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The inhomogeneity of plastic deformation in a corrosion-resistant three-layer bimetal or laminated metal composites obtained by rolling from low-carbon steel ASTM A414 grade A and stainless steel AISI 304 has been studied. The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on flat samples with a thickness of 8 mm at a constant rate at room temperature after rolling and after six hours of heat treatment of specimens up to 900°C. The phase composition of the bimetal components was determined via X-ray diffraction. The effect of heat treatment conditions on the microhardness and plastic flow inhomogeneity near the bimetal junction zone has been established. The degree of plastic deformation inhomogeneity of different layers was quantitatively assessed using the coefficient of variation of local strains has been investigated via digital speckle correlation method. After rolling, the difference between the deformation inhomogeneities of the border zones near stainless and carbon steels was almost two times. The deformation inhomogeneity in the transition zone was shown to differ from those of the base layers, which affected the properties of bimetal products. The effect of structural heterogeneity near the interface of layers on the local strain distributions in the bimetal was discussed in present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this project is to revolutionize the process of meat cutting. Traditionally, meat cutting has been a time-consuming and labor-intensive task performed manually. However, the introduction of an automatic meat cutting machine aims to streamline the process, leading to reduced labor costs and time required for efficient meat cutting. Specifically designed for the Indian poultry industry, which contributes significantly to the country's meat production, this project addresses the shortage of laborers in the industry by automating the meat cutting process. The machine's design allows users to customize the size of meat pieces according to various customer demands, ensuring both safety and hygiene. By implementing this machine, numerous issues associated with manual processing, such as accidents and hygiene concerns, can be minimized. Moreover, with a single operator overseeing the machine's operation, the output is significantly increased compared to traditional methods. The automatic meat cutting machine functions by employing a reciprocating cutting blade to efficiently cut meat collected from a rotating wooden table. It utilizes a slider crank mechanism and a four-start lead screw with a rack and pinion system, along with a microcontroller for determining piece sizes and sensing when the cutting process is complete. The cutting blade and lead screw are made of carbon steel, while the four motors are DC motors. The implementation of the Automatic Meat Cutting Machine has greatly enhanced safety and overall hygienic conditions while reducing labor and processing time costs. Future improvements to the machine may involve incorporating cleaning and packing systems to further enhance its capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helical gears have a high load carrying capacity and is most commonly utilized in high speed applications. Condition monitoring is performed in order to obtain an efficient component replacement of a machine to prevent failures. One of the techniques of condition monitoring is through wear debris analysis where particles removed through wear is analyzed from the lubricants. The focus of this research is to investigate the wear behaviour of carbon steel helical gear operating in a power recirculating and torsional loading. Helical gears were tested on a power recirculating gear test rig with constant loads of up to 40 Nm and speed of 1000 rpm. Approximately 30 ml of samples were taken at 1-hour intervals for 80 hours or 50 million cycles. The samples were analyzed using wear debris analysis and particle count analysis. The wear behaviour exhibits stages of wear modes at certain point in the gear cycles which varies slightly than a typical gear meshing under uniform loading. High wear rate occurs from the 1st to the 40th hour of gear test consisting of low fault severity and reaches an optimum stage declining the generation of particles. At the 60th hour, a rapid increase in wear rate as well as fault severity is recorded however decreases at the 80th hour of gear test. The wear behavior of the helical gear under torsional loading could be characterized using wear debris analysis in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is widely regarded as the predominant technique employed in the automotive sector for the purpose of joining thin sheets. Nevertheless, a significant number of intricate applications do not provide access from both sides of the sheet metal, a prerequisite for this procedure. The gap is addressed by an examination of a one-sided Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) spot welding method employed to joint dissimilar metals, specifically carbon steel and stainless steel. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of welding current on the tensile load capacity of TIG-spot joint composed of dissimillar metals. The materials utilized in this study are low carbon steel and stainless-steel plates, both having dimensions of 10 cm in length, 3 cm in width, and a thickness of 0.8 mm. (standard AWS D8.9). Welding current was set up of 70, 80, 90, and 100 amperes with a constant welding time of 4 seconds. The result shows that a welding current of 100 A provides the weld zone with increased heat, allowing for better material penetration and fusion, thus increasing the tensile load capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine students' ability to practice carbon steel welding. Students' ability in welding is an essential factor in obtaining good welding results and as a provision in obtaining certification. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The subjects in this study consisted of 40 students from the mechanical engineering education study program at the Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University. The research instrument uses a Likert scale with four alternative answers. Data acquisition was analyzed using the quantitative description. The results showed that: (1) the preparation of seam welding by most of the students was still in the good category, (2) the seam welding process by most of the students was still low; and (3) the welding results of most of the students are still sufficient. Students' ability in welding practice must be improved through preparation, and good processes, so that they will produce welds that are by standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the blade component being coupled to the composting machine's frame, the shaft of the machine needs to be designed and constructed with sturdiness to support much of the load. This article uses computer aid to examine the natural frequency and vibration of a composting machine. A capital analysis should be done to prevent a product failure caused by resonance. The analysis in this study uses the ANSYS software and carbon steel for the shaft material. The maximal deformations for natural frequency modes 1 through 10 are 10,704mm, 5.887mm, 6.072 mm, 71.965 mm, 65.135mm, 50.299mm, 61.033mm, 72.793mm, 62.779mm, and 51.773mm. The results of these modes are 1.75.32 Hz, 309.11 Hz, 309.12 Hz, 515.46 Hz, 5252, 59Hz, 527.05Hz, 681.42 The theoretical framework for carrying out the best design of the shaft structure of the waste processing machine is provided by the modal analysis used in this study. Resonance-related poor working conditions can thus be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is a chemical reaction that occurs in metal that causes damage to its microstructure, better known as rust. Corrosion can occur in all types of metal, even steel combined with carbon. Low carbon steel is carbon steel that on commonly used as the primary material for ship construction. NaCl and H2SO4 are chemicals that can theoretically make metals corrode (corrosive). NaCl and H2SO4 were used as test media because the chemical elements in the media were contained in seawater. The media can be used to test the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel, the primary material of ship construction. This research was conducted to obtain the value of the corrosion rate on low-carbon steel using NaCl and H2SO4 media. The next objective is to see whether NaCl and H2SO4 media affect the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel. Before being tested, this low-carbon steel plate is prepared to be a test object. The low carbon steel plate to be tested is a low carbon steel plate that has been treated with welding. The corrosion rate test used two immersion media, namely NaCl media and H2SO4 media. Specimens were put into NaCl and H2SO4 media for four weeks; weight loss was measured weekly. The research method used is an experimental method to calculate the corrosion rate using the weight loss method. The results showed the highest corrosion rate in NaCl media was in the test object with a concentration of A of 4% with a value of 0.001960 mm/year in the fourth week. Then the value of the most significant corrosion rate on H2SO4 media is 0.01577 mm/year. On specimen A with a concentration of 4.5% in the first week. Then, statistically, the one-way ANOVA test shows that NaCl and H2SO4 significantly affect the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is an unconventional superfinishing process that produces parts with a high surface finish. In this study, the influence of factors such as working gap, rotational speed of the electromagnet inductor, and abrasive particle size on the surface roughness (Ra) of a flat plate workpiece of carbon steel AISI A681 has been investigated. A series of experimental tests It has been planned to use boron carbide powder (33% B4C) mixed with iron powder (67% Fe) during the magnetic abrasive process. The obtained data was analyzed using Minitab 2017 software using the full factorial methods. The results showed that a working gap of 1.5 mm, a rotational speed of 150 rpm, and an abrasive particle size of 35 µm improved surface roughness by 56.89 %. The abrasive size was the most important factor in surface roughness, accounting for 32.62% of the total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with cracks angles in shafts subjected to torsional loads during motion or ceased due to braking using different shaft materials. It carried out systematic or an authoritative inquiry to discover and examine the fact that the carbon steel and brass samples of torsion test are used with different cracks angles (0°, 45°, 90°) to get a better case of a crack in reducing stress during rotation. The experimental results converge with simulations were conducted to find the Von Mises stress in two cases. The present work aims to investigate the best crack or groove angle with respect to the shaft axis to avoid failure due to torsional loads. The investigated product of the angled crack on shaft subjected to torsional loads experimentally has been the quality of shear test equipment for two types of metals (carbon steel+ brass). The practical results are torsional torque, twist angle and surface shear stress. The results show that technically possessed of including all the cases of results obtain processes, then a correction factor and standard deviation are the criteria of results convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic deformations of drawing tools, in general, have a positive and negative impact on the process and so may be undesirable. In the same drawing circumstances, an elastically deforming rubber in contact with the lower surface of the metal may help achieve equal distribution of the punch pressure across the bottom region of the cup. This will result in a more consistent material flow throughout the drawing process and, consequently, better cup quality. In this paper: An experimental study was carried out for the drawing process of low carbon steel to form a cup with a depth of 15 mm, the thickness of the blank was 0.5, and the diameter was 78 mm. The depth and hardness of the rubber were changing. Rubber was used with a hardness of (40, 60, and 80) shore A, and a height of (30, 50 and 70) mm. A series of studies were conducted to see how the rubber hardness and height affected the pressure and defects in low carbon steel cups. The change in the load and the difference in the product's final shape were measured, the reason for its appearance was discussed, and a defect-free product was also reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2030, an estimated 100-120 GWh of electric vehicle batteries will reach their end-of-life stage. Efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are crucial due to the global reserves required for battery production, their limited lifespan, and the importance of recycling strategic and valuable metals from electric vehicle batteries. Mainstream recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, have drawbacks, including high energy input, generation of hazardous waste streams, and emission of dangerous gasses. This study employed a literature review methodology to investigate the current state of the art regarding the selected process to recycle electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) has recently gained interest in recycling strategic materials from end-of-life products because of its sustainability and efficiency. SCFE is a process for extracting substances using a fluid, such as CO2, above its critical temperature and pressure. Metals that can be recovered from electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries through SCFE using CO2 are Li, Co, Mn, and Ni, with approximately 90% efficiency. Moreover, the CO2 required for the process can be obtained from the steel industry using sorption-enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) carbon capture technology, which enables the production of high-purity CO2 up to 97,6—99,6%. The innovative process developed in this study offers a solution for effectively recycling end-of-life LIBs, preserving natural resources, and advancing global energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The injection molding industry has grown and developed with the increasing demand for polymer-based products. The big thing for the injection molding industry is maintaining the condition of medium and high-carbon steel concrete to protect it from corrosion challenges. One of the efforts to keep concrete from being corrosive is to apply thermal spray aluminum (TSA) coating technology. This study aims to analyze the effect of the number of layers of thermal spray aluminum (TSA) on the thickness of the ST60 medium carbon steel layer. This research can be directly applied to the surface of injection molds so that they are resistant to corrosion and tend to be applied to treatments. Before the coating process, the substrate surface is smoothed using sandpaper from grid 60 and grid 400; then, the substrate is subtracted into four different variables, namely 1 to 4 coating layers. Each coating result was observed using the metallographic method. The results of this metallographic observation show that the more layers, the more layers, the more layers, the more, the more, and the deeper. The observations show that there are defects/pores in the aluminum coating layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of various technologies, including such as aluminization, cementation, nitriding, and nitrocementation, to increase the quality parameters of surface layers of parts, performed by electrospark alloying (ESA) and by additional saturation of surfaces with alloying elements from special technological environments (STE). During aluminization, the thickness of the "white" layer and the diffusion zone, as well as the microhardness, coating continuity and roughness of the surface increased as the discharge energy (Wp) increased. The layer consists of iron-aluminium intermetallics and free aluminium. It has been proposed to perform the ESA process with the same electrode (aluminium), but at lower energies, in order to reduce the surface roughness and obtain continuous coatings. The comparative study of the parameters of the quality of the layers after the traditional cementation - ESA with carbon electrode (CESA) and after the proposed one has shown that after the treatment of the surface with the use of the proposed technology, the roughness of the surface decreases. Simultaneously, the continuity of the doped layer increases up to 100%, the depth of the carbon diffusion zone increases up to 80 µm, and the microhardness and "white" layer thickness increase to 9932 MPa and 230 µm, respectively. The analysis of the structure-forming characteristics of the surface layers of carbon steel after ESA nitriding and nitrocarburising using STE has shown that the layer structures obtained consist of the following three areas, such as the non-etchable "white" layer, the modified diffusion zone and the substrate. Thickness, microhardness of the coating zones, integrity of the "white" layer, and surface roughness also increase as the discharge energy increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this design is to produce a design and detailed dimensions of the sago grater and rice snail chopper for duck feed in one machine that is strong, safe and can produce good feed products. The design process is carried out in stages: designing and explaining the functions of the main parts, designing concept design drawings, and technical analysis including analysis of the calculation of the force, power, and torque that occurs on the shaft and pulley. The propulsion energy is planned-using a gasoline-fueled motor using 2 hp of power with a motor rotation of 1400 rpm. The results of the design resulted in a grating capacity of 350 kg/hour and a chopping capacity of 600 kg/hour and the transmission system uses a type (A) V-belt with a drive pulley of 75 mm diameter and a driven pulley of 150 mm diameter, belt speed 5.5 m/s, belt length 1778 mm, shaft diameter 19 mm with JIS G carbon steel material 4501, design power of 2 Hp or 1.5 kW equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various models out there, both theoretical and experimental, which are used to predict the fatigue crack growth in metals. Machine learning based computational models have been recently developed to predict such crack growth rate in a more comprehensive manner. This paper presents a supervised machine learning model with a better accuracy than the existing machine learning models. The experimental data obtained from the fatigue test carried out on CT specimen of material SA516Gr70 is used to test and train the model. The machine learning model XGBoost, which is implemented in this paper, is not only more accurate but also less likely to over fit when exposed to unseen data. Three alternative algorithms are investigated and by the process of elimination, best one is chosen. The paper shows the results received from some of those models, which were important in order to select the best one. The metrics used to filter and tune the model's performance are R2 score and mean squared error. The procedure for finding the optimal model and its results have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion or oxidation attacks on carbon steel pipelines can be prevented by producing aluminum slurry coating. Observations of the optimal slurry composition containing aluminum scrap powder as a load agent in the binder solution with a certain mass ratio were studied to obtain good quality aluminum coating on ST37 carbon steel. Several variation compositions of Al content and binder ratio were evaluated by viscosity test and optical microscope (OM), then showed a slurry coating of 43 wt.% Al content and binder ratio of 1:40 possessed good consistency, stable shear-thinning behavior, and the lowest surface roughness. Therefore, further analysis of microstructure was performed on this sample. A surface morphological structure showed moderate roughness with some particle characteristics observed on the slurry coating sample. A cross-sectional structure showed the presence of an internal oxide layer with a thickness of about 129 µm. In addition, a protective oxide Al2O3 layer with a thickness of about 173 µm was observed on the top of the internal oxide layer. Phase identification by XRD analysis showed the formation of Fe3O4 as the internal oxide layer and α-Al2O3 as the protective oxide layer with a small amount of unstable Al2O3, α-Fe, and Fe3Si phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is widely used as one of coating technique to improve wear-resistant, hardness, and oxidation resistance. This coating is used for application in automotive, aerospace, cutting tools, etc. Basic process of PVD coating based on sputtering and evaporation mechanisms. In the present study, the arc PVD coating as a part of the evaporation process was used to protect medium carbon steel (S45C) substrate with Cr-Si and Ti target with composition of 83.41 at.% Cr-16.59 at.% Si and 99.65 at.% Ti, respectively. The vacuum chamber is backfilled with inert of oxygen gas during deposition. The structural and mechanical properties of both coating were evaluated by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vicker hardness tester. The thickness was measured on the cross-sectional sample of Cr-Si-O and Ti-O coatings which approximately of 3.98 and 5.85 µm, respectively. TiO2 anatase phase was identified on Ti-O coating while only α-Cr phase was identified on Cr-Si-O coating. The hardness of Ti-O coating was about two times higher than Cr-Si-O coating with value of 1167 HV and 585 HV, respectively. According to the results, Ti-O coatings has good performance of structural and mechanical properties for protecting S45C substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of reactive element such as CeO2 in Ni-Cr coating was studied in order to improve the corrosion resistance of carbon steels. Two coating methods were applied to deposit Ni layer followed by Cr layer on carbon steel substrate using electroplating and pack cementation method, respectively. The amount of CeO2 is 10 wt.% which is mixed in chromium pack cementation process. The corrosion resistance was tested by potentiodynamic polarization method using 3.5 wt.% NaCl and analyzed using tafel extrapolation technique. The microstructure observation showed that the surface of Ni-Cr coating with CeO2 addition was more homogeneous and denser compared to coating without CeO2 addition. This structure effected to the lowering corrosion rate of carbon steel substrate because cerium could accelerate the diffusion of Cr into Ni layer and improved the compactness of the Ni-Cr coating sample. The corrosion rate of coating samples with CeO2 addition, without CeO2 addition, and carbon steel substrate were measured to reach 0.079, 0.2, and 3.39 mpy, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon steel as primary material for concrete reinforcement in the structure is susceptible to corrosion. Measurements of corrosion rate (CR) of carbon steel reinforcement have been carried out in Ca(OH)2 solutions with different pH values. Electrochemical measurement was used to obtain the corrosion rate and confirmed by weight loss method. Corrosion behavior at different pH was explored using direct visual observation, scanning electrone microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that corrosion rate of carbon steel decreases with increasing the pH solution due to the formation of passive layer. Passive layer on carbon steel surfaces contains rich of iron oxide which can protect from corrosion process. Corrosion rate of carbon steel reinforcement in Ca(OH)2 solution is very dependent on pH. Based on Tafel polarization test result, the corrosion rate increases with the decrease of pH solution. The highest corrosion rate (6.13 mpy) is carbon steel in calcium hydroxide at pH 8 which can be proved by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Therefore, carbon steel reinforcement at pH 8 needs further protection although in the absence of chloride and carbon dioxide content due to moderate corrosion rate (up to 5 mpy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carburizing process involves adding carbon components to the steel surface at an austenite temperature to harden it. The goal of this study was to see how the process of carburizing ST 60 steel at 825°C for 4 hours using wood charcoal that had been converted into carbon affected the microstructure and surface hardness. Microstructure testing is used to detect the steel's phase after it has been carburized. The goal of hardness testing is to assess the material's hardness following the carburizing process. The carbon sieving procedure produced a dry carbon size of 100 mesh with a particle size of 554.621m2 and a wet carbon size of 500 mesh with an average area of 113.542m2 of carbon particles. Based on the findings of the tests, it can be assumed that following the carburizing process, the number of carbon particles would decrease. Carbon was lost at a rate of 33.58 percent, with an average particle area of 554.621m2. Carbon with an average particle area of 113.542m2 was lost by 9.91 percent. According to the Vickers hardness test, the raw material's average hardness from points 1 to 5 is 280.42kg/mm2. Steel with a hardness of 1-5 points is carburized with an average area of 554.621m2 carbon particles with a density of 214.56kg/mm2. The area of carbon particles in carburizing steel is 113.542m2, and the average hardness value is 245kg/mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to see how the tempering process at 350°C affected the hardness value and microstructure of carbon steel with different holding times of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes. To determine the value of hardness and microstructure, the quenching technique with water cooling media was used. Furthermore, the tempering procedure is commonly utilized to improve steel ductility. The medium carbon steel utilized in this study was 30mm x 30mm with a thickness of 5mm. According to the findings, the holding time variations of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes had hardness values of 26.1 HRC, 30.4 HRC, and 26.9 HRC, respectively. The hardness of the raw material is 42.5 HRC, with a quenching hardness of 39.3 HRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study solution 1 M HCl acid with different concentration of 2-(p-Tolyl) ethylamine used to study the resistance of Low carbon steel toward corrosion using gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The inhibitor demonstrated a high inhibitory effectiveness (IE (% in acidic solutions, When the inhibitor's concentration and temperature rise which tend to decline the efficiency. The best value of efficiency for both weight loss and polarization was at 30°C with 400 ppm concentration of inhibitor due to the formation of a layer on the metal's surface as a result of the inhibitor adhering to it, as well as the structure's inclusion of an amine and methyl group, which is an important component of the adsorption process, both the polarization and weight loss approaches yield results for corrosion inhibition efficiency that are acceptable. According to several researches, the 2-(p-tolyl) ethylamine molecule was known to be one of the most efficient inhibitors. The thermodynamic parameters, entropy change, enthalpy, and absorption free energy, were calculated, and their values were suitable and in excellent agreement with prior investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prevent corrosion of (carbon steel) an ethanolic extract of wild clary was used in two mediums (3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M HCl) with three concentrations (5, 15, 25) mL/L and three temperatures (298, 318 and 338) K. The main components of this extract are 4H-Pyran-4-one, Ethanamine, and Amino-octadec as indicated by GC-MS method. Excellent inhibition efficiency (IE%) of 81.447% was acquired at a temperature of (298K) and a concentration of (15) mL/L in 3.5% NaCl medium, and (IE%) of 92.944% was obtained at temperature of (298K) and a concentration of (25) mL/L in 0.5M HCl medium. The extract was labeled with (FTIR) and the protective film was analyzed with FESEM and AFM. An electrochemical research by Potentiostat validated the protective coating generated on carbon steel surfaces, revealing that (wild clary) extract was a (mixed type) inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron waste was collected magnetically from workshops and washed. Chemical composition test showed that the collected iron waste was carbon steel type CK45 DIN. The iron waste was transformed into hematite (Fe2O3) by oxidation process. The oxidation process occurred in furnace at 735°C by pumping the mixture of air and water vapor on the iron waste shipment. The resulted was crushed as fine powder as particle size (0.253-130.523 µm), then X-ray diffraction and microscopic tests were done. Ferric sulfate solution was resulted by dynamic selective corrosion (leaching process) of the hematite in sulfuric acid solution at %15 concentration and (10min) period. Ferric sulfate powder was obtained by drying the ferric sulfate solution to solid peels in a drying furnace at (50°C) and milling it. The XRD test to the ferric sulfate powder was done to ensure its composition and purity. It is noteworthy. Each (400gr.) of iron waste gives approximately (160gr.) of ferric sulfate powder. This compound is considered as a basic material in the various medical and pharmaceutical industries. This method is considered the best way to preserve the environment and sustainable development by converting iron waste to raw material that utilizes in many manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to study the erosion resistance of the (Ni-Cu) coating layer deposited by flame thermal spraying technic onto a low carbon steel substrate. The microstructure and phase analysis of the coating layer was observed by using SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Erosion rate was measured by using the erosion system with salty solution (3.5% sodium chloride)with impingement angle 0° and 90 °. The impact ofthreefactors on the erosion rate of the protective coatings layer (time, sand/ liquid, and sand particle size) were investigated. The data confirmed that timehas a major influence on the erosion rate with high delta (3.070) rank 1, while the sand/ liquidwith delta (0.960) and rank 2 has a major influence on the coated layer erosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) has a high thermal conductivity so that it can be used in heat transfer applications. The example is for nanofluids quench medium. In this study, graphene oxide was characterized using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the chemical content and morphology. GO-based nanofluids were synthesized with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.05% in the water base fluid. Furthermore, the surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as much as 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% was added. The obtained nanofluids was ultrasonicated for 15 minutes and then tested for thermal conductivity and zeta potential. After that, the nanofluid was used as quenchant for S45C hardening process. The austenization process was done at 900°C for 1 hour. The result showed that higher concentration of GO and surfactant generally lower the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The highest thermal conductivity was obtained on 0.01% GO without surfactant at 0.59 W/mK. The conductivity decreased at the highest GO and surfactant addition at 0.57 W/mK. However, the highest hardness achieved was on the 0.05% GO with 5% SDBS at 48 HRC. This result showed that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids quench medium did not directly correlate with the hardness of the quenched samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material in the field of the transportation industry has changed dramatically. The chassis is an important and integral part of any vehicle all the components like steering wheels suspension etc. are attached to the chassis only. The purpose of the research work is to get results via simulation on a ladder frame chassis By changing the material of the chassis from structural Steel to carbon fiber and comparing both the simulation result. The research work is conducted in several stages were first part that is the design of the chassis has been done in SolidWorks then the modeling of the chassis has been accomplished in the ANSYS ACP module as well as the analysis of both deformation, stress, and strain energy has been done on the ANSYS workbench. The key study points are the maximum principal stress, von-mises stress, directional deformation, total deformation, and Strain Energy. Ongoing through parametric optimization and considering input parameters mesh element size, face sizing element size, and forces in all directions we concluded that the factor of safety for Structural Steel is less than that of carbon fiber. At -15000 N (downwards) the FoS is 12.212 for structural steel chassis and 14.158 for Carbon fiber/Epoxy Chassis. The result indicates that carbon fiber/epoxy chassis and structural steel chassis deformations having principle stress and von-mises stress-induced 47.88% and 40% less respectively in carbon fiber/epoxy chassis compared to structural steel chassis. And strain energy is 62.10% less in carbon fiber/epoxy chassis compared to structural steel chassis. Finally, this study reveals that, by using carbon fiber material, 70.60% weight reduction has been achieved without affecting strength, stiffness, and load-bearing capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical corrosion is called corrosion in electrolytes, accompanied by the appearance of electric current. The electrolytes can be acids and their solutions, alkalis and their solutions, solutions of salts in water (including sea water), as well as water containing dissolved air. If two different metalls connected together are lowered into the electrolyte, a galvanic macropara with a certain number of electrochemical (electrode) potentials is formed. At the same time, one metal having a lower electrochemical potential will be an anode, and the second (with a higher potential) will be a cathode. Depending on the working environment, appropriate steels or other metals (aluminum, titanium, their alloys, etc.) are used for the manufacture of welded products and structures. The main task of the welders is to ensure that the corrosion resistance of various parts of the joint (the seam, the seam zone and the base metal away from the seam) is equal. It is often the case that the weld metal is less corrosion resistant than the steel to be welded as a result of an incorrect welding technique or welding electrode. The purpose of the work is to increase the safe operation life of welded joints and extend the service life of industrial facilities of the oil industry due to rational choice of the type of welding and welding electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, for the welding process selection, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is used, which requires multiple comparisons to obtain weights for attributes and alternatives and gives a ranking on the basis of a single utility function. The multiple comparisons make the decision process quite complex, and experts find it difficult to feed the comparison matrices. Also, using a single utility function often results in rank reversal, which is the cause of apprehension for the decision-makers. To overcome the issue, an integrated BWM-MULTIMOORA MADM approach is proposed to evaluate, rank, and select a welding process. The method is demonstrated for a case on selecting a welding process for hard-facing on boiler-grade carbon steel material. To calculate the attribute weights and alternative weights concerning each attribute, first, the best-worst method (BWM) is used, and then Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of a Ratio Analysis plus the full MULTIplicative form (MULTIMOORA) method is deployed for the final ranking. The MULTIMOORA method consists of three utility functions based on Ratio System (RS), Reference Point (RP) and Full Multiplicative Form (FMF), which are used to independently calculate three different utility values of each alternative and three different rankings are obtained. Finally, the consolidated ranking is arrived at using dominance theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many coating materials, coating structures and different coating thicknesses. During the milling process, it is necessary to investigate the impact of coating thickness. The paper's main objective is to numerically compare the performance of tungsten carbide (WC) with and without a TiAlN coating while milling of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel in terms of tool temperature, cutting forces and tool wear. The effect of variation of the TiAlN coating thickness (between 1 to 4 µm) was observed; to study its significance on the machining performance of the tool and to find out if there is a particular optimum coating thickness. Following this, the milling process was simulated in Deform 3D simulation software for the uncoated tool and different coating thicknesses. In terms of tool wear, coated tools outperformed uncoated tools, and the coated tool with the highest machining performance had a coating thickness of 2 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modelling, analysis and refinement of triple step reduction helical gearbox housing was attempted. The initial purpose of the investigations was to evaluate and interpret the structural performance characteristics of the transmission case. Following a relevant research literatures review, it was realized that the vast majority of today's organisations are experiencing issues with the overall heaviness and stability of their current gearboxes. Therefore, the creation and evaluation of three stage helical transmission coverings have emerged as a key subject of explorations in order to prevent failures and achieve the most efficient model. As a result; various analyses like modal, vibration, harmonic, frequency response, spectrum and static analysis were undertaken on an current helical transmission gear box covering comprising of material Structural Steel A36 and an optimised model of High Carbon Steel and Structural Steel A36 materials for understanding & monitoring the conditional functioning of transmission cover under numerous different applied loading and unloading situations. Finally, depending on drafting, examination and improvement, it was securely established that the redesigned structure with high carbon steel as a material seems to be significantly superior in accordance with current model in terms of robustness, heaviness, harmonics, sturdiness, materials, and affordability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the industrial components are fabricated using the die and die sets during forging, coining, extrusion, wire drawing processes, etc. From various researchers, it is known that materials such as Carbon block steel, High hardened steel, Tungsten Oil Hardening Steel, and Carbon Steel (D Series) are used and among them, D series is extensively used in manufacturing dies due to its wear-resistant and high hardness number (>60HRC) which is very difficult to machine. The quality of the machining operation depends on the surface finish of the material. The current works is an attempt to machine D3 steel and optimize the machining parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut during CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) end milling process to reduce surface roughness and machining time, using tungsten carbide as cutting tool. The experimental investigation of the surface roughness of the material has been carried out using end milling process with the help of CNC milling center. Taguchi method has been utilized for design of experiments with L16 orthogonal array, and regression analysis for mathematical modelling. Different optimization techniques such as GREY RELATION ANALYSIS, RSM and ANOVA have been utilized for comparison. Finally, the optimization results of all the three above mentioned techniques are compared and found that minimum surface roughness (Ra) of 1.0504 µm has been achieved for speed of 1400 RPM, feed rate of 950 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.06 mm; minimum machining time of 8.44 minutes have been achieved for speed of 2600 RPM, feed rate of 950 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.1mm using ANOVA technique. The result indicates ANOVA technique is a better optimization technique in comparison with other two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For carbon steel alloy (A106 Gr-B), the interaction (corrosion-creep-fatigue) between these three factors is investigated, as it is important to the formulation of rational life prediction of components and structures, along with the resulting fatigue damage and fatigue life. In all cases, corrosion, creep, or a combination of the two reduced the fatigue endurance limit of the specimens. The goal of this research is to introduce a new type of modified fatigue interaction model (MFIM) that incorporates the S-N curve, the impact of previous loads, the corrosion effect, and the creep effect. The proposed model (MFIM) shows less fluctuation and produces more representative results than those obtained utilizing the Miner concept. The suggested model showed good agreement with the results and takes into account the effect of the loading history. When the results from MFIM were compared to experimental data, there was a lot of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal removal is predominant in manufacturing industries to finish the product with desired dimensions. The conventional machining processes with single-point cutting tool turning operation, grinding, shaping, and milling involve cutting metals which leads to wear. The worn-out tools decrease productivity, increases the machining cost, and decrease the poor dimensional accuracy. Several pieces of research have been carried out to increase dimensional accuracy, reduce wear and increase productivity. The researchers investigated materials' characteristics, cutting tool conditions, machining process parameters, etc. This article explores the characterization of multilayer coated cutting tools in turning operations. The correlation of multilayer thickness and tool wear with the surface finish of the workpiece. The multilayer of TiSiN, Al2O3, Al2O3ZrN, ZrN, TiAlN, and AlCrN coated tool inserts with varied multilayer coating thickness leads to changes in machining characteristics. The thickness of up to 5 µ of coating leads to optimum wear resistance and good machining properties. The literature study of multilayer coating materials in turning operation concludes that TiAlN multilayer coated tool inserts behave with good machinability and wear resistance properties in the machining of steels. Under dry machining conditions, it was reported that an average tool life of 75% and 85% improved using PVD (Physical vapor deposition method of coating technique) in the machining of Inconel 718 and carbon steel workpieces, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors affect the results of welding strength, including welding position. Welding positions will give different results to the strength of the welding results. The type of welding electrode also greatly affects the characteristics of the welding result. For this reason, research will be conducted on SMAW welding for butt joints with current variations of 80 A, 90 A, 100A, 110 A and 120A. The current draw of 80 A is intended as the lowest current limit and 120 A as the highest current limit. The specimen used is a construction medium carbon steel plate (S45C) with an E-7024 electrode and a size of 100 x 60 x 10. The type of seam or welding connection used is V seam welding position 2F (Fillet). Each current variation uses 5 samples. Specimen testing using visual test and bending test. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded as follows: The use of a current of 120 A produces a relatively good redemption when compared to a current smaller than 120 A. The minimum current is 80 A, the arc flame is slightly inhibited so that when welding the electrode and object are melted work does not occur optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumunium and low carbon steel are some of many materials that are commonly used in machining process. One of the reasons is that Stainless steel has a high resistance towards rust, followed by a maximum shear strength of approximately 124-290 MPa. On the other hand, low carbon steel has a higher shear strength of approximately 500 MPa. In this study, spot welding process on these dissimilar materials is using filler and then analyzed using linear regression analysis, by varying voltage towards the shear strength results based on the parameters used in this research. The research was carried out using an experimental method by processing secondary data. The secondary data was then reprocessed by linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS software, The use of filler in spot welding using Aluminium 6061 and Low Carbon Steel SS400 has a positive effect on the shear tensile strength, resulting in a shear tensile strength of 923MPa with a stress of 3.5 V and a pressing time of 5 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved the using of "2-(4-methoxyphenoxy) benzylamine HCl" in order to prevention of carbon steel corrosion in acidic medium. Weight loss and hydrogen gas evolution methods were utilized. Inhibitor concentrations ranging from 50-250 ppm at temperatures ranging from 40-60 °C were used in the current research. The presence of the amine molecules, as well as the oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are important in the adsorption methods, which enhancing the efficiency of inhibition when the inhibitor concentration and temperature are increased. These two approaches demonstrated the inhibitor's efficiency as well as the creation of a layer on the metal's surface via adsorption. The results have been observed that at a temperature of 40 °C and an inhibitor concentration of 250 ppm, the inhibition efficiency was good, and as the temperature increases, the efficiency decreased. Adsorption activation, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy all showed positive findings, with rising activation and enthalpy energy and decreasing entropy energy, suggesting effective adsorption to the inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective is to check for the improvement in the rate of material removal while milling (CNC) of high-alloy steel (Grade: EN31) and carbon steel. High-alloy steel (EN31) and carbon steel are taken for milling in this study. This investigative study consists of 2 groups. Experiments done in CNC milling were designed and done for Taguchi's design of experiments (L9 orthogonal array) with all experiments repeated once to check the reliability and hence 18 experiments done/group. The sample count/ group is selected in such a way that g power is 80%. Average rate of Material removal (MRR) for plain carbon steel is 0.25 cubic millimeter per second, which is lesser than the average MRR of high alloy steel that is 0.62 cubic mm per sec. Thus results obtained from the independent T-test proved that there exists a significant difference in rate of material removal between samples considered for the investigation (significance of 0.02) difference in the MRR between the groups. Better results were observed for the alloy steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress developed and deformation that occurs in bevel gears are crucial factors for their working. In this study, 3 materials have been analyzed – ceramic (Silicon Nitride), Medium Carbon Steel and PC-ABS Plastic in Fusion 360 software. The aim is to minimize stress as well as deformation of the bevel gears. Bevel gears made of the three materials were simulated under same load conditions and the resultant Von Mises stress, deformation and strain were tabulated. Upon the successful completion of the analysis, Silicon Nitride was found to be the strongest hence, the most suitable material for bevel gears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wheel is a circular frame of hard material that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The alloy wheels have always been a subject of interest among high performance bikers. A lot of research work has been going on the different alloy materials and design for the wheels. Now a days most of the bikes coming with high engine power. So the wheel rim need to withstand high speed and forces caused by path holes and sudden braking. The main objective of our project is to design spoke patterns that focus on reducing the stresses, total deformation in the wheel. In this project we are designed different types of spoke patterns using CATIA V5 software and finding the best suitable spoke pattern. The design model can be analyzed under static structural conditions using Ansys workbench software. We analyzed the designed wheel pattern by modifying the spoke pattern, radius at the intersection of the spoke and hub in the design. By analyzing the design model on Ansys workbench using carbon steel 1008, aluminum 356 and carbon fiber materials we found maximum stress, total deflection and equivalent strain in the wheel rim under static structural conditions. The boundary conditions that we applied on the wheel are pressure on the circumference on the wheel rim, force at the center of the wheel and fixed support at the wheel hub. In this paper we had compared the different spoke patterns under static conditions. We are also comparing the spoke patterns under three different materials (carbon steel 1008, aluminum 356, carbon fiber). We can conclude best wheel pattern and best suitable material used for wheel rim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharge conveyor structure is an equipment in the mining industry that supports the process of moving excavated materials such as coal. Discharge conveyor structure is made of carbon steel which is subject to corrosion. The disadvantage of corrosion is that it results in a reduction in the thickness of discharge conveyor structure. Therefore, it is necessary to control and monitor corrosion on the discharge conveyor structure to be observed. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of corrosion, corrosion control methods, and thickness reduction. The methodology used in this study is measuring the thickness reduction of discharge conveyor structure. This research was conducted on a 71-meter-long conveyor structure above ground level. Measurement of the thickness using the Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge TT 130 at 15 observation points. The thickness reduction of discharge conveyor structure that occurs almost evenly at all test points of 0.79-1.58 mm. The type of corrosion that occurs in the discharge conveyor structure is uniform corrosion. In controlling this corrosion using a three-layer coating method with a Sea guard 5000 as primer coating, Sher glass FF as intermediate coating, and aliphatic acrylic modified polyurethane as a top coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for good diamond film adherence to steel surfaces is quite promising because it will enable new cutting and drilling applications. However, a significant issue in depositing diamond on steel is the rapid diffusion of carbon into steel at high temperatures, which results in absurdly low nucleation densities and cementite formation. With a titanium carbide (TiC) interlayer, the HFCVD technique is used in this study to examine the synthesis of nanocrystalline diamond film on stainless steel 321 (SS321) alloy. Our main objective is to examine the role that TiC coatings on steels play in diamond deposition. A variety of techniques have been used to examine the phases, morphology, and composition of the synthesized diamond film, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and EDAX analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usefulness of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) prepared by the sol-gel method using coffee powder extract and zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3).6H2O is investigated in this work. At room temperature, the zinc resource is Zn(NO3).6H2O. infrared spectroscopy, diffraction ray, UV spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were applied. To detect produced nanoparticles. Due to the presence of single ionized oxygen vacancies, the UV-Vis absorption spectra exhibit an absorption band at 382 nm. According to XRD, the end product is highly crystalline ZnO with a size range of 10-40 nm. A spherical particles zinc oxide nano film network with an average size of 40 nm and a thickness of around 8 nm exists, according to SEM observations. The corrosion inhibiting effect of carbon steel in molar hydrochloric acid solution was also investigated through loss in weight and polarization curves studies. The findings revealed that as the concentration of ZnONPs increased, so increased the effectiveness of prevention. The anti-corrosion adsorption process on the surface of carbon steel follows Langmuir's behavior rather than Freundlich's, depending on the isotherm models. Mixed adsorption, spontaneously adsorb, and exothermic adsorption have already been found in the adsorption mechanism, according to thermodynamic parameters. ZnONPs appear to be excellent carbon steel corrosion inhibitors in acidic settings, and per the research. ZnONPs developed a good protective coating on the steel surface of, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of a two different low-alloyed steels with carbon content of 0.25C and 0.33C were investigated. The steels were subjected to conventional heat treatment consisting of water quenching and subsequent tempering. The scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method were used to perform the fractographic examination and to investigate the quenched microstructures. The tempering at 280-400 °C improves the yield strength of both steels but more pronounced increase was observed in 0.33C steel. The fractographic analysis of the quenched steels showed mixed fracture mode with a mixture of cleavage facets and ductile dimples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of plastic deformation in a wear-resistant three-layer bimetal obtained by rolling from low-carbon steel C 1015 and carbon steel C 1059 has been studied. The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on flat samples at a constant rate at room temperature. The influence of heat treatment conditions on the mechanical properties and plastic flow stages of bimetal has been established. It is shown that the transition zone of a bimetal is structurally heterogeneous and affects both the mechanical characteristics and local deformation distribution. The origin of Lüders bands in various layers of bimetal at the initial stages of plastic flow has been investigated via speckle photography technique [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project includes the computer aided analysis and comparison of the results among a pedal driven amphibious vehicle made of mild steel and high carbon steel material, which has a significant application in both rural and urban areas. In urban areas, during rainy season floods is a very common disaster. In this situation many emergencies like food transportation to people stuck in floods or medical emergencies might arise. Instead of waiting for a rescue team if common people own these amphibious vehicles, it would be very useful for them. In village areas, people staying near water bodies has a great difficulty and also great risk in crossing the water bodies to reach their destinations like schools etc. This is because good quality boats might not be available always for them. But if an amphibious vehicle comes into the market affordable by the village people, it helps them a lot. They can use it as a cycle on land and as a boat on water bodies. But to avoid the risk factor and to provide a safe drive, a proper design, material analysis of the designed vehicle components and comparison of the results of two materials to fix the final material to be used, is necessary. The two materials taken for the comparison in this project are Mild steel and high carbon steel. The vehicle strength, deformation and driver safety totally depend on the material with which the components are made of. Thus, analysis of all the designed components is done. The tool used for the analysis is Ansys. It is the tool used for analysis of the material chosen for, manufacturing the components of this amphibious vehicle. The material chosen in this project is mild steel. Only the static analysis is done for all the designed vehicle components. Since it is pedal driven vehicle, the components are not subjected to high velocities. Analysis of mechanical vibrations and other dynamic analysis are neglected. Initially a proper and fine mesh is given to the components to obtain good accuracy. Then the fixed points in the components are chosen. By constraining the motion all the degrees of freedom were well defined. Loads were applied based on the function of the component and loads acting on them. After several iterations the dimensions of the components are finalized based on the stress distributions and required mechanisms. It is done for both mild steel and high carbon steel and are compared. Based on the results comparison, the material used for making the components is finalized. After obtaining the results the based on the maximum stress and cost, mild steel is chosen for both its strength and low cost. After the results are obtained, Mild steel is finalized to be the material, since both maximum stresses and maximum deformation of the components made of Mild Steel are under the maximum limit according to Ansys, the maximum stress concentration area is redesigned to obtain better factor of safety. These results are tabulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid-state spot-welding technology called Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) can be used as an alternative to Resistance Spot Welding (RSW). RSW has several constraints, including a high electrode wear rate, a high temperature, and a quick cooling rate, resulting in a brittle microstructure. Many industries, such as automotive and shipbuilding, require joints constructed of various metals such as aluminium and steel to reduce weight and enhance strength. Aluminium 3102 and carbon steel 1010 are friction stir spot welded (lap joint) in this project, with the aluminium at the top and the carbon steel at the bottom. The aluminium and carbon steel have 3mm thickness, 100mm length, and 30mm breadth, respectively, and are ready for welding. Consequently, the ideal set of parameters for FSSW of aluminium 3102 and carbon steel 1010 for each material must be identified. The process parameters considered in this welding are the Tool rotation speed (R), Dwell time (T), and Plunge depth (D), and the Tensile Shear Failure Load (TSFL) (in kN) of the weld is determined by a Tensile test. Each of these process variables directly influences the size of the stir zone and the mechanical properties of the weld. In this scenario, the experimental conditions for finishing the weld were developed using Central Composite Design (CCD). The microstructure and Vickers microhardness of the welded sample with the greatest TSFL is achieved, with hardness values of 147.8, 149.9, and 151.5 obtained in the Heat Affected Zone Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone, and Stir Zone, respectively. A second-order linear regression equation must be created to establish a relationship between the process parameters. ANOVA was utilized to determine the most significant parameter and the sufficiency of the link, both of which were determined statistically. Dwell time (T) had the greatest effect on TSFL of any process component tested, with an F-value of 17.79 at the highest significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the feasibility of improving the mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance of electroless coatings on low carbon steel specimens. In this research, it has been utilized to produce (Ni-P/ Nano Al2O3), (Ni-P/ Nano TiO2), and (Ni-P/ Nano SiO2) coating. Taguchi's (L27) orthogonal array has been utilized to optimize the corrosion rate, roughness and microhardness of nanocomposite coatings over low carbon steel specimen by electroless deposition method. Experimental models connecting the response and technique parameters to the findings of these experiments had been developed. The specimen's microhardness and corrosion resistance were greatly enhanced. The optimum parameters level predicted in (S/N) optimization for minimize values of surface roughness, corrosion rate and for maximize value of microhardness are (A1B2C2), (A1B2C1) and (A1B1C2) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quenching is a rapid cooling process to obtain specific desirable material properties after soaking of a metal at a high temperature, above the recrystallization phase. The quench medium's choice depends on the hardenability of the metal alloy, the thickness of the component, the geometry of the component, and the hardness needed for the application. As a quench medium, nanofluid has been studied using several different fluids as the base. Furthermore, a surfactant is added to stabilize the suspended particle in the nanofluid. In this research, a laboratory-grade TiO2 powder was used as a nanoparticle with three different types of surfactants. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements were carried out to determine the particle morphology and purity. Observation by FESEM and EDX confirmed that the particle size was around 20nm and free from metal impurities. TiO2 nanoparticle content in nanofluid quench mediums used for this research was 0.5% of the nanofluid's total volume. The amount surfactant added on each medium was 1% - 5% for each type of surfactant, i.e., Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), and Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG). These mediums were used to quench JIS S45C or AISI 1045 carbon steel samples, which annealed at 1000°C for 1 hour. The maximum hardness was reached at a 2% surfactant. The addition of 2% SDBS increased the hardness up to 59.6 HRC, while 2% of CTAB and PEG increased up to 58.9 HRC and 58.6 HRC, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are compounds that can be obtained naturally in many plants. Interestingly, cyanidin and glycosides, which are one of the main groups of natural anthocyanins, have aromatic rings so that anthocyanins tend to bond to metal surfaces through heteroatomic interactions or π-π interactions. These properties lead to potential applications of anthocyanins as corrosion inhibitors. The inhibition efficiency of organic compounds is closely related to their adsorption properties. It is known that adsorption mainly depends on the presence of heteroatoms and π electrons which causes greater adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. Melastoma malabathricum L. plant has been identified to contain delphinidin hexoside, cyanidin delphinidin dihexoside, cyanidin hexoside, and cyanidin dihexoside. This shows that Melastoma malabathricum L. is rich in anthocyanins. Because of that, it is expected that this plant has a high potential to be used as an organic inhibitor. In this paper, several extraction methods for natural dyes have been reviewed including Melastoma Malabathricum L. seeds. In general, the higher the inhibitor concentration, the higher the effect of the corrosion inhibition on low carbon steel in an acidic environment up to a critical concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]