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This research presented the design steps and calculation for each unit of the water treatment plant (WTP), due to its crucial role domestically and drinking purpose. It also illustrated and designed the procedures of the water processing units by estimating water demand and designing the unit process. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the water demand for a certain community and to present design steps and calculations for the required units of a WTP. The design of the WTP units was theoretically going to be applied to Lake Salam to be distributed as a drinking water in University of Indonesia Depok Campus. The quality and quantity of the Lake Salam water at various times were statistically analyzed and presented. The units of the treatment processes involved intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, adsorption, filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping. The calculations and detailed drawings of the units were displayed, the average discharge and population used for the WTP design were calculated respectively. Besides, the calculation required some of the parameters to be estimated as field data, which were taken into assumptions. The design and amount of total investment of each unit of the WTP were tabulated. The research aimed to devise and evaluate the total investment required by designing and calculating the investment amount. During the calculation process, several parameters were estimated based on assumed field data. A number of factors such as the age of WTP, maintenance, economic analysis, design investment, and water demand had a great impact on the removal efficiency of the WTP units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to find out how Phaselous vulgaris L. and Hibiscus rosa can clean up dye effluent. Research Tools and Procedures: In this experiment, the coagulation process is used to remediate coloured wastewater. Two groups of 30 samples were employed for the wastewater assessment, with 80 percent of the samples analysed using a G-power valve. The purpose of this research was to determine if Hibiscus rosa and Phaselous vulgaris L might be used as coagulants to cleanse dye wastewater of organic compounds and turbidity. When comparing the efficacy of Hibiscus rosa (59 percent) and Phaselous vulgaris L (65 percent) coagulants in treating dye wastewater, the results show that the former is superior. There was a meaningful difference between the two groups, as indicated by the paired sample t-test (p<0.001(p<0.05)). Results showed that Phaselous vulgaris L was more effective than Hibiscus rosa in removing turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of turbidity removal from wastewater, the objective of this study is to take Artocarpus heterophyllus and Hibiscus rosa and compare the findings that were achieved from their respective applications. The Components and Procedures: For the purpose of this investigation, dye wastewater is treated with the coagulation process. A total of thirty samples were displayed, with fifteen samples belonging to each of the groups. In order to do the computation for the paired t-test, 80 percent G-power is utilised. As part of the coagulation process, the jar apparatus test is utilised in this investigation. The elimination of turbidity from wastewater is accomplished by the utilisation of two coagulants: Hibiscus rosa, which serves as a control, and Artocarpus heterophyllus, which serves as an experimental group. According to the findings, when two coagulants were compared, Artocarpus heterophyllus demonstrated the highest removal rate of sixty percent, while Hibiscus rosa had a removal rate of sixty-nine percent. With a p-value of less than 0.001 (p-value of less than 0.05), the paired sample t-test indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. By comparing two different coagulants, the experiment demonstrated that Artocarpus heterophyllus was superior to Hibiscus rosa in terms of its ability to remove turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study is to remove turbidity from wastewater by using novel Carica papaya and Hibiscus rosa coagulants. Materials and Methods: Carica papaya and Hibiscus rosa coagulants were used to treat dye wastewater using a coagulation process. The two groups, control (Hibiscus rosa) and experimental (Carica papaya) have 15 samples for each group respectively, and a total of 30 samples. The paired t-test is performed by utilizing G-power of 80%. Turbidity removal is used as a quality index in this study. Results: Carica papaya showed the maximum removal of 67% compared to Hibiscus rosa (59%) coagulant in wastewater treatment. The paired sample t-test on two groups showed that there was a statistically significant difference with p value as 0.001 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From this study, the maximum turbidity removal was achieved by using Carica papaya compared with Hibiscus rosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, with the help of regression analysis, the dependence of coagulant dose on turbidity, color and oxidizability was studied, and parametric criteria of statistics reflecting the significance of the studied indicators, as well as their influence on the reagent dose were evaluated. Correlation analysis (Cheddock scale) describes the relationship between the studied variables as marked and high. Since turbidity, color and oxidizability are characterised by significant seasonal variations, regression analysis was performed separately for each month to smooth out seasonal factors. It was found that turbidity, color and oxidizability can contribute significantly to the values of coagulant dose, and the significance of these parameters varies depending on the conditions (different months, different seasons of the year). Thus, for the studied object when determining the coagulant dose it is necessary to take into account the data on turbidity, color and oxidizability. Modelling of reagent doses at other objects implies additional calculations, because changes in the indicators, depending on conditions, are different, and are subject to the influence of different factors, and therefore, their significance as input variables may also differ for different objects of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have rising demand globally as REEs are widely used in production of gadgets and high-technology products. It was reported that REEs are found all over Malaysia. Separation of REEs is a challenging process, especially REEs with similar chemical and physical properties. The objective of this research is to determine the best formulation and condition for fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) via vapor induced phase separation (VIPS) for separation of lanthanum (La) from synthetic solution containing La. For the experimental work, flat sheet membrane support was prepared by using VIPS with three different factors which are exposure time (10s – 70s), water coagulation bath temperature (30°C – 60°C) and thickness which was controlled by gap size of semi-automatic casting machine (150 µm – 400 µm). The characterization of the membrane was done by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to check the functional group of the membrane, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to check the morphology of the membrane and contact angle machine to check the hydrophobicity of the membrane. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to determine the concentration of La3+ ion. The membrane with the highest La separation efficiency was the membrane fabricated with 40s exposure time, 45°C coagulation bath temperature and 150 µm gap size. From the FESEM result, smaller pore size on bottom surface favored the La separation. The average contact angle reading of the membranes was 81.24° which was hydrophilic. From the result, it was proven that FSSLM is feasible to control the separation of La. The separation process is environmental-friendly and cost-efficient. The future research should focus on other parameters such as membrane porosity, flow rate of feed and stripping solution, formulation of feed and stripping solution, type of liquid membrane and type of organic solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for physical effects that contribute to the compaction of the cloud of aerosol particles is an urgent task. An analysis of nonlinear physical phenomena that occur during the formation of an acoustic field made it possible to establish that vortex acoustic flows turn out to be a significant factor in resonant oscillations of the gas gap, which, due to inertia forces, can cause local compaction of the aerosol cloud. A model similar to the discrete phase approach is proposed, which is capable of calculating the motion of an aerosol cloud. The possibility of a local increase in concentration by more than 2 times when exposed to a resonant air gap has been proven. It has been established that the maximum concentration of the aerosol cloud is achieved in areas with the maximum sound pressure level, which additionally contributes to an increase in the efficiency of coagulation. However, the maximum achievable degree of increase in concentration in the range of sound pressure levels from 150 to 155 dB decreases with increasing level. At the same time, with an increase in the level of sound pressure, the time to reach the maximum increase in concentration is reduced and, as is known, the efficiency of coagulation increases. This indicates the need to find the optimal sound pressure level for coagulation in the air gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies for numerical simulation of physical processes are of great importance in natural sciences and technologies. A critical role for solving environmental problems that have become more acute in the course of intensive development of technologies is played by the process of cleaning industrial exhaust gases from dispersed suspensions. One of the most effective methods of gas purification is ultrasonic coagulation with nonlinear physical effects (vortex acoustic flows are the most intense effects of the 2nd order). The previously proposed model of ultrasonic coagulation, taking into account vortex acoustic flows, does not consider potential forces. They can arise in a real physical process due to various factors - gravitational attraction, the Archimedes force, as well as the force arising from momentum transfer phenomena, can have both potential and vortex components. It follows from the Navier-Stokes equations with an equivalent body force that the vortex component is able to cause an annular motion of the medium even under zero Dirichlet boundary conditions for the velocity or stream function (depending on the form of the equations), and the potential component is only capable of creating a pressure gradient. The presence of a pressure gradient can cause additional movement of particles, since each particle has a finite size. The authors proposed a model that made it possible to take into account the effect of potential forces on the transition of particles from vortex to vortex and, consequently, on the efficiency of coagulation. The results obtained indicate that the presence of potential forces satisfying the condition of the negative integral of the potential energy Laplacian contributes to additional compaction of particles and, consequently, to an additional increase in the efficiency of coagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the development of a new method of dual-frequency ultrasonic influence on a gas-dispersed flow using an ultrasonic tubular emitter. In this case, the emitter oscillates on two neighboring vibration modes, one of which generates diametrical vibrations of the entire radiator with an average sound pressure level of more than 180 dB, and the neighboring second mode generates flexural-diametric vibrations with an average sound pressure level of more than 160 dB. Diametral oscillations form an ultrasonic standing wave with predominantly cylindrical nodal zones into which particles are transferred. A change in the operating mode of oscillations leads to the formation of a standing wave, with additional transverse nodal regions into which particles are moved. Along with this, vortex flows are formed, which also increase the efficiency of interaction between particles. A periodic change in the oscillation mode leads to a change in the shape of the nodal regions, which in turn leads to the possibility of controlling the position of particles inside the radiator and the formation of zones of increased concentration, in which a significant increase in the efficiency of particle coagulation occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the use of an ultrasonic disk emitter capable of generating secondary acoustic effects that allow particles to move within the nodal regions of a standing wave and between them, thereby increasing the time of exposure to each particle to increase the efficiency of coagulation. Such exposure significantly increases the probability of collision of particles smaller than 2.5 µm, and, consequently, increases the coagulation efficiency to 96-98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galvanic coagulation is a modern and promising method of wastewater treatment. The expediency of its use is explained by the high efficiency and economy of the treatment process. The development of a mathematical model describing this process is the most important stage of deep research. The mathematical apparatus will allow not only to accurately calculate the required technological parameters of the treatment equipment, but will increase the level of practical applicability of galvanic coagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) produced in Malaysia increased from year to year due to urbanisation. As a result, landfills received a large amount of MSW beyond their capacity, which led landfills to produce leachate that contains various substances. This study used the aerated chemical coagulation (ACC) technique as a leachate treatment to cope with leachate management. This method removes Ammoniacal Nitrogen and colour from stabilised leachate under the influence of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) dosage, leachate pH and aeration rate. Sample of leachate has been analysed to get the characteristics of leachate. This study determined the influence of aeration rate, PAC dosage, and pH on ACC. Based on the result, the optimum value for ACC under the influence of PAC dosage, pH and aeration rate was 400 mg/L, pH 5 and 1.0 L/min, respectively. ACC has shown the best removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen and colour with 53% and 71%, respectively. In conclusion, ACC has the potential to treat old leachate based on the removal parameters, which were Ammoniacal Nitrogen and colour removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonation of carbon-rich high explosives produces significant amounts of carbon soot. This soot consists of nanometer-size carbon particles (e.g., nanodiamonds), often aggregated into large fractal structures. The formation of carbon soot in detonation is typically referred to as carbon condensation or carbon clustering. Modeling the kinetics of carbon condensation has traditionally been done within the paradigm of the Smoluchowski coagulation with two standard approximations: (i) low volume fraction of soot-forming carbon in detonation products, and (ii) infinitely fast coalescence of carbon particles upon collision. In this paper, we consider the implications of lifting these two approximations on modeling of the kinetics of carbon condensation. The results of this work compare favorably to recent experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the action of the ultrasonic field on an aqueous medium with organic polymers, it is possible to influence the intensification of the processes of discoloration and coagulation of fine suspension with subsequent filtration. It is emphasized that the physical methods of water purification include fields - pulsed, magnetic, high-frequency, X-ray, ultraviolet. It is shown that the ultrasonic field has the following effects in an aqueous medium: dispersion and emulsification, coagulation, degassing, crystallization and dissolution, oxidation, reduction, polymerization. The literature sources are given, in which the beginning of the study of various chemical effects arising in the ultrasonic field is noted. Materials have been collected showing the results of experiments with ultrasonic frequencies. In an aqueous environment with the participation of ultrasound, reactions are possible: - synthesis and decomposition of organic and inorganic compounds; - reduction reactions and oxidation reactions; - with macromolecules and ultrasonic vibrations, depolymerization or polymerization processes are accelerated: - crystallization; - degassing. These reactions occur and are initiated by the phenomenon of cavitation. Cavitation is an increase in the diameter of a spherical cavity of a vapor-air mixture in a certain pressure range. Pulsating cavities with ultrasonic frequency are destroyed in the positive phase. The theories of the existence of ultrasonic cavitation by Napiras and Nolting, Frenkel, Lopyrev are given. According to Frenkel, at the moment of the formation of a spherical cavity, an electrical voltage is created inside it. Lopyrev's theory assumes the influence of ultrasound on water from the standpoint of the theory of the "liquid state". This model explains the high dipole moment of water. The influence of the ultrasonic field on the water causes the appearance of associations of molecules. In this case, the effect of the orientation of the molecules is detected. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the ultrasonic field in the cavitation mode - for the intensification of water treatment processes, which is within the scientific problem of using physical fields in technological production cycles. The purpose is shown and the task of the work is stated. Information is provided on the scheme of the laboratory device and the procedure for determining the quality of water with ultrasound exposure. The facts of the conducted experimental studies confirming the presence of a cavitation regime in the aquatic environment are presented. The results of experimental work on the "Jet" installation together with an ultrasonic reactor in cavitation mode are obtained and described. In the final part, the conclusions are presented and a conclusion is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River water pollution is one of the remarkable global issues that cause water crisis worldwide. Coagulation-flocculation treatment is extensively applicable for treating river water. Nonetheless, many developing countries still paying high cost for importing chemical-based coagulant as water treatment agent which is non-environmentally friendly and possess potential hazard to human health. Thus, in this research, banana pith was selected as natural coagulant as alternative material for existing chemical coagulant in river water treatment. Optimum dosage and pH of banana pith in river water treatment was examined through a series of Jar Test experiment. A comparative study on river water treatment from two different sampling sites using banana pith was evaluated in term of the percentage of turbidity and COD removal. The results indicated that the banana pith was able to effectively remove 73.53% and 92.72% of COD and turbidity respectively for Station 2 (Esplanade Pengkalan Asam) at optimum pH of 4 with desired dosage of 6 mg/L. On the contrary, banana pith eliminated 56.03% of COD and 82.80% of turbidity for river water from Station 1(Bukit Lagi) at optimum pH of 4 and dosage of 10 mg/L. Obviously, banana pith can perform well in removing turbidity and COD river water (Station 2) as compared to Station 1 for both parameters. Overall, the finding indicated that the banana pith has a potential and promising alternative natural coagulant in future for replacing commercial coagulant used in river water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg powder is one form of egg preservation that goes through a drying process. However, during drying, the Maillard reaction occurs due to the heating process. The Maillard reaction causes the egg powder product to be darker in color and not easily soluble. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast can make egg powder easily soluble, durable and it does not reduce the quality of egg powder. However, the time during the fermentation process needs to be considered in order to make egg powder more efficient. The aim of this study was to examine and identify the functional properties of egg powder on the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different fermentation times. The studies were conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. Parameters measured were pH value before and after drying, coagulation time, emulsion capacity, dissolving time, and solubility. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different fermentation times significantly (P<0.05) on pH before drying and very significant (P<0.01) on pH after drying. However, it did not significantly affect coagulation time, emulsion capacity, dissolving time. and solubility. The processing of egg powder can maintain the functional characteristics if the egg is fermented for 1 hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of fermentation technology to chicken eggs is carried out as an effort to diversify products. However, there have not been many studies on the effect of using bread's yeast and "tape" yeast with different fermentation times on the functional properties of eggs. This study aims to examine the types of yeast and fermentation times on the functional properties of chicken eggs. The studies used a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial pattern. Factor A was the types of yeast i.e.: Bread's yeast and "Tape" yeast. Factor B was the fermentation times (hours) i.e.: 1,2 and 3, respectively. The parameters measured were foaming capacity, foaming stability, and coagulation times. The results showed that the uses of different types of yeast and fermentation times did not significantly affect the foaming capacity and foaming stability of fermented chicken eggs. Similarly, there was no interaction between the two treatments. However, the use of different types of yeast and fermentation times have a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the coagulation time of fermented chicken eggs. There is an interaction between the two treatments on the coagulation time of fermented chicken egg. The uses of bread's yeast in the chicken egg fermentation process are significantly different, its coagulates faster than using "tape" yeast. The use of a long fermentation time significantly accelerates the coagulation time. The use of bread's yeast for 3 hours in the fermentation process of the chicken egg can accelerate the coagulation time but it does not change the capacity and stability of the foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg powder is a type of egg preservation by drying method. However, the high-fat content in eggs results in the drying process. The egg powder becomes shiny, oily, and slightly rancid, so it is necessary to add a binder in the form of protein isolate powder to reduce the physical condition of the egg powder. This study aimed to determine the functional characteristics of egg powder with the addition of different levels of soy isolate powder. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Parameters measured were foaming power, foam stability, emulsion power, solubility, dissolving time, and coagulation time. The use of different levels of soy protein isolate powder had a very significant effect (P#x003C;0.01) on foaming power and significantly (P#x003C;0.05) on emulsion power, dissolving time, and coagulation time but had no significant effect on foam stability and solubility. Adding a 1#x0025; level of soybean protein isolate powder in the manufacture of egg powder can maintain foaming power, emulsion power, dissolving time, and coagulation time but does not change the characteristics of foam stability and solubility in egg powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water from Tello River can be used as a raw water to meet the clean water, addressed the needs of Makassar people. The characteristics of river water are very fluctuate depending on the season especially for its turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). TSS in water can be reduced through the coagulation process. The aim of this study was to determine the pH and the coagulant concentration of papaya seeds which was a best way in reducing the TSS concentration of sample. Variation in pH was carried out at pH of 1 to 12 by adding 1.0 M HCl or 1.0 M NaOH (with coagulant concentration of 100% from the initial TSS concentration from the sample). After obtaining the optimum initial pH of the coagulation process, the optimization of coagulant concentration was continued. The coagulant concentration variation was carried out at a concentration of 50 to 400% of the initial TSS concentration from the sample at the optimum pH. The coagulation processes used in this study were rapid mixing at 200 rpm for 4 minutes, slow mixing at 50 rpm for 25 minutes, and sedimentation for 60 minutes. The results of this study found that the pH and the coagulant concentration optimal at 3 and 150% of the initial TSS concentration from the sample with percent TSS removal of 99.13%. The results of this study prove that papaya seeds were the best natural coagulants because it could reduce TSS concentrations in the sample approaching 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the quality of groundwater in Kelurahan Antapani Tengah is unconsumable and potentially polluted. Its visual properties were changed and toxic and harmful for humans and the environment. The most problem caused potentially contains Fe (Fe(II), Fe(III)) and Mn (Mn(II)) ions. Removal of these metals with selected coagulation-flocculation (PAC: PAM) and filtration methods need to be evaluated in groundwater samples. The purpose of this research was to analyze the content of Fe and Mn from groundwater samples in the Centre of Antapani Bandung City using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and evaluate the reduction of Fe and Mn content by coagulation-flocculation, filtration and their combination methods. The reduction by using the filtration method for Fe is 93.91% and Mn 96.96%. By coagulation-flocculation reduced Fe 98.04% and Mn 95.26%. By combining methods of coagulation-flocculation and filtration reduced Fe 99.10% and Mn 97.72% with optimum dosage PAC and PAM are 50 mg/L and 5 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a natural material that possesses great potentials as an alternative coagulant. In this research, chitosan was used for peat water treatment. As the efficiency of chitosan is also determined by the solvent used, this research investigated the effect of different solvents, i.e., acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) towards the efficiency of chitosan as a coagulant to treat peat water. The parameters being studied comprised turbidity, TDS, and total iron concentration in the sample before and after coagulation using chitosan. Optimum dose and pH for chitosan in each solvent were determined using a standard jar test apparatus. The results showed that both chitosan dissolved in acetic acid (chitosan- CH3COOH) and hydrochloric acid (chitosan-HCl) had given an optimum result at 10 mg/L dosages the decrease in turbidity reached up to 95.38% for chitosan-CH3COOH and 92.39% for chitosan-HCl. A dosage above this optimum value leads to deflocculation, lowering the coagulation efficiency. Both of the chitosan coagulants gave optimum results at pH6. However, chitosan-HCl seemed to work in a wider pH range than chitosan- CH3COOH. Both solvents used increased TDS than the initial values due to the solvent being ionic compounds themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently use of resources for the purpose of water treatment thus provides a potentially viable way to reduce, on the one hand, the incremental approach and effects on the environment associated with the previous use of synthetic products, and, on the other hand, to provide as many of us as feasible with access to drink. As a result, developing countries would face major economic challenges. Ferric chloride, Alum, and ferrous sulphate were used as coagulants in the conventional method of coagulation flocculation to effectively remove turbid. However, one study discovered that long-term alum consumption has resulted in a number of health issues. As a result, the focus of this research is on lowering the alum dose by the use of natural coagulant materials. Natural coagulants are plant-based coagulants that will be put to use in the coagulation process of Sewage treatment to reduce turbid. The experiment's purpose was to collect samples of Seeds of jackfruit, Powdered peanuts, and an activator found in dairy and household waste water. The results of the experiments show that the turbidity and chlorides have been effectively reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste containing dyes is difficult to process. Effective and efficient waste treatment technology is needed to treat dye waste. This study conveys the results of processing dye waste using a combined method of oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and coagulation using alum. The research parameter analysed was Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. This study was influenced by several factors, namely the concentration of H2O2, stirring time, volume of H2O2 and variations in the addition of alum mass. The results showed that the reduction in COD with hydrogen peroxide concentration of 10%, stirring time for 40 minutes, volume of hydrogen peroxide as much as 1 mL, and alum dose of 2.5 g with an efficiency of decreasing COD concentration of 90.14%. The conclusion is that the combination of the two methods can be used as a pre-treatment method and further treatment is needed to produce COD levels that are in accordance with the waste quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of the Pasig River water using ultrafiltration is a promising solution that may help address issues on public water quality and availability around Metro Manila, Philippines. To improve the treatment performance, ultrafiltration can be applied with coagulation and adsorption. In this study, the effectiveness of ultrafiltration in treating the Pasig River water with dual coagulation and adsorption was investigated by determining the percent removal of TDS, turbidity, Escherichia coli (E. coli), nitrate, pH, copper, chromium, lead, total hardness, true color, and odor. The jar test results show that a dual coagulant mixture of 30% organic polyDADMAC solution and 70% inorganic Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH) solution, and 10 mL/L was optimal. A 98.01% turbidity removal was achieved under these conditions, and it was able to remove E.coli. Ultrafiltration using the hollow-fiber membrane has an optimum transmembrane pressure of 19 psig; this stage has effectively treated the river water with percent removals of 74.67%, 17.60%, 28.94%, 36.13%, and 50.00% for turbidity, TDS, nitrates, hardness, and true color, respectively. Coagulation and chemical cleaning before operation also substantially increased its ability to filter quicker. Further, adsorption using Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) was proven to be a good post-treatment, reducing the water quality parameters at removals of 19.98%, 11.37%, and 34.07% removal for TDS, nitrates, and hardness, accordingly; the odor also was removed after the GAC adsorption. This study also found that the Pasig River water contains very low concentrations of copper, chromium, and lead, all maintained throughout the water treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electro-coagulation describing strategy has been utilized to evacuate malachite green - a dye utilized in aquaculture as antimicrobial agents. There was an effect of six operating parameters like initial concentration of dye, pH, current density, electrode spacing, and amount of electrolyte on the effectiveness of color removal that has been inspected by using aluminum electrodes. It was found that the optimum measurement dosage for the malachite green aqueous solution at initial concentration 50 mg/l of dye concentration, the best current density is 87.5 A/m2, the optimum pH is 8.0, the optimum NaCl concentration as an electrolyte is 0.7 g/l, the optimum spacing between Aluminum electrodes is 1cm where can be observed that decreasing in dye removal when increasing in spacing at 70 min. Thus, through the results gotten, treating the Malachite Green dye in this strategy is considered efficient and great treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the decolourization of Reactive Red 195 dye (RR 195) from its aqueous solution has been investigated using electrochemical treatment method in a batch electrochemical cell using iron electrode. This method is a simple, cost effective and reliable technique. The main advantage of this process is need not add any coagulant to the aqueous dye, also there will not be further increase of salinity after treatment. The effects of operating parameters, such as concentration of electrolyte, solution pH, stirring speed, current density and dye concentration was investigated and the maximum Color removal of 95℅ was reached under the optimized conditions of natural pH of 7, Current density 20 mA/cm2, Electrolyte concentration 0.075 mg, stirring speed 200 rpm, dye concentration 200 ppm and treatment time of 90 min. UV-Visible spectra to confirm the absorbance of treated and untreated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastewater treatment process using synthetic coagulant is not environmentally friendly and unable to provide zero waste so it will cause river water pollution. Natural ingredients from grains can be used as environmentally friendly biocoagulants to reduce the number of pollutant parameters. The purpose of this study was to test the biocoagulation power of tamarind and winged bean powder particles in reducing the number of chemical laboratory wastewater parameters. Tamarind and winged bean powder with a size of 100 mesh were used as biocoagulants, tested for particle characteristics with BET/BJH and SEM EDX, and chemically characterized for water, ash, and protein contents. Chemical laboratory waste treatment was conducted by coagulation using a 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 120 mg/L, and 160 mg/L solutions of tamarind seed and winged bean powder—with fast stirring of 150 rpm for 15 minutes and slow stirring of 50 rpm for 15 minutes. The filtrate quality was analyzed on TSS, COD, BOD, Pb, Cu, and Fe parameters using the SNI standardized method. The results showed that 100 mesh tamarind seed powder, based on the SEM-EDX test, had a particle size of 10 m or 10000 nm, and based on the BET-BJH test, had a surface area of 5.036 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.008 cc/g, and an average pore size of 15.284 Å. Meanwhile, winged bean powder has a surface area of 13.046 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.023 cc/g, and an average pore size of 17.033 Å. Tamarind and winged bean powder can act as biocoagulants to reduce the number of chemical laboratory wastewater pollutant parameters. Winged bean and tamarind seeds have good biocoagulation power at concentrations of 80 mg/L and 120 mg/L and reduce chemical laboratory waste pollutants with effectiveness varying between 61.26% to 96.90% on the parameters of TSS, COD, BOD, Pb, Cu, and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation plays a very crucial role in the treatment of potable water, especially in consumption of drinking water for human kind. Aluminium sulfate is the most common chemical coagulant. Aloe vera is widely acknowledged as a plant with numerous uses. It is useful in medicine, but utilization of Aloe Vera using in various water and waste water treatments can be used as a low cost adsorbent instead of high cost adsorbent. In this study, some natural coagulants have been explained for the coagulation process. Water is an important resource for the survival of life. This study focused on developing an efficient and cost-effective processing technique by using Aloe Vera gel to produce natural coagulant for use in raw water treatment. The turbidity removal efficiency of alum and aloe vera powder are 89.65% at coagulant dose 40mg/l and 77.68% at coagulant dose 150mg/l respectively. The results showed that the alum is more effective than aloe vera but some drawbacks have been seen in using alum, as it induces Alzheimer's disease because of its carcinogenic properties. So aloe vera powder is reduced the Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium ferrate remains a multi-functional green substance aimed at refinery wastewater action by substantial combined effectiveness in oxidization, disinfection, and coagulation, creating environment approachable Ferric end-products throughout the reactions. This scheme is required toward the kinetics of the potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) oxidation of organic content in oily wastewater and to investigate the effects of Potassium ferrate concentration, pH, and temperature on the reaction. The reaction remained active at squat temperature, higher pH, and larger concentration of ferrate in a basic condition. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were useful aimed at modeling and optimizing the decontamination process. The conventionality of untried and predicted data (R2 = 0.9165, Radj2 = 0.8498) were verified using Variance Analysis. potassium ferrate by CCD/RSM allowable to reduce COD by 88.5, through using 80 ppm potassium ferrate, 4 min oxidation time, 200 rpm oxidation, 50 rpm coagulation, at pH=9.5 within 30 min coagulation time.Efficient removal of organic by potassium ferrate preoxidation is believed to be a consequence of several process mechanisms. The coagulation was also improved by increasing particle concentration in water, because of the formation of the intermediate forms of precipitant iron species during preoxidation. In addition, it was also observed that ferrate preoxidation caused algae agglomerate formation before the addition of coagulant, the subsequent application of alum resulted in further coagulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has been one of the human life's most significant commodities. Due to the increasing price of toxic coagulants and the method of water treatment, rural people live in serious poverty use untreated water to drink. The best solution for the problems described above is to use a plant-based coagulant instead of a chemical coagulant. Coagulants made from plants are used Mung beans, peanut seeds, and coconut tree cactus, for example, have many advantages, including low procurement costs and the creation of biodegradable sludge. After months of research and development, we have developed strategies for waste water management. Our project introduces a new approach to waste water treatment using plant-based coagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we compared utilization of FeCl3 extracted leucaena protein and FeCl3 to treat synthetic Congo red wastewater. The extraction was done at leucaena seeds kernel to 0.5 M FeCl3 solution ratio 1:20 with various initial extraction pH (2 to 9). It was observed that pH 2 gave the highest protein concentration of 1.7 mg eq BSA/mL, compared to other pH. The extract obtained at this condition was further used in the coagulation study. At various initial coagulation pH (2 to 10), the highest Congo red removal was observed at initial coagulation pH 6. This result indicated that FeCl3 was the active coagulating agent despite of the presence of leucaena extract, with charge neutralization coagulation mechanism. Variation of coagulant dosage was done from 4 to 44 mL/L. At dosage 4 to 12 mL/L, low color removal was observed due to insufficient coagulant to neutralize Congo red molecules. Over addition of coagulant also lowered the coagulation efficient, and increased the sludge volume due to colloid re-stabilization phenomenon. The best Congo red removal was observed at coagulant dosage 20mL/L FeCl3 – leucaena extract combination with color removal of 95% with 9 mL/L sludge volume, slightly higher compared to FeCl3 only. Based on this result, it could be concluded that FeCl3 could act effectively as coagulant without the presence of leucaena extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semipermeable membrane made of Polyethersulfone (PES) has been optimized. This research was conducted to have the optimum composition of coagulation bath in fabricating high water permeability membrane. PES with a molecular weight of 45000 Da was used as the basic material together with Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and N- Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the additive and the solvent, respectively. Coagulation bath was done in gelatinization media composed of pure water by varying concentration of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) to 0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.%. Diffusion test showed that the addition of NMP at a concentration of 7 wt.% has increased the water permeability and diffusion coefficient of NaCl molecule by 78.6%. To conclude, adding NMP into coagulation bath improve water permeability and surface membrane hidrophilicity of PES membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the study is powder of nanodiamond of detonation synthesis. The carbon powder containing the diamond phase and obtained as a result of detonation synthesis is a hierarchical system. At the upper level of this system are porous nanostructured agglomerates of micron sizes with a large specific surface area, consisting of diamond and graphite monocrystallites and surface impurities. For successful use in technological applications, the size and structure of agglomerates are of great importance. Therefore, it is important to be able to control these parameters. The paper proposes two possible ways to control the size of agglomerates. Firstly, the process of particle coagulation during expansion of detonation products of explosives during diamond synthesis is theoretically considered. An equation for estimating the maximum diameter of the obtained particles has been proposed and analyzed. Second, a method of fragmentation of agglomerates in suspension by ultrasound is known. An equation is given for estimating the minimum diameter of particles fragmented with ultrasound. An experiment was conducted on the fragmentation of agglomerates with ultrasound in a water suspension with a number of samples obtained under different synthesis conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most significant and at the same time poorly studied stage for the formation of soot is the nucleation stage, when the young soot particles are formed from the molecules of the gas phase. The most likely mechanism for the particles nucleation is the nucleation through the formation of a strong chemical bond. In our study, the formation of the vinylidene bridge bond between naphthalene and acenaphthalene molecules was considered. Geometries of the reactants, products, transition states, and reaction intermediates have been optimized at the DFT B3LYP level of theory. Further, the B3LYP optimized geometries were utilized to refine single-point energies using the combined ab initio G3(MP2,CC) method. Temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants for the reactions considered were evaluated within the framework of RRKM theory in combination with the Master Equation approach (RRKM–ME). The formation of the zig-zag - free-edge product is much more profitable than the zig-zag - zig-zag product, however, due to the low rates and much faster reverse reactions, the formation of both products is unlikely. Thus, the formation of the vinylidene bridge, according to the proposed mechanism and subsequent coagulation, is very unlikely in comparison with the nucleation of medium-size PAHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of oxygen-containing erbium compounds in an aqueous medium were obtained via condensation method from aqueous solutions of erbium nitrate and erbium chloride. It is shown that nanodispersions are stable for a long time both to sedimentation and to coagulation in definite ranges of pH that mainly provided by the action of the electrostatic factor. Erbium-containing nanoparticles can find their application as dopants in the preparation of active fibers in lasers used in medicine, as well as in cosmetology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive dyes are widely used to dye cotton materials due to their improved fastness and fixation properties. A synthetic aqueous dye solution was prepared using C.I Reactive Blue 25 (RB-25). An electro chemical coagulation study was conducted using the aqueous dye solution with different electrodes like zinc (Zn), graphite and copper (Cu). The experimental investigations were maintained under constant applied voltage, electrode distance and reaction time being 9 volts, 7cm and 5 hrs respectively. A maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) removal efficiency of 72.60% and 26.5% was observed with Cu electrode due to the electro- coagulation and oxidation mechanism. The Graphite and Zn electrodes showed a lower COD and TDS removal such as 69.25% and 5.3%, 15.40% and 8.1% respectively. The higher removal efficiency using Cu electrode was found due to the affinity between the anionic dye RB-25 and Cu anode, which is confirmed with the EdaX graphs. The trace levels of Rhodium (Rh) and Bromine (Br) in RB-25 dye were completely removed due to the electro-oxidation of Cu electrode. The weight removal percentage after the electro-coagulation processes as resulted in EdaX was 21.35% and 19.16% respectively. The lower efficiency of Zn and graphite electrode was due to their lesser affinity towards the aqueous dye solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation behaviour of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was investigated to treat leachate from Alor Pongsu landfill in regard to reduction in suspended solids (RSS), colour (Rc) and chemical oxygen demand (RCOD) and heavy metals. The studied factors were including pH (4, 7 and 10), TiCl4 dosage (800 mg/L, 1000 mg/L and 1200 mg/L) and chitosan dosage (0 mg/L, 250 mg/L and 500 mg/L). The results indicated that the highest RSS was 92.02 % at the pH 4, 1200 mg/L of TiCl4 and without chitosan addition. Furthermore, highest RC was 82.80% at experimental condition of 1200 mg/L TiCl4 and 500 mg/L chitosan with pH 4, while highest RCOD of 71.92 % was achieved at the same condition but pH 10. The produced sludge was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). The results of this study indicated that TiCl4 is a promising coagulant for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catfish (Clarias batrachus) is one of high protein sources that is necessary for people. But there's an issue in fish meat processing because of the possibility of reducing nutritional value of catfish meat due to the processing. Due to this issue, it is expected to find an alternative method without reducing the nutritional value. A method that can be used is coagulation. The coagulation method is a clumping food method that has been separated then could be intact with the addition of a material such as enzyme. Transglutaminase Enzyme can be selected as coagulant agent with the ability to maintain the quality of catfish meat. The aim of this study is to know the effect of Transglutaminase addition as coagulant agent in catfish meat coagulation processing. Based on the study, the proximate values of the catfish meat after coagulation are: Water Content 70.98%; Fat Content 7.75%; Protein Content 16.03%; Crude Fiber Content 0.56%; and Carbohydrate Content 1.61%. It showed that Transglutaminase enzyme can be used as coagulant agent in coagulation process because it doesn't affect the nutritional value of catfish meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the aim is to improve the cheese texture made from fresh cow's milk, but using different coagulating enzyme to replace rennet enzyme, by using combination of papain and transglutaminase enzyme. The colloid of milk contains two major proteins, casein and whey protein. The important source of protein to make cheese in the milk is the casein component, which the form of casein micelle can be coagulated by adjusting the pH of milk. But, this coagulation process is mainly generated by the surface interaction between micelles which are caused to the surface charge of micelles near to isoelectric charge. So, the formation of cheese product by pH controlling is considered to have no good texture. Based on the enzymatic reaction of casein protein molecule, the coagulation process of milk to cheese can be proceeded by coagulation agent of specific enzyme. The performance of papain enzyme can be used to coagulate casein micelle in the appropriate condition and the Transglutaminase enzyme is used to increase the yield and improving the texture, due to the its ability by the cross-linking reaction between protein molecules. To confirm the improving cheese texture, the research is conducted by making process mode consists of three variations of transglutaminase enzyme addition, and then the yield and texture is observed. The experimental variables that will be studied are the composition of transglutaminase enzyme added (0.5, 1, 2 UE/gram milk protein). From the experiment, the yield obtained is 23%, with pH 6.3, and zeta potential value of 0.97. Microstructure of cheese is observed with Scanning Electron Microscope on 500x, 1000x, and 2000x magnification, which shows that the addition of transglutaminase causes more compact and bigger coagulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the development of Silver Jewelry Industry in Indonesia tends to decrease year by year. Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2011 silver jewelry export in Indonesia decreased by 11.67% from 287 tons to 254 tons. One of reasons that cause this decrease is the unpreparedness of producers to meet the growing market demand. For these problems, new innovations are needed in the development of metal jewelry products, one of which is creative coloring in the electroplating process. Electroplating is the process of coating metals using direct current through electrolysis methods. In general, the result layer of electroplating will evenly be distributed throughout the surface of the workpiece. With the new electroplating process, it is expected to result layer which is not uniform, or certain motif on the surface of the workpiece. This study will discuss the parameters used, mixer systems, electrolytic coagulation method and the effects of change in the electrolyte thickness. Making motives with electroplating can be done by forming electrolyte liquid into a gel that fits the mirror of the desired shape, then it is plated with the parameters of voltage of 2 volt and duration of 6 seconds without going through the dyeing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husk ash which mostly made up of silica is valuable material for use in industrial applications including production of sodium silicate. Different methods to extract SiO2 from rice husk ash was conducted and the best method was used to prepare poly ferric silicate sulfate coagulant. The prepared coagulant was characterized by using FTIR and SEM. In the coagulation-flocculation process, poly ferric silicate sulfate prepared shows better coagulation performance compared to commercialized polyacrylamide in terms of turbidity removal at three levels of turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present examination investigates the pertinence of response surface method related to the Box-Behnken Design to statistically streamline the electro coagulation system to ejection of Dicofol pesticide from misuse water. The effect of three parameters: electrolysis time (20-180 min), pH (3-11), voltage (3-19 volts), was considered. The quadratic backslide show displayed a respectable relationship amongst foreseen and trial values (R²=0.98). ANOVA studies (p-regard) attested adequacy of backslide illustrate. Likewise, a low value (0.18) of coefficient of assortment showed a more elevated amount of precision and relentless nature of examinations. Response surfaces showed a colossal impact of electrolysis time, voltage and pH on the removal of Dicofol from liquid course of action. The perfect conditions obtained were electrolysis time (124 min), Voltage (15 volts) and pH (5.2) to fulfill departure of Dicofol. The proposed plot associations may ended up being a profitable mechanical assembly in arranging the business plant for the electro coagulation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low cost carbon fiber from lignin is a promising biobased feedstock since lignin is by product in many industries. In the present work spinning of concentrated solution of lignin blended with polyacrylonitrile copolymer have been investigated. The wet spinning experiments of PAN/Lignin blend solution to obtain the precursor fiber in continuous form have been successfully demonstrated. Rheological measurements are carried out to optimize the wet spinning process parameters such as to ascertain the dissolution and extrusion temperature. The gel formation temperature of PAN/Lignin blend solutions are determined by the plot of tan δ Vs temperature plot. The FTIR analysis confirms that there is no discernible chemical reaction or crosslinking between PAN and lignin. The resulting precursor fiber from PAN/Lignin blend solution displayed a tensile strength and modulus of 2.36 gpd and 76 gpd respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer hollow fibre membranes are becoming more and more used for gas separation. In this work, asymmetric hollow fibre membranes were prepared by a phase inversion technique with three commonly used commercial polymers: polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide (Ultem® 1000), and polyimides (Matrimid® 5218). The effect of spinning parameters (composition of the dope and bore solution, bore flow rate, air gap distance, temperature of the spinneret and coagulation bath, as well as take-up speed) on the membrane morphology and gas permeation properties was investigated. The membrane separation performances were characterized in terms of gas transport properties (perméance/selectivity) for different gases (H2, CO2, O2, N2, CH4) to relate this information with their morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, dense flat membranes from the same materials were prepared by solvent casting to investigate the relationships between the gas separation performance and membrane configuration (hollow fibers vs. compact flat membrane). Finally, a comparison between the apparent skin layer thickness from O2 permeability/permeance and SEM image gave good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill leachate is considered as a highly polluted liquid that is produced from infiltration of water through municipal solid waste. This study investigated the effectiveness of composite coagulant used in removing total suspended solid (TSS) of leachate through coagulation-flocculation process and characterized the sludge produced by determining its sludge volume index (SVI), sludge settling rate (SSR), and morphology of sludge using SEM. The composite coagulant used was PACTF that combined chemical (polyaluminium chloride) and natural coagulant (tapioca flour). With ratio TF/PAC of 0.38 and dosage of PACTFb of 168.9 mg/L Al, the TSS percentage removal was 97.4%. While, the SVI and SSR of sludge were 461.5 ml/g and 1.73 cm/min, respectively. The size of sludge particle for PACTFb was in the range of 20 μm to 50 μm. Addition of TF into PAC as composite coagulant improved the sludge formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical precipitation method utilizing calcium salts has been extensively used to treat fluoride-containing wastewater from semiconductors industries. Aim of this paper it to investigate the coagulation behavior of calcium salts (CaCl2), aluminium salts (PACl) and polymer by using dynamic light scattering technique that is applied as an alternative methodology to pre-determine the optimum pH and dosage range. The stability and behavior of the wastewater sample and coagulants were studied in terms of zeta potential and z-average hydrodynamic diameter profiles as a function of pH (pH 2 to 12). It is observed that optimum pH range and dosage range for fluoride-containing wastewater, CaCl2, and PACl were at pH 9, pH 5 with 3 mg/L CaCl2, and pH 7 with 1 mg/L PACl, respectively. This condition is followed by the addition of polymer which act as a flocculant at three different pH regimes; pH below than pHPZC (pHPZC), pH at pHPZC (pH=pHPZC) and pH above pHPZC (pH> pHPZC). Experimental results indicated that addition of polymer at pH=pHPZC (CaF2/PACl at pH 5) and dosage of 2 mg/L promotes the biggest size of z-average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles which is 4500±0.9 d.nm with zeta potential value of 0.2±0.1 mV. Therefore from this study proved that pH adjustment played an important roles during coagulation and flocculation process especially in aggregation or disaggregation of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound cavitation (US), coagulation treatment (natural coagulant chitosan and synthetic coagulant ferric chloride (FeCl3)) and activated carbon as adsorbent were applied for treatment of raw palm oil mill effluent (POME). The findings showed that for US alone, increasing pH >11 COD removal increased due to more hydroxyl radical (OH·) present in alkali solution phase. The COD, colour and TSS removal at pH 11 were 26.3%, 52.7% and 58.2%, respectively after 60 min. Application of coagulants (Chitosan and FeCl3) required acidic medium for coagulation (i.e. between pH 4.5 and 5) to be effective. A dosage of 100 mg/L chitosan at pH 4.5 removed 15.4% COD, 85.8% colour and 97% TSS from POME. A dosage of 450 mg/L FeCl3 at pH 5 removed 38.54% COD, 88.6% colour and 91.5% TSS. It was observed that FeCl3 removed COD better than chitosan. Adsorption studies indicated that 800 mg/L of activated carbon removed 64.3% COD, 99.16% colour and 99.5% TSS. The dosage needed for adsorption was much higher compared to chitosan and FeCl3 coagulants required. However, activated carbon could be recycled and reused. The hybrid treatment of ultrasound cavitation and coagulation (US-FeCl3) removed 56.3% COD, 92.4% colour and 96% TSS. The US-Chitosan removed 35.1% COD, 86.8% colour and TSS 89.2%. The eventual hybrid treatment of ultrasound cavitation, FeCl3 coagulation and activated carbon adsorption in series removed BOD5 89.7%, COD 88.1%, colour 99.9% and TSS 99.5% cumulatively. The final effluent concentration of the treated POME was in the accepted range set by Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. The study showed that a combination of ultrasound cavitation, adsorption and coagulation (Chitosan and FeCl3) treatments were effective for removal of BOD5, COD, colour and TSS in POME wastewater. In addition, the efficiency of the treatment will further improve when these treatment technologies are combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research studied the effects of solubility, disperse features (Z-average diameter dav, and charge (ζ-potential) of the particles of non ferrous-metal slightly soluble compounds of different natures exemplified by hydrates, carbonates, phosphates and sulfides of cuprum(II) and nickel(II) related to efficiency of their extraction from aqueous solutions through electroflotation. The research showed that minimum solubility of the dispersed-phase’ particles of cuprum(II) and nickel (II) cannot be used to predict their electroflotation behavior. The empirical tests proved that the dispersive capacity and charge of particles are the key factors influencing the kinetics of electroflotation, which, in turn, depend on the nature of a precipitator ion. The research showed that the efficiency of electroflotation treatment of aqueous solutions from cuprum (II) compounds in the presence of ОН- и CO3² ions serving as precipitators reaches 96% expressed as metal ions in 10 minutes after the beginning of treatment. Identical efficiency of the electroflotation process for cuprum (II) hydrates and carbonates may be determined by significant coincidence of their dispersive features (dav = 50 – 55 µm) and charges (ζ = -13 – -16 mV). The level of extraction of slightly soluble copper compounds in the solution with phosphate ions does not exceed 77%. This may be caused by complexities related to extraction of significant amounts of a finely dispersed phase (dav = 37 µm) with the negative charge(-44 mV). Extra low efficiency of electroflotation extraction of cupric sulfide particles (α ≤ 5%) from aqueous solutions is likely related with high negative charge of particles (-51 mV), which may prevent their coagulation (dav < 1µm). The data obtained for slightly soluble Ni compounds differ a bit. The research showed that the particle charges of slightly soluble nickel compounds with ОН-, CO32-, PO43- and S2- ion -1, -7, -25 and -41 mV respectively. Notwithstanding significant differences of Zav of the particles (dav = 34 – 50 µm), these compounds are characterized by the sufficiently high level of extraction. In 10 minutes after the beginning of the electroflotation process, α reaches 76 – 80 %. At the same time, the extraction dynamics of the dispersed phase’ particles in the presence of carbonate ions decreases significantly (the level of extraction does not exceed 25 %). This is likely determined by the lower particle size (dav= 27 μm), as well as their high negative charge ( ζ = -33 mV).The obtained data are important for understanding how the nature of precipitator ions effects the physical and chemical properties of the dispersed phase of slightly soluble metal compounds and efficiency of the electroflotation process in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Source water for water treatment plants can contain various mechanical and biological impurities and are usually removed in sedimentation process. This process highly depend on phase composition and morphology of solid phase which is present in suspension. Due to the fact that morphology of non-grain suspension determines hydrodynamic properties, such as porosity, permeability and even density, it is crucial to identify the primary constituents of that kind of aggregates. The main aim of research presented in this paper is a study of how coagulation process affects the fractal dimension of bentonite floc structure. Experimental results were obtained by investigation of physical and chemical properties of bentonite suspension. During this study fractal dimension of investigated bentonite suspension was obtained. Additionally several measurements such as particle size distributions, chemical and phase analysis were conducted. The results of these measurements were used to calculate fractal dimension of bentonite floc structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry, one of the fastest growing industries in Turkey, is one of the most polluting sectors of the environment. Although it is possible to treat the wastewater of the textile industry by conventional methods, the applied methods are not successful in color removal. In this study, three different treatment technologies (coagulation-flocculation, Fenton and H2O2/UV) were studied for color and COD removal in wastewater taken from a textile industrial wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater characteristics were as follows pH: 7.8, conductivity: 934 µS/cm, TSS: 50 mg/L, COD: 200 mg/L, color: 226.1 m -1. Optimum operating conditions for these processes have been determined and evaluated in terms color removal. In the coagulation-flocculation process, FeCl3 was used as the coagulant and the optimum pH was found to be 5 and the optimum Fe3+ dose was found to be 85 mg/L. Color and COD removal rates were 95% and 92% under this conditions. The COD and color removal efficiencies obtained using the Fenton process are 92% and 70%, respectively. The color removal efficiencies in H2O2/UV process with 900 mg/L H2O2 doses resulted in 98% color and 69% COD removal after 135 minutes. The removal rates increased with time and H2O2 doses in H2O2/UVC process. Color and COD values were obtained as 11.3 m-1 and 16 mg/L, 18.1 m-1 and 60 mg/L, 4.5 m-1 and 62 mg/L by coagulation-floculation, Fenton and H2O2/UV methods respectively. Compared to the methods used, coagulation-flocculation can be said to be effective, operable and easy to apply for the removal of color and COD from this textile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]