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Increasing tobacco consumption implies that domestic tobacco prices tend to increase every year. Farmers in Indonesia do not necessarily respond to this price change because the tobacco land area has stagnated in the last three years. This condition has implications for fluctuating domestic tobacco prices. The price changes will affect the supply of tobacco by farmers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the supply response of tobacco farmers to price changes in Indonesia. Data analysis used the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach. This study uses secondary data from time series data from 1990 to 2022. The results showed that the supply of tobacco is elastic to the domestic tobacco price but inelastic to changes in the export price of tobacco; the supply of tobacco in Indonesia is influenced by land area and rainfall; Indonesia's tobacco supply declined during the pandemic. Therefore, a price stability policy is needed for cigarette and tobacco prices in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the article is to assess price stability and changes in the NBP interest rates in the face of the Russia-Ukraine military crisis. The study consists of three main parts. The first part analyses price stability in Poland since the systemic transformation. An attempt was made to diagnose the 'inflationary cycle' that has taken place in the last three decades. In the second part, price stability in Poland in 2022 was assessed against the background of previous years, taking into account the euro area and the EU. An attempt was made to indicate the main reasons for the sudden increase in inflation, in particular in the face of the conditions resulting from the military crisis. The third part assesses the decisions of the Monetary Policy Council regarding the changes in interest rates in crisis conditions. An attempt was made to indicate the prospects for further actions of the monetary authorities in Poland. It should be noted that the research carried out in the study is only of an introductory nature to this subject. It should be treated as a contribution to further in-depth analyses, including the use of more advanced statistical and econometric methods, bearing in mind that the military crisis has not been resolved yet and its effects will be long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railways are strategically important for the Russian Federation in the political, economic and social spheres of society, but despite the fact that rail transport is one of the backbone branches of the Russian economy, JSC "Russian Railways" faces problems that do not allow the company to develop dynamically and receive the necessary income from its activities. Currently, the monopoly has a number of unresolved issues in the field of pricing and regulation of transport tariffs from freight transportation. The company receives its main income from these shipments and in 2020; their volumeamounted to more than 81%. Freight transportation provides the main financial position of the industry [1]. The current regulatory framework for determining tariffs was formed in 2003, during which time there were major changes in the Price List 10-01, which changed during this time and adjusted to the conditions of the freight transportation market. As of today, all possibilities of adjusting the Price List 10-01 and making changes have been exhausted, and the inefficiency of the existing tariff regulation rules is becoming increasingly obvious. Recently, the rules for reforming railway tariffs have been actively discussed. The interests of the parties to the discussion do not coincide, therefore there is no single point of view and the final system of railway tariffs. For Russian Railways, freight transportation prices are formed in such a way that the loading of low-yield goods is subsidized at the expense of high-yield ones. This leads to a reduction in the company's revenues, which leads, consequently, to a reduction in costs for the modernization and development of railway infrastructure, and a weakening of competitiveness with other modes of transport. Russian Railways does not plan to reduce the volume of infrastructure development and strengthening, on the contrary, proposals are being prepared to increase the volume of the investment program by 4.4 trillion rubles. It is planned to close the financial deficit by optimizing costs andregulating tariff policy. This article examines the existing problems in the field of pricing and the directions of further development in the field of formation of tariffs for freight rail transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation problems have a great importance in controlling market prices and consumer goods prices when they reach the consumer. Therefore, authors have devised and discovered new ways to reduce the cost of transporting goods. In this paper, a new method named matrix method is proposed for testing and finding the optimal solution to transportation problems. The most important advantage of this method is that it reduces the number of paths to empty cells and index of net cost change. This method has proven its success and efficiency by applying it to many examples to find the optimal solution and comparing it with the optimal solution that obtained by the classic methods, step stone method and modified method. The optimal solution was equal in all methods, but what is distinguished the new method is that it needs less number of index to reach the optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of global commodity price is the main concern of the public due to its influences on production cost, expectation of investors, responses of policy authorities and the performances of economies globally. In this study, we focus on the examination of the commodity price changes on the sectoral consumer price index (CPI) changes in Malaysia. The effects of commodities are compared by energy, non-energy and precious metals. The Markov-switching regression is innovated to include the asymmetric effects of commodity price increases and decreases. In particular, we seek to compare how commodity price increases and decreases vary across sectoral consumer price changes in Malaysia. Our results detect asymmetric of commodity price changes on CPI inflation across sectors, the effects vary across sectors. Non-energy and precious metals have larger impact on CPI of beverages, food and transportation. The effect of energy commodity is limited by the implementation of policies such as price control scheme and subsidies. Besides, CPI of clothing and recreation show tendency to increase while majority sectors are stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With immense competition, coupled with short and unpredictable shelf life of products in some cases, companies rely upon diversifying their product range to disperse risk associated with failure of one product. Since pricing is also dynamic, varying with time, there is also a need for the companies to formulate appropriate pricing policies to maximize profits as against expenses incurred in promotion of multiple products. In this paper we device and analyze policies for promoting sales of multiple products in the market through optimal control theory problems. The main aim is to maximize profits while considering multiple product range, demand requirements and optimum pricing policy for an available budget for promotion. To be as near as possible to a real-life situation, the total available budget is taken to be imprecise. Further, optimal control model with fuzzy parameter is converted into crisp form by using both necessity and possibility constraints. The solution is derived using Pontryagin Maximum principle and the entire technique is illustrated by giving a numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines whether and how much the regulations through the Community Directives and Regulations at European level as well as the laws which govern Money and Capital Markets in the United States helped, strengthened, protected the international financial system, if other markets were developed by moving transactions and if they contributed to the change of the world economic circles. The investigation of the impact on investors and national jurisdictions, namely, whether they are protected and whether all the factors in the system are affected, has concluded that the realization of a actually international single regulatory framework for all financial products is far away from reaching its ultimate and realistic achievement. However, the theoretical existence of a unified regulated market framework and model of organized markets, as long as, with a set of regulatory, organizational and economic policies that will shield it up to the point of a balanced regulation, offering equal information to the participants, with less transaction costs and thus increased transparency, liquidity and reducing market abuse cases and manipulation, is proved as feasible and can be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global sugar industry and trade is expected to undergo a fundamental change with long-term impacts, marked by the elimination of agricultural subsidies agreed in 2013. Because of that, price of sugar in International market will rise and can affect Country's economy. The government must make regulation to maintain price of sugar for their country. Therefore, government need to predict price of white sugar in international market for make regulation The price of white sugar on international market can be estimated and predicted using the Fourier series estimator that can analyze periodic data. The response variable is the price of white sugar on international and the predictor variable is the month order. Predicting international market price of white sugar by using Fourier series estimator gives mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value of 5.43% that is less than 10%. It means that Fourier series estimator has high accuracy for predicting international market price of white sugar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the analysis of the possibilities of interconnection of price systems for creating construction costs and software for technical drawing, in which they create BIM models, in order to achieve automation of valuation of BIM models of building objects. The article outlines the basics and principles of these methods and the current state of their implementation. The aim of the paper is to evaluate individual methods and analyze their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article will discuss issues related to the significance of the price in making purchasing decisions of railway transport customers. The price of railway tickets and the promotions affecting it is an important marketing instrument for rail transport, while being often a priority for their buyers. Due to the above, research was conducted, the subject of which was to determine the significance of price and price promotions in making purchasing decisions of buyers in this area. In the scientific study, it was verified whether the significance of the price of travel and price promotions correlate sociodemographic variables such as gender, education, household size, income, professional status and place of residence. The article presents the results of acquired correlations, at the same time identifying an interesting research problem indicating a significant relationship between the gender of respondents and the assessment of the importance of the price of travel in rail transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure national security, uninterrupted functioning of the economy, market regulation and price stabilization, practically all countries of the world have created strategic reserves of raw materials. To finance the costs of maintaining and increasing strategic reserves of raw materials, it is advisable to attract funds from the public through the issuance of new financial assets secured by state-controlled stocks of raw materials. For example, receipts giving the right to receive a certain amount equal to the value of the "basket of goods". The value of the asset should be determined on the basis of the range and volume of goods included in the stabilization reserves, as well as their market prices. Being provided with strategic reserves such financial assets can be used to protect cash savings from inflation. The proposed asset will be particularly attractive in a crisis with a limited choice of reliable instruments for investment. In addition, the expansion of government procurement of raw materials in a crisis situation will provide support for certain sectors of the economy. The funds raised can also be used to take measures to ensure the stability of a new financial asset. This will reduce the financial burden on the state budget for the formation of strategic reserves. The introduction of our proposed system will improve the efficiency of commodity price regulation in national economies, significantly expanding the countries' ability to conduct joint commodity interventions to influence price movements in international commodity markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with validating of an assumption of the reforestation optimal control model. We focus on prices of different timber types. These serve as inputs for the simulation which gives the data for estimation of prescribed functions, whose parameters are used for the optimal control problem solution. As usual, parameters of such models are assumed as constants. Presence of trend in particular timber price development is tested. Rate of constancy violation is assessed also by testing equality of trend slopes. Rejected are both insignificance and equality of trend slopes. Using pairwise comparisons and cluster analysis it is possible to form sets with similar trend slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. Brief description of the study and used methods. /Times New Roman, 12/ The paper studies the specifics of the functioning of the ancient Roman monetary system in the period of the late Republic and the early Empire. As a result of the expansion of the economic space that was due to the large conquests, disparities arose between the material needs of different strata of population and the actual production capacities of the Roman agrarian-oriented economy. The gap between the economies of the city and the countryside was accompanied by a process of intensive commodification of agricultural products, which, under the prevailing conditions of metal monetary circulation, led to a dynamic lag in market prices from the quantity of the commodity supply. An important reason for the development of the deflationary process was also the low level of monetization of the leading sectors of rural and urban economy. Where private landowners received a fixed monetary rent, the drop in market prices became a factor that created the effect of more profit. For the compelled to pay rents and taxes in cash of tenants and other legally free farmers the decline in prices for products, as a rule, resulted in a decrease in incomes and an increase in debt. In turn, this served as a prerequisite for the emergence of relations of personal dependence and the transition from the cash form of rent-seeking to working off. For a long time, deflation remained a characteristic feature of the ancient Roman economy, having an impact on the institutional development of the monetary system, public and private finances, economic relations and the social status of certain categories of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government initiated drug pricing regulation through Drug pricing control ordeal (DPCO). National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) was institutionalized in 29 Aug 1997 to overlook the activity; major being making drugs affordable to a common man. Present study was aimed at understanding awareness about National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) and their activities in the chemists and the impact of NPPA activities on drug consumption. Chemists are poised appropriately to pass on the benefits of the drug pricing regulation to the patients. The research identified that chemists are aware of the price regulation of essential medicine by Government. However, significant population is unaware of NPPA, which is a government body involved in controlling the drug pricing. Though the activities resulted in shortage of the medicine in the market, it was observed to be temporary. Role of substitute medicine or medicines in addressing the temporary shortage is not clear. The patients did not change the preference of brands even if it was affordable due to price regulations. Though Price regulation did not help chemists in their business as the sales have not risen, they feel that Price control of medicine is good for the patients and their relatives. This clearly indicates that the Government policies are well appreciated by the chemists. Based on outcome of the study it can be proposed that through awareness campaign on NPPA and its activities, it will help address Government's larger objective of making healthcare affordable and within reach of a common man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic authorities' decisions not only influence the economy, but also induce interactions between economic authorities. The recent crisis has provided evidence that the fiscal policy significantly shapes the decisions of independent central banks responsible for ensuring price stability - the main objective of monetary policy. This mechanism, described by the fiscal theory of the price level, is not a new discovery, because it has been debated on since the 1990s. The fiscal theory of the price level holds that because a monetary policy alone cannot ensure the stability of prices it should be assisted by an appropriate fiscal policy. The economists' interest in monetary and fiscal interactions has been additionally stimulated by the rising levels of public debt, particularly after the recent economic crisis, large fiscal packages, and large purchases of bonds by central banks. This article analyses the importance of the fiscal theory of the price level in the context of monetary and fiscal interactions. The research methods used to this end include a review of the scientific literature, the statistical processing of the data and statistical research methods. The research findings lead to a conclusion about the fiscal policy's increasing role in policy mix. The analysis is original in that it emphasizes the importance of a proper fiscal policy and reveals its growing significance for economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In price regulated sectors, companies are usually allowed to earn just enough return to provide adequate compensation for investors. The best measure for this is the actual cost of capital. However, the actual cost of capital is usually unobservable and the regulative cost of capital is used instead. The current article considers one component of the cost of capital - the cost of debt. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether the regulative approach for the estimation of the cost of debt in price regulated companies in Estonia is in line with the financial theory, regulatory purposes and actual cost of debt data. Our main findings indicate that the Estonian price-regulated companies predominantly use variable-rate debt and that the actual cost of debt is considerably lower than the regulative cost of debt due to the current interest rate environment. We will discuss some issues that could arise under the current regulative approach and provide ideas how to develop the estimation methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on the compliance of aggregate supply and demand of agri-food products, the analysis of the statistical evidence can only provide a rough assessment. The comparison between the agri-food cost growth rate and agricultural production significantly indicates that, on average, in the time period 2000-2011, the average aggregate supply exceeded demand. The first indication points to the interdependence of food costs in relation to the total personal consumption costs and the relative agri-food retail prices. However, the second one results from the calculation of combined growth rate of agriculture and food industry. The comparative analysis of parity of economic position is a reliable indicator of physiognomy and implications of agricultural policy. The paper draws attention to the parity in the creation and distribution of national income or gross domestic product. It also emphasizes the importance of relative price movements of agricultural products and their impact on the agricultural growth, i.e. the aggregate supply reaction to price changes. Finally, the study accents the pricing policy and disadvantage reflections on the agricultural position and production increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the price of goods is often a concern among the community. This is caused by factors that beyond of controlled such as a natural disaster, and others that cause the demand exceed the current supply. However, what is more concerning is the increase in price of goods due to the individual who raises the price in order to earn higher profits. Therefore, to overcome this problem, a method of price controls using Game Theory is considered. The Game Theory realizing a form of observational on the action and effects that occur by an individual or group to maximize the utilization under certain circumstances. The study was conducted on prices of 14 fish commodities in the state of Terengganu and also to see the cooperation effect between players of commodity prices. Data were analysed by using the software Gambit. The result shows that there is significant increase due to the influence of middlemen. The findings also shows that the price controls are applied at a set time, then it was applied to other times, prices are more stable and profitable returns to all parties can be maximized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents an attempt of analyzing a dynamic of convergence which should be realized in the European Monetary Union, according to the strategy regulations for 2010, from Lisbon. We expose two standard integration theories, macroeconomic ones. For explaining an integration dynamic of the activities of the European Union, we have proposed a microeconomic model, of approaching options, within an imperfect competition. This pattern is related to prices, production (or use) and production (or use) variation. On this purpose, by means of examining statistics regarding the use of production and social cohesion factors, we have made theoretical proposals concerning the rise of production level if the price level remains constant in the EU. As a matter of fact, a definition of an optimal policy of economic and monetary convergence is being attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the importance of properly measuring inflation when estimating Federal Reserve reaction functions. Based on static Taylor rule type reaction functions the median consumer price index (MCPI) is a better measure of information on monetary inflation than either the consumer price index (CPI) or the GDP chain-type price index (CTPI) or several other common measures of inflation. The issue is important when attempting to assess the stance of monetary policy; the Federal Reserve's goal of maintaining price stability must account for movements in the overall price-level and not changes in relative price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Price controls are common in times of war or economic crisis with the aim of curbing inflation, protecting consumers, and promoting economic stability. Subsidies are a common feature of markets in general often with the aim of helping the poor or furthering the interests of farmers and other politically powerful groups. Economists generally oppose both price controls and subsidies on the grounds that they distort market forces leading to inefficiency; higher costs and overproduction (for subsidies) or shortages (for price controls). But price controls and subsidies are often popular with the public. I suggest this popularity is because the public has a further goal in mind unrelated to economic efficiency: the reduction of social inequality. I investigate this possibility using extensive survey data from large, representative national samples in Australia, Bulgaria, The Netherlands, Finland, and Poland (N=13,294). Structural equation estimates correcting for random measurement error show that those with equalitarian values are much more supportive of price controls and subsidies. This holds true after controlling for family income, education, occupational status, sex, age, and church attendance and holds in all five nations. The public in formerly Communist nations show greater support. Ideology is far more important than self-interest or national institutions in shaping attitudes toward price controls and subsidies, although all three matter. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of two exchange rate regimes under purchasing power parity and disparity in the U.S. It states that price stability has received high importance in macro-economic policy. It notes that the government always has the incentive to support the flexible exchange rate system, given that the cost of changing the exchange rate is not high. Furthermore, it cites that flexible exchange rate can do better under purchasing power disparity.

In this paper we explore the political processes that lead to the adoption of inflation-targeting. As an institutional arrangement aimed at locking-in anti-inflationary policies, inflation-targeting embodies important components of the neo-liberal paradigm of macro-economic management. Hence, we examine the adoption of inflation-targeting as embedded within a broader process of policy paradigm shift. Through a detailed study of the political conflicts that emerged around the adoption of inflation-targeting in Israel during the 1990s, we explore the interests and strategies of state actors concerning the adoption of that new institutional arrangement. Our study illustrates the contested character of the institutionalization of the neo-liberal policy paradigm. Moreover, we show that the institutionalization of neo-liberal practices in macro-economic management does not entail the general weakening of the state, but rather a redistribution of power between different state agencies. Therefore, conflicts between different state agencies, in our case between the central bank and the Ministry of Finance, represent a crucial dimension of the politics of the adoption and institutionalization of the neo-liberal paradigm. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's economy turns into liberalization rapidly after the WTO agreement, and the ICT industry plays an important role in the era. Though ICT is important in the information society, there are still some debates on the impacts of liberalization. It is important to the policy makers to do regulation, especially in price and laws , and maybe privatization is the best possible means to policy makers now. But the process of liberalization has several implications and impacts to the society. For example, the liberalization policy in Taiwan has introduced competition mechanism successfully, but there will be some problems in labor, culture, even the "switch-off"phenomena (Castells,2000) in a information society. This study aims at the phenomena by using Taiwan's experience to discuss several dimensions of the liberalization process, and hope it can bring some useful information to the developing countries. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An assumption in traditional economics is that managers do not have social relationships (they are "atomists"). Although unreasonable, this assumption is still considered useful by many economists even without empirical proof, i.e. it is a postulate. In this article we present unique findings of bonds of friendship among managers in rival companies and analyze the impact these relationships have on competition and price setting. The analysis builds on personal interviews of 190 store managers in the clothing business in 18 towns and urban areas throughout Norway. We report that managers meet often and exchange business information. Many possess information about aspects of their competitors that are not known publicly; for example, the mark-up factor they apply. Most managers have at least tenuous friendships with all local managers of competing stores competitors, while about one out of four managers know each other very well. The postulate in economics that actors are atomistic is therefore refuted. Furthermore, we find that friendship among managers in competing stores reduce the degree of price competition by between 9 and 15 percent. The empirical material also indicates that strong friendships have more of an effect on reducing the degree of price competition than do weak friendships, and that friendship does not lead to higher prices on local markets. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines strategic and contextual determinants of managerial preferences for public policy. Managers may seek government policy to achieve strategic objectives when their perceived capacity to influence other forces in their environment is low. Firm strategy, perceptions of the business environment and government shape managerial policy preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract on a study which describes the role of consumption and the impact of external reference price on participative pricing and retailing is presented.

An abstract on a study which describes the impacts of price information fluency and reference price change in retailing and pricing is presented.

An abstract for the article "Regulatory Fit for Partitioned Pricing," by Kiljae Lee and Jungsil Choi is presented.

Past research suggests several reasons why service buyers experience difficulty forming and using a market-based reference price. First, the heterogeneous nature by which sellers' price services often prevents buyers from making price comparison across sellers. Buyers' also have little to work with in forming a reference price for services because of the general lack of publicly available pricing information in service markets. The customized way services are delivered also causes problems by supporting the emergence of different prices for similar services. Additionally, sellers are often unwilling to provide pre-purchase price information which leaves buyers without any advance price information for comparison purposes. Lastly, the lack of any assortment displays for services impedes acquisition and processing of price information for service products. The objective in this paper is to investigate the role of public policy in improving service buyers' decision-making by examining the impact of price controls on buyers' usage of a market-based reference price in service markets. The public policy focused on in the paper is price controls involving the establishment of regulated price levels within service markets. Price controls are argued to create an environment conducive to the formation and usage of a market-based reference price in regard to evaluating service products. Analysis of data collected in a survey of buyers involved in the purchase of insurance across pricing environments characterized by competitive pricing and a price floor supports the hypothesized moderating effect of price controls on buyers' usage of a market-based reference price. Price controls are argued to alter the pricing environment in ways that affect buyers use of market-based reference prices. The first effect of a price control relative to a market-based reference price is to provide a visible source of price information for service products. The presence of the regulated price provides an important prepurchase price cue which buyers can use in forming a market-based reference price. Secondly, price floors should reduce the complexity associated with using a market-based reference price. Third, a price control restricts sellers pricing latitude relative to both the degree and direction by which prices can vary in the regulated pricing market. Empirical analysis reveals that price controls aid in the usage of a market-based reference price by reducing the level of price and service heterogeneity in the market. The findings suggest that a potential drawback to price deregulation in service industries is the negative impact price controls can have on buyers' use of price information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the rise in fossil-fuel prices in Great Britain. The government believes that the present high price of non-renewable fossil-fuel energy is a temporary phenomenon. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries has been unable to control the price of oil as demand continues to surge and global productive capacity, despite enormous efforts to boost this, remains relatively stagnant. There is the urgent need to replace the country's rapidly ageing nuclear capacity and address the need to replace its ancient coal-fired power plants with the clean-coal technology.