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Blind or visually impaired people face several challenges in safely navigating their environments due to their lack of inclusive real-time obstacle detection and surrounding information aid. In this paper, a smart stick for visually impaired people was designed and practically implemented. The smart stick system contains heart rate, ultrasound, and moisture sensors. The system's core utilizes an Arduino Nano microcontroller programmed in C++ and GPS, GSM/GPRS, a vibration motor, a buzzer, and a battery. Ultrasound and soil moisture sensors are used to detect the obstacles and the nature of the floor faced by the visually impaired person during navigation in various environments. The heart rate was employed to monitor the health condition of the visually impaired. Moreover, the position of the visually impaired individual was tracked in real-time based on GPS, and the geolocations were transmitted to the family members through the GSM/GPRS network to facilitate the monitoring of the user. The vibration motor and buzzer alert the user to unwanted environments, like obstacles, wet surfaces, or elevated heart rates. The performance of the alert decision was enhanced by utilizing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) implemented in Matlab software. The analysis results revealed exceptionally high correlation coefficients (R²) across all datasets: 0.997 for training, 0.988 for testing, 0.982 for validation, and 0.994 for all combined datasets, as determined by the applied ANN. Furthermore, the alert decision error was enhanced to 4.096×10-5. This error revealed that applying ANN resulted in a remarkable reduction in errors relative to those obtained from statistical analysis of differences among the smart stick system and benchmark systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relevance between moisture content in a soil and suction is shown by the soil water characteristics curve (SWCC). The recent paper focuses on the stress-dependent SWCC for gypseous sand soils from Al-Najaf city, Iraq. The stress-SWCC is investigated using a modified Oedometer cell under controlled entry of water and air to apply a certain matric suction. A range of matric suction from 90 kPa to 0 kPa was performed. Three net normal stresses, 100, 200, and 400 kPa (such stresses were selected due to their availability with the sampling device, with double stress) were selected in the tests. The effect of stresses and matric suction on water volume changes, degree of saturation, and soil water characteristics curve of the soil were studied. The results show that there are a shifting value of the SWCC with the change of the normal stresses, while the normal stress is increased, the values of volumetric water content are decreased up to -17% under the net normal stress of 400 kPa. New fitting parameters of the SWCC's equation are found to represent the obtained data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to discriminate crops in to healthy and stressed categories of cash crops and grain crops by the support of machine language technique called support vector machine (SVM) with soil moisture and plant water content (PWC) as inputs. The soil moisture was arrived from scatter plot model [SP model] and PWC was retrieved from inverting the existing water cloud model (WCM). The crops were classified under the categories of Grain crops stressed (0 - 0.15), Grain crops healthy (0.16 - 3), Cash crops stressed (0.31 - 0.45) and Cash crops healthy (0.46 - 0.60) using SVM. Further, the results from SVM were validated using accuracy assessment method using the field observations. The outcomes demonstrate a high degree of agreement with the field circumstances (OA=85%, Kappa coefficient =0.83). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water content is the amount of water contained in the medium – in this case, soil. The water contained in the soil represents soil condition, from the surface down to the ground. The surface position of the land to the groundwater table is referred to as the vadose zone, while the region below the groundwater level is called the saturated soil zone. The capillary fringe is a transitional zone between the vadose zone and the saturated soil zone. The unsaturated zone is defined as the part of the vadose zone between the ground surface and the capillary fringe. Distribution of water content in the soil is closely related to infiltration and consolidation processes. Infiltration is the process of water flow from the surface into the ground, while consolidation is the process of water dissipation from the soil pore medium due to the loading that causing a decline in volume or the soil pore cavity. Infiltration and consolidation are closely related to the compositional changes in water and air content of the soil. Groundwater scientific developments, in terms of engineering, science and technology, have been impactful. This research involves the investigation of a correlation between the distribution of water content and unsaturated consolidation and is expected to offer new insights in groundwater science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes an automated sensory system that uses the Blynk IoT platform to monitor the production of palm tree oil. The system incorporates temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors to gather vital environmental data. The Blynk platform receives this data wirelessly, allowing for real-time analysis and visualization. Using this approach gives palm tree growers the ability to maximize fertilizer and irrigation, improving the quantity and quality of their oil. This technology is beneficial for effective plantation management because of the Blynk platform's user-friendly interface and the expanding role of IoT in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing techniques have shown that soil moisture can be estimated using several satellite images, each with its own set of advantages and limitations. This study aims to apply the integration approach of Sentinel-2 and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) to estimate the surface soil moisture and its influencing factors in Baghdad City, central Iraq. The GLDAS/Noah model with 0.25° resolution and monthly temporal resolution was used to generate a soil moisture map for the first 10 cm of the land surface for the study area. The results showed that the estimated soil moisture values ranged between 11% and 29%, where the high percentage was in the center of the study area and gradually decreased in all directions around the study area. Six important factors, namely depth of groundwater, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), topography, soil texture and land use/land cover were compared with the estimated soil moisture to show which is the more influential. The result show that there is a good relationship between the depth of groundwater and calculated soil moisture where the depth of the groundwater was low, ranging between 11–13 m, in areas where the soil moisture is high, ranging from 27–29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of sandy soils with high clay and silt contents in various areas of Peru represents a problem in the case of infrastructure works in general, especially in building foundation projects. The state of these soils varies depending on the humidity conditions, due to this characteristic, it does not have a good bearing capacity. It is necessary to study an improvement that allows to satisfy the stability conditions that allow them to support loads, whether they come from buildings and/or are used as foundation material for road projects, especially in a seismic country like Peru. This article evaluates the improvement of these soils with the use of bottom ash, by-products of the non-industrial manufacture of clay bricks for construction, through the analysis of the results of the Proctor Test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple geometry of sensor is proposed based on split ring structure, by considering the manufacturing simplicity with error free sensing. The dual port electromagnetic planar (DPEP) sensor is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Rogers RT/duroid substrate with relative permittivity ∈r = 2.2, tanδ=0.0009 of height h=1.6 mm. The sensor is designed for the characterization of lossless materials by estimating their relative permittivity. It is dual port sensor, hence transmission response is observed for material characterization. The characterization of lossless material is done by observing the resonance frequency shift with varying relative permittivity of material under test (MUT). This sensor shows appreciable results in sensing a wide range of dielectric material i.e., ∈r = 1-80. The effect of height (H) of superstrate on the resonance of the sensor is analyzed using parametric analysis. The proposed sensor can be prominently useful for material characterization and for the determination of soil moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G = (V, E) be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. A proper k − vertex coloring of a graph G = (V, E) is a partition P = {V1,V2, ...Vk} of V into independent set. The graph G is b-coloring if there is a vertex in each color class, which is adjacent to at least one vertex in every other color class. The b-chromatic number of graph G, denoted by ϕ(G), is the largest integer k such that there is a b-coloring with k colors. In this paper, we will study b−coloring of pencil graph Pcn, diamond snake graph Dsn and triangular ladder graph Tln. Furthermore, to see the robust application of b-coloring, at the end of this paper we will illustrate the implementation of it on analyzing the multi-step time series forecasting on soil moisture, temperature and pH of companion farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to create an intelligently controlled plant growing area in a greenhouse using a low cost programmable module called the Arduino. The module will detect the greenhouse's climate behavior and adjust parameters such as soil moisture, light, temperature and humidity accordingly for optional crop production. The sensors used to monitor these parameters are soil moisture, light, LCD and DHT 22 (Temperature and moisture). The module will receive data from the sensors, process it and control the water pump, motors, exhaust system and light system as needed. The data will be sent to farmer's smart phone using the HTTP protocol. This technology aims to maximize plant growth and provide farmers with accurate information about their fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes an automated irrigation system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology that intends to increase irrigation in agriculture's efficacy and efficiency. A microcontroller, a cloud-based server, and a network of soil moisture sensors make up the system. The microcontroller receives the measurements of the soil's moisture content from the sensors. If the soil moisture falls below a predetermined level, the microcontroller analyses the data and turns on the irrigation system. The server gathers and stores the sensor and microcontroller data and offers a user interface for remote monitoring and management of the irrigation system. The suggested system has a number of benefits, including less water use, higher crop yields, and better resource management. It is also adaptable and simple to modify to fit the unique requirements of various crops and environments. Overall, by enhancing efficiency and sustainability, the IoT-based automated irrigation system has the potential to alter the way agriculture is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the influence of bagasse ash and terrazyme (Bio-enzyme) on the geotechnical characteristics of soil of black cotton through compaction tests, unconfined compression strength (UCC) tests, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. The results reveal that adding bagasse ash and terrazyme alters the soil optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD). Increasing percentages of bagasse ash and terrazyme lead to an increase in OMC and a decrease in MDD; however, beyond certain percentages, further increases result in an increase in MDD and a decline in OMC. Moreover, including bagasse ash and terrazyme significantly enhances the UCC of the Soil. The optimal stabilization percentages are determined as 6% bagasse ash and 1.2 ml of terrazyme per 2 kg of Soil, with the UCC reaching 4250.15 kPa after 21 21-day curing period. Additionally, the bagasse ash and terrazyme content have a notable impact on the CBR of the Soil, with treated Soil showing improved CBR values compared to untreated Soil. Overall, the findings demonstrate the positive effects of bagasse ash and terrazyme in enhancing the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, making them promising additives for soil stabilization applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representatives of the Orchidaceae family are an indicator of the sustainability of forest phytocenoses. In this regard, orchids can be called indicators of environmental conditions. Assessment of their condition in communities is of paramount importance for the development of conservation measures. The population structure of Neottianthe cucullata (L.) Schlechter, 1919. in the Buzuluksky Bor (within the Samara oblast) was studied in 2010-2021. The aim of the present study was to investigate the spatial-ontogenetic structure of N. cucullata cenopopopulations in the Samara oblast. The value of the research consists in obtaining and analyzing original data on N. cucullata in the Samara oblast, where the species is on the verge of extinction. The number of individuals was revealed, and the ontogenetic and spatial structure of cenopopopulations was studied. In the composition of cenopopopulations, different-aged individuals, including subsenile individuals, have been noted - the populations are complete. Low demographic indices which slow down or prevent self-restoration of N. cucullata cenopopulations under anthropogenic load were revealed. Under conditions of low stress, populations are mature and resistant to the effects of environmental factors. But with increasing industrial load and changes in light and soil moisture, the stability of populations decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought a revolution in agriculture. With the implementation of IoT, intelligent monitoring of agriculture becomes feasible. Such as monitoring soil parameters. Soil is a critical part of agriculture that provides nutrients for plant growth. The article aims to create a soil parameter monitoring system using IoT. The monitoring system includes IoT based multi-sensor soil parameters (soil pH, soil moisture, temperature-humidity-light environmental) and uses the IoT-Thinger platform. The system works in real-time in acquiring soil parameter data. Then display real-time data in graphs on the IoT-Thinger platform. That makes it easier to monitor soil parameters directly and mobile. The system has been designed with serial communication between the microcontroller, Arduino Uno R3, and the ESP8266 NodeMCU V3. The multi-sensor is connected to the Arduino Uno V3. Then the ESP8266 is for the WiFi module. The sensors used are DIY More Soil Ph, Capacitive Moisture Soil, LDR+Resistor 5K1, and DHT 22. The WiFi network uses mobile phones to transfer data to the thinger platform to be displayed in a graph. IoT-Multiple Sensors-Thinger-based soil parameter monitoring system has been tested and works well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite difference technique has become a numerical tool that makes complex become easier for engineers to problems. The complex problems are difficult to solve in the normal way. In this paper, the application of a finite difference technique is used to solve the consolidation problem in the case of radial drainage to determining the reduction in pore water stress. Usually the application is on soils that are near to impermeable, but in this paper it is applied to semi-permeable soils that are silty sand and fine sand. In semi-permeable soils, increased pore water pressure is very shorter. In this study is the time of radial drain is discussed. The data used is taken from Air Tawar, Padang. The results shows that the 90% of increased 100unit pore pressure can be completed within about 126 seconds. The results also indicates this method can be used to solve the problem of a sudden increase in pore water in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An occurrence of gas burst was found in Banten section of Java toll road project area. This phenomenon was predicted could cause an effect of road embankment in the future. In order to reduce this effect, a series of field investigation were conducted to obtain the solution to solve this problem. A geo-electricity and seismic refraction surveys were applied to describe the soil layer stratigraphy. The gas composition which sprays out in the surface was revealed by LEMIGAS test. The soil layers stratigraphy results describe it was found a continuous vertical cavity from bottom of soil layer to soil surface. The cavity was identified as sandy and partly a water-bearing layer. The solution of embankment reinforcement from the gas burst applied lining system in order to release the gas and water in soil surface. The recommendation of lining system has three big steps which are 1. The nonwoven geotextile (class 3 with elongation> 50%) was installed as a separation between the original soil layer and gas flow material, 2. Blinding stone material with a diameter of >5 - 35 cm layered above the geotextile (layer thickness 50 cm), 3. The geo-membrane work (1 mm thick) was spread over blinding stone material as wide as the road so that the gas does not rise to the embankment material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has always been considered a lifestyle, especially in rural India rather than a revenue making market. In the present trend of automation, machines make decisions which are rational, reasonable and accurate. In this state of art technology Internet of Things (IoT) is paving a new path in automation. Therefore, in this paper, the research is carried to employ the IOT technology in the field of agriculture. A rover, capable of reading all essential parameters like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, air quality, sunlight and rain is developed in this research. These detected parameter values by rover are then transmitted to a comprehensive interface, a Mobile application. Mobile application will then give the customized predictions such as soil moisture and temperature based on soil-type. With the help of these parameter values a farmer can take necessary measures to maintain the crop in optimum conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine and debate a recently proposed approach to smart irrigation's soil moisture monitoring. The effectiveness of the innovative soil moisture monitoring is evaluated using a combination of a two fish algorithm and a fuzzy algorithm. In all, 14 samples are utilised to generate the sample sizes for two methods. The mean soil moisture value from the two fish algorithm is 0.5443, which is better than the fuzzy algorithm's 0.5514. Using Novel Two Fish Algorithms, we were able to improve upon the accuracy of fuzzy algorithms for measuring soil moisture by 97.4%. (94.5 percent). Using a 95% confidence range, a statistical analysis of the soil moisture measurements reveals no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Results show that when comparing the two algorithms, the two fish algorithm is superior for soil moisture monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice fields have a strategic function because they are the main food providers for the population in Indonesia. The conversion of rice fields tends to experience an increase that makes the emergence of new problems because agricultural land will be replaced with the housing sector or factories. From the thing, Therefore, it is necessary to make modern rice fields means that the planting and harvesting process does not have to be done in a large rice field. As for the components used such as the microcontroller wemos D1 R1, groundhog sensor, DHT sensor, RTC sensor, fan and pump, and also the results of this research. Obtained from the test results that are declared successful, in the form of the implementation of fuzzy logic with rule-based on microcontrollers with soil moisture and DHT sensor inputs, and as a fan and pump output and with fuzzy sets included in the form of fast, medium, old, and fertilization scheduling with RTC sensor. With the addition of technology, it is expected that modern farmers will get more effective in carrying out a plant monitoring and care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sewage waste from a farm, in this case, a rabbit farm, is a byproduct that rabbit breeders have not been able to optimize. The collection and processing of rabbit manure to make it into a compost fertilizer product would require a system that can conduct the work mechanically and be controlled wirelessly. The system is made up of an ESP32 as a process controller for the soil moisture sensor and an ultrasonic sensor to collect rabbit droppings that are directed by a DC motor conveyor and driven by the blynk application. And the maximum distance required for the tool to maintain control over the smartphone is approximately 20 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the technological operations of growing vegetables in a greenhouse shows that it is possible to reduce labor costs and increase the efficiency of the use of cultivation facilities when performing work with a special set of technical means. For a fundamental improvement in the technology of vegetable production in a greenhouse, stationary systems and robotic equipment are needed. The low quality of air temperature and humidity control in greenhouses necessitates control not only of the diameter and concentration of aerosol microdroplets, but also of the pressure in the pressure pipelines of evaporative cooling and additional humidification systems, as well as the amount of solar radiation entering the greenhouse, the level of physiologically active radiation created by additional illumination lamps. However, the characteristic features of production led to a number of specific problems in the choice of methods and means of automation. The main feature is the inextricable link between automated objects and biological processes in crop production, which are characterized by continuous formation and cyclic production. Manufactured products must be periodically collected, immediately processed, and then processed for its sale, long-term storage. In recent years, drip plant nutrition systems have been widely used, which make it possible to supply water and nutrient solutions locally to the root zone, in strictly metered quantities, and to maintain soil moisture content in a narrow range of specified values. The use of drip irrigation when growing cucumbers and tomatoes in a greenhouse allows you to increase the yield by 10..30% compared to traditional sprinkling, reduce the irrigation rate and fertilizer consumption, as well as reduce labor costs for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil-cultivating ripping-separating machine working bodies of stratifier practically exclude soil lumps possibility larger than 10 mm getting into seeding zone and create necessary surface layer possibility. However, at a working depth of 3 to 12 centimeters, soil movement along ploughshare is difficult due to soil swath formed. Soil is piled-up and crumbles to sides, soil movement to ripping-separating device is deteriorating. To exclude that, passive rotating disks were installed on both sides of ploughshare. When machine is moving, flat rotating disks contribute to soil separation pressed between them from the solid mass, and to its movement along ploughshare, limit soil pileup. Distance between guide discs, which ensures soil separation, was determined depending on soil physical and mechanical properties and their course depth. As a result of the experiment at a given disks depth and soil moisture, it was determined that soil moisture of 72.1% has the greatest influence on maximum distance between disks, influence of the disks depth is 19.9%. With positive and negative angle increase of disks wheel alignment within 0°±4°, their traction resistance to movement increases. Guide discs installation at an angle to each other in two mutually perpendicular planes soil pileup increase on ploughshare and traction resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of tillage with a soil separation plant, the soil is stratified into four sublayers: seed, seed, sub-seed and sub-tillage. The relevance lies in the fact that tillage using a loosening and separating plant will allow improving the methods of pre-sowing tillage to improve its agrotechnical qualities, eliminating such technological operations as harrowing and cultivation, and preparing the soil for sowing. The use of an experimental leavening and separating plant for pre-sowing soil preparation when growing sugar beet compared to traditional tools by improving the quality of tillage allows you to get seedlings earlier by 3-4 days, ensure better moisture retention in the soil (by 3-4%), significantly reduce the contamination of crops and increase yields. Moreover, studies have shown that during the entire vegetative development of plants, the agrophysical parameters of the cultivated soil layer maintained relative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When preparing the soil for sowing, an important agricultural operation is the harrowing and slotting of the soil. This agricultural technique is very important for areas where there is increased soil moisture during the harvesting period, since it is not always possible to prepare the soil for the future harvest in the autumn. In the Amur region, during the harvesting period, not only abundant precipitation is observed, but also such an important factor as the end of harvesting at low temperatures, and sometimes even under snow cover. All of the above factors leave their mark on the preparation of the soil for sowing. Given that harrows are not produced specifically for a particular region, they are structurally designed to use ballast in order to regulate the load on the working body, depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Also, one of the promising ways to solve the problem of increasing the required load on the working body is its automatic regulation when transferring the mass of the tractor to the harrow through the use of additional redistributing devices. The article presents the results of experimental studies on the use of heavy disc harrows with a device that allows you to adjust the load on the working body through the use of part of the mass of the energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachate is produced from the infiltration of rainwater through landfill that contaminates the groundwater with some dissolved, suspended particles such as heavy metals and microplastic. Since this issue will endanger human health and pollute the environment, a clay liner is considered to mitigate significant leakage of leachate from a landfill liner system. However, a conventional lining system, geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), has a high possibility for degradation due to some pathogen that might catalyse the hydrolysis of polyester of geosynthetic material. In contrast, compacted clay liners (CCL) have an instability issue due to swelling as well as shrinkage. Thus, lime-laterite stabilised soil has been chosen to test its compatibility to be used as a lining system. Past researchers have stated that adding an effective lime percentage that produces a pH of 12 is one of the mechanisms that can significantly decrease the pathogen in the leachate and improve the absorption of heavy metal ions by the lime-laterite soil. Therefore, the hydromechanical behaviour of laterite soil under unsaturated soil with the treatment of quicklime can be analysed by conducting a soil water characteristic curve (SWCC). This study will be applied as a lining system that acts as a hydraulic barrier that prevents the permeation of leachate. In the geotechnical laboratory, the soil sample was analysed with the pressure plate testing equipment. For this study, lime dosages of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% by weight with seven days (7) of optimum curing are applied for soil stabilisation. Fredlund and Xing (1994) and Van Genutchen (1980) models are used to developing the SWCC curve-fitting graph with a suction range between 0.1 kPa and 1,000 MPa. The finding of this study can summarise that increment of quicklime addition can drop the volumetric water content, thus risen the air entry value (AEV). In conclusion, overall results show that the water-holding capacity of untreated and treated laterite soil decreases with increasing lime content. This initial finding shows insights into the possibility of treated soil being used in the landfill using 5% of lime laterite stabilised soil as the best design in terms of SWCC, thus solving the leachate permeation problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural soil often undergoes several drying and wetting cycles due to the variability of climatic conditions, which can change the hydro-mechanical properties of soil. The Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) is profoundly influenced due to multiple wetting-drying. The pressure plate test was used to further investigate the impact of multiple wetting-drying cycles on the SWCC for untreated laterite and lime-treated laterite. Lime is applied to the soil at 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% by weight, with seven (7) days of curing time for optimal results. Furthermore, all the obtained results from laboratory test were fitted in Fredlund and Xing model to get a suitable curve. The results indicated that lime content has a substantial impact on the air entry value (AEV) of SWCCs. With the increase of lime content, the Air Entry Value (AEV) increased. Overall, SWCC results reveal that, the air entry value (AEV) reduced as the wetting-drying cycles were extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "IOT WEATHER DATA ACQUISITION AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM" deals with presenting a smart device in terms of real-time accumulation of data and automation. The core intention is to make life easier and hassle-free. From agriculture drones to the defense, real-time data is feeding in every sector of industry to make everything automated, more susceptible, and sustainable. Data can be further studied to bring out meaningful insights from them. Right on the track, the prototype is capable of visualization of data through the internet on many platforms in the form of GUI (Graphical User Interface). This prototype uses some sensors like DHT11, MQ135, BMP280, Soil moisture, and Flame sensor. 38% Humidity, 32.3 Temperature reading provide by the DHT11 during the test. BMP280 sensor shows their readings in graphical format. 9% moisture present in the soil, noted during the test through the soil moisture sensor. 8% of Hard Particles are present in the atmosphere and the Lux value was 89.167 noted during the test with the help of MQ135 and Light Intensity sensor. A flame sensor also used in the prototype gives the warning. When it senses the flame, and it increases the safety. All data are represented through interactive graphs and plots that are easy to interpret. In addition, this data is stored in the cloud platform. Which are further fetched into platforms like MATLAB, Simulink, and excel sheets for further analysis. Simply connecting to the internet, can get their data from anywhere in the world through the API ports and are supported in many channels like Thing Speak and Arduino IoT cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based lubricants, which are produced from organic, renewable resources, offer effective substitutes for conventional petroleum-based lubricants. This review article aims to analyse, compare and contrast the biochemical characteristics of mineral-based lubricants against plant-based lubricants and emphasize their individual benefits. Additionally, the use of non-edible organic materials to produce these bio-lubricants provides obvious economic and environmental benefits of putting current tribological expertise to use. Additionally, the review article will conclude with the challenges that contemporary bio-lubricants must face and the prospects for green tribology in the future. Two important variables in the debate over the sustainability of employing these potential tribological applications are biodegradability and renewability. The acquisition and use of planetary lubricants generated from renewable resources that are low in toxicity and biodegradable are being prioritized in order to reduce industrial pollution exacerbated by spillage and leakage of these materials into the environment. These alternatives are not only championed as effective substitutes for the conventional mineral-oriented lubricant but must be considered for sustained human existence. To maintain equipment integrity and reduce overall energy losses, many industrial processes rely on the effective use of contemporary tribological expertise. Lubricating oils have a large environmental impact and have the potential to contaminate land and water. To reduce the incidence of improperly disposed of lubricating mineral substances capable of adversely affecting the soil and water, producers of this substance are being pressured to employ less ecologically hazardous lubricants. Therefore, the relevant literature on this subject and the chemical characteristics thereof has been deemed seminal along with recent publications to arrive at a conclusive and credible study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity for materials, is essential for many civil and electrical engineering projects as well as numerous field applications, including heating the soil beneath a building, producing electricity, removing waste from thermal and nuclear power plants, and burying cables. Different geotechnical factors, such as the type of soil, water content, grain size distribution, density, and compaction factors, all affect the thermal conductivity of soil. Literature studies has been done related to work and presented in this paper. In previous research, heat source methods were used to test the thermal conductivity of soil. Consequently, doing laboratory and field measurements is expensive and time-consuming. In this work, a constructed probe is used to measure thermal conductivity. Glycerin was used to calibrate the manufactured probe. Water has a greater thermal conductivity than soil minerals, and particle to particle interface increases as density improves. As a result of these fundamental influences, thermal conductivity of the soil improves as water content and density improves. Therefore, obtained thermal conductivity values were represented and explained with graphs for considered materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because it affects infiltration, evapotranspiration, and surface and subsurface runoff, Moisture holding capacity is an essential environmental variable. However, large-scale measurements of Moisture holding capacity have just lately been practicable. The Western Desert areas are being exploited to take advantage of existing water reservoirs for agriculture and other applications. Moisture holding capacity was evaluated in 75 samples collected from the research region. The soil in the region is divided into three types: sandy loam, loam, and silty loam. The research area's resultant maps revealed that the maximum rate of soil absorption is 52 % of infiltrated water in sandy soils and the lowest value is 31 % of infiltrated water in Silty soil. Hence, this virtual manner acts for a significant part in mapping Moisture holding capacity by providing fast, timely, reparative, and comparatively inexpensive data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivators that grow oyster mushrooms keep failing due to a of lack control in temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and concentration of carbon dioxide. In order to grow great oyster mushrooms and avoid crop failure, the temperature must be between 22 °C to 28 °C and the relative humidity must be between 85% to 90%. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) needs to be controlled below 800 during its growth phase. Failure to meet those parameters will result in the mushroom drying out, slowing growth, or stopping. As a result, oyster mushroom cultivators will require a system that can control the surrounding temperature and humidity, soil moisture, and concentration of CO2 conditions in order to produce good-quality oyster mushrooms. An automated environmental control system is constructed to handle the problem. In this system, by means of a feedback control loop system that monitors and activates the actuators when necessary, promising results of the oyster mushroom cultivation system are produced and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation system is widely used in agriculture sector and has significant impacts to the growth of the plantation or crops. Traditional method of irrigation system always counter problems such as time consuming, human labour cost, inefficient of water usage and monitoring challenging throughout the process. Thus to address the issues, this paper proposed the development of smart irrigation system that embedded various types of sensor and Internet of Things (IoT) platform used for monitoring plant growth. In this work, there are three module have been developed which are hardware, software and integration module of the proposed system. In hardware module, Raspberry Pi is used to calculate and process the data based on the sensors parameters. Different types of sensors have been employed such as soil moisture, humidity, temperature, ultrasonic and vision sensors. In this framework, the reading of soil moisture sensor was obtained from the base station. The Raspberry Pi will receive the information and starts to pump the water from the tank until the condition of soil moisture content is normal (i.e. reach the threshold value). In addition, the DHT22 sensor will act as the monitoring system in terms of temperature and humidity data. While, the ultrasonic sensor will send the information to the microprocessor and calculate the water level. Furthermore, the webcam vision is used for monitoring the plant growth during the day and night. While, the dripping process runs in real-time application to the plant. The microcontroller ESP8266 used to control the state of ON or OFF light bulb depending on the value of LDR sensor. Based on the results and monitoring process, the proposed smart irrigation system able to works in promising environment with real time data in which it has been monitored through the IoT platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil CO2 emissions mainly occur due to the aerobic decomposition of organic matter and are influenced by soil moisture. Several researchers performed regression analysis to predict carbon emissions based on groundwater level. This study aimed to determine the relationship between groundwater level and soil CO2 emissions in drained peatlands at Buatan Village, Siak Indrapura Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This research applied trenching and non-trenching experimentation to quantify soil CO2 emission. Soil CO2 emission was measured using a chamber method while groundwater level was observed with a piezometer, both measurements were carried out on five consecutive days each month for one year. Peat characteristics, i.e organic acid (acetic, lactic, citric, malic, and oxalic), soil pH and soil water content, were also determined. During the observation period, in the trenching and non-trenching areas, the average groundwater level was -63.8 cm and -72.0 cm, respectively; while the average soil CO2 emission (μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) was 4.5 and 3.3, respectively. The results showed that the decrease in the groundwater level did not increase the soil CO2 emission. Alteration of soil CO2 emission in tropical peatlands is not only influenced by groundwater level but also by peat characteristics. The decomposition of organic matter involves physical and chemical reactions as well as biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew is an important estate crop on marginal land because of their growth adaptability in dry land and the economic value of their nuts. Although its economic value is not as high as other estate crops, it benefits dryland farmers with limited income. Therefore, studies on the different potential roles of cashew were essential for future cashew development on dry land. Furthermore, cashews possessed ecological functions such as preventing soil erosion on sloping terrain and as a windbreaker for gardens and house yards. Several previous studies, both at the greenhouse and field, provided practical information that during the night period, the potential water value of the root tissue exceeded the value in the soil matrix; hence the cashew roots were able to distribute a certain amount of soil moisture from the wet layer to the dry soil layer. This mechanism was termed hydraulic redistribution (HR). This HR occurred during the drought stress period or in the dry season. The review was focused on HR orientation in cashew (vertical and horizontal direction) and the factors influencing HR effectiveness (soil type, root depth, and groundwater). Finally, the direction of future cashew HR applications can be proposed for soil moisture bio conservation in dryland agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is still an agriculture dependent country. Still, the utilization of technology in the field of agriculture is less mainly due to the high cost of these technologies. However, IOT is one domain that can help in providing a cost-effective methodology to improve the agriculture. This is based on calculating various factors including soil moisture content, need of fertilizers, weather monitoring, etc. Therefore, the present article provides a brief review of various technologies and their advancements related to IOT in the last half decade. The review highlights the importance and advantages of each of these technologies in a comprehensive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erosion and sediment-related problems are well documented globally and continue to warrant further scientific investigation, as well as improved policies and management strategies to protect soil and water resources. The International Commission on Continental Erosion (ICCE) has long been a very active commission of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) focussing on progressing scientific understanding of erosion and sediment systems. This paper provides a brief overview of its main scientific foci, examples of previous contributions to scientific conferences and finally, concludes by paying tribute to two key former members of the international scientific community engaged with its remit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff simulation in highly anthropized catchments is complex, but essential for water management, especially in poorly gauged and data-scarce hydrosystems of the West African Sahel. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different calibration schemes on runoff simulation. The physically-based and semi-distributed hydrological SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model is used to simulate daily runoff in the Nakanbé catchment at Wayen station in Burkina Faso (in the West African Sahel) over the period 2006–2012. Four (4) hydrometric stations (Dombré, Rambo, Ramsa and Wayen) gauging 4 nested catchments (ranging from 1060 to 21 178 km 2 in size) are considered. The added value of the consideration of nested catchments is assessed through the following 3 calibration schemes: one-site (OS) at the entire catchment outlet (Wayen); multi-sites with nested sub-catchments (MS1); and multi-sites without considering nested sub-catchments (MS2). The results indicate that OS and MS2 schemes perform well (KGE > 0.7, | PBIAS |<3 %), with MS2 scheme being superior (KGE, PBIAS). However, the MS1 scheme (KGE = 0.68; PBIAS = -22.9 %) performed worse in comparison to the traditional OS scheme. The comparison of the three modelling schemes provides evidence that accounting for nested sub-catchments does not necessarily improve the quality of rainfall-runoff simulations. Yet, multi-site calibration should be favoured when catchments are not nested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the White Bandama watershed (WBW) in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). The objective is to assess the impacts of future climate change (CC) on the hydropower potential (HPP) of the WBW. The methodology is based on coupling the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model with the Geographic Information System (GIS) QGIS to assess HPP on streams and evaluate the impacts of future CC on HPP of the watershed. Historical and climate projection data (precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature) for a set of three Regional Climate Models (RCM) from CORDEX-AFRICA (CCCma-CanRCM4, CCLM4-8-17 and REMO 2009) under RCP 4.5 were used. The biases of the ensemble mean were corrected by the Delta-change method. The relative change of streamflow discharge and HPP was assessed as the relative difference between the projection periods (2041–2070 and 2071–2100) and the reference period (1976–2005). The results showed a total of 22 future hydropower potential sites in the watershed. These sites were identified, geolocated and classified according to their potential capacity of generation in 82 % as small (1–25 MW potential capacity), 9 % as medium (25–100 MW potential capacity) and 9 % as large (more than 100 MW potential capacity) hydropower. The climate models' ensemble projected an upward trend for both the annual mean discharge of rivers and HPP of the WBW according to RCP 4.5 for the periods 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. On the annual cycle, the months of August and September will record the highest monthly mean flows between 150 and 200 m 3 s -1 while the months from November to April will record low monthly mean flows in the WBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent driver of the inter-annual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). This study focuses on understanding the hydrological variations in Godavari River Basin (GRB) due to the weakening of ISMR during El Niño years (1980–2008), using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model. The entire basin was discretized into 1325 uniform grids of resolution 0.15°×0.15° (about 16.65 km), and hydrological parameters of the basin were analysed at each grid level for various El Niño events. Based on the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), El Niño events occurred in the past were subclassified into weak (2004 and 2006), moderate (1986, 1994 and 2002), strong (1987 and 1991) and very strong (1982, 1987) events. For this study, VIC model was run for the period 1980–2008 and a composite of El Niño and normal years (1981, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001 and 2003) was prepared to assess the impacts of El Niño events on the hydrology of GRB. Our results showed a negative correlation of precipitation, abstractions and soil moisture with the increasing magnitude of El Niño events. The quantum of precipitation was reduced during El Niño years compared to normal years, which showed the basin's exposure to more frequent droughts during El Niño events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientists tend to assume that climatic factors are the only drivers in the development of drought. However, this classical assumption is no longer valid in the Anthropocene, as most catchments have been significantly modified by human factors. Recent theoretical developments have shown that there are mutual interactions and feedback mechanisms – drought shapes humans and vice versa. Therefore, this study aims to assess the role of human impacts on hydrological drought (HD) characteristics by considering runoff and baseflow separately. For this purpose, the two rainfall-runoff models: SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and HBV (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning) models are compared. The results show significant differences in the magnitude of change between the two models, suggesting that the ensemble method of multiple models need to be considered for modelling human impact. However, the results confirm that despite significant differences in the magnitude of change, both hydrological models indicate similar impacts, i.e. positive and negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of plant growth is strongly influenced by soil conditions, both temperature and humidity. The right soil temperature and humidity levels will support plant growth. However, sometimes plants wilt and die for unknown reason even though environmental conditions have been controlled automatically. Therefore, this research investigated the performance of a built control device that not only can be used to monitor and control the conditions of soil temperature and humidity, but also to analyse the performance of the control system and the controlled microclimate. A logger system has been embedded to save the history of control data. This system used DS18B20 sensor and the YL-69 sensor for the soil temperature and humidity measurement, respectively. The measurement results from both sensors were displayed on its LCD display and stored in the micro SD card. The system was set to irrigates the soil when the soil moisture is less than 60%. In addition, this control device was also equipped with an automatic air suction that is useful to help the temperature around the plant decrease quickly and work when the soil temperature exceeds 32℃. As the results, the soil temperature data obtained in this study were in the range of 23.94℃ – 28.5℃ and the soil moisture data obtained is in the range of 0.83 – 100%, indicating an over-watering. The further test proved that decreasing the number of sprayers could improve the irrigation quality. Furthermore, based on the calibration, the measurement system has a good accuracy of 99% and 96% for soil temperature and humidity, subsequently. Therefore, clearly, the system control worked as it was desired and by embedding the data logging feature, ease the performance analysis of the controlled microclimate and the control system itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of gold ore carried out by residents is currently an important source of regional income, but it can have harmful effects on the environment, including soil and rivers. One indicator of river water damage that can be seen physically is the color of the water, the value of COD and BOD. In addition, one of the heavy metals that is an indicator of pollution from gold ore processing is Fe. This study aims to conduct an analysis from upstream to downstream of the river and soil of the gold ore processing area in the sub-district Sukamenang. The analysis includes river color, COD, BOD, and Fe content using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. The results showed that the river water flowing in the gold ore processing area from upstream to downstream was cloudy yellow, had a distinctive iron smell, and tasted slightly bitter. The COD values are at concentrations of 9.45-40.87 ppm and BOD 1.10 – 1.72 ppm. The BOD values still meet the river water quality standards, but COD values are more than quality standards, namely COD and BOD, a maximum of 10 ppm and 2 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, the Fe content has exceeded the quality standard, namely 1000 ppm for soil and 0.3 ppm for water. The concentration range of Fe levels obtained in the soil is 4002.36-4244.12 ppm and in water is 0.2136-0.5680 ppm. The high level of Fe in the soil indicates that gold ore processing can pollute the environment, so efforts are needed to treat the waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of important greenhouse gas (GHG) whose main sources are agricultural soils. N2O forms in soil as a result of microbial processes, reinforced by the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. This study will look at how the formation of N2O in soil is affected by soil moisture and soil granulometric composition. Soil N2O isotopes of δ15Nα (central nitrogen position) and δ15Nβ (end nitrogen position) which could help to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of N2O emissions and the involvement of microorganisms in N2O production. N2O isotopes δ15NSP and δ15Nbulk can be traced or N2O produced by nitrification or denitrification. The study used total of 92 soil samples collected in 2020 and 2022. The study uses three types of agricultural soil with a different granulometric compositions. Soil from each agricultural plot was weighted into two samples, each of 1.5 kilograms to provide different humidity conditions - wet aerobic and wet anaerobic. The measurements were performed in a laboratory with the CRDS device Picarro G5131-i. The G5131-i analyzer measures nitrous oxide isotopes δ15N, δ15Nα, δ15Nβ, and δ18O with an accuracy of 0.7 ‰, and N2O concentration with an accuracy of <0.05 ppb (all measurements are averaged over 10 minutes). The data processing did not use all the data obtained from the Picarro G5131-i, but was selected by evaluating the changes in N2O concentrations when the concentrations had stabilized. In this research, three types of soil were used, from which it can be concluded that the type of soil, its inherent physical properties and reaction to the moisture regime play an important role in the formation of N2O isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests play an important role in carbon storage and global carbon cycling. The processes of litter decomposition, movement within the soil, and incorporation into different soil layers play a crucial role in the functioning of forest ecosystems. These activities are important in regulating the cycling of soil organic matter and the storage and release of carbon into the atmosphere. Soil carbon and carbon input via litter has been well-recognized, however studied relatively less compared to other carbon pools, but local estimates are necessary to reduce uncertainties and due to climate change mitigation goals. The aim of the study is to evaluate differences in tree litter production in different age classes and forest types in grey alder (Alnus incana) dominated forests. In total 12 grey alder stands were selected to represent each age class (10-year interval) in two different soil moisture regimes (dry and wet mineral soils). In each stand 4 litter collectors were placed in a transect and samples collected every month for a full year. Each sample was air dried until constant weight and weighted afterwards to determine litter dry-weight. Our study results indicate seasonal differences in litter production, however significant differences between average litter production of grey alder stands in dry and wet mineral soils was not observed. Moreover, litter production amount is lower for younger stands and increases with age, as study results indicate that main factor determining litter production is stand basal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the discussion of water balance to maintain the sustainability of water resource management in a coastal area, the infiltration parameter is one of the important studies of hydrological process dynamics. It should be the theme of an in-depth study. This research is a preliminary study on the review of the value of the infiltration rate in the coastal area of Sorong City, with the primary objective of the study, is to analyze the value of the infiltration rate on the influence of soil properties in the coastal area of Sorong City, comparing it with the value of infiltration rates in other coastal areas in Indonesia and in other tropical areas abroad whose values are obtained from literature studies, as well as analyzing the effect of soil properties on infiltration capacity in urban areas with tropical coastal climates. Field inspection using a sand cone and double-ring infiltrometer continued with laboratory tests, including soil density, infiltration capacity, and soil moisture content. The result of the research is that the value of infiltration capacity in the coastal area of Sorong City is dominated by the category very rapid infiltration (81.82% of the infiltration value is above 25 cm/hour), the infiltration rate for cities in tropical coastal areas is included in the very rapid infiltration category, and is influenced by the value of water content (R2 = 0.3333) and porosity (R2 = 0.3506), while density has a less significant effect (R2=0.0875). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using automation, a system is being developed that monitor and grows plants. Similar to an incubator, the system maintains the right temperature, provides protection, and hydrates each plant. The System detects the soil moisture content and irrigates the plants accordingly. Moreover, temperature and humidity are constantly monitored to ensure the plant's health and growth. The light sensor ensures that the plants receive enough light to carry out photosynthesis, which is a vital element in plant growth. The system is programmed to close all agricultural areas during adverse weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments on ordinary chernozem showed that the introduction of biological products Flora-C, Fitop-Flora-C in combination with natural zeolites optimized soil density and soil hygroscopic moisture content, increased reproductive potential of spring durum wheat plants (T.durum). The conclusion is made that the leading factors in optimizing agrocenosis for soil of Orenburg region are inductors moisture saving and soil structuring, which include natural zeolites and biological products, as well as plants, growing on these soils, as the main element of artificial biocenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hapke model has been widely used in the field of soil remote sensing. However, the latest development of the Hapke model (i.e., Hapke-HSR model) adopted a simple hypothesis to consider the influence of the soil moisture content (SMC), which brought great difficulties to SMC parameter inversion. This paper presents a method to improve the Hapke model using the improved multilayer radiative transfer model of soil reflectance (MARMIT-2), which can effectively improve the ability of the Hapke-HSR model to characterize the variation in the SMC. Finally, we used the soil database to comprehensively verify the ability of the improved Hapke model. The results show that the improved Hapke can effectively characterize the spectral characteristics of soil and show a higher fitting accuracy (RMSE = 0.009) compared with the Hapke-HSR model (RMSE = 0.031), especially at a high SMC (≥30%). Therefore, the improved Hapke model can better understand soil physical properties and improve the inversion accuracy of soil–vegetation physical parameters, which can be used to enhance agricultural water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture (SM) is an important variable related to the health of terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, the continental water cycle, etc. It also provides an opportunity for drought monitoring, flood forecasting, weather forecasting, and the calibration of hydrological models. This study aims to estimate the surface soil moisture at a high spatial resolution (10 m) by combining radar and optical remote sensing data and improving the spatial resolution and accuracy. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) operates with the competence to acquire data in any weather condition. The SAR images were acquired by C-band SAR sensors in the VV polarization boarded on Sentinel-1 satellites and the optical images were obtained from a Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument. The main algorithm involves the retrieval of soil moisture using radar data through a change detection (CD) method that is somehow combined with the WCM (parameters include vegetation descriptors and model coefficients) to estimate the SM and reduce the effect of vegetation cover. The method is applied to 13 months of time-series satellite data, from 7 November 2019 to 20 October 2020, over Salamanca (western Spain) and is validated using field data acquired at a study site with the use of a TDR sensor. The results showed good accuracy between the retrieved and ground measurement soil moisture data (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.053 m 3 / m 3 ) and the obtained accuracy is promising compared to recent similar works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth and health are affected by 0.06–0.09% of crustal fluoride. A semi-empirical model estimated wet soil fluoride using Sentinel-1 5.405 GHz data as dependent on dielectric components and loss angles. Mineral surface charges and electrical potential limited clay soil ion mobility via moisture and permeability. Real and imaginary dielectric components approximated a 3° to 4° loss angle in lab soil samples with high and low fluoride electrical conductivity. An estimated percentage of dielectric component loss over wide areas could have implied fluoride. Finally, linear regression between field fluoride value and conductance loss was used to estimate fluoride. The statistical differences (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 1.90, and Bias = 0.35) between predicted and simulated fluoride levels over clay soil and soil with different vegetation development suggest that C-band SAR data may detect fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]