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This paper aims to give an overview on a starting research process. The research aims to study correlations between the Renaissance Revival garden design in Italy and Hungary. The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is characterized by an urge to seek a definition of national identity and also by Historicism with the revival of former artistical styles all over in Europe. Evoking the Italian Renaissance in Hungary has historical roots and special meanings. Italian models appear in main artworks emerged in Renaissance Revival style in Hungary are more articulated and known in architecture. Garden art examples are to be examined. In Italy this period brought the reappearence of the Revival too, with a plenty of (still existing) garden artworks, designed by Italian, British and American architects or horticulturists. In the 19th century garden design was not yet an autonomous discipline and art tended to be complexive, hence architecture–art–garden history might be examined paralelly. For accessibility reasons diagnostic research (publications, online archives) was started on historical context as a first step. In problem analysis we must define the regions to be focused on. After a short explorative study on Hungarian material (map-plan-site analysis), have we planned a survey and as soon as possible of Italian material. Fieldwork adhere to better comprehension of geomorphologial circumstancies, compositional principles, built and plant elements, use of materials. Through case studies a comparative analysis is planned to lead to conclusions and results. A three-time level comparison (survey-plan-execution) is optimal. Sources already showed similar Renaissance Revival design allusions in Buda Castle garden and Tuscan villa gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Historical novel is, without any exaggeration, one of the most striking literary genres, as a retrospective of the past in the imagination of the writer makes up for the lack of imagination and imagination of a professional historian. Historical novel is, without any exaggeration, one of the most striking literary genres, as a retrospective of the past in the imagination of the writer makes up for the lack of imagination and imagination of a professional historian. The genre of historical novel has gone through a hard way of formation. The artistic purpose of the writer being not only review of the major historical events, the description of the famous figures, is also as precise as possible the exact reconstruction of the epoch spirit, with historicism as the basic principle of realistic literature in speech demanding correspondence of style to the represented world of reality. The genre of the historical novel assumes "revival" of bright events of the past which is prompted by the memory clothed in the literary form and serves not only for satisfaction of idle curiosity of the reader, but also for extraction of certain lessons - moral, psychological, historical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the so-called Berlin school and its role in urban and architectural realizations in the period of the historicism. The present study was covered the eastern areas of Prussia, currently located in the boundaries of Poland. The following cities were analyzed: Berlin, Szczecin, Poznań and Wrocław, which in the first half of the 19th century underwent a process of intense changes in urban planning and architecture. The scientific literature of subject and research of archival materials in the collections of Polish State Archives were used to carry out the research. The architectural style of the buildings implemented in the Berlin school was based on neo-Renaissance motifs and the Round-arch style, i.e. Rundbogenstil and the idea of "honesty" of building material in Rohbaustil. The philosophical assumptions of historicism in the issue of the Berlin school presumed the idea of the interdependency between style and the function, which manifested itself in architectural realizations shaped according to the rules of the Berlin school. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the Berlin school had a huge influence on the development in the urban and architectural field in the eastern lands of the Prussian state. The key role of the Berlin School was based not only on its universal formal and aesthetic values, but also on the education process of engineers (Berliner Bauakademie) and the way of conducting the implementation of budget construction projects (Königliche Ministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und öffentliche Arbeiten). It can be assumed that in view of the Berlin school rules valid in the Prussian eastern territories, they were also valid across throughout the Prussian state. Resonance of the Berlin school in the entire Prussian state may be another area of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the reception of patterns of residential architecture in the residential buildings of the lower social layer (peasantry) inhabiting rural areas in Prussia in the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century. The area covered by research, in terms of territory, is the state of Prussia, or more strictly the Kingdom of Prussia in its basic form, in which it functioned throughout the 19th century and is currently located within the borders of the Polish state. The method of historical and interpretative research based on typological research was adopted for our research. Comparative analysis of architectural objects in the abovementioned area was based on the analysis of formal features of style, articulation of the elevation of objects and analysis of their structure and architectural form. The point was examination of the impact of factors, such as the influence of architectural trends in force and developing in Europe in the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century on fixed forms of regional, traditional rural housing in Prussia. The evolution of the forms of rural residential houses in Prussia adopted a multifaceted and multi-threaded pattern. The shape and wider character of a farmhouse, depending initially on the influence of building traditions of settlers colonizing rural areas, was later influenced by the promotion of stylish features realized in residential architecture. As a result of the research, a set of features of residential architecture was identified that resonated into rural housing along with the specification of the impact on traditional forms of regional architecture and the effects of this process. As a result of drawing architectural designs from residential architecture, certain types of rural housing developed, which grew out of the centuries-old tradition of a country house, and adopted stylish "costumes" in the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article is devoted to Byzantine style features identification in Greece in comparison with the similar in temple-building of other orthodox countries. Stages of Greek Byzantine formation @ the Ellyn-Byzantine style@, actually byzantine style of the period of historicism, the archaeological option of style dominating during the interwar period, influence of art-deco, functionalism and modernism and also three directions in architecture of the post war decade Byzantine style - radical, compromise and traditional are considered, medieval prototypes of planning solutions and spatial compositions come to light, the specifics of secular architecture of the Greek option of the Byzantine style are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author demonstrates how a careful historicism might unpack the puzzle of "American Cultural Studies." Topics include cultural studies in the U.S. context stated to have suffered from a British provenance that has left it with a significant blind spot around something that is very much and very significantly American that is religion, and residual and resurgent Protestantism in the U.S. media (and political) imaginary.

This article presents the thesis about consolidation of regional identity of the republic. Development of regional identity raises region competitiveness. Materials and methods: the theoretically methodological basis of a research is compiled by works of national philosophers, culturologists and historians. Empirical material for article compiled in the Russian researches. The purpose and contents of article determined the choice of methodological acceptances: principle of historicism, logical methods. Results: the short characteristic of ceremonies of lifecycle and a national suit reflecting value - based installations of the region were summarized. The technology of a research of regional identity in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) - from the analysis of value - based installations of the people of the region before determination of mechanisms of their identification on a territorial sign is affected that gives to article scientific novelty. Studying of regional identity has the special practical importance: cultural, political, economic and nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the role of the Russian style in Russian art history. Russian style is discussed as an example of national historicism. The main features and attributes of Russian style and their expression in architecture, art and design are described. Stages of Russian style development are described, including "Society for the Revival of artistic Russia" as the most completed stage of Russian style concept forming. The idea of recreating the image of Holy Russia was supported by state. Fedorovsky (Russian) Gorodok in Tsarskoye Selo was constructed as an Emperor Country Residence. Fedorovsky Gorodok is the most striking example of architectural and artistic complex of early XX century, created in the National style. It possess specific architectural and planning solutions, repeating the ancient Russian fortress - kremlin - scheme. The ancient Russian architecture forms were reconstructed in the civil architecture with the help of new construction technologies. Fedorovsky Gorodok buildings are discussed as a visualized history of Russian architecture of XII - XVII centuries. It was created by architects S.S. Krichinsky, V.V. Suslov, P.P. Pokrishkin and artists N.K. Roerih, V.M. Vasnetsov, G. Pashkov. The Refectory building is the most representative part of Fedorovsky Gorodok. It is discussed as a presentation of the motives of Russian XVI - XVII century's architecture and painting. The artistic embodiment of traditional Russian ideas about the World Order is impressed in plan and volume-spatial solutions of the building, as well as the combination of New Testament and Old Testament motifs with Russian pre-Christian mythological and poetic images. The article also describes the Soviet period attitude to the Russian style, the XX century history of the Fedorovsky Gorodok and modern state of the Refectory building. Virtual reconstruction was the only way to make the lost monument visible. Specific problems of the interior virtual reconstruction are discussed, including ways of complicated vaulting geometry reconstruction. Usage of the virtual reconstruction for students - future restores is also discussed. An interactive application, that allows seeing different color schemes for the Refectory interiors, was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyze the changes to the methodological approach of the monument restoration of the Bratislava castle in the 20th century. After the Velvet Revolution, the borders were opened and in the year 2004 Slovakia became a part of the European Union. Since the year 2008, the last restoration of the Bratislava Castle has been going on, while the methodological approach of this monument restoration is entirely different from the previous, that ended in the 1980s. The image of the Maria Theresa's Baroque castle, that in the 1811 burnt down by a tragic coincidence and till the middle of the 20th century remained as a ruin, when the large restoration began, has been recovered. Governing representative interiors changed from Modernistic to Rococo, while method of preservation were analogies with Austrian examples. Could we consider, that one of the reasons for changing the methodology is a fact, that Slovaks need no longer to define their cultural identity within specific style, but they are able to sense themselves as a part of wider European history? The situation around the current restoration is causing a lot of contradictory opinions. Therefore the aim is to create compact image of all the aspects by analysing the history of the restoration itself and opinions of the professional public in current Slovakia. When analyzing the opinions of the professional public, based on scholarly affiliation and continuity over time, I was able to divide them into three groups. Each of them sense the situation differently. Architects/conservationists - advocates of historizing recent restoration of the Bratislava Castle to the style of the period of its last development stage (Teresian redevelopment). Architects/theorists of architecture - advocates of Modernism and its footprints left on the Bratislava Castle. Art historians - who are calling for wider public discussion, regarding the current historizing reconstruction, that was recently undertaken on the castle. Lastly, above all stands political will, that occasionally interferes in the castle restoration processes. Paper not only takes the reader briefly through the dramatic history of the restoration of the Bratislava castle, but also gives complex view on the discussion, that currently more or less runs through slovak professional public. It also searches for the answers on the questions towards to the raised trend of the recent restoration and it's reflection in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects and builders operating in the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and its succession states in the late 19th and early decades of the 20th century constitute a specific phenomenon of the Central European historiography of architecture. In terms of the use of biographical method an interesting topic for research appears in the personality of Michael Harminc Milan (1869 - 1964), a nestor of Slovak architecture. Nearly three hundred impressive architectural works of different typologies realized in the territory of Austria - Hungary, later Czechoslovakia or in the territory of succession states: Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Romania, but also in Ukraine ranked him in the years 1887 - 1951 to the most productive architects of Central European region in general at all. His life and work are at the same time among the least explored areas of architectural history. The archival and field research, conducted in the framework of grant projects and monographs in the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava brought new knowledge relating to the works of Harminc. They found their place in the construction of various typologies - sacral, residential, educational, medical and cultural, reflecting the transformation of styles from historicism to modernism and functionalism. This interesting phenomenon can be documented on three exceptional buildings, where Harminc as one of Slovak architects designed buildings of three Slovak National Museums - in Martin (1906 and 1929) and in Bratislava (1925). Through selected buildings can be reliably documented stylistic diversity of his works, entrepreneurial talent and eclectic adaptability, which can be seen as an inevitable reflection of transformations of the architectural opinion in the spirit of current trends over remarkably long sixty-four years of creative activity of the two centuries' architect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article is devoted to structural and content analysis of missionary "travel journals" in Tobolsk Eparchy in 1861-1863. They were an important source of historical development of missionaries' activities among the Old Believers. Methodology: The methodology of this research is based on principles of a modern historical science: historicism, objectivity. The authors used the historical and comparative method comparing events mentioned in the documents. Researchers tried to rely on authentic historical facts and to assert actual events without modernizing the historical process. The authors also used local and historical approaches and a biographical method during the research. Results: Dealing with "travel journals" was based on principles on inner and outer critique which enabled us to understand the historical conditions of creating the source, to find out the circumstances of its creation and to identify its authorship. Authors found and analyzed "travel journals" of nine missionaries appointed in different provinces of Tobolsk Eparchy. Chronologically this research covers three years of the activity period of anti-schismatic mission. These journals belong to recording and administrative sources. Conclusion: The missionaries' "Travel journals" of Tobolsk Eparchy of the early 1860s are considered to be valuable sources for researching the following issues. - particular aspects of organisation of missionaries' activity showing changes in the state politics towards the church - reasons for mission shutdown in 1865 and abolition of the missionary post -localisation of large Old Believers settlements, confessional differences of local Old Believers' talks - the mentors' names, ceremonial and daily life peculiarities - their way of thinking and professional level for homiletic work among the Orthodox Believers opposed to official church - missionaries' daily life during the long journeys to different regions of Tobolsk Eparchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City, to where the citizen belongs to as being the citizen, thus having an identity with the city, to live in the city, with or without the rights of the citizenship.. Well, on which point will the citizen be right- while living inside the city/ while trying to live on the city-? If being happy/ living happy is the will of each and every of us, who is going to create this happiness to us? we? or the others? who else? the country? the government? or the authorities? or the capitalism that we live for? or the it's new face, the neo-liberalist economies? Well, where is the citizen undercover on the city? till where is the citizen right inside the city? Every city user has a dream, an illusion, an imagination not only related with the city, but also about living on that city; and if the citizen has a utopia, then whose dystopia would it be. In other words whose utopia can be who else's dystopia? Or whose utopia is a dream as having a mythical origin in the city where he lives? Searching, discussing, rejecting the "happy city " are just some words of the lullabies of our childhood days? Or can those concepts be the basic points of our daily life? Each and every citizen has a dream in the city, being happy on the city by living the dreams or rejecting the city after seeing a nightmare. Being a refugee in a city, converge of a place in the city, being a part of myth of feeling himself as a citizen and soon rejecting the city life, and the dreams of being the other, living outside of the city, so on so forth. Which feeling must be the right to choose, to have to live a better life? Thus the paper also will not only have all of those discussion about the relationship among the city, the capitalism, the neo-liberal economies and the architecture, but also it will discuss the utopias and dystopias related with the happy city and all who are searching of, living on, discuss and examine the city, who has an utopia of the city, or who see that all of the utopias of the city can be dystopias as well of others, and those who reject them all, while put a light to the written texts chronologically about the city from the first city focused written text of St. Augustin's The City of God to Renzo Piano's city discussions and Charles Mongomery's book of Happy City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, touching the problems of the Byzantine style history in the architecture of historicism and modern period, is dedicated to revelation of this style in the architecture of Bulgaria, its relations with Byzantine prototypes, Bulgarian art of building and legacy of the National Revival, and comparison with Russian variant of Byzantine style, influencing on the development of the Byzantine current in the Bulgarian architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is the analysis of the residence of Cossack emigrants in Bulgaria in 1920-1939. The main sources used in this research are documents both of emigrant (memories, press/media, documents etc.) and Bulgarian origin. The research was being made upon the principles of objectivity, historicism, with using of historical descriptive method, methods of induction, deduction, systematic and comparative historical analysis. The article analyzes the causes of the emigration of Cossacks from Russia, the process of their adaptation during the emigration, socio-political, socioeconomic and cultural life in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores our conceptual understanding of the state by critically examining Michael Mann's provocative distinction between political and military power. By distinguishing state (political) power from the means of coercion, his approach calls into question Weber's famous and ubiquitous definition, which made the monopoly over violence the sine qua non of the state concept. While Mann's distinction between political (defined slightly differently as regulatory) and military power is correct, the state should be understood as the coincidence of both forms of power, and not as either alone. Thus, the link between the state and its control over the means of coercion is still indispensable. In addition, Weber's definition, when given serious attention, is not far this understanding. Finally, some historical examples are drawn upon to illustrate the case. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an inquiry into the paradoxes of ontological hermeneutics and the blind spots that its founders have shown in practicing the radical historicism they prescribed for a hermeneutically-sensitive inquiry. My thesis is that both Heidegger and Gadamer?s views were profoundly influenced by the political currents of the Weimar and post-Weimar Germany, that both failed to come to grips with this influence and systematically misrepresented their Nazi era writings, and that phenomenological hermeneutics lacks the theoretical and methodological tools of critique insofar as it concentrates on language as the chief medium of interpretation and ignores pragmatic and nondiscursive forms of signification. The paper outlines pragmatist hermeneutics as an alternative to its ontological and phenomenological counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]