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Paper is now an integral feature of humanoid existence in a multitude of ways, and it is getting more and more popular. In ordinary life, a massive portion of paper is consumed. The difficulty of finding feedstock is becoming ever more acute as paper consumption rises. This ultimately led to the extraction of resources. Since the demand for paper has skyrocketed, recycling paper has become much more popular. The accumulation of vast quantities of waste paper in any big organization, notably institutions of higher education such as schools and universities, seems to be fairly prevalent. It's also worthwhile to make optimum use of recyclable materials (office files, craft papers, registers, etc.). A recyclable machine will help minimise energy consumption and paper waste. The valuable feature of salvaging would be that it lessens the environmental impact by a couple of percent. The design and fabrication of both humanly and remotely controlled paper recycling programmes are studied using previous literature. producing a lightweight, easily handled composting machinery that can be deployed to ease the process and reduce the cost of paper production. Then the effluents would be treated employing various natural filters due to paper recycling. Hibiscus, gooseberry, and vetiver are being used to treat the contaminated water. All of these constituents operate together to clear the water of surplus particles. Waste water treatment is indeed a process of preventing impurities from effluent and transferring them to an effluent that may be recycled into the water cycle. The process of turning waste water into fresh water that can be dispersed directly into the ecosystem. The effluent holds a variety of natural substances, which may also degrade the overall quality of the water. As nothing more than a corollary, water treatment principally helps to clear debris and other pathogens. The level of trash, which is routinely emitted into the ether, is reduced in terms of treatment of wastewater, boosting the atmosphere's health. In this study, both paper reutilization and waste water treatment studies are carried out using various literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understudies of schools and universities devour many papers as note pads, books, assessments, answer books and so forth. After utilizing these papers and advancing in the new class, new requests for scratchpad and books were delivered. The new paper creation by paper factories cause the cut of more trees and timberlands and become the explanation of water, air contamination. Reusing paper squander paper is probably ideal for the supportable turn of events and zero waste targets. Since squander paper reusing supplies critical commitments to the supportability of ranger service assets, to energy-saving endeavours, to decrease ecological contamination levels and viable usage of crude materials. The financial commitment of waste paper reusing can be a lot more prominent if these squanders are gathered at the source. It is essential to distinguish the areas that devour generally higher measure of paper; thus, raise their mindfulness, and give answers for on-source-partition rehearses in such areas. Generally, it realizes that the understudies of universities/schools burnthrough bigger measures of paper contrasted with other shopper units. The current investigation plans to ascertain the worth of financial advantage made by squandering papers gathered usingthe students of College/school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochromic printing inks are special chromogenic inks that change their color by exposure at a certain temperature, which is usually called the activation temperature (TA). The color change can be irreversible or reversible. The property of irreversible color change in relation to temperature exposure over time, allows the development of numerous indicators. As such, they can be used to monitor the storage and transportation of temperature-sensitive products, such as refrigerated and frozen foods, drugs, temperature-sensitive chemicals, or biological materials, etc. Since the ink formulation is an important factor in the deinking process, the aim of this research is to determine the recycling efficiency of irreversible thermochromic prints. Thermochromic inks differ from conventional printing inks in formulation and pigment size due to the presence of microcapsules that are much larger than conventional pigment particles. For this study, two irreversible thermochromic printing inks are printed by screen printing in full tone, on one printing substrate. To explain the behavior of these inks in the recycling process, the hydrophobicity of the sample surface was examined, as one significant factor in the flotation process using the contact angle of water. Recycling of prints was carried out in laboratory conditions, by chemical deinking flotation in alkaline conditions. Sheets were made for each sample before and after flotation. Optical properties of the recycled samples show that these inks are difficult to recycle. The deinking flotation method is not entirely the best method for recycling of irreversible thermochromic inks because slight differences in the optical properties of the laboratory paper samples before and after flotation are achieved. Future research should go in the direction of new techniques such as adsorption and enzymatic deinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organization, individuals, and families in Saudi Arabia need more attention on recycling in their daily waste. The average generated daily rate of municipal solid waste is 1.72 kg per capita and the yearly kingdom waste recycling is around 15 million tons. Saudi government set a goal to reach 30million tons per year by 2033. This study examines the awareness level of paper recycling for university students in Saudi Arabia. A survey model consists of 26 measures that concentrated in attitudes, actions, and beliefs, is used. Seventy students in college of engineering at University of Jeddah responded to the survey. Moreover, barriers of adopting recycling paper in Saudi Arabia is analyzed and prioritized using Interpretive Structure Modeling (ISM) software. The findings indicates that the current state level of paper recycling awareness in Saudi Arabia is considered low, the education system does not support this issue, and there is a strong agreement that recycling for individuals and families in Saudi is not easy due to the absence of facilities such as containers and poor infrastructure. Furthermore, it indicates that the barrier "lack of laws that support recycling paper" is considered as the most critical barrier and it influences the rest of barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of waste paper conserves our natural resources and will retrieve environmental quality. Concentrate on recycling waste paper into the usable board will benefit plants and the environment. This research depends on the investigation of manufacturing of usable board from waste paper. This manufacturing board can use instead of the board which manufactures from ordinary wood. On the other hand, it protected the forest and eliminates waste that harms the environment. This research illustrates the efficiency of our manufacturing board material by using mechanical tests and comparing it with a board manufactured by two types of ordinary wood and Medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Also, comparing the heat isolation between them. In this project, we use three types of waste paper: white, yellow envelope and newspaper. This waste paper produced our new board material. Our samples were manufactured with dimensions of 10*10 cm and 2 cm thickness. Different amount of waste paper and white glue was investigated to produce a batter board. Our study for the manufactured board materials demonstrated that a white paper sample was the battery on hardness and tensile test. However, yellow envelope samples were more efficient in the impact test than other samples. Moreover, yellow envelope samples were the better one between our samples in heat isolation. Mainly, the waste of paper and white glue was the cheapest to manufacture boards than using ordinary wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bonding potential of pulp fibers is reduced by the paper recycling process. The most common technique for recovering this lost potential of secondary fibers involves upgrading the recycled pulp by blending it with virgin softwood pulps. In this research, we asses print stability on acid agents of UV inkjet prints when using straw pulp as reinforcing fibers in recycled papers. For that purpose, printing substrates were formed on the Rapid Kothen device from pulp obtained by blending different proportions of straw pulp and pulp of recycled fibers. Each printing substrate was printed in full tone with cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks by digital technique of UV inkjet printing. Printed substrates were treated with various inorganic and organic acids under the conditions defined in the international standard ISO 2836:2004. Based on the measured spectrophotometric values of the untreated and acid-treated prints, the Euclidean color difference (ΔE00) was defined and the stability of prints was assessed. The results of spectrophotometric measurements indicate small to medium color differences of the prints due to the effect of all acids (ΔE00max. < 2.4) and it can be concluded that straw pulp in printing substrates from recycled fibers contributes to good chemical stability of prints. This research concludes that straw, as an annual renewable resource, can be used in conjunction with waste paper as an alternative to wood, which is currently the dominant raw material for graphic industry and producing paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper recycling is becoming increasingly important as the production of packaging and various printed products grows. As alternative to wood fiber that is the most common raw material in paper production this research examines the quality of paper which is made with addition of non-wood fibers derived from wheat straw. For this purpose, laboratory paper substrates were made by blending recycled newspaper pulp and wheat straw pulp in different proportions. In this study we analyse rub resistance of laboratory paper substrates with variable content of wheat pulp printed in full tone with black and yellow inks by digital ink jet printing technique. The main objective of this research is to determine whether this kind of print has necessary durability for carrying stable illustrations. One of the main characteristics of print quality is resistance to rubbing which is very important for packaging during transport, storage and the end use. Rub resistance test was executed according to BS 3110 standard. The print durability was assessed through the Euclidean color difference and the individual CIE L*a*b* differences before and after the rub tests. The analysis showed that the increase of wheat pulp content in paper substrates has affected the increase of color difference. Greater rub resistance was observed on substrates with lower share of wheat pulp. Samples printed with yellow ink showed overall greater durability than samples printed with black ink. In further analysis we observed that for the black prints the difference in lightness (ΔL') of the CIE L*a*b* color space was most affected as the prints became lighter with the number of rubbing cycles. In samples printed with yellow ink most affected was the color difference on yellow-blue axis (Δb') meaning that the yellowness of the prints was degrading with the number of rubbing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with processing the waste generated in paper recycling: initial waste of paper mill and sludge after wastewater treatment. The authors have analyzed characteristics of the waste of paper recycling generated in paper recycling plant near Kyiv (Ukraine): calorific value, moisture and ash content. The heating value of waste of paper recycling range from 6.5 to 24 kJ/kg and significantly depends on moisture content. Potential environmental impact depends largely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste, first of all on humidity and composition. For comparative analysis, investigated waste (a mixture of initial waste of paper mill and sludge, equal weights) has been thermally processed by several existing methods (used in thermal processing of other waste types): incineration in rotary kiln, incineration in grate incinerator and plasma melting. Each equipment had the same minimal gas cleaning system configuration. The environmental performance of waste processing was experimentally identified. The concentrations of the most common pollutants emitted into the air were measured: fine particles (dust), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. Incineration in rotary kiln had over-limit emissions for dust and carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride concentration was close to the limit. For nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide limit excess was not observed. Grate incinerator provided over-limit concentrations for all measured substances except nitrogen oxides. The greatest excess was observed for dust and carbon monoxide (7-8 times). When using plasma melting the authors have measured over-limit concentration only for nitrogen oxides. The data received indicate that regarding to environmental performance the best incineration method for recycling paper waste among those analyzed is plasma melting. Besides, one can assume that minimal gas cleaning system for such incinerators is not enough to capture pollutants effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the laboratory result on compaction characteristic for soft soil subgrade which was stabilized by using waste paper sludge ash (WPSA). The soft soil sample was collected from Banting Selangor, Malaysia named as Banting soft soil and classified as slightly sandy Clay with intermediate plasticity. Additive of WPSA is a finely waste product produced from the incinerated waste paper. In ASTM C618, this WPSA samples are categorized as Type-C fly ash due to the high free lime (CaO) content (>20%) and possesses some cementitious and pozzolanic, resulting in the self-cementing characteristics. Therefore no entire activators such as lime are required. Objectives of this study are to determine the dry density and moisture content of Banting soft soil stabilized by WPSA through the different energy and method of compaction and to determine the Atterberg limit properties of Banting soft soil stabilized using WPSA. Several percentage of WPSA (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) was used to stabilize the soft soil. Meanwhile the compactions methods are used in this study are standard proctor test and modified proctor test. The Atterberg limit properties testing involved the liquid limit testing, and plastic limit testing. The result showed the plasticity indexes of soft soil stabilized with series percentage (4%, 8%, 12% and 16%) of WPSA were reduced parallel to the increment of liquid limit and plastic limit result. Meanwhile, the compaction result for stabilized soft soil showed an increment dry density value followed by decrement of moisture content for modified compaction and standard compaction. However, 4% WPSA were giving the best of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density stabilized soft soil from modified compaction. From this experimental study, it shows that WPSA has a significant and effective to improve the geotechnical properties of soft soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is facing serious challenges in dealing enormous quantities of waste paper sludge produced in the country every year. This enormous quantity causing major economic problems and environmental problems over the paper and board industry. In order to confront with the economic problems associated with waste disposal costs, which make up almost half of the cost of wastewater treatment, there is a need to provide a viable solution to the reuse of waste and by reducing the use of natural resources. Hence, a comparative analysis of the experimental results novel properties of fresh and hardened concrete with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) with different substitution of waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) as a partial substitute for cement is presented in the paper. Recycled aggregates is made by crushing the waste concrete cube laboratory tests. Recycled aggregate is made by crushing the concrete waste at laboratory. Utilize of WPSA and RCA is estimated to produce significant gains in strength performance (determine the strength characteristics of concrete structures) and properties of workability and water absorption for each series of mixed. Therefore, the application of those testing method were measured the quality of concrete, so that they can perform satisfactorily as structural element. The findings demonstrated that the WPSA and RCA seems to contribute to the favourable concrete compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-plastic composites (WPC) were fabricated by using a polyethylene (PE) matrix and filling it with wood flour in the amount of 30 wt.%, and compared with the same composites with further amount of 10 wt.% of cellulosic recycled fibres added. The materials were produced by turbomixing and subsequent moulding under pressure. Mechanical properties of both WPC and WPC with cellulosic recycled fibres were evaluated through mechanical and physical-chemical tests. Tensile tests clarified that a moderate reduction is strength is observed with the bare introduction of wood flour with respect to the neat PE matrix, whilst some recovery is offered by the addition of recycled cellulose fibres. Even more promisingly, the elastic modulus of PE matrix is substantially improved by the addition of wood flour (around 8% on average) and much more so with the further addition of recycled cellulose (around 20% on average). The fracture surfaces from the tensile test were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicating a reduction in microporosity as an effect of added cellulose. The water absorption test and the hardness measure (Shore D) were also performed. SEM analysis underlined the weak interface between both wood particle and cellulosic recycled fibres and matrix. The water absorption test showed a higher mass variation for pure WPC than WPC with cellulosic recycled fibres. The hardness measurement showed that the presence of cellulosic recycled fibres improves both superficial hardness of the composite and temperature resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of alternative and environmentally friendly materials like natural fibres from different plant sources and also recycled fibres as reinforcement for composite materials is attractive due to good mechanical properties and sustainability prerequisites for the purpose of the construction. In the last decades, many studies deal with the use of organic materials and with utilization of natural fibres as replacement to synthetic fibres in reinforced composites, polymers and cement-based materials. Natural cellulose fibres are coming from different sources such as natural raw materials (hemp, flax, coir, wood) and waste raw materials (waste paper). The advantages of natural fibre-made composite are low density, low production cost of molded products and biodegradability. In the commercial market, there has been a strong trend to produce environmentally friendly materials by using recycled paper and agro-waste fibres. In many studies, the recycling of various types of wood pulp and waste paper fibres for the production of fibre cement composites has shown a significant effect on the mechanical and physical properties. This paper discusses the use of natural fibres as reinforcement in cement-based materials. The investigation of the properties of cement plasters with bio-based additives, that are applicable for exterior and interior environment, is given in this article. These materials were made of cement mortar containing lingo-/cellulose fibres coming from different sources (hemp hurds and waste paper). The investigation focused mainly on the effects of both fibres addition on the physico - mechanical properties of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study on the recycling of paper waste, which is frequently found in almost all activity areas, in order to obtain an ecological plastering mortar. The materials used, in four mortar recipes, as well as the methods for their preparation are presented. The research leads to the conclusion that the methods for the preparation of plastering mortars with paper waste allows for the use of non-polluting technology with low energy consumption. Following the tests to which the test tubes were submitted, the optimal proportion of paper in the recipe for the manufacture of the material was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of a recycled paper or board manufacturer is to make a product that meets customers' specification and requirements. At the present utilization rate, using recycled fibres in commodity grades such as newsprint and packaging paper and board has not caused noticeable deterioration in product quality and performance. The expected increase in recovery rates of used paper products will require a considerable consumption increase of recycled fibres in higher quality grades such as office paper and magazine paper. To promote expanded use of recovered paper, understanding the fundamental nature of recycled fibres and the differences from virgin fibres is necessary. The aim of this work was to follow and qualify the changes at the selected properties of pulp fibers, made up of soft wood composition, by recycling process. The experimental conditions, in term of fibers modification, simulated the process of paper production begun from primary fibers 8-times recycled. The pulp fibers were drying at the temperatures: 80°C, 100 °C, and 120 °C. After each recycling process selected properties (strength-breaking length, tear index, optical -brightness, opacity hand sheets properties) were evaluated. Following result determination of 8-multiple recycling of bleached kraft pulp, made of the mixture of soft woods, was shown that the process of repeated defibering, beating and drying causes irreversible modification in pulp fibres. After the fifth recycling (sixth beating) faulted changes (extremes) were observable in mechanical and optical properties. We interpret these changes as ending of outside and more intense of inside fibrillation and delamination. The influence of recycling number on selected properties of fibres was evident after every beating degree and this effect was markedly proved in pulp drying at higher temperature -120 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the research project 'IGNIS -- Income Generation and Climate Protection by valorising municipal solid wastes in a sustainable way in emerging mega-cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia' several pilot projects are analysed regarding their possibility to contribute to global climate protection as well as to local environmental protection and sustainable development. One of these projects is a small scale paper recycling manufactory, which is utilising waste paper and other waste materials such as banana leafs, pineapple fibres, etc. to produce paper sheets, which are then converted into final products (postcards, photo frames, coffee bags, etc.). This manufactory has been analysed in terms of internal material flows, emissions, economics and social/socio-economic aspects to assess its extension possibilities / needs, its transferability and to quantify its climate and environmental protection potential. Using the example of that paper recycling manufactory, it can be shown that -- even with limited equipment and facilities - waste can be utilised sustainably to generate income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two traditional forms of disposing of paper products are recycling and landfilling. Recycling is believed to be good for the environment and is a major contributor to environmental quality. Despite this fact, the collection, sorting and processing for the manufacture of new products results in significant environmental impacts. The objective of this research is to determine whether landfilling or recycling is more beneficial to the environment based on environmental impacts (global warming, acidification, and eutrophication), and energy use. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to compare the environmental impact of landfilling and recycling newsprint, office paper and paperboard. Four stages (goal definition, inventory, impact assessment, and valuation) of the LCA were used. The results from this study demonstrated that recycling was the preferable choice compared to landfilling because of the decrease of energy, and the environmental impacts. The energy use was reduced by 43% when the recycling option was taken. When looking at the environmental impacts (global warming, acidification, and eutrophication) each were reduced by an average of 34%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. Using the multicriteria evaluations based on the results from the lifecycle analysis indicate that office paper as the best recyclable material from the three paper alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was an effort to uncover 4 major facts: (a) the predictive power of the proposed integrated model, which posits the influence of attitudes (ATT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavior control (PBC), altruism, and two-types of self-construal on behavioral intentions to recycle paper materials; and (b) the moderating effects of individualism-collectivism (I-C) on the attitudes-intentions relationship and the subjective norms-intentions relationship. Conducted in 2 contrasting cultures, this cross-sectional research consisted of two phases: the TPB elicitation research and the main study. Participants were undergraduate students recruited from 2 major public universities in Thailand and the U.S. The sample size used in the main analysis comprised 417 respondents from Thailand (representing a collectivistic society) and 432 respondents from the U.S. (representing an individualistic society). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to investigate the predictability of the integrated model. Multigroup SEM was implemented to examine the moderating effects of I-C. The results yielded some significant findings enhancing our understanding of paper-recycling intentions of college students in the 2 countries. First, TPB determinants, especially PBC and SN, were potential predictors of paper recycling. Although ATT was not a successful antecedent of paper-recycling intentions in Thailand, it predicted intentions of U.S. participants. Second, altruism was a significant factor explaining ATT and PBC for both samples; it also directly influenced intentions. Finally, 2 types of self-construal significantly and distinctively affected ATT and SN. Findings can benefit communication campaigns targeting audiences in different cultural milieus. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper products are indispensible in our daily life, however millions of tons of waste papers are generated every year. In this research, we explore the use of recycled paper waste as a source of cellulose to prepare biodegradable cellulose aerogels. This work serves as a greener solution as it replaces the need of extracting cellulose directly from wood or plant. Paper waste can also be cut down and used to generate more useful materials. In this study, hydrophobic recycled cellulose aerogels (contact angle>90°C) was produced to promote it as a green and environmentally friendly façade material. The aerogels were prepared by the gelation of cellulose from aqueous alkali lithium hydroxide/urea solution, solvent exchange with industrial ethanol followed by freeze-drying. The hydrophobic aerogels were achieved using 3 different methods and their degree of hydrophobicity was studied and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]