Search

Collaborative writing applications are widely utilized in organizations to co-author documents and jointly exchange ideas. Unfortunately, for persons who are blind, collaborative writing applications are often difficult to access and use. Therefore, this paper presents the results from several usability studies that examined how visually able persons and persons who are blind interact with collaborative writing applications, and the accessibility and usability issues they encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A missense F94L mutation of the bovine myostatin gene (MSTN-F94L) has been used as an alternative marker for increasing meat yield without any severe problems primarily on reproduction traits in beef cattle. The mutant A allele of MSTN-F94L is considered to be exclusive in the Limousin breed. In our previous study, the wild-type C allele of MSTN-F94L was found to be fixed in Bali, Sumbawa, and Holstein-Friesian cattle. However, we found four of 168 individuals of Pasundan cattle carrying the mutant A allele. Therefore, to confirm the status of the mutant A allele of MSTN-F94L mutation in other cattle breeds in Indonesia, a total of 388 bulls representing 5 cattle breeds (Limousin, Simmental, Holstein-Friesian, Bali and Peranakan Ongole) from two National Artificial Insemination Centers (NAICs) of Indonesia were used in this study. All bulls were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. We found that the mutant A allele was only present in Limousin bulls with high frequency (94%). The frequency of CC, CA, and AA genotypes in Limousin bulls were 0.9, 9.3, and 89.7%, respectively. In contrast, no mutant A allele was found in the other breeds. This study showed that the mutant A allele of MSTN-F94L mutation may originate from Limousin bulls. The origin of the mutant A allele in Pasundan cattle may be derived from the Limousin bulls of NAICs through artificial insemination (AI). Limousin bulls are the only bull breeds as a source of the mutant A allele of MSTN-F94L in NAICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]