Search

The ratio of resin to hardener is an important factor in the strength quality results of composite material. Resin and hardener are an epoxy type of binder matrix applied to carbon fiber. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio between resin and epoxy matrix hardener for carbon fiber composites and performance best of tensile testing. The subject of the study is a composite test sample made of epoxy resin and hardener with carbon fiber with a fixed variable matrix fraction binder of 60% and 40% fiber fraction. The independent variables include the ratio of resin and hardener 50%:50%, 60%:40%, and 70%:30%. The research was conducted at the Department of Materials Laboratory Engineering Faculty of Yogyakarta State University. The tests carried out are tensile testing using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The research produced the best tensile test data for carbon fiber composites with a binder matrix at the ratio of resin and hardener 70%:30% at a peak load of 20,945.33 N, max. stress 329.90 N/mm2, max. 4.66. strain %GL, elastic modulus 7.079.36 MPa, and elongation 6.99 mm. With sample, condition dries perfectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research builds a mathematical model of microgrid hybrid Photovoltaic (PV)/wind/biogas with a battery system and load. The power generated by the hybrid system is stored in a battery system which is then distributed to the load of the slaughterhouse. In this study, the modelling and simulation of microgrid systems include the power capacity of PV, wind, and biogas systems are 9 kWp, 400 kW, and 1.175 kW, respectively, with a battery capacity of 1600 kWh to serve the peak load at a slaughterhouse in 17 kW. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed hybrid microgrid system can be monitored to maintain continuity of power distribution to the load. Modelling and simulation of microgrid systems implemented using MATLAB Simulink 2020a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuity of electrical energy is inseparable from the reliability of the power system. In the event of a disruptive circumstance, the utilization of slack buses facilitates the transfer of functions from one primary source to another primary source. The Slack Bus is a solution aimed at mitigating the discrepancy between the load demand and the available producing capacity resulting from network losses. This study involved the simulation of the electric power system's operation by assigning the slack bus to three distinct locations, specifically bus-1 (Bakaru), bus-31 (Punagaya), and bus-37. The subject of discussion is Sengkang, a region in South Sulawesi. The simulation of the SULSELBAR 56-bus electrical system in the year 2022 was conducted using MATLAB 2013a software. The simulation results indicate that the smallest overall losses occur when Bus Sengkang is selected as the slack bus, with total losses amounting to 123.11 MW and 499.72 MVAr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary friction welding (RFW) is joining materials through the forging process generated by rotation and friction. Both materials are gripped, frictioned and pressed until they generate a heat which can form a bonding. Generally, RFW is used to weld round bar geometry. The objective of this research is to analyze peak load and fracture occurred on RFW joints. The materials welded are ST41 low carbon steel and SS304 stainless steel. Parameters used in this study are friction time (WG), forging time (WT), and surface profile (PU) with a single chamfer while rotational speed is constantly set. All of the specimens show that HAZ in ST41 is larger than SS304. Tensile test shows that fracture occurred on weld joint (brittle fracture), but it still gives a reaction until it achieves its peak load. The highest peak load of 553.93 kgf obtained from the 5th experiment, while the lowest peak load is 56.60 kgf (8th). 5th experiment using 60° chamfer on surface profile so the friction tends to be stable on its axis and nugget size is larger than 8th. 8th experiment using 0° surface profile so the friction tends to be unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discuss electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithms to minimize the peak load demand. The charging schedule makes use of a time-of-use system and an optimum method that adjusts the amount of electricity used to charge an electric car depending on its battery's state of charge. This study was implemented in a commercial-residential area and considered various constraints to ensure the study practicality. Three scenarios of electric vehicle charging were tested and analyzed. The outcome of the first scenario demonstrated that uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles would cause a new peak in the grid load. For the second scenario, time-of-use scheme was implemented for electric vehicle charging, which was able to reduce peak loads compared to uncoordinated electric vehicle charging. The final scenario demonstrated that the suggested coordinated electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithm successfully reduced uncoordinated charging load by 33% and increased off-peak load by 87.5% while maximizing the charging power of each electric vehicle battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional grid in Iraq has many issues, such as substantial network damage and a significant deficit in the generated power due to the country's circumstances over the last three decades, the load consumption and the carbon emissions is increasing, and the load demand is not uniform. The traditional power system without smart grid faces supply shortage problems that lead to a large number of outages that may cause frequent power outages. Therefore, it becomes necessary to interact renewable energy plants with traditional power system for switching to low carbon energy sources and employ loading management technique which must be made through peak load periods. Smart grid refers to an energy network which employs digitized and other modern technologies to monitor and supervise the flow of power from each generation sources to meet the various electricity requirements of consumers. Hence, this study proposes a MATLAB smart grid simulation model that incorporates renewable energy sources, a traditional power system, grid parameter monitoring and the priority control strategy. In the load prority strategy, daily energy allocation is formulated and mathematically optimized to maximize total energy hours delivered. The load with the highest priority receives more power hours under this technique, followed by the load with the lowest priority. As the control level has been raised, the results show the correct operation of the proposed system by maintaining 100% continuity for the essential loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Nonlinear finite element model was developed to simulate the performance of geopolymer concrete columns reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. The proposed model was validated against experimental results performed previously by the authors. Several modeling parameters were investigated, and it was found that changing mesh size, the ratio of biaxial compressive to uniaxial compressive yield stress, and friction coefficient between concrete and rebars had the least effectiveness among all modeling options. While increasing the shape factor or decreasing the dilation angle resulted in a larger error by decreasing the peak load of the specimen. The selected modeling options resulted in good matching results with the experimental ones. Finally, a framework for analyzing GFRP-reinforced GPC columns was introduced, thus allowing performing further detailed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in electric vehicles affects the distribution system by triggering several disturbances such as voltage stress, high voltage fluctuations, voltage drops during peak loads, damage to distribution transformers, and even blackouts. It allows proper management when charging the electric vehicle. Therefore, this study uses a fuzzy logic-based controller to design an optimal charging system for electric vehicles based on the SOC (State of Charge) and Parking Duration. This charging management uses the concept of the vehicle-to-vehicle power transfer directed by scoring. Furthermore, simulations are carried out with subscription restrictions to the grid. The results showed that using this optimal charging system can flatten the load curve with the two inputs. However, the simulation results showed that the presence of FLC in the system can reduce the peak load on the system from 12 kW to 5.1 kW, and SOC (state of charge) at departure time is higher than initial arrival, even in some conditions can reach 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of Oman's vision 2040, electricity from renewable energy should replace 30% of the country's total power by 2030. Furthermore, the power for the electric vehicles is expected from renewable power. Recently the Oman Authority for Electricity Regulation (AER) revised the tariff system and due to this generating of energy from solar energy is becoming popular. To implement the PV technology, many challenges including cost of electricity, technological growth and policy must be addressed. Grid Connected PV (GCPV) system may be one of the options to overcome the above issues. It could decrease peak load demands, besides contributing eco-friendly power generation. This paper investigates the techno-economic and environmental aspects on implementing PV power for electrification of Suhar City which is situated in the northern part of Oman. Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be installed utilizing the available rooftop spaces in the premises and the empty land around the buildings. A 1400W PV system available in Sohar University (SU) was used to collect the required data. The system was simulated in HOMER Pro, and the major parameters needed for the proposed study were analysed. The results showed that the investment in PV system, in Sohar city can be promising. The system showed the yield factor as 1923.6 kW h/kWp/year. Moreover, the proposed system had a capacity factor of 21.7%. The cost of energy and payback period were 0.146 USD/kWh (0.056 OMR/kW h) and 4 years respectively. However, many other factors due to economic challenges, Government policies and social acceptance must be resolved to establish a viable market for PV technology in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of Oman's vision 2040, electricity from renewable energy should replace 30% of the country's total power by 2030. Furthermore, the power for electric vehicles is expected from renewable power. Recently the Oman Authority for Electricity Regulation (AER) revised the tariff system and due to this generating of energy from solar energy is becoming popular. To implement the PV technology, many challenges including cost of electricity, technological growth and policy must be addressed. Grid Connected PV (GCPV) system may be one of the options to overcome the above issues. It could decrease peak load demands, besides contributing to eco-friendly power generation. This paper investigates the techno-economic and environmental aspects on implementing PV power for electrification of Suhar City which is situated in the northern part of Oman. Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be installed utilizing the available rooftop spaces in the premises and the empty land around the buildings. A 1400W PV system available in Sohar University (SU) was used to collect the required data. The system was simulated in HOMER Pro, and the major parameters needed for the proposed study were analysed. The results showed that the investment in PV system, in Sohar city can be promising. The system showed the yield factor as 1923.6 kW h/kWp/year. Moreover, the proposed system had a capacity factor of 21.7%. The cost of energy and payback period were 0.146 USD/kWh (0.056 OMR/kW h) and 4 years respectively. However, many other factors due to economic challenges, Government policies and social acceptance must be resolved to establish a viable market for PV technology in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nature has created multiple living organisms with designs that ideally fit for their purposes. Nature inspiration and mimicking are currently accepted as promising methods for developing new approaches in materials science and other research areas. A modification of the surface topography allows manipulation of the frictional properties of a material. This could be extremely important for areas where external lubricants cannot be used, for example, in space, the human body (in artificial HIP or other joint replacements, for example), the food industry, etc. In the first two mentioned applications, materials should be lightweight. Increased elasticity of the joint's surface features (SF) for engineering devices or even human implants could reduce peak loads (lower risk of damage) and improve patient comfort. The concept for the classification of possible SFs was proposed in our work. Several SFs were modelled, their performance simulated in ANSYS software, and real materials were produced by 3D printing and tribologically tested. The intended possible deformation of the SFs under the test load was linked to the roughness of the counterbody, possible misalignments of the system, and formed wear debris. It was demonstrated that the shape of the SFs affects the wear rates of the SFs, the counterbody, and the coefficient of friction. The 3D optical images are provided to demonstrate the counterbody surface after testing against SFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless steel cylinder was used in this study, a friction welding uses friction of both based metals to generate the heat input in welding process. The effect of rotation speed, friction area, and friction time to performance of a weld joint was studied. The rotation speed, diameter of based metal as friction area, and friction time were leveled to know the effect of the welding parameter to weld joint performance. Performance of a weld joint was based on the peak load of the tensile test result. The highest load was 55478 N from a specimen with 9 mm diameter of the based metals and friction time 2 min with 850 rpm of rotation speed and 12111 N was the lowest load of tensile test could be resisted. The performance of weld joint from based metal with diameter 12 mm could be achieved more than 45000 N, although could not achieve the highest load however load value was average near with the highest value. Rotation speed, friction area, or diameter of both based metals significantly affected to performance of weld joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed plan aims to aid and encourage efficient use of electricity and, as a result, minimize power consumption to the barest minimum. The key feature of the proposed system is the ability to remotely monitor and manage electrical and electronic appliances to reduce peak load to the barest minimum. The plan has both efficiency and accuracy advantages also financial advantages. Analytical Method (Am) is employed to optimize the load consumption of a typical residential building. Dwelling based on accurate data. Smart plugs capture the consumption data because they were created and supplied to work with innovative home products. Based on the modeling findings, the energy consumption expense bill reduces by 24.31 percent to minimize peak load by 32.02 percent. Analytical process, Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and other optimization approaches are all put up against the proposed way (AM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper claims design of a converter based on the current mode control utilizing LCL essential structure for low-power dc-dc converters for versatile requisitions. An exchanging control circuit may be used to join go about as a compensator to acquire crest with top present mode. The proposed converter with additional features with an intermediate voltage enter crosswise over those switches, accomplishes zero-voltage switching, worked at a consistent frequency, better regulation by pulse-width-modulation. Zero-voltage exchanging attained on the control switches in the operation of the entire load reach in peak value. The LCL converter compared with other converter topologies for separate operating states. The proposed converter examined for EV-charging system with other converter topologies LCL offers exceptional changes with changing load with enhanced execution same time giving a load a stable yield current. The recommended converter checked with MATLAB SIMULINK plan model validates that execution for the different converters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of use of electrical energy which is still not appropriate can cause problems in electrical grid, electricity usage during peak loads is high and the cost of electrical energy consumption is expensive. This study aims to develop a decision support tool using artificial intelligence that can be implemented to assist in managing electrical energy. In this study, demand side management methods, are peak clipping and load shifting and fuzzy logic algorithms are used to manage the use of electrical loads and power demand in an office area in Bandung. This demand side management method can be applied by shifting electrical loads and cutting peak loads. Based on simulation in office areas, the results by using this method can reduce electricity costs and increase load efficiency. This research is expected to can be developed into a model in managing electrical energy using artificial energy in a place of residence or office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses systems with seismic isolation in which the seismic support part consists of an elastic element and friction one connected in series. The friction element is modeled with a dry friction damper. Only the elastic element works in the system at small vibrations, and at peak loads, slippage occurs in the dry friction damper. In this case, the load on the superstructure and the substructure is limited by the friction force in the dry friction damper. The harmonic oscillations of the considered system have been analyzed. At the same time, three possible modes of system behavior have been established. The first mode with a weak impact far from resonance is characterized by a purely elastic isolator behavior. The second, more dangerous mode is characterized by large plastic deformations at the initial impact stage. Still, after several cycles of plastic vibrations, the system adapts to the seismic impact and vibrates elastically. In this case, a progressive collapse of the system is possible at the first stage of loading. Finally, the third mode is characterized by plastic deformations at the initial stage of loading and during steady-state vibrations. In this case, progressive collapse at the first stage and low-cycle fatigue at the second stage of the system operation are possible. The necessary values of the friction force and damping in the system, excluding dangerous resonant vibrations, is to be more than 10% of the structure weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand in Surakarta has grown by an average of 3.65% annually since 2014. On the other hand, there is also an increasing waste production in the city, producing 110,893 tons of waste in 2019. To overcome this two problems, the government of Surakarta collaborates with PT Solo Citra Metro Plasma Power to build 5 MW Waste-to-Energy (WTE) power plant in Surakarta. This paper will focus on feasibility analysis of WTE into 20 kV grid system owned by PT PLN (Persero). Load flow analysis, short circuit analysis, and total harmonic distortion analysis will be conducted using ETAP software. Simulation results showed that the smallest distribution losses occurred at Palur Substation by 87 kW. Meanwhile, short circuit current when the WTE entered the Palur Substation is 14.73 kA on the 20 kV Trafo-3 Pauwels Rail Bus and 6.12 kV on WTE Bus. Both voltage losses and short circuit current values are within the allowed limits under the ESDM regulation regarding Grid Code. THD at the connection point of GI Palur on peak load and off-peak load after the WTE is connected is still within the permissible limits (below 5%). THD analysis results are 0.31% for peak load and 0.32% for off-peak load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental research work deals with the effect of various injection timing on diesel engine with 20% of Prosopis juliflora biodiesel with Titanium oxide 25 ppm. The advanced and retard injection timing was used for this research work to test the fuel blends. By using this fuel blends advanced injection timing of test fuel blends possess better BTE with higher NOx emission. Then the emissions of advanced injection timing was higher compared with retard injection timing alteration. The HC, CO, NOx and smoke emission was lowered at peak load condition. In particular, the HC, CO and smoke emission was minimal at 50% and l00% load conditions. By using this fuel blends the emissions were declined in higher extent so this fuel blends would be used as an alternate fuels in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results obtained by using an analytical model herein slightly modified to study Near Surface Mounted (NSM) CFRP strengthening applied to brittle supports. To this scope, three sets of lab investigations comprising CFRPs applied to concrete and masonry pillars were considered. The lab investigations comprised testing of different CFRP strips characterized by various geometrical (cross section and bonding length) and mechanical parameters (elastic modulus). The interfacial tau-slip laws adopted in the analytical model were tuned using available experimental data and idealized bilinear laws proposed by the authors in the experimental campaigns. The reliability of the model was assessed by comparing the global force-slip curves obtained experimentally and analytically. Also, the analytical model allowed estimating the axial stress in the FRP strengthening, providing valuable information about the most probable failure mode (i.e., debonding or fiber failure). A global satisfactory agreement was found in all the set of tests studied with the proposed model. The analytical approach was able to accurately estimate the initial stiffness, peak load and post peak behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-conditioning accounts for up to 60% of the energy use in buildings in Kuwait. Also, air-conditioning consumes about 70% of the electricity during peak hours. Widespread air-conditioning system installation increases the total energy consumption resulting in a large carbon footprint and raising the peak load demand, causing excessive strains on the power grid. Heat-driven air-conditioning systems that use solar energy are now emerging as alternatives to electricity-driven convectional refrigerated air conditioners. These systems are more energy-efficient, with lower carbon emissions while also ensuring better indoor air quality and comfort when optimally designed. Among the heat-driven air- conditioning systems, the desiccant cooling system and vapor absorption refrigeration system are among the most potential systems. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the design optimization of various solar desiccant cooling systems for Kuwait's climate. The numerical model of the system is developed using validated components. Various design configurations analyzed include solar heating system, regeneration air for the desiccant wheel. It is found that an evacuated tube solar collector in conjunction with returning air from the building to regenerate the desiccant wheel provides the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersal of steel fibers in the concrete composites is likely to be more or less of a random orientation. The ultimate peak load and post-cracking behavior are controlled by the fiber orientation. This article is dedicated to theoretically investigate the relationship between the fiber direction angle and the percentage of pull-out force carried out. The investigation covers the analysis of an inclined fiber in two-dimensional and three-dimensional composites. The analysis is backed experimentally up by results of tests performed on self-compacting concrete prisms with random and aligned micro steel fibers. An electromagnetic field complemented with vibration is utilized to align the steel fibers in the fresh mixture. In this study, the effect of alignment was compared with the results of three concrete prisms produced with random fibers. The efficiency of alignment was monitored through the visual inspection. The electromagnetic process managed to make the fiber orientation factor ranges between 0.80 and 0.95 in.comparison to 0.3 - 0.5 for the prisms of random steel fibers. The failure peak load for the aligned samples was enhanced by 20% compared to the prisms of randomly distributed fibers of 0.35% steel fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of total hip arthroplasty involves a lot of user's external factors from medical implant, but it does not take into account internal factor that is body mass index. This paper presents a study on contact pressure in total hip arthroplasty under different loading conditions according to user's body mass index. 2D finite element analysis is used to achieve this goal by modelling CoCrMo-on-CoCrMo with vertical load variations based on body mass index, consist of underweight, normal, overweight, and obese classes I, II, and III. Highest loading from normal walking condition is given adopted from physiology of human hip joint. The results show that magnitude of contact pressure increases with increasing body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are being introduced by various manufacturers as an environment-friendly alternative to vehicles with internal combustion engines and with some advantages. The quantity of EVs will grow quickly in the coming years. However, the uncoordinated charging of these vehicles can put extreme stress on the power grid. The problem of charge scheduling of EVs is significant and challenging and also has seen significant research over the most recent couple of years. This survey covers the new works done in the area of scheduling algorithms for charging EVs in smart grids. Some heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithmare considered for the real-time charging. EV scheduling method by Genetic Algorithm and Intelligent Scatter Search (ISS) algorithm (GA and ISS), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Reinforcement Learning algorithm(RL) are developed for power loss minimization, electricity cost minimization, peak load reduction. In this point of view interested to propose to integrate fog computing with RL applications deployment in EV charging distributed systems. This integration between fog computing and the RL may have the opportunity to shape the future applications established in the EV charging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intrinsic vulnerability affecting curved masonry structures, when subjected to loads different from the static vertical ones, pushed the researchers and practitioners to conceive reinforcement techniques enable to provide a tangible increase in terms of peak strength and ultimate ductility. However, such features are not enough if the reinforcement does not provide full compatibility with the original material. In this context, the application of composite innovative materials coupled with lime/cementitious-based mortar (TRM/FRCM reinforcement) met the requirements discussed deeply in the ISCARSAH guidelines. Recently, several works focused on the debonding phenomena which can occur in the case of masonry structures reinforced with TRM technique. On the other hand, few experimental works are available in the literature concerning the influence of substrate curvature on the debonding process and its modality of activation. An advanced heterogeneous FE approach is used for the numerical analysis of three TRM-reinforced curved specimens. The difference in terms of peak load is highlighted and finally, a brief discussion with useful suggestions for practice applications is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the discontinuous nature of solar energy, concentrated solar power (CSP) plant with thermal energy can not only stabilize output but also be operated as a peak load regulation plant in a multi-energy system. This work demonstrates the dynamic characteristics of the key heat transfer components and thermal transport processes of a solar power tower (SPT) plant with thermal energy storage, which is operated under the disturbances of external environment and electricity demand. A 50MW commercial power tower plant is chosen as the study object. Detailed systematic dynamic models based on two modelling method of essential sub-systems are developed, implemented, and integrated into TRNSYS to improve the reliability of simulation as well as the prevision accuracy. The model is completed with a control strategy that regulates the water level in the evaporator efficiently. System-level simulation is conducted by two time scales, during a couple of minutes, and on a couple of hours. It is shown that the model can provide theoretical reference data for the unit operating characteristic analysis, predict the trend of the plant thermal characteristics. The thermal transport characteristics in the steam generation system and steam turbine have been revealed, which is useful for the study of regulatory mechanisms for a peak-shaving plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, AISI 1018 Mild/Low Carbon Steel is used as a metal substrate for investigating the nanoindentation effects at room temperature in the dry and lubricated regimes. The Oliver-Pharr technique is employed to estimate the unloading data of nanoindentation according to the Power law and the peak load (Pmax) is increased from 0-10000 µN for all the nanoindentation experiments. The Coconut oil and different concentrations of Graphene-Coconut oil nanofluids are used to lubricate the metal substrate and their mechanical properties such as hardness, Young modulus, residual indentation depth, and contributions of elastic as well as plastic parts to total nanoindentation deformation are observed. The mechanism of the change in surface deformation rate of nanofluid lubricated metal substrate is also demonstrated through their indentation hardness AFM micrographs. The results exhibit that the lubrication of metal substrate by 0.1 wt% of Graphene-Coconut oil nanofluid significantly reduces the permanent plastic surface deformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we numerically and analytically investigate the impact perforation of sandwich panels made of 0.8 mm 2024-T3 aluminum alloy skin sheets and graded polymeric hollow sphere cores with four different gradient profiles. A suitable numerical model was conducted using the LS-DYNA code, calibrated with an inverse perforation test, instrumented with a Hopkinson bar, and validated using experimental data from the literature. Moreover, the effect of boundary conditions on the perforation resistance of the studied graded core sandwich panels was discussed. The simulation results showed that the piercing force-displacement response of the graded core sandwich panels is affected by the core density gradient profiles. Besides, the energy absorption capability can be effectively enhanced by modifying the arrangement of the core layers with un-clumping boundary conditions in the graded core sandwich panel, which is rather too hard to achieve with clumping boundary conditions. Finally, an analytical model, taken account only gradient in the quasi-static plateau stress, is developed to predict the top skin pic peak load of the graded sandwich panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esplanade metro interchange in Kolkata, India, is at the junction of the existing north–south Line 1 and the nearly completed east–west Line 2. The interchange will also serve as a terminal for Line 3, which is under construction. As the Line 2 tunnels cross below the diaphragm walls of the existing part of the Line 1 station, the new Line 2 station is one of the deepest in the country. Accommodating the peak passenger load of three lines and providing smooth transfers was also a challenge for designers. Building the large, deep structure in deltaic soil was undertaken using top-down construction, with additional sprayed concrete lining tunnels required to remove piled obstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conception of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) diffuses CO2 into the air. Fly ash, which is a result acquired from coal industry, and replacement of OPC utilized in the construction. It is rich in silicate gel with alkaline solution to produce great cement. Expansion in fly ash fineness progresses the compressive strength and reduces the porosity. This investigation aims to study the flexural behavior of geopolymer concrete of M 30 grade and compares the same with OPC beam and column, to obtain the required compressive strength, 15% of GGBS is added to fly ash used in GPC, six (4GPC+2OPC) reinforced concrete beams and columns of size 150mm × 150 mm × 1200 mm were tested and cured under ambient temperature. Geopolymer concrete was made from flyash and ggbs which are byproducts of steel and thermal industries. The outcomes show that there is a rise in flexural strength, service load and peak load of GPC beams and columns than OPC beams and columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) emits CO2 into the atmosphere. Fly ash, which is a by-product obtained from coal industry, is introduced to replace OPC used in the concrete. It is rich in silicate gel with alkaline solution to produce good concrete. Increase in fly ash fineness enhances the compressive strength and reduces the porosity. In the modern society, the urbanization process has extensively exploited sand from rivers and mountains. The paper presents the flexural behavior of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) beams and columns of M 30 grade replaced by manufactured sand as replacement of river sand and compares the same with control cement concrete elements and geopolymer concrete elements. The beam size of 150*150 mm and column size 150*150 is cast over an effective span of 1,200 mm and tested for failure under static loads. The load displacement responses and stress-strain analyss of the GPC structural elements with manufactured sand are obtained and compared with regular GPC and conventional concrete elements. The results imply that there is an increase in flexural strength, service load and peak load of GPC elements with manufactured sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the response of hybrid laminated composite reinforced with recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) plain-woven mat and plain-woven Kevlar fabric under medium-velocity impact was studied. Four types of hybrid laminated composite (i.e., rPET/rPET, rPET/Kevlar, Kevlar/Kevlar, Kevlar/rPET) were fabricated using hand lay-up followed by vacuum bagging technique. The matrix material used in this study was the mixture of epoxy (SP84) and hardener (SP76). Medium-velocity puncture impact experiments were carried out on the laminated composite at different thickness and velocity of 10m/s. The performance of hybrid laminated composite was evaluated in terms of peak load, energy absorbed and impact strength. This study has also attempted to find the optimum stacking configurations of rPET and Kevlar. According to the result, stacking configurations can considerably affect the impact response. Kevlar/Kevlar hybrid laminated composite shows higher resistance to impact damage followed by Kevlar/rPET, rPET/Kevlar and rPET/rPET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of energy consumption turned out to be a problem that affected generation capacity and production costs due to habitual patterns of activity that direct the customer consumption pattern which made the concept of dynamic electricity pricing is popular. Therefore, this paper examines the causal relationship of electricity bills and the base production cost to optimize plant and analyzing the elasticity of each tariffs. The research also make a direct surveys of industrial customer participate to make the grid more efficient by using demand side management.The research simulated the ratio off peak tariff with a peak tariff by 1: 2 which result bills increase 9% and requires a load shifting from peak and mid-peak consumption to off-peak at 28 % and 1% to make the consumer electricity bills same as before, then if the off peak tariff lowered to 30% and peak tariffs increased 26% make an average bills increase of 5% industrial customers. By mid-peak tariff increases of 50% and 26% increase in peak make an average bill increase of 33% and industrial customers in need to shift the peak and mid-peak to off-peak by 63% and 43% so that consumer electricity bills unchanged. From the results of direct surveys approximately 33% of customers who are willing to invest for a tool that could shift the load to the outside of the peak load where 30% of industrial customers are willing and have the opportunity to shift production costs if there are savings of 10% and 40%. From the research shown that mid-peak tariff elasticity is the most influential with the nominal -0.3% where elasticity tariff minus figures that industrial electricity tariffs is elastic and the cross elasticity is complementer. TOU scheme and demand side management can reduce the base production cost while total generation cost per day reached Rp. 955 Billion for a system and by this scheme can lower the total cost of the provision of 2.59% per day or Rp 10 Billion (Rp 3.645 Trillion/year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biaro Island is an island located 90 kilometers from North Sulawesi and limited transportation access. The island of Biaro has not been connected to the submarine power cable network so that the supply of electricity depends on the diesel generator for 12 hours. PLN plans to provide electricity supply for 24 hours without the need to increase fuel consumption because of environmental issues and fossil fuel elevated costs. This hybrid system is combined with solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery and diesel generator. Homer is used to examine the most cost effective configurations among a set of systems for electricity requirement of 1,775 kWh/day primary load with 240.64 kW peak load. The results show that system with the composition of PV-Wind-Diesel-battery with a cost of electricity of 0.204 $ / kWh is feasible to be used as an alternative power system scheme to reduce fuel consumption on Biaro Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]