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A study was carried out to find out effects of CEP-2 and egg yolk combination as a diluent on liquid semen quality of Donggala bulls stored at 5°C. The study was designed with a 4 x 5 completely randomized design with four diluent combinations as treatments and five semen collection times as replicates. Fresh semen was obtained from three mature selected Donggala bulls. The treatments were P0C = CEP-2 + no egg yolk, P1C = CEP-2 diluent + 5% egg yolk, P2C = CEP-2 diluent + 10% egg yolk and P3C=CEP-2 diluent + 15% yolk egg. The quality of liquid semen was observed for spermatozoa motility, viability and abnormalities every 24 hours after dilution until the motility was less than 40%. Results indicated that the average motility of spermatozoa after 3 d of storage for P0C (20.9±3.8%) was significantly lower (P<0.01) than the other treatments, for which the treatments did not differ (P>0.05). The motility for P1C, P2C and P3C was 44.3±8.1%, 46.9±7.2% and 43.9±8.0%, respectively. The viability of spermatozoa after 3 d of storage for P0C (28.0±6.7%) was also significantly lower (P<0.01) than the other treatments, for which the treatment did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The average viability for P1C, P2C and P3C was 49.3±6.6%, 51.0±8.5% and 49.1±6.7%, respectively. The abnormality of spermatozoa after 3 d of storage for P0C (38.4±3.4%) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the other treatments, for which the treatment did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The average abnormality for P1C, P2C and P3C was 26.9±3.1%, 28.7±2.1%, 29.6±2.2%, respectively. It can be concluded that the use of egg yolks up to 15% in CEP-2 diluent can maintain the motility of spermatozoa in liquid semen of Donggala bulls above 40% for up to 3 d of storage at 5°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolating low-pH-resistant lactose fomenters from curd using the pour plate technique and serial dilution is the primary objective of this investigation. Research Techniques and Tools: Lactic acid bacteria were effectively isolated from both store-bought and homemade curd by combining serial dilution with the pour plate method. In order to observe the organisms' development as a single colony, the plates were incubated at 37°C with the cover turned upside down for 24 to 48 hours after bacterial inoculation in agar media. Separation of lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria was achieved by placing the identified single colonies into Macconkey agar medium. The organisms' colony morphology was evaluated in the MacConkey medium by observing their pink hue. The following parameters were used: a power of 80%, an enrollment ratio of 1, a significance level of 0.05, two groups with a combined total of twenty samples, and a 95% coincidence interval. Compared to the 60x105 CFU/ml found in the home curd sample, the results showed that the commercial curd sample had 110x105 CFU/ml. The significance threshold was determined to be p<0.001 by use of a paired t-test. What we found: Utilizing the serial dilution pour plate approach, we successfully identified novel lactose-fermenting and low acid-tolerant probiotic Lactobacillus from both commercially available curd and curd prepared at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of losses and dilution of silvinite produced at the Tubegatan deposit, and identifies the main causes of losses and dilution. In addition, scientific proposals have been developed to reduce losses and dilution. The optimal arrangement of the output by layers is determined and the parameters of loss reduction are determined. To determine the optimal location of workings, it is possible to reduce the number of losses and dilution. The indicators of loss and dilution are opposite indicators. Increasing dilution reduces losses. On the contrary, an increase in losses makes it possible to reduce dilution. One of the reasons for losses and dilution is the fact that the workings do not fully overlap the useful mineral layer, and in the mining process, waste rocks are added to the comers under the workings. The dilution of the extracted silvinite ore depends on the hypsometry of the reservoir being developed, the size of the cutting of the host rocks, the thickness of the reservoir, the presence of rock layers in the formation and should be specified based on the results of pilot work. The content of the extracted mineral was 22.8% in its initial state when checked under the IMDK-511 program, the ore content changed by 23.6% due to an increase in reservoir coverage from 88.83% to 92.28% as a result of a vertical rise of 0.4-0.5 m. This is equivalent to an improvement in the content by 0.8% compared to the initial state. As a result of extraction of ore of higher quality by 0.8%, it is possible to achieve an annual economic efficiency of 24,019,200,000 (twenty-four billion nineteen million two hundred thousand) soums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bittern is a waste from making salt from salt ponds which contains quite a lot of lithium. Indonesia has bittern potential due to the shift from traditional to modern aquaculture. The lithium content in the bittern is much higher than in seawater and the magnesium content in the bittern is also very high. The high concentration of magnesium ions and other ions makes bittern have a very high viscosity. In this research, a breakthrough will be made by performing the process of separating lithium and magnesium ions through the process of decreasing the viscosity of bittern with distilled water. In this experiment, the variable of distilled water addition (dilution) and the addition of lithium carbonate seed to the bittern was carried out. The addition of distilled water varied from 0-1000 mL (0, 100, 300, 500, 700, 900, and 1000 mL) whereas the addition of lithium carbonate added about 0.262 g/L bittern (bittern A), and 1.314 g/L bittern (bittern B). The best result from the experiment was that bittern B was able to reduce the Mg/Li ratio from 212 to 17.5. The best results were only able to get lithium in 22.02% filtrate. The residues of precipitation have high silica (SiO2) content of 61.1% and magnesium (MgO) content was 12.3%. The residue phase of artificial bittern B consisted of periclase (MgO), enstatite (MgO3Si), halite (NaCl), cristobalite (SiO2), quartz (SiO2), silica complex (SiO2.SiO2), and lithium chloride (LiCl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dilution refrigeration uses circulating 3He to produce cooling by utilizing the properties of 3He-4He mixtures and is the only technology that provides continuous cooling down to several mK. The mixing process of liquid 3He in liquid 4He is endothermic, thus extracting heat from the surroundings. Applications of this apparatus can be found in various fields of applied physics, e.g., research on novel superconductors, the realization of quantum computers, the search for the hypothesized Majorana particle and in the study of other novel quantum properties. In the present work, the flow of 3He gas inside the vacuum pumping system of a dilution refrigerator is simulated and the estimation of the produced cooling power is performed. The 3He gas flow varies from the hydrodynamic regime inside the dilution refrigeration towards the transition regime outside the device and close to the vacuum pumps. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations have been performed by using appropriate velocity slip boundary conditions. In addition, due to the fact that close to the vacuum pumps the flow is characterized by high Knudsen numbers, a simplified one-dimensional approach based on the kinetic theory of gases has been applied to estimate the importance of the rarefaction effects on the measured flow quantities. The analysis shows that the one-dimensional approach provides results in good agreement (within 10%) with that obtained by the Navier-Stokes calculations. Several aspects of the flow are examined, including the adiabaticity of the solid walls and the gravitational effects. Overall, the current work provides an in-depth modeling analysis of the dilution refrigeration technology as well as useful practical information that can be used for further improvement of the cooling power of these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functioning with providing alternative energy sources, finding new fuel mixtures, and diminishing the environmental and economic risks of combustion have become some of the most important challenges nowadays round world. Fuel type and composition significantly affect flame characteristics, which represent essential considerations for designing any combustion system. The current experimental study aims to investigate the characteristics and height of the premixed LPG flames with CO2 dilution. The investigation included testing four equivalence ratios (0.8, 1, 1.2, & 1.4), four CO2 dilution ratios (0%, 5%, 7.5%, & 10%). The un-burnt mixture flow rate varies between flame flashback and blowout limits in each case. It has been noticed that the equivalence ratio dominates flame height and flame aspect ratio for all mixture types and compositions at all operating conditions. The flame of LPG elongates from 35.8 mm to 56.5 mm when increasing the equivalence ratio from 1 to 1.4. The flow rate of the fuel/air mixture affects the flame height and flame aspect ratio positively. The addition of CO2 as a diluent gas elongates the flame, especially when increasing the equivalence ratio and/or flow rate since there is more than one influence, they all agree on the same effect on flame height. The flame stability limits expand with increasing the equivalence ratio and improve due to CO2 addition. The LPG-CO2/air mixture shows a better response to overcome flame flashback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outfall construction methods have evolved over the years. Forty years ago, many outfalls were constructed using reinforced concrete pipes installed from temporary trestles and barges, or by towing long welded steel pipelines onto the seafloor. The development of polyethylene pipes in large sizes allowed outfalls to be constructed from pre-fabricated lengths of polyethylene pipes held in position by concrete blocks. More recently, the translation of horizontal drilling from the oil industry into larger bore pipes has allowed outfalls to be constructed using inclined drilling beneath the shore and up to 1 km offshore. Three examples of outfalls in Australia constructed using inclined drilling extending up to 1 km offshore, and including a multi-port diffuser on the seabed to achieve a high initial dilution, are presented. Outfall construction using inclined drilling is less costly than tunnel methods and has a different set of design challenges - including management of air and connection of a flexible PE pipe to a rigid diffuser. Diffusers can be attached to the drilled pipeline to achieve the same dilution as with other outfall construction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of small O3 addition on the one-dimensional pulsating detonation instability in stochiometric, argon-diluted H2/O2 mixtures is investigated computationally. The numerical simulations are performed using the one-dimensional reactive Euler equations coupled with detailed chemical kinetics given by the base H2/O2 mechanisms of Burke and the eight-step O3 sub-mechanism of Zhao et al. These simulations are performed using AMROC, a fluid solver framework based on the block-structured adaptive mesh refinement algorithm (SAMR) that allows to dynamically increase the resolution of the domain in areas of interest, such as around shocks and the reaction fronts. A shock-capturing MUSCL-TVD finite volume scheme is used with a Roe-type approximate Riemann solver and a first-order Godunov splitting for the reactive term. The ozone effect on the pulsating detonation is compared with the argon dilution, commonly used to obtain stable detonation propagation, and is again explained using the stability parameter χ from the ZND analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of the stability conditions, over-breaks, and spalling failures, which could inflict potential external dilution, is a key parameter so as to ensure the optimal design of the exploitation and its cost effectiveness The research undertaken aims at correlating established empirical approaches for the estimation of the stability condition with numerical analysis that identifies and measures the depth of failure. A number of analyses have been conducted and the results obtained yield promising results that can be transformed to direct mathematical expressions applied for the early estimation of dilution rates. Furthermore, through the research, an initial proposal is made for a dilution-based stability graph that could be utilized for the early identification of dilution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) dispersion within polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was investigated. PBAT/CNC nanocomposites with various CNC contents were prepared through solution casting as well as dilution of a solution casted masterbatch using a twin screw extruder. The efficiency of two different preparation approaches on CNC dispersion was assessed by transmission electron microscopic and rheological analysis. It was found that solution casted PBAT/CNC nanocomposites had a much better CNC dispersion compared to that of their melt processed counterparts. This was while the diluted melt processed cases also revealed a good level of CNC dispersion. As a result, CNC was able to form a percolation network within PBAT at CNC contents of around 2 and 4 wt% in the two approaches, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present day, CO2 emission has become a significant problem that needs to be resolved. One of the alternative solutions to decrease the CO2 emission is recycling CO2 as flue gas in the combustion chamber. Then, the burning process with CO2 enrichment needs to be understood. Therefore, a numerical study on laminar burning velocity (SL) characteristics of CH4/O2 with CO2 enrichment on oxidizer was conducted using CHEMKIN package GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanisms and detailed transport properties. As a result of the numerical study can explain the effect of CO2 enrichment on CH4 flame clearly. In detail, the results show that the SL of the CH4/O2/CO2 mixture was decreased as CO2 content increased. Next, CO2 directly participates in the combustion process and contributes to the value of laminar burning velocity. By comparing the SL of CH4/O2/N2, CH4/O2/CO2, and CH4/O2/F-CO2, CO2 dilution on oxidizer mainly contributed by thermal-diffusion rather than chemically. Besides the decrease of SL due to CO2 dilution, the intermediate product (O, OH, CO, CH) will decrease as the CO2 dilution content increases. Finally, these intermediate species contribute positively to SL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of our study is to isolate and identify the probiotic organisms and to study the antimicrobial activity of the organisms. Lactic acid bacteria from various milk sources were isolated by the serial dilution spread plate method. Raw milk and Milk powder was taken as source material for isolating LAB. Inoculation of the bacteria was done and After the inoculation, the plates are incubated at 37℃ for 24 to 48 hrs in the incubator in an inverted position for detecting growth of organisms in the form of a single colony. 2 groups with 20 samples per group were analysed by keeping threshold 0.05 and G power 80% coincidence interval 95% and enrollment ratio as 1. Compared to powder milk (3x105) maximum colonies were recorded in raw milk (31x105). The significance was found p<0.0001 in paired t-test. Antimicrobial activity is done with the biofilm degradation and it was found 28% effective against Pseudomonas biofilms as well as 51% effectiveness was detected in Staphylococcus biofilms degradation. of the probiotic Lactococcus from milk and milk powder with antimicrobial activity was done by serial dilution spread plate method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

laminar burning velocity (LBV)is one of the most essential parameter that determined thy type of fuel used in combustion. The (LBV) depends mainly on the ratio of unburned to burned density. This numerical study aims to increase the efficiency of combustion processes like internal combustion engines. While methane is one of the fuel which show promising replacement of liquid fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel due to it is lower pollutantions emission. such as hydrogen, with its ability of high rate of combustion will augment the burning velocity of the mixture. Also, the initial pressure influence on the laminar flame speed is studied. It is found that adding hydrogen to the methane /air mixture by 30% of fuel volume will rise the (LBV) by 32% (37cm/s - 48cm/s). On the other hand, increasing initial pressure is found to decelerate (LBV).In such way , double the initial pressure will element adding hydrogen with maximum percentage used in present work. Finally, it is concluded that hydrogen must be added by more than 30% of methane / air mixture volume to exceeds the negative effect of doubling the initial pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented study, the major objective is reducing the viscosity and enhancing the flow related to heavy crude oil via pipelines using dual treatment as electrical field and dilution. The investigation of experimental variables' interaction effects on the objective function using optimization technique has been achieved. In this experiment, at first, the dilution's impact (without using electric field) is studied on the Iraqi crude oil's viscosity. Toluene was used as a diluent in different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20wt.%). The results show that the viscosity is decreased exponentially with increases in the concentration of diluent from 0 to 15 wt.%. The lower value of viscosity is about 25.14cSt and it is achieved by adding 15wt. % of the diluent. Thus, the maximum viscosity reduction is about 20.7% when adding 15 wt.% of Toluene. Second, the effect of the electric field (without dilution) has been studied,. The results showed that the lower value of viscosity 20.41 cSt is obtained when applied electric field equal to 36.67(v/cm). Therefore, the maximum viscosity reduction is about 35.6%. Lastly, the effect of dual treatment (dilution and electric field) has been studied according to factorial design. Fourteen experiment have been performed; the lower viscosity is about 17.395cSt obtained at 16.5 wt.% toluene and 36.67 (v / cm) of the electric field , which means that the best viscosity reduction obtained from this experiment amounted to about 45.126%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrofluid is a new type of functional material, which has the fluidity of a liquid and the magnetism of solid magnetic material at the same time. The colloidal liquid is formed by mixing micro-nanomagnetic particles, surfactant, and a carrier liquid. This report discusses the methods and processes of preparing ferrofluids and compares the advantages and disadvantages of various ferrofluid preparation methods. Besides, with the chemical coprecipitation method, the dilution pH value and rate of the dropping ammonia water are also changed. It is intended to establish a set of standard diluted ammonia water pH value scales and to explore its impact on yields. In this study, a low-cost self-made magnetic measuring device was used to measure the magnetic force of different magnets and different angles and positions. Also, its measured values were used to draw multiple charts for analysis. From the process of studying the magnetic field, it is also found that ferrofluid will produce cones similar to Taylor cones when attracted by magnets. To get this project done, we set up self-made observation equipment and observe the influence of various variables on the behavior of cones. Meanwhile, data analysis of cones is done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]