboratory of Universitas Brawijaya. The results of this study indicated that the irrigation water had been polluted with organic matter and heavy metals. This pollution was shown by the value of BOD 15.8 mg/L, N Total 88.24 mg/L, P Total 39.34 mg/L, Cu 2.81 mg/L, Pb 101.47 mg/L, and Zn 18.82 mg/L that did not meet the quality standards according to Indonesian government regulations No. 22/2021. Other parameters include TSS 6.78 mg/L, the conductivity of 0.239 S/m, DO 4.98 mg/L, pH 7.25, nitrate 0.194 mg/L, and orthophosphate 3.462 mg/L have met the government quality standards set for agricultural use. The highest heavy metal content is lead, so further research is needed to reduce the lead level through phytoremediation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate infrastructure for wastewater treatment in many regions has led to the contamination of surface water bodies and groundwater degradation. To address this issue, floating wetland treatment systems have emerged as a viable alternative for effective wastewater remediation. This study focuses exclusively on utilizing Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a tropical ornamental plant, within the context of floating wetland treatment techniques for the remediation of domestic wastewater. The primary objective is to assess the nutrient and pollutant removal efficiency of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in a laboratory-scale floating wetland system. Healthy Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants were cultivated on identical floating rafts and placed in plastic tanks filled with domestic sewage for experimental investigation. Water quality analyses were conducted regularly, spanning 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days HRT. The results of this experimental investigation revealed that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, when used in floating wetland treatment, exhibited significant removal efficiencies for various parameters, including turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia, and dissolved oxygen (DO). These findings highlight the potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants as a practical component of floating wetland systems for removing nutrients and pollutants from domestic wastewater. This research underscores the viability of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to address water pollution challenges, particularly in the context of floating wetland treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of tanning leather produces waste that causes problems in the form of pollution to the environment, especially river water such as changing color to black and causing a foul odor. In addition, polluted water also causes health problems such as itching of the skin. Waste water treatment has been carried out by several factories, such as in Sukaregang, Garut, Indonesia. However, it is necessary to conduct an evaluation to assess whether the results of the waste treatment process have met the specified requirements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the wastewater produced by the "X" tannery factory located in Sukaregang, Garut, Indonesia. In this study, an analysis of wastewater quality standards was carried out in the form of measuring pH, measuring total suspended solids (TSS) using the gravimetric method, measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the titration method and measuring oil and fat using the gravimetric method. The results show that the average value based on three measurements for wastewater pH was 7.53 ± 0.01; TSS levels were 1025.67 ± 8.51 mg/dL; COD content was 592.56 ± 13.17 mg/dL and oil and fat content was 1.03 ± 0.20 mg/dL. Based on the requirements stated in the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number: PP.21/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/7/2018, the parameters that meet the requirements are pH and oil and fat content while the levels of TSS and COD far exceed the limit of maximum rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and Nanofiltration (NF) systems are presented as efficient and effective ways of treating and reusing domestic sewage. The purpose is to look into how well a membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration membrane can meet water reuse criteria utilizing water quality indicators including total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Ammonia (NH3). According to the data, the MBR system generates high-quality permeated water. The rejection rates for TSS, COD, and NH3 were 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5%, respectively (an average). Furthermore, MBR technology works well as a pre-NF treatment. We also looked at how pressure and temperature influence the removal of TSS, COD, ammonia, and permeating fluxes during treatment with the NF membrane. The findings revealed that the applied pressure has a positive effect on the gross removal rates, while the feeding temperature has a negative effect. In addition to pressure, the feeding temperature has a significant impact on the NF system's flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to verify the overall performance and evaluate the wastewater quality of the wastewater treatment plant at the Abu Ghraib Dairy Factory and compare the results with the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) for effluent disposal and with the national determinants of treated water use. Agricultural irrigation wastewater, which included daily assessment records of the main parameters affecting wastewater [five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (T.D.S), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3), hydrogen ion concentration (pH)] obtained from the quality control department of Abu Ghraib dairy plant registered from January 2017 to December 2020. The results of the studied treatment plant showed that the removal efficiency of the influencing parameters is BOD5, COD, TDS, SS, PO4, NO3 were 95.25, 96.61, 71.54, 32.50, and 4.43%, respectively, based on the results obtained from the daily records of laboratory examinations of the plant. These results indicate that the quality of treated wastewater was not following the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) for liquid waste disposal due to the failure to achieve the required treatment for phosphate. It is not allowed to use in agricultural irrigation due to the inability to achieve the necessary treatment for the total suspended solids. According to the national determinants of reusing treated wastewater for irrigation, the performance of the treated plant was not efficient enough to achieve the required wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objective was to develop a methodology for determining the total suspended solids concentration in wastewater based on the color indexes analysis. Determining the structure and properties of natural objects by processing its digital images has become widespread in soil science, since the soil colour is determined by its chemical and mineralogical composition. The material presented in the research can be considered as the initial steps in the development of soil science methods as applied to research objective. Based on the RGB-technique for processing digital images of the liquids surface contaminated with suspended solids, the authors tried to quantitatively describe digital indexes depending on the contamination level. At the first stage, a forecast of unknown concentration values was made. Under normal illumination conditions (about 300 lux), based on five known concentration values, approximation functions were plotted for the colour indexes SI (saturation) and CI (coloration). Two unknown concentration values were forecasted: for the exponential function through the SI-index - 210.1 and 150.5 mg/l, and through the CI-index - 235.8 and 158.8 mg/l; for a linear function through the SI-index - 250.6 and 200.1 mg/l, and through the CI-index - 267.3 and 208.2 mg/l. The unknown experimental concentrations were 237 and 158 mg/L, respectively. At the second stage, the effect of illumination was studied on samples of apatite-nepheline factory wastewater. For two illumination ranges (300-335 lux) and (290-394 lux), as well as 7 concentration values for color indexes SI and CI, linear approximation functions were plotted in the index-concentration axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of oleochemical wastewater using UF membranes with stirring effects. Prior to filtration of the UF membrane, granular activated carbon (GAC) was selected as an adsorbent. 300 ml of oleochemical wastewater was added with 1g of GAC and stirred at three different speeds: low, average, and high for 30 minutes. Wastewater was further treated by passing through the ultrafiltration membrane system operated at various feed pressures of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.3 bar. The performance of the filtration system was evaluated through the wastewater quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. Results demonstrated that the best operating condition of pretreatment by GAC in 30 minutes was at low speed removing TSS, turbidity and COD at 77%, 55% and 8%, respectively. Further treatment of oleochemical wastewater by UF membrane filtration revealed that the best performance was recorded at 0.9 bar with a total reduction of turbidity, TSS, and COD at 97%, 90%, and 9%, respectively. Adsorption by GAC was sufficient to remove suspended solid and turbidity only due to high internal surface material, well developed pore structure and consequently high adsorption capacity. It should be noted that to tackle high-strength wastewater with a COD concentration of more than 2000 mg/L, a combination of physical, chemical, and membrane filtration treatment is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae bloom is an indicator of a polluted marine and freshwater ecosystem. It is universally initiated by eutrophication and amplified by high water temperature and light in an euphotic zone. A descriptive research was conducted to review climatic factors attributed to current algae bloom (Bacillariophyta) in the Bima Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, eastern Indonesia. Main variables in this study were sea water temperature (SWT), air temperature (Ta), direct normal solar irradiation (DNI), total suspended solids (TTS) and tide variation. All data were secondary data related to the Bima Bay. Results showed that before bloom event, SWT inside the bay was commonly lower than outside. In normal condition, SWT peaked at 29.9 oC in November. However, during bloom event in 2022, the peak had shifted to mid-season in March and April when it was steady high at 29.7oC and 30.3oC respectively. It had been extremely high of 31oC on 17th to 21st April 2022 which was proceeded by blooming algae on April, 26th 2022. DNI usually reached its average level at 17.9 MJm−2day−1 in April. TSS steadily increased by 0.92 mgL−1year−1 since 1990. It had passed the average level of 24.6 mgL−1 since 2004, and reached the highest level of 66.7 mgL−1 in 2021. This was beyond the threshold level (20 mgL−1) for marine ecosystem. In conclusion, SWT ranged from 29.7oC – 30,3oC, light intensity of 17.9 MJm−2day−1, euphotic zone of 3-10 m deep, and tide height of 1.3 m were favorable conditions for ma-rine Bacillariophyte (Diatoms) in the Bima Bay in April 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to optimize the system configuration and operation condition of the decentralized anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and anaerobic filter (AF) for treating domestic wastewater. Laboratory scale of ABR consisting of 66 liters working volume with eight compartments and AF consisting of 52 liters with five compartments operated under hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 – 48 hr. For ABR, the inlet and outlet between each compartment were varied between 3 and 9 cm height while foam and ceramic filters were used in the AF system as attached growth and filter media. Within all operation conditions, the pH value in all reactors was around the neutral condition, 6.8 – 7.2, sufficient for microbial survival and organic and nitrogen degradation activity. For the ABR, the optimum condition was obtained under 48 hr HRT and 3 cm height of inlet and outlet between each compartment. In this case, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were up to 93% and 92%, respectively. It can note that obtained optimum condition provided about 4% – 23% higher than other conditions. Likewise, AF operating with foam medium was found as an optimum condition. COD and TSS removal in AF could reach 92% and 91%, respectively, while other conditions provided only 82% – 89%. However, both systems are commonly designed for anaerobic digestion only; fluctuation of nitrogen removal could reveal the presence of active microorganisms, which has responded to ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite removal. In summary, the HRT of 48 hr in ABR and AF could highly remove organic compounds from domestic wastewater. The 3 cm heigh of inlet and outlet from each compartment could enhance the contact time between wastewater and sludge. At the same time, the foam medium could act simultaneously as attached growth media and filter. Moreover, six compartments of ABR and two compartments of AF could treat domestic wastewater to reach the effluent standard of Cambodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it is presently impossible to compare the performance of different anaerobic treatment systems under the same operating conditions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive performance analysis of septic tank (ST), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), and anaerobic filter (AF) with a further comparison of the performance among the systems limited to total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency under medium-strength wastewater condition. The experiment was conducted over 4 conditions with combined variations of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 – 48 hr and sludge concentration of 10 – 20 g/L of MLSS, while sponge filter media (25 ppi) was selected for the AF system. ST provided overall COD and TSS removal efficiencies of approximately 71%±9% and 65%±20%, respectively. ABR achieved 83%±5% of COD and 73%±15% of TSS, whereas AF reactor attained 85%±4% and 76% ± 11%, respectively. Extended HRT from 24 hr to 48 hr provides significant removal efficiency enhancement to all three systems over COD removal but insignificant for TSS removal. AF proves to be the best system among the three options, followed by ABR and ST. Both AF and ABR provided considerably high treatment efficiency with HRT of 24 hr. In COD removal, ST follows far behind and still see an increase with prolonged HRT, a clear indication of HRT for 48 hr or longer is recommended or required. The concentration of approximately 10 g/L of MLSS in the system (first compartment) could probably be high enough for all three systems to provide satisfactory treatment efficiency in terms of COD, while higher concentration would increase TSS removal efficiency but not COD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water from Tello River can be used as a raw water to meet the clean water, addressed the needs of Makassar people. The characteristics of river water are very fluctuate depending on the season especially for its turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). TSS in water can be reduced through the coagulation process. The aim of this study was to determine the pH and the coagulant concentration of papaya seeds which was a best way in reducing the TSS concentration of sample. Variation in pH was carried out at pH of 1 to 12 by adding 1.0 M HCl or 1.0 M NaOH (with coagulant concentration of 100% from the initial TSS concentration from the sample). After obtaining the optimum initial pH of the coagulation process, the optimization of coagulant concentration was continued. The coagulant concentration variation was carried out at a concentration of 50 to 400% of the initial TSS concentration from the sample at the optimum pH. The coagulation processes used in this study were rapid mixing at 200 rpm for 4 minutes, slow mixing at 50 rpm for 25 minutes, and sedimentation for 60 minutes. The results of this study found that the pH and the coagulant concentration optimal at 3 and 150% of the initial TSS concentration from the sample with percent TSS removal of 99.13%. The results of this study prove that papaya seeds were the best natural coagulants because it could reduce TSS concentrations in the sample approaching 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was designed an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the output of API oil Separator at PT Saka Indonesia Pangkah Limited. This ANN has a feedforward structure and uses a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. It has three input nodes in the input layer of pH, temperature, and total suspended solids (TSS), one output node (TSS) in the output layer, and a hidden node that varies until twenty hidden layers. The simulation result shows that the best value of root mean square error (RMSE) lies in a neural network of 3-9-1 structure (Input layer-Hidden layer-Output layer) with a value of 32.65. Also, our ANN structure has a good result in estimating TSS output of the API Separator with a value of 14.16 – 169.12 mg/l compared to the output data of the API Separator in the range of 18 – 136 mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study performs a coupled hydrodynamic-cohesive sediment transport to investigate tidal flow patterns and suspended solid distribution caused by the sedimentation process and human activities in Balikpapan Bay. Model results of tidal flow show the current moves into the bay during flood tide and reversely moves out of the bay during ebb tide. The maximum velocity of the tidal current during spring tide could reach 52 cm s-1 in the study area. The present study shows the flow pattern and intensification of tidal currents are similar to the previous findings, where the intensification occurs in several narrow gaps (between small islands), such as in the northern part of the bay during ebb tide and the southern part of the bay during flood and ebb tides. The present study demonstrates that the tidal current is dominant in controlling the sedimentation and erosion processes, including the distribution of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration in Balikpapan Bay. The sediment supply from land and rivers could increase TSS concentrations in Balikpapan Bay by about 22% in the surface layer and about 9% in the bottom layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of refinery wastewater is very significant to protect the downstream users from health risks and to meet the ever increasing water demand. Seaweeds are one of the most common adsorbent and biofilters used for treating industrial effluent, due to its excellent properties such as availability in large quantities, contain a variety of functional groups, low-cost and eco-friendly. In this research, naturally found brown seaweeds "Sargassum ilicifolium" was employed in the batch treatment of refinery wastewater in a most efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. The surface morphological characterizations of the algae before and after treatment are carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A series of batch experimental studies were carried out for the removal of pollutants from refinery wastewater by varying the effluent solution pH, mixing time, stirring speed, dosage of algae and temperature of the effluent solution. The pollutant removal efficiency was assessed by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the effluent before and after treatment. The study demonstrates that the optimum efficiency of the treatment process are pH 5.0, 75 minutes of stirring time, 0.6 g of Sargassum ilicifolium, 125 RPM stirring speed and a solution temperature of 35˚C. The experimental result of the study demonstrates that the brown seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium was found to be an ecofriendly and inexpensive adsorbentfor the effective removal of contaminants from refinery effluent. Sargassum ilicifolium showed excellent pollution removal efficiency by significantly reducing the chemical oxygen demand by 84.9%, dissolved oxygen 80%, turbidity 78.05%, dissolved solids 78.3% and suspended matter 78.70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the dynamic behaviour of Inverse Fluidized Bed (IFB) for the treatment of petroleum wastewater using adsorbents date seed activated carbon (DSAC) and commercial coconut shell activated carbon (CCAC). Inverse fluidization is the downward flow technique, where density of particles are less compared to the liquid density. IFB wasexperimentally validated by analysing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removalefficiency, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) from the petroleum wastewater with variations of time interval, dosage of activated carbon and effect of adsorbent size. Findings of this study reveals that maximumCOD reduction at 92%, TDS reduction of 86% and TSS reduction of 84% has been determined using (DSAC)and the COD reduction at 85% TDS reduction at 83% and TSS reduction at 80% has been evaluated using (CCAC). The IFB adsorption column using date seedsbecomes saturated in the 60-min continuous adsorption using 0.00236m size, 210gms dosage of activated carbon, the overall COD removal is 92%, and the adsorption capacity (Qexp) on the adsorbent date seeds activated carbon is 671.33 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MSL system used during this experiment was made in a field laboratory scale with dimensions (height 200 cm x width 50 cm x length 50 cm). The main component of the MSL system consists of a mixed soil layer (SML) arranged in a triangular soil horizon pattern and surrounded by a Split Rock layer as a permeable layer (SSP).SML is made from local natural resources, namely sandy clay loam, sawdust from coconut stalks (Cocos nucifera) and iron pellets from lathe waste with a dry weight ratio of 8 : 1.9 : 0.1. The Tofu factory wastewater is channeled into the MSL system with a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 3166 L/m2/hour utilizing the force of gravity.Average removal efficiency of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3− −N), Phosphorus (PO4− −P), Oils and grease , Electric Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Salt (NaCl) were 67, 97, 97, 99, 77, 99, 78, 64 and 81%, respectively.The bad odor and color indicators of wastewater can also be efficiently removed with the MSL system.From this fact, the MSL system is efficient and capable of removing organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, oil and grease, odor and color.MSL system recommended for removing contaminants from Tofu Factory wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danube Delta is a wetland of global importance, providing several ecosystem services. The sustainable development (i.e., economic, social and environmental) in the area depends on the health, quality and quantity of the natural resources. Water is one of the most important resources. Largely, the Danube Delta, which receives the input of water and sediment flux from the Danube River, gathered form its entire basin, may experiences lower water quality due to natural and anthropogenic factors, from basin to local level. The physical-chemical parameters are a subsequent part of the environmental metrics (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions, energy-generation mix, water use, water pollution and waste generation). To understand water quality patterns, several physical-chemical parameters as depth (m), transparency(m), water temperature (oC), dissolved oxygen content (mg/L and saturation), pH (units), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), total dissolved solids (mg/L), turbidity (mg/L) and total suspended solids (mg/L) were surveyed at 77 sites along different shallow lakes belonging to the Lopatna-Matita-Merhei interdistributary depression, Danube Delta, Romania. The water samples were collected during May 2023, a period characterized by high water level of the Danube River. The obtained results within this study will contribute to baseline information necessary for short, -medium and long-term database for environmental studies, to ensure conservation of the unique Danube Delta's aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the role played by different wastewater treatment technologies in the dairy industry in the context of the challenges of sustainable development: water scarcity and conservation of water resources, the constant growth of the population and the costs of wastewater treatment in centralized systems, increasing constraints and stricter environmental protection regulations. In this sense, the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants belonging to a number of 8 factories was determined. The studied factories were divided into three groups according to the type of wastewater treatment technology, namely: the first group uses only the pretreatment stage; the second uses the mechanical-chemical and biological treatment stages with biogas production; the third group has an aerobic biological treatment coupled with a reverse osmosis module. Water samples were taken weekly from the influent and effluent of each wastewater treatment plant for 6 months (March-August 2022). A number of 8 quality parameters were analyzed for both waste water and treated water, in accordance with the national regulations. The results highlighted the fact that the values of chemical oxygen consumption (COD), five-days biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphorus (PTotal), respectively total nitrogen (NTotal), and ammonium nitrogen for all wastewater samples far exceeded the limits of admissibility provided by the national wastewater quality standards. Instead, the pH values and the chloride content were within acceptable limits. The apply of mechanical and biological wastewater treatments determined the decrease of COD, BOD5 and TSS concentrations by more than 95%, respectively by more than 85% in the case of PTotal. The efficiency of the reverse osmosis module was over 95% in the case of ammonium nitrogen elimination. As a result of the onsite implementation of these technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the dairy industry, the values of the quality indicators of the effluents were in accordance with the regulations regarding the discharge of treated water into natural receivers or into the urban sewage network without affecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is one of the major environmental issues faced by both developed and developing countries worldwide including Malaysia. Water shortage issues generally occurs due to increasing of water demand in line with the population growth, inadequate water supply, high domestic water consumption and others. Water conservation using rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) is a key strategy to overcome the consequences of water shortage and minimize the dependency on main water supply. Several commercial and residential buildings in Malaysia have employed the RHWS as alternative to the main water supply but the implementation is not widely made. This study is focusing on the utilization of collected rainwater using RWHS in local mosque for non-potable usage including toilet flushing and garden watering. Rainwater was collected for three rainfall events and was tested for six (6) water quality parameters namely pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), E. coli and total coliform. The water quality analysis showed that the values of the pH, turbidity, TDS, TSS, E. coli and total coliform were in the range of 6.9 - 8.2, 2.67 - 8.41 NTU, 6.7 - 24.1 mg/l, 4.0 – 39 mg/l, > 2419.6 and > 2419.6 respectively. Based on the recommended raw water quality criteria, all parameters are within the safe limit for non-potable usage. However, treatment is required if the collected rainwater will be used for potable usage in future. In the other hand, the optimum size of RWHS tank is determined based on the estimated water demand using the MSMA 2nd Edition and the efficiency was assessed using the Tangki NAHRIM 2.0 simulation model. Data analysis from Tangki NAHRIM 2.0 showed the water saving efficiency, storage efficiency, average annual volume of spillage and yield and percentage time tank was filled with varying percentage of rainwater. At the optimum RWHS tank size of 6 m3, the water-saving efficiency and storage efficiency are 56.9% and 35.5% respectively.Consequently, utilization of rainwater harvesting methods for domestic, landscaping and agricultural activities will help to minimize the demand for treated water supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring levels of total suspended solids (TSS) is a necessity for preliminary studies related to development planning in the coastal region, through direct measurement or modeling. For Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) siting, TSS becomes an aquatic parameter, affects resources management and utilization. This study aims to analyze TSS in West Kalimantan based on remote sensing data. TSS value was estimated which refers to two algorithms, namely 1) Budiman (2004); 2) Parwati and Purwanto (2017). Data sources came from MODIS Aqua satellite imagery in 2005 and 2020. This study shows that TSS has increased, both in its value and spatial distribution. The average value of TSS in 2005 was 6.25 mg/l and 3.54 mg/l, whereas five years later it was 8.80 mg/l and 4.94 mg/l, respectively. In 2005, high TSS levels had common distribution in surrounding beaches and estuaries. However, in 2020, TSS concentrations were observed to spread more and towards the sea such as in Mempawah, Kubu Raya, Kayong Utara, and southeast of Ketapang. A detail TSS analysis is needed for tentative impact assessments related to siting of NPP in West Kalimantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oman is one of the countries with the least rainfall in the world. In its most urbanized region along the northern coast precipitation is around 100 mm per year. Water resources are scarce and forecasts of climate change over the next decades indicate that in this region rainfalls will decrease, and temperatures will increase. Potable water will still have to be sourced from water desalination processes, but water for other purposes, such as irrigating urban greenery as a heat protection for the built environment or growing biomass for energy supply can be sourced from treated wastewater. Water must be secured from possible recycled process; e.g. water reuse after proper treatment to accommodate the demand due to limited supply. This paper looks at one such treatment system for domestic wastewater in Oman. The constructed wetland - an on-site, low-energy, low-maintenance, horizontal flow, natural water treatment/ management system - built for the selected Ecohaus serves as a case study to assess the performance of the system and the quality of the effluent water output against the benchmark (MD 145/93 and RD 115/2001). After one month of running the constructed wetland, samples were collected from influent and effluent water once a week during one month (8 samples). The water quality was assessed regarding the parameter of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Coliform (TC), and E-coli. the results show that the constructed wetland of the selected EcoHaus performs excellently. That describes the develop of microorganism in the constructed wetland system with time. While, the average percentage removal rates of BOD, COD, TS, TSS, TDS, TC, and E-Coli are 76.9,82.7,35.9,86.8,7.3, 48.4, and 48 respectively. The paper concludes with a possible optimization of the constructed wetland and an outlook onto a possible large-scale application of such decentralized natural water treatment plants in an urban setting in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural areas of Sabah, Malaysia, the groundwater source is the only water supply for domestic consumption. Therefore, the monitoring of groundwater quality is essential to adhere to the standards by Malaysia's Department of Environment. This article seeks to evaluate the groundwater quality through the quantitative analysis, and the sampling carried out between January and March 2019. Among national water quality standards sampled including dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and total suspended solids. The result showed that the chemical oxygen demand was above the standards, >197mg/l (Station 5) and fall into Class V. However, the index of water quality for all stations indicate Class II with the lowest in Station 5 (80 per cent) and the highest in Station 6 (90 per cent). All stations showed clean category except for Station 5 (moderately polluted). This study also implicates that the water quality assessment could act as a tool in monitoring the groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater from tofu industry needs an effective treatment in order to meet the water quality standards based on regulation of ministry of environment. This study carried out the treatment of wastewater from tofu industry using a combination of microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. Coagulation-flocculation was conducted prior to MF to reduce the effect of fouling on membrane and improve its performance by removing the colloidal particles. Alum 300 ppm was used as the coagulant-agent for the coagulation-flocculation process. The wastewater feed has pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and chemical oxygen demand in the ranges of 4-5, 800-1500 mg/L, 800-1200 mg/L, 880-1100 FAU and 6000-8000 mg/L, respectively, which are far above the National Quality Standard. The produced water from the final treatment had the concentrations of TSS, turbidity, TDS and COD 0 mg/L, 0 FAU, 5 mg/L and 57.3 mg/L respectively, and this met the requirement from the National Environmental Quality Standard for the discharged wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid waste with a high amount of total suspended solids (TSS) is one of the significant environmental issues from coal mining activities in Kalimantan island under high precipitation in of an extensive zone of coverage. The TSS concentration with Nano-sized particle in mine drainage is caused by clay minerals which are dominated by montmorillonite type. Therefore, a vast chemical agent is usually used to treat TSS concentrations of liquid waste less than 300 mg/L based on government regulation. However, in this case, the chemical flocculant triggers the onset of secondary pollutant because of carcinogenic and non-biodegradable conditions. This study aims to observe specific fungi, Marasmius sp, as bio-flocculant for the treatment of mine drainage with extra high TSS. The fungi can produce a biodegradable polymer that precipitate the montmorillonite with two-mode action, namely bio-flocculant polymerization and mycelial trapping. A role model was performed in a laboratory-scale less than 1 L in several graduated/measuring cylinders under 22-30 °C. The results of clarity and flocculation rate tests indicated that the minerals in the mine drainage samples from PT.BC mining excavation area, had been precipitated rapidly. The clarity test by using spectrophotometer indicated that eighty six percent (86%) clarity value averagely in one-hour treatment, while the TSS concentration amount decreased down to 110.1 mg/L from original measured at 11,000 mg/L based on the flocculation rate test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleation of crystal growth is thought influenced by supersaturated solution. Crystallization of steviol glycoside based on the water extract of Stevia rebaudiana is challenging. We use factorial 4³D-optimal design for simultaneously optimizing supersaturation solution. As factors applied were concentrating the solution such as the addition of antisolvent, temperature and time in crystal formation. Each factor consisted of 3 levels. The supersaturated solution was observed by measurement of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. Stevioside and rebaudioside A concentration were determined from solution which obtained in optimum condition by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The optimal condition of supersaturated solution was reached at a concentration of 5%, the addition of 90% ethanol as an antisolvent, a temperature of 5 °C, and a period of crystal growth for 6 hours. Optimization of supersaturation from the water extract of S. rebaudiana lead to the formation of heterogeneous primary nuclei of the crystallization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted which were intended to study the feasibility of the method and the quality of Mentaya River water based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total solid suspended (TSS) parameters. The method used in this research was based on SNI 6989.73-2009 with the titrimetric for COD analysis and SNI 06-6989.3-2004 using the gravimetric for TSS analysis. The results of verification analysis for precision tests determine COD and TSS by 3.3% and 1.2%, respectively. Approval values for determining COD and TSS were 102% and 97.4%, respectively. Estimated values for COD and TSS from certified reference material (CRM) were 49.33 ± 0.1356 mg/L and 73.6 ± 0.3916 mg/L respectively. The COD results of the Mentaya River at Samuda, Ketapang and Kuayan sections were 34 mg/L, 123.2 mg/L and 8 mg/L respectively. Meanwhile, the TSS results at Samuda, Ketapang, and Kuayan locations were 98 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 32 mg/L respectively. The results of the verification method can be concluded that the method for determining COD and TSS meets the requirements so it can be used regularly in the laboratory. From the COD analysis, the quality of the Mentaya River at the Kuayan section below the quality standard of Indonesian Government Rules No 82 of 2001, while the Samuda and Ketapang sections exceeded the quality standard. The analysis result for TSS of the Mentaya river at Kuayan and Ketapang sections was below the quality standard and the Samuda section exceeded the quality standard of Indonesian Government Rules No 82 of 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality was investigated in Lake Matita, part of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania, to assess the overall status of the freshwater ecosystem, in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD – 2000/60/EC), which addresses all surface waters i.e., rivers, lakes, transitional waters and coastal waters in the EU. From this perspective, a specific physical and chemical analysis of surface water samples was performed, collected in different sectors of the lake, during the summer of June 2020. Several parameters such as pH, temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), oxido-reduction potential, nutrients, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and technophilic elements i.e., Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed for each water sample. The acquired values of each parameter were related to the standard values established by the national and international water quality criteria for environmental requirements in surface waters. Generally, the values of each parameter were found to be in line with the limits set by the correlated environmental standards. Overall, the water from all sampling sites was found to be in near good ecological condition. Despite that, it is also important to consider and monitor these classical physical and chemical water parameters, as well as other potential contaminants, over a long-term period, in order to protect and conserve the natural water resources of the Danube Delta, the largest protected wetland in the European Union and one of the largest in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, amount of aquaculture wastewater produced in Malaysia is increasing due to the development of aquaculture. The ineffectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment will cause the present of some contaminants such as suspended solids, organic nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture effluent. Membrane technology is used to solve this problem. However, the membrane characteristics will affect the effectiveness of the membrane in removing the contaminants. Therefore, this study was proposed to determine the effect of sintering temperature on the characteristics and performance of ceramic membrane. The materials used to fabricate the ceramic membranes in this study were natural clay, sawdust, sodium silicate and polyethylene glycols (PEG). The ceramic membrane was fabricated by using slip casting and sintering process. The four different sintering temperatures (800, 900, 1000 and 1100˚C) were used to fabricate ceramic membrane. The increased in sintering temperature has reduced the porosity (47.13% - 40.66%) but increased the density (0.89 -1.06) and mechanical strength (19.99MPa – 23.37MPa) of ceramic membrane respectively. The SEM results shown that the ceramic membranes formed were defect free. The pure water permeation of the ceramic membranes is directly proportional to filtration pressure applied which ranged from 0.5 bar to 3 bar. All the ceramic membranes were applied for aquaculture effluent treatment. The optimum sintering temperature was 1000°C which the ceramic membrane produced at this sintering temperature showed the highest removal of total suspended solids (98.91%) and turbidity (94.24%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pilot study utilizing water hyacinth plants floating wetland was conducted in Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Water hyacinth was selected in this study for its abundance and suitable growth due to ideal Malaysian tropical climates. Water hyacinth were placed on floating rafts through a 4-week experimental period in water samples collected from Lake UNITEN. This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of water hyacinth as floating wetland plant on nutrient pollutant removal efficiencies. The efficiency of pollutant removal was evaluated in terms of as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). The results obtained showed that removal efficiencies of up to 37.14 % for TSS, 64.44 % for TP and 98% for TN within the experimental period. The results showed that water hyacinth is very effective in removing pollutants such as TP and TN but not for TSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality monitoring is indispensable for the development of society and health. Water quality can be determined either by individual parameter of any specific interest or by selected a few important parameters to assess the overall quality. A study was conducted at one of hydropower dam station in Malaysia to identified the pattern of water quality distribution using Surfer software involving turbidity (Tur), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the upstream area of the dam. The parameters were measured at six different points on different depth. The pattern of distribution from upper stream to downstream dam spillway has been determine using colour contour mapping. The results of the analysis showed that the highest value for turbidity is >1000 NTU, for TSS is >1000 mg/l and for TDS is 39 mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed at investigating the effluent quality and evaluate the current efficiency of the wastewater treatment system that receives and treats municipal wastewater and runoff from the seaside resort town of Cha-Am, Thailand. The treatment system for Cha-Am consists of four ponds constructed in sequence: i) aeration pond (AP); ii) sedimentation pond (SP); iii) extended aeration pond (EAP); and iv) evaporation pond (EP). Effluent discharges into a canal around the treatment plant for additional evaporation, but some of the effluent also discharges to the sea along the Cha-Am beach. Water grab samples were collected at six locations in the treatment system: influent chamber (IC), inlet and outlet of the aeration pond, and outlets of the sedimentation pond, extended aeration pond, and finally evaporation pond during June to September 2015. The target pollutants investigated in the grab samples included: total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), and Escherichia coli (E.coli). Two YSI 6920 datasondes were installed for the continuous monitoring (recorded at 30-minute intervals) of dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, conductivity, temperature, and pH, at the inlet of the aeration pond and outlet of the sedimentation pond. The overall average pollutant reductions were found to be in the range of 24.64%, 47.96%, 18.95%, 83.18%, and 99.99% for TSS, VSS, COD, TKN, and E.coli, respectively. The treatment system appeared to be good for removing TKN and E.coli. However, the removal efficiency for TSS, VSS, and COD is low. The overall average values of the data recorded by YSIs over a period of 85 days for temperature, conductivity, DO, pH and turbidity were 31.10 oC, 4.34 mS/Cm, 3.09 mg/L, 7.44, and 70.57 NTU, respectively at AP, and 30.82 oC, 4.56 mS/Cm, 3.30 mg/L, 8.39, and 71.20 NTU, respectively at SP. Temperature and DO decreased from inlet of AP to outlet of SP. pH at the outlet of SP was higher than inlet of AP and conductivity and turbidity were almost similar in each pond. Improvement of removal efficiency could be undertaken by some measures such as, longer aeration period and shallower depth of AP to enhance dissolved oxygen concentration; increased hydraulic retention time in SP to allow substantial settling of suspended matter, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estuary is an area that has a free connection with the open sea and it is a dynamic semi-enclosed coastal bodies. Ex-mining, aquaculture and industrial areas in Selangor are the sources of pollutants discharged into the estuary water. Radionuclides are considered as pollutants to the estuary water. Gamma radiations emitted by natural radionuclides through their decaying process may give impact to human. The radiological effect of natural radionuclides which are 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, 238U and 232Th, were explored by determining the respective activity concentrations in filtered water along the Langat estuary, Selangor. Meanwhile, in- situ water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolve oxygen (DO), salinity, total suspended solid (TSS), pH and turbidity were measured by using YSI portable multi probes meter. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K were determined by using gamma-ray spectrometry with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K in samples are in the range of 0.17 - 0.67 Bq/L, 0.16 - 0.97 Bq/L and 1.22 - 5.57 Bq/L respectively. On the other hand, the concentrations of uranium-238 and thorium-232 were determined by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDXRF). The thorium concentrations are between 0.17 ppm to 0.28 ppm and uranium concentrations were 0.25 ppm to 0.31 ppm. The results show activity concentrations of radionuclides are slightly high near the river estuary. The Radium Equivalent, Absorbed Dose Rate, External Hazard Index, and Annual Effective Dose of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental monitoring through the method of traditional ship sampling is time consuming and requires a high survey cost. This study uses an empirical model, based on actual water quality of total suspended solids (TSS) measurements from the Penang Strait, Malaysia to predict TSS based on optical properties of satellite digital imagery using advanced land observing satellite imagery (ALOS) and Thai earth observation system (THEOS) satellite imageries. The proposed algorithm is based on the reflectance model that is a function of the inherent optical properties of water, which can be related to its constituent's concentrations. Water samples were collected simultaneously with the airborne image acquisition and later analyzed in the laboratory. Water sample's locations were determined by using a handheld GPS. The digital numbers for each band corresponding to the sea-truth locations were extracted and then converted into radiance values and reflectance values. The reflectance values were used for calibration of the water quality algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was investigated based on the observations of correlation coefficient (R) and root-mean-square deviations (RMS) with the sea-truth data. This algorithm was then used to map the TSS concentration over Penang, Malaysia. The TSS map was color-coded and geometrically corrected for visual interpretation. The calibrated algorithm had the R and RMS values of 0.9012 and 5.3651 mg/l respectively for ALOS data. The R and RMS values were 0.8515 and 6.2635 mg/l respectively for THEOS data. This study indicates that TSS mapping can be carried out using remote sensing technique of the satellite digital photography system over Penang, Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental monitoring through the method of traditional ship sampling is time consuming and requires a high survey cost. Our study uses an empirical model, based on actual water quality of total suspended solids (TSS) measurements from the Penang Island, Malaysia to predict TSS based on optical properties of Thailand Earth Observation Satellite (THEOS) digital imagery. The objective of this study is to examine the performance of the proposed algorithm for retrieving TSS concentration by using THEOS satellite image over Penang Island, Malaysia. Water samples were collected simultaneously with the airborne image acquisition and later analyzed in the laboratory. Water sample locations were determined by using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The collected water samples were combined for algorithm calibration. The algorithm used was based on the reflectance model, which is a function of the inherent optical properties of water, and these in turn can be related to the concentration of the pollutants. Digital numbers for each band corresponding to the sea-truth data collected simultaneously with the digital image acquisition were determined for later use in the algorithm calibration analysis. The accuracy of each algorithm was determined based on the values of the correlation coefficient (R) and Root-Mean-Square deviation (RMS). This algorithm was then used to map the TSS concentration over Penang, Malaysia. The TSS map was color-coded and geometrically corrected for visual interpretation. This study indicates that TSS mapping can be carried out using remote sensing technique of the satellite digital photography system over Penang, Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the nutrient content of the solid fraction recovered from the liquid manure through mechanical separation process. It covered primarily the design, development and preliminary evaluation of a small-scale mechanical separator which could be employed in swine industry. The fabricated equipment was used to physically separate and remove the suspended solids and some of the dissolved solids from the liquid manure to lessen the degenerative effects of swine waste to the environment. Thus, the machine was tested to evaluate its performance in terms of separation efficiency. The fabricated mechanical separator is composed mainly of a separation chamber which is divided into five (5) sections to perform the separation process. The average separation efficiency of the machine in terms of mass removal of manure solids was about 25% which was obtained from the reduction of the total solids content of the samples. The computed t-values for the temperature degree rise, total suspended solids (TSS) and pH fell within the critical value, thus, the null hypothesis was accepted. However, the computed t-value for the total dissolved solids (TDS) fell beyond the critical value, thus lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The nutrient concentrations of the recovered solid fraction in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are within the typical range provided by the Agriculture and Natural Resources, ANR-15-03. The economic benefit of using a mechanical separator to process the swine manure will largely depend on the potential for solids reuse and value recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]