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Could the Working Paper Lead to a Unified Legal Regime? To Resolve Legal Challenges with Respect to Aerospace Objects: By analyzing the UNCOPUOS "Questionnaire on possible legal issues with regard to aerospace objects", this paper addresses different member States' responses and ultimately it argues that the questionnaire is one of the ways to harmonize States' views and establish a unified legal regime for aerospace objects. Specifically, this paper evaluates Questions 1, 7, and 8, which refer to the definition of aerospace objects, and considers precedents, international customary law, and national and/ or international legal norms with respect to the passage of aerospace objects during take-off and/ or reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. The analysis shows that even though there is no consensus among member States about the applicable law to aerospace objects at present, they are still aware of the issues, and that the questionnaire in the working papers can be a basis for formulating international customary law or can help create future legal regimes for aerospace objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) applications, systems and services are subject to law. We argue that for the IoT to develop lawfully, there must be technical mechanisms that allow the enforcement of specified policy, such that systems align with legal realities. The audit of policy enforcement must assist the apportionment of liability, demonstrate compliance with regulation, and indicate whether policy correctly captures le- gal responsibilities. As both systems and obligations evolve dynamically, this cycle must be continuously maintained. This poses a huge challenge given the global scale of the IoT vision. The IoT entails dynamically creating new ser- vices through managed and flexible data exchange. Data management is complex in this dynamic environment, given the need to both control and share information, often across federated domains of administration. We see middleware playing a key role in managing the IoT. Our vision is for a middleware-enforced, unified policy model that applies end-to-end, throughout the IoT. This is because policy cannot be bound to things, applications, or administrative domains, since functionality is the result of composition, with dynamically formed chains of data flows. We have investigated the use of Information Flow Control (IFC) to manage and audit data flows in cloud computing; a domain where trust can be well-founded, regulations are more mature and associated responsibilities clearer. We feel that IFC has great potential in the broader IoT context. However, the sheer scale and the dynamic, federated nature of the IoT pose a number of significant research challenges., Engineering and Applied Sciences

This section presents abstracts of papers related to business policy and strategy, including "Competition, Learning, or Legitimacy: Understanding the Adoption of Websites by Consumer Magazines," about corporate earnings restatements; "A Road to Directorship: How Corporate Executives Secure Positions on Other Firm's Boards," about the role of outside directors; and "A Selection that Cannot Stand the Test: Succession Context and New CEO Dismissal," about executive succession.

This section presents abstracts of several papers on conflict management. Some of the papers include "Knowing Your Place: Self-Perceptions of Status in Social Groups," which focuses on the impact of social categorization and disagreement on individuals' affective and cognitive reactions in decision-making settings; "The Impact of Social Similarity on Affective and Cognitive Reactions to Opinion Conflict," about how workers interact and resolve conflicts in businesses; and "Are Prime Movers More Powerful? Evidence from Experiments on Competitive Choice and Interaction," which examines the effect of outside options on trust and trustworthiness.

Previous work has been undertaken (Green, Neumann, Grey 2018) to consider the development of the Newspace Sector and its impact on space activities in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This previous work noted that although propertisation of space and celestial bodies is prohibited pursuant to the Outer Space Treaty 1967 (UN), orbits within space still remain rivalrous and commercially lucrative. For example, by operating in a LEO environment, a constellation of satellites would prevent other competitors from also operating and providing services within that same orbital plane or orbital shell. A regulatory scheme may be advantageous in mitigating anti-competitive conduct between private enterprises by allowing new entrants to market to gain access to commercially lucrative orbital planes, while ensuring access for government continues for national security and emergency response activities. This paper will consider these issues and explore what a regulatory or licensing scheme would look like for private enterprises operating in LEO and how UNOOSA and the ITU may act as arbiters. This paper will also offer solutions to facilitate a regulatory; or, licensing scheme that prevents anti-competitive conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section focuses on several studies presented at a conference on international management. The article, "The Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies on National Patters of Corruption and Software Piracy," focuses on the impact of trade liberalization policies on national patterns of corruption and software piracy. "Repetition of Foreign Market Entry Forms: Managerial and Organizational Drivers," studies the repetition of forms of entry in a foreign market by taking into account not only organizational factors but also the managerial risk determinants of such repetitions. "Foreign Expansion Under Uncertainty: A Strategic Real Options Perspective," investigates the expansion of 30 of the largest global manufacturing companies in 6 industries in China over the last 20 years.

As cloud usage continues to increase, new issues with respect to managing and securing resources in the cloud are becoming more apparent. While some people may believe that security and privacy in the cloud can be addressed without the consumer considering the physical location and internal structure of the cloud, we show that this is clearly not the case. Furthermore, we describe a mechanism by which cloud consumers can inform cloud providers of their requirements in a manner that still allows the cloud to remain dynamic and flexible. Specifically, this paper explores the analogy between human migration in the real world and virtual machine migration in an IaaS cloud environment. It addresses issues such as jurisdictional control, zone evolution, migration, and instantiation based on an examination of these analogous real-world scenarios and their applicability to the cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This section presents conference paper abstracts on management arts. The purpose of a performance on vulnerability is to open a new perceptual and reflective path for members of the audience to experience their own vulnerability. The performance lasts about five minutes, with the performer standing on a stage alone reciting a short narrative. A short poem examines stereotypes often held by blue-collar workers regarding knowledge workers. These beliefs reflect a growing sense of separation within democratic societies between the poor and the rich. A quilt serves three purposes. First, it is a piece of art which may be enjoyed on a purely aesthetic level. Second, it is an example of a personal research process. Third, it acts as an investigation of a well-known company, such as Southwest Airlines. Jewelry as an art form has been part of human culture since man first walked the planet. Evidence of human ornaments occurs from the beginning of the Paleolithic period. Although precious stones were virtually unknown in the Neolithic period, materials included animal bone, shells, clay, stones, bronze, gold and silver. The ideological and symbolic function of jewelry in prehistoric times appears to have been more complex than it is at present.

Technological revolution has continued to permeate all aspects of society. Its roles and impacts cannot therefore be overemphasized. Nevertheless, the roles of technology in law practice and law education in Nigeria have not received considerate research attention. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by examining law practice and education in the context of the roles technology plays. The doctrinal research method was adopted. The paper found that Section 1 of the Act established the Council of Legal Education and vests it with the responsibility for the legal education of persons seeking to become members of the legal profession. The role of technology in law practice includes documentation of client's instructions, case management, file management, personnel data management and the documentation of accounts of the law firm, research, filing of court processes and virtual court sittings. Similarly, technology plays important roles in law education including research and teaching aids. However, the integration of technology faces several challenges such as inadequate regulatory framework, inadequate infrastructure, lack of funds and technological illiteracy. The paper concluded that addressing the challenges will be critical to enhancing and expanding the roles of technology in law practice and education and that without a strategic long term approach, the roles of technology in law practice and education in Nigeria will remain very insignificant and slow to sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rights and Obligations in International Consultation for Establishing Safety Zones in Outer Space: There is no doubt that the concept of safety zones in outer space embraces the safety of activities in space but discourages any notion of space hegemony. This idea has already found application in providing clear space or separation for safety in aviation, safe distance at launch pads, and safety bubbles for conjunction assessment around spacecraft. Another analogy is the no-fly zone or Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), sometimes established unilaterally. The differences among the analogies lie in their operational nature. An object-centric safety zone, such as separation or a bubble, can be seen as an extension of the current operation of spacecraft where established practices exist. The other is an area-centric zone, no-fly zone, or ADIZ, a novel concept applied in outer space; it requires deep scrutiny. This paper discusses the legality of the two types of safety zones under the UN Space Treaties, inter aria, regarding the rights and obligations specified in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty (OST). Establishing a safety zone can be interpreted as a declaration of hazardous activities by the establishing State. In theory, the state establishing the safety zone acts as the area controller of the ADIZ and deny entry to the zone. This may be unacceptable under OST Article 2. Even in an area-centric safety zone, the innocent passage of another state's vehicle through a zone should be granted. In other words, a safety zone needs to be an area without a general coercive authority. Consequently, Article IX is the only requirement imposed on a State to establish a safety zone. This Article imposes the obligation of consultation of the state conducting space activities potentially harmfully interfering with another state's activities. The Article also acknowledges the right of the affected state to request a consultation with the conducting state. Through a conceptual analysis of the legality of acts of those players, this paper describes the burden of risks of the state establishing the safety zone and the state passing through them. The final goal of this paper is to identify legally desirable conditions for establishing and operating safety zones in outer space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apple of Discord or The Fruit of Salvation? A Dialogue on the Practical and Legal Aspects of Safety Zones on the Lunar South Pole: Call it like you want but humanity will soon witness an incredible flurry of activities on the Moon. From governmental plans like the ARTEMIS Program or the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) to several commercial missions laying the foundations for the development of a lunar economy, more and more actors are targeting our celestial neighbour for future human and robotic exploration. Buzz Aldrin once defined the Moon as a "magnificent desolation". While this was certainly the case until now, we can be relatively sure that the next individuals to walk on the lunar surface will witness a rather different scenario. Differently from the past, these new missions will not be finished with planting a flag as they seek to establish an unprecedented network of lunar assets and infrastructures. Due to the physics of the lunar environment, the level of interdependence among actors operating on its surface will grow exponentially with the progressive increase of their number. Most likely, none of them will have the luxury of operating in the "magnificent desolation" witnessed by the Apollo 11 astronauts. In fact, it is becoming more and more apparent that lunar actors will face an unprecedented risk of potentially harmful interference. Even nominal operations such as landing and taking off hold a disruptive potential that might seriously damage or disable assets located in a wide range within the lunar surface. In recognition of this issue, the international community has recently started to debate the concrete usefulness and potential legality of area-based measures to prevent and manage the risk of potentially harmful interference among lunar operations, commonly referred to as "safety zones". This paper discusses the practical and legal aspects of safety zones through a dynamic dialogue between an aerospace engineer and a space lawyer. Moving from the current situation for lunar activities, the paper discusses the risks of potentially harmful interference that might be faced by a lunar habitat operator, and consequently assesses the concrete usefulness of safety zones in neutralising them. Building upon these operational considerations, the paper considers fundamental legal aspects of safety zones including their boundary conditions, procedural aspects and substantive legal effects. Merging practical and legal considerations, the paper draws some preliminary conclusions on the potential of safety zones as a policy tool to meet the safety needs of lunar operators in accordance with international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several reasons for my interest in recent works of the European Commission as well as national authorities on a legal framework of antitrust damages actions. Over the years, there has been a systematic shift in how the European Commission addresses private antitrust enforcement. However, different views remain across Europe on the benefits and dangers of this American-style development. This article describes how Poland moves to "ease" private antitrust enforcement. The other question to be investigated in this paper concerns the conditions to be met by Poland to enable to open the doors to private antitrust enforcement. Will we be forced to rethink the balance between public enforcement by competition authority and private sanctions enforced by common courts? Will we have to develop effective group proceedings? The requirements for effective private antitrust enforcement do not differ greatly from those for most EU Member States, thus I hope the article to be interesting also for international audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Registration Aspects of Mega-Constellations' Satellites Under International Law: Operation of mega-constellations has become very popular in the private space industry recently. Big space companies like SpaceX or OneWeb have already started launching their satellites of mega-constellations for providing high-speed internet all over the world. For instance, satellite internet constellation 'Starlink' includes over 1,700 satellites; OneWeb has more than 400 satellites. Such space faring nations as China (Tianxian) and Russia (Sphere) also have plans of deployment megaconstellations. Mega-constellations have many advantages: comprehensive or local coverage of the Earth's territory, multiple satellites simultaneously launch and the high technical performance of the whole constellation. This new applied space activity is very beneficial economically but from the legal point of view there could be some questions, one of them deals with registration process. Some of the registration aspects will be discussed in this paper from the point of international space law and telecommunication law view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multi-Level System of Space Mining: Regulatory Aspects and Enforcement Options Few contests that space resource activities hold the potential to revolutionize the space sector. Whether this revolution will be for good or for worse also depends on how these activities will be regulated. Under the right framework, space resource activities can certainly deliver on their promise of a new era of prosperous and sustainable space exploration. But with the wrong rules (or lack thereof), they can destabilize the space community to an unprecedented scale that might seriously compromise the peaceful and cooperative uses of outer space. This paper provides a highlight of the key findings developed by the author after four years of specialized research on the governance of space mining. First, the paper presents fundamental boundary conditions and open questions posed by the applicability of the OST to space mining. Second, the paper discusses the enforceability of existing national and international norms related to space mining. Finally, the paper proposes two correctives that can help stabilize the system and ensure the safe, sustainable, rational and peaceful conduct of space mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How Do We Legislate For Space Sustainability Without International Cooperation?: After around 60 years of space exploration sustainability has come to the forefront of international efforts. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals outline the global aims to reduce, reuse and recycle in order to mitigate some of the effects of human activity on the environment both on Earth and beyond. Since the very beginning of the space era planetary protection mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that earthly bacteria and biological material don't reach the virgin landscapes of other celestial bodies. More recently, private companies have launched a range of projects tackling the rising issue of space debris and governments adopted new space strategies and plans to decrease the human impact on pollution in Earth's orbit. Whilst space sustainability is an undeniable priority for humanity due to the strategic importance of space infrastructure, how does one ensure the implementation of much needed measures if international cooperation is staggering? For the past 30 years the space industry has benefited from ongoing cooperation on all levels leading to a exponential increase in New Space ventures relying on multigovernmental infrastructure or legal framework to flourish. Whilst sovereign states are free to enact their own legislation tackling sustainability issues, arguably none of them would be truly meaningful if the mechanisms don't have the support of the global community. This paper aims to answer the question of legislation in the case of discontinued international cooperation through historical parallels with the legislative process during the Cold War era, taking into account the recent developments of space sustainability and analysis of the current situation in the industry through the eyes of the law maker. Drawing experience from other industries and taking into account the fact that humanity has already accumulated a high number of debris orbiting the planet, the paper will recommend potential measures and regimes to alleviate the burden on technology makers and address the ongoing problems with space sustainability. Finally, the paper will reflect on the practicality of any legislation enacted internationally in the context of the current political situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making NewSpace for Sustainability: The NewSpace revolution in general, and the vast use of small satellites in particular, is truly outstanding. The author alone supported the launch of over 600 small satellites during her career. It seems that with the democratization of outer space, and increase in its accessibility, this revolution is now complete, but are the current exciting events sustainable? Matters such as space debris, space traffic management and the contamination of outer space are not dealt with in the UN space treaties, and the newer UN Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, lack a legally binding nature. In addition, pollution on Earth relating to launch activities seems like a non-issue in an era which prompts urgent regulatory action against climate change. Recent protests by astronomical scientists who warn against a process which would forever change our skies, are not heard loudly in the industry's meeting rooms. In this paper, the author will suggest regulatory solutions to deal with the challenge of creating a thriving NewSpace industry on one hand, and ensuring the sustainability of outer space, and Earth, for future generations, on the other hand. The author will base the paper on her experience working in the NewSpace industry, and her postdoctoral research, focusing on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sky full of Stars or Satellites: The Impact of Mega-Constellations on Ground-Based Astronomy Satellite mega-constellations are becoming very popular. Nevertheless, their deployment entails the potential to negatively impact the pristine view of the night sky and - by extension - to hamper ground-based astronomical observations. This paper evaluates the applicability of existing legal instruments towards achieving greater protection of space sciences vis-a-vis commercial space activities. Firstly, it examines whether the term "space activities" can be interpreted so as to include ground-based astronomy, in an effort to understand how different needs and the freedoms of exploration and use of Outer Space (OS) can be best balanced. Furthermore, the paper reviews the application of environmental law principles and discusses the obligation of States to conduct EIAs in order to minimize light pollution and protect the Dark and Quiet Skies under the "due regard" principle of Article IX OST. Finally, this paper discusses pragmatic proposals towards the preservation of the space environment and the sustainability of space activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main socio-political conceptions of the Middle Ages: Augustine, Al-Farabi, Averroes, Thomas Aquinas, William Ockham. Augustine presents his view of history through the theory of two cities: one of the accursed multitude (Babylon) and one of the righteous (Jerusalem). Al-Farabi insists on the central role of the leader who must be to society what the heart is to the body. Averroes advocates reform of the state whose policy must be to pursue the public good. Thomas Aquinas considered the state the most important construction of human reason, and he advocated the constitutional state. William Ockham advocates for preserving the role of the papacy as religious leadership only, not political leadership, where monarchy is preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing the Development and Governance of Space Capabilities: An Analysis of Australia's Space Object Regulation for the Awareness of Established and Young Space States The Australian government's reaction to the increasing demand for NewSpace launch services allows insight into how a government may effectively regulate that industry. By addressesing some advantages and the challenges under the Australian model of regulating NewSpace launch, this paper suggests governments seeking to control those activities are most effective when they demonstrate an appreciation of regulation's effect on progress generally and an awareness of the various domains and nuances associated with launch activities before forming a policy position. The analysis to this point also suggests that a slow start in proactively regulating NewSpace launch is, alone, no inhibitor to a government revising its approach and improving its regulatory frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards a Taxonomy of Safety Zones: This contribution proposes a taxonomy of restrictive properties of safety zones in outer space. Based on similar phenomena mainly in the regulation of airspace and the high sea, and with consideration of existing discourse with respect to safety zones in outer space, six main aspects of safety zones that determine its constraining effect on other space actors are identified. Consequently, this paper proposes a dynamic minimality principle when considering how to scope and size a safety zone along the axes of restrictions outlined in the taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting Right-of-Way Right in Low Earth Orbit – An (Astro)Nautical Conundrum: The massive increase in number of satellites launched is transforming Low Earth Orbit (LEO) into a much busier domain. Congestion, conjunctions and risk of collisions will be issues that the international space community will have to solve to ensure sustainable use and access to LEO in the future. Already, tensions over conjunctions and collisions risk, between both commercial actors and between nation states, underscores the urgency of agreeing basic Rules-of-the-Road norms, most notably for Right-of-Way to avoid catastrophic collisions and escalations. The current body of international law does not provide any clarity for operators when determining who has priority and who should maneuver in conjunction scenarios. In contrast, Law of the Sea offers clear and globally accepted norms for priority and Rightof- Way. This paper analyses the transferability of the basic parameters and principles used for assigning right-of-way in nautical navigation from a regulatory perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Social Media to Promote Space Law Education and Dispute Settlement: Developing Stellar Decisis, the Animated Space Law Moot Court Educational Series In this paper, Christopher Hearsey, Nathan Johnson, and Nivedita Raju explore the future of dispute settlement arising from space activities and space law education through storytelling using a multi-episode educational series called Stellar Decisis. Launched on July 20, 2021, on SCF's YouTube channel, Stellar Decisis is an animated space law moot court educational series produced by the Space Court Foundation (SCF). Our paper discusses the production and lessons learned from the development of Stellar Decisis and explores space and international law themes through the lens of future dispute settlement using a fictitious court that operates in space. Finally, we outline and announce the administration of a survey for space professionals, scholars, and practitioners relating to participants' expectations of dispute settlement mechanisms needed to address issues arising from current and future space activities and its importance for space law education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Matching Dynamics and Flexibility for the New Space Age One of the main tasks of international law is to establish the foundations for peace and stability. As Art. 2, par. 3 of the Charter of the United Nations states: "All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered". Keeping this objective in mind, one must consider the close correlation between the exponential growth of actors aiming to operate in the space market and the potential increase of possible disputes between them. Furthermore, emphasis must be placed on a consideration which is as important as it is obvious, namely that a peaceful environment is conducive to the well-being of the market and business. In this respect, the use of legislative instruments to define the parameters for a rapid and effective resolution of disputes arising from space activities, can contribute to the development of an environment which is able to coordinate the entry and permanence of all actors in the sector. Starting from this indefectible presupposition, this paper examines the peculiar position of the new private actors operating in the space market, which require rethinking of traditional dispute resolution dynamics, highlighting their specific needs, including agile paths in the attribution of competence with respect to the peculiarities of a dispute, a faster resolution of disputes and clarification and development of the applicable legal standards in the sector. This study continues with an analysis of the three means of dispute settlement that appear closer to these needs, shedding light to their pros and cons: arbitration, mediation and conciliation. On the basis of this analysis, particular attention is placed on the benefits of arbitration, also through a comparison of its use in other emerging industries that seem to have similarities with the space sector demands. This will lead to an inevitable reflection on the PCA Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes relating to Space Activities, ten years after their adoption. Starting from its key Provisions, this paper intends to point out the aspects that have caused a poor application of these rules, operating on which its effectiveness can be implemented. Our study concludes with a reflection on the adequacy of arbitration as a means of resolution of space-related disputes, with reference to the desirability of setting up ad hoc courts in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Legal Considerations When Transitioning Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) Controls to Receive In-Space Servicing: International space law is governed by four primary treaties, beginning with the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Elegant and enduring documents, they nonetheless face criticism – they largely do not anticipate commercial space missions. With the rise of new space, it is important to consider the interplay of private law and international space law, analyzing where private interactions may alter or antagonize the principles and regimes established by the international space law treaties. Academics have analyzed how international transfers of spacecraft ownership on orbit may challenge the intersection of private law and international space law. However, with the rise of in-space servicing between private companies, a more nuanced question must be asked – how will international transfers of control in space challenge the international legal regime? This paper will examine international legal considerations of in-space servicing under the Outer Space Treaty, Registration Convention, and instruments of the International Telecommunication Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the digital transformation organizational structures in society change. One of the challenges of today is to understand the fundamentals of law related to the impact of the digital transformation on society. In this paper, a research agenda is proposed with regard to the reinvention of the rule of law in the context of the digital transformation. At the heart of organizations we find the humans as values. Therefore, rethinking moral values becomes more important in the decision-making processes in the context of digitalization and implementing ethics in the architecture of democratic organisations is necessary. This paper discusses the interplay between law and ethics in the context of decision-making and digitalization. The moral value of trust which is part of the legitimation process of democratic institutions and politics is a condition of our democratic society. The social impact and interpretation shows to what extent people are controlled by systems ruled by the government and/or companies which own the online infrastructure. Therefore, there is a need for a research agenda regarding to the fundamentals of law in the 21st democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machines seem to be getting the upper hand now. They are made by humans but are becoming more and more intelligent. They seem to outsmart humans in several aspects, as evidenced by the victories that they have won over humans in the past few decades. Besides, built to provide fast calculation, machines/computers are good at speedy calculation, fast data analysis, quick pattern recognition, and rapid processing, enjoying superiority of speed and precision. Replacement of humans with automated machines has occurred in many fields. Furthermore, they even make decisions and then execute courses of action without any human involvement when they are in autonomous model. However, machines are not built with knowledge of law and ethics, not to mention their application in decision-making. How can it be ensured that machines should make lawful and ethical decisions? This obviously is a challenge. There are a few approaches that attempt to address this challenge from different perspectives, but none of them addresses some key issues such as responsibility and accountability. This paper intends to address these unique issues by proposing a novel checks-and-balances framework that requires human-machine teaming. This framework assigns different roles and responsibility to humans and machines in different environments, establishes accountability, enables dynamic human supervision and involvement based on context, and takes advantage of the difference between the front-end process and the back-end process while assigning leadership responsibility as well as tasks, thus ensuring fast speed, completeness, accuracy, reliability, and dynamics simultaneously. Both the strengths and the weaknesses of this novel approach are discussed. Topics for future research are also recommended. Ultimately, the paper answers the question of who should be the boss in the process of making lawful and ethical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a comparative study between the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) and the ASEAN Credit Transfer System (ACTS). In 2015, ASEAN member countries will form the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), a region promoting economic integration and the subsequent free flow of people, trade and culture. The AEC will have significant impacts on higher education across the ASEAN region, and this research investigates how knowledge management techniques can be utilized to respond effectively to the forthcoming ACTS. The ACTS is a tool created to enhance and facilitate credit transfer allocation between members of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) and will present particular challenges for Thailand's university administration and management. The paper presents a case study from Thailand, and leverages Common Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring (CommonKADS) to capture appropriate knowledge from Europe, where a successful Europe-wide credit transfer system already exists. The paper undertakes a comparative study between the ECTS and the proposed ACTS. The case study is based within the Faculties of Law, at Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand, and University Lumière Lyon 2, France. In Thailand, a requirement exists to prepare and provide a new framework to ensure its Credit Transfer System (CTS) procedure correlates with the needs of the ASEAN University Network CTS (AUNCTS). The AUN-CTS is a particular aspect of the AUN, which members must adhere to. This research therefore studies the importance and usefulness of the ECTS in comparison to the ACTS and more importantly, captures existing and relevant knowledge from the ECTS to raise awareness and enhance the credit transfer procedure of the CMU law faculty. Results show that utilizing knowledge to create a successful credit transfer allocation will facilitate increased student and faculty exchange, including training programs and worker mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a comparative study between the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) and the ASEAN Credit Transfer System (ACTS). In 2015, ASEAN member countries will form the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), a region promoting economic integration and the subsequent free flow of people, trade and culture. The AEC will have significant impacts on higher education across the ASEAN region, and this research investigates how knowledge management techniques can be utilized to respond effectively to the forthcoming ACTS. The ACTS is a tool created to enhance and facilitate credit transfer allocation between members of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) and will present particular challenges for Thailand's university administration and management. The paper presents a case study from Thailand, and leverages Common Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring (CommonKADS) to capture appropriate knowledge from Europe, where a successful Europe-wide credit transfer system already exists. The paper undertakes a comparative study between the ECTS and the proposed ACTS. The case study is based within the Faculties of Law, at Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand, and University Lumière Lyon 2, France. In Thailand, a requirement exists to prepare and provide a new framework to ensure its Credit Transfer System (CTS) procedure correlates with the needs of the ASEAN University Network CTS (AUNCTS). The AUN-CTS is a particular aspect of the AUN, which members must adhere to. This research therefore studies the importance and usefulness of the ECTS in comparison to the ACTS and more importantly, captures existing and relevant knowledge from the ECTS to raise awareness and enhance the credit transfer procedure of the CMU law faculty. Results show that utilizing knowledge to create a successful credit transfer allocation will facilitate increased student and faculty exchange, including training programs and worker mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My research assesses the impact of changes to legally-aided representation in magistrates' courts operating in East Kent (a designated court area) in the context of structural change driven by neoliberal forms of governance. This paper presents some findings following periods of observation at the relevant court area. Past socio-legal studies of magistrates' courts, largely conducted when most defendants were unrepresented, suggest that the technical nature of proceedings excludes defendants from effective participation in the process. My preliminary findings support the view that court processes tend to marginalise defendants despite greater levels of representation. However, there also appear to be some differences between this study and findings seen in earlier studies. I suggest that marginalisation is exacerbated by implicit references to legal provisions that a non-lawyer would struggle to identify. This paper considers the issue from three angles – sentencing, bail and case management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents several conference symposia abstracts on social issues in management, including a paper on organizational deviance and unethical behavior, a study of the applicability of the resource based view to the development of a theory of political capabilities, and an examination of the complex challenges and potential benefits associated with organizational relationships that are premised on ideological considerations.

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In March 2016, the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia amended the Law on Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, giving the possibility for North Macedonia to join a growing number of countries that allow for the cultivation and exportation of medical cannabis. As a result, for the past five years it has been legal to grow cannabis for medical purposes, and to refine, extract and produce hemp seed and cannabis oil. Given the current economic unprofitability of cannabis production, primarily due to high production costs and uncertain marketing, many companies are idle, i.e., waiting for legal changes that will make it possible for them to export dried cannabis flowers. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following hypotheses: (1) Does the inability to achieve the required quality of cannabis imply a new draft Law on Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances? (2) Which are the positive versus the negative implications regarding the legal changes? (3) Determining the security implications, given that Macedonia is a transit point on the marijuana smuggling route from Albania and Kosovo to Turkey, where it is replaced by heroin, which is later sold to the Balkans and Western Europe. (4) Can the Government establish an effective system of control? For the purposes of this paper, a desk analysis of primary and secondary literature will be conducted as well as interviews with the relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence have importance in defining typologies of biodiversity bioresources. Matters of doctrine mainly concern to philosophy of life and the complexity hypothesis practical-theoretical in the current global geopolitical order. Legislation and jurisprudence must be built on the basic of relevant conclusions of specialists in gender diversity of Earth's ecosystems bioresources. This paper will analyze the current and future opportunities for bioresources at the confluence with the legislation and jurisprudence, what can positively determine avoidance of major crisis. Among the risks to which humanity is subject, the food insecurity occupies a leading position. Currently, the biggest challenge is to feed a growing population, to insure health and collective welfare, without harming the environment and bioresources. The responsibility of the present generation is to ensure the right to food for future population, through a management efficiently, fairly and rationally of the Earth bioresources. Legal regulations that contribute to economic development and the prevention and combating poverty. The content of the paper provides students and researchers / specialists with the opportunity to be informed about the legal tools and mechanisms necessary for a good management and sustainability of the biological, land, human and material resources of the world agriculture, but also to the food security, in the actual environmental crises, global poverty, under-alimentation and over-nutrition of the world's population, etc. The importance of international cooperation is reflected in the need to adopt and promote tools and legislative measures, as well as implementing of new rules and legal norms comprehensible and easy to apply in safety and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper explores relations beetwen philosohical views of language and the problem of intersubjectivity in interpretation of legal text. The purpose of the paper is to show and analyse the consequences and difficulties with aplying philosophical ideas of language to legal interpretation with respect to intersubjectivity of that kind of interpretation. Author characterizes two general phlilosophical views of natural language - the structuralist view and the nominalist view. The structuralist view is based on two main tenets: (1) distinction beetwen the semantic language system and the language practice, and (2) believe that the language system is playing (and should be playing) some kind of normative role against the language practice (by restraining it in some kind of way). Nominalist view rejects these both preasumptions and tends to exlplain the language practice in other way, but not with recourse to the language system. If we apply these two philosophical views of language into theory of legal interpretation numbers of questions arise in respect to intersubjectivity of legal interpretation. Author argues that if we want to remove the idea of language system (as nominalists do), we need to find some alternative basis for intersubjectivity in interpretation of legal text (like for example idea of the one clear, commonly accepted, order of values). But every possible alternative implies some serious difficulties on both, theoretical and practical level. Taking this into account, applying structural view of language in theory and practice of legal interpretation seems more convincing, but it should be weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law, as a set of sources including legislation, administrative regulations, custom, and judicial decisions, is one of the causes of systemic corruption, intended as the generalised practice of various forms of abuse of entrusted power for private gain as part of the culture and the institutional system of a country. This paper assesses the validity of the outcomes of the most significant research conducted in Europe on the unintended criminogenic effects of legislation and the viability of the mechanism of legislative crime proofing developed for EU law in the particular legal context of Commonwealth countries. The first objective is to offer some original theoretical perspectives and practical solutions, and, particularly, to develop a comprehensive, principled strategy capable of suiting the most disparate legal systems. A secondary objective of this paper is to stimulate further discussion and research on the crime and corruption risks of the law, as a necessary step towards the elimination of systemic corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic banking and finance have gained popularity all over the world. However, differences of opinions and understandings could trigger potential disputes and misunderstandings, even for the area of Islamic banking and finance. Some of the disputes as settled by resorting to litigation, while others are resorted to out-of-court settlements. Drawn from an ongoing research, this paper aims to highlight the cross-country analysis of the related dispute resolution frameworks between Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. The analysis is tackled along the lines of the background and the constitutional frameworks for each country, the respective dispute resolution structures, and analysis of selected cases on Islamic finance disputes. The paper concludes by describing the similarity and difference points of the dispute resolution of Islamic finance cases between the two countries, and also by suggesting directions for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes and discusses the computational rationality of formal analysis on cryptographic protocols, which is based on the computational rationality theorem of formal encrypt on Abadi-Rowgaway. Analysis of group key distribution protocol shows that the theorem has strong analytical ability to the protocols alternative attacks. The paper presents formal methods on group key distribution protocols, and the formal definition of security in the computational method. Finally, it proves its rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When, how, and on whom the police enact violence has increasingly become a topic of public concern. Drawing on one year of ethnographic field work at police training academies, this paper identifies three ways in which identifying as a police officer and gaining membership to this occupational group requires participation in institutionalized violent practices. During their academy training, cadets: (1) participate in initiation rituals into violence; (2) practice violence and control; and (3) are subject to violence and suffering as a group. Through these experiences of enacting and enduring violence, cadets come to identify as police officers. Those who are unwilling or unable to participate in these practices are chastised, berated, alienated, and in some cases, they decide to resign. The findings from this paper expand understandings of police violence by pointing to the ways in which the identity of police officers is built and sustained by violent practices. I argue that a re-imagining of the actual identity, and the ways in which new officers gain membership to the group, is required in order change the how the police use violence in their jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to a favorable environment advocates the theory of law in the third generation of human rights that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Its creation required the need to protect the population from the threats posed by the postmodern era and the post-industrial society. This category is a generation of collective rights based on people's solidarity and the pursuit of a favorable environment. In international discussions, third-generation rights are controversial and not widely recognized. In today's world, their enforcement is quite complex. Probably for this reason, the issue remains on the verge of legal theory. We strive to review it. We primarily focused on constitutional aspects of this right. Through scientific and doctrinal explanation, we examined selected articles of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic relating to the issue of the right to a favorable environment and the protection of cultural heritage. Through scientific literature and case law, we are looking for answers to some application problems from legal practice. Last but not least, we compare the Slovak constitution with the Czech one and point out the differences. The result of the paper is the review of constitutional aspects of environmental protection in the Slovak Republic and their comparison with the Czech legislation. The contribution focuses primarily on the area of constitutional law with significant overlaps into administrative and environmental law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental political right guaranteed by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic is the freedom of expression and the right to information, without this right the existence of a genuine democratic establishment is not possible. Democracy and its basic principles, expressed in the Constitution and in the laws of every democratic state, represent a legal institution in terms of the theory of law. As it follows from Article Number 26, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, freedom of expression and the right to information are guaranteed. In this paragraph, the Constitution generally guarantees freedom of expression and the right to information, while the remaining four Paragraphs and Article Number 34, Paragraph 1 to 3 and Article Number 51, Paragraph 2 provide for a more detailed explanation of the content of these terms and the definition of the basic limits of possible restrictions belongs to Article Number 45 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, whereby the Constitution guarantees to everyone to have the right to timely information on the environment and the causes and consequences of this condition. The implementing legislation of this article is the Implementation of Freedom of Information Act is the subject of this contribution. In our opinion, this is a specific topic that legal theorists are not interested in. Using scientific methods of research, as well as the study of scientific literature and Slovak and Czech case law, we analysed selected Provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. The result of the paper is a review of the Freedom of Information Act to realize the right to information on the state of the environment and to find an answer to the research question whether it is necessary to amend or supplement the Freedom of Information Act. The paper is focused on the area of administrative law, but it goes far beyond the constitutional law of the Slovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual property rights includes a system of legal instruments which regulating the way of acquiring intellectual property and a system of protection it from unauthorized use. In the business sense, intellectual property represents intangible assets whose successful exploitation can be a valuable foundation of business.The protection of intellectual property is necessary for the economic and social development.The aim of this paper is to draw attention on the importance of intellectual property in business negotiations. Intellectual property is area which allow better starting positions which ultimately means a more favorable price for the product which is a subject of business negotiations. The term intellectual property is generally thought of as comprising four overlapping fields of law: trademarks (protecting names, logos, symbols, and other devices indicating the quality and source of products and services); copyrights (protecting original works of authorship); patents (grants by the federal government allowing their owners to exclude others from making, using, or selling the owner's invention); and trade secrets (any commercial information that, if known by a competitor, would afford the competitor an advantage in the marketplace). This is very important for the economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents the main social and political concepts of Greek Antiquity: Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus. Democritus analyzes three fundamental problems: - the role of politics: to achieve happiness for as many people as possible; - justice: the main virtue that citizens must cultivate; - form of government: democracy. Plato builds the model of an ideal society consisting of three social classes: - the philosopher (politician) – who must lead society; - the soldiers - who must defend the fortress; - citizens (producers of goods and services) - what must ensure the necessary for the functioning of the fortress. Aristotle thinks of the state as a higher court that must ensure the welfare of the citizens, and therefore politics becomes the most important practical science. Epicurus supports a view close to that of the social contract. Society is structured on the basis of a non-aggression agreement between people. This agreement (the law) legitimizes a higher structure (the State) to oversee the functioning of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal Issues of Spacecraft Maneuvering with Artificial Intelligence – Comparative Study with the Japanese Regulations for Autonomous Driving Vehicles on the Ground: What are the legal issues to realize safe operation of spacecraft with Autonomous Intelligent Systems in space? Technological innovations on autonomous systems for space operations are developing rapidly, but the legal infrastructure to solve such AI operated spacecraft incidents and/or accidents has not yet been evolved. When considering new means of resolving legal disputes in space, a comparative study with the legal regulations for automated driving of automobiles on the ground would be helpful. This research reviews the current status of legislation regarding the auto-driven cars being undertaken in Japan and other countries and examine whether it can be invoked in space. A new safety standards and evaluation methods that correspond to the operation of the autonomous driving vehicle will need to be set. This paper introduces the discussions and explore the design of the legal system that could be applied to incidents/accidents of automatically operated spacecrafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameters, Concepts and the Terminology of Outer Space Law: A Review of the Essential Facilities Served by Outer Space Activities and the Rules of Interpretation for Treaty Law and Soft Law Guidelines The 'resilience' of outer space activities is a concept frequently referred to in the context of maintaining the capabilities of space systems, whether from a protective or security perspective. The notion can apply to the requirements for ensuring the protection of space assets, as well as to maintaining their inherent robustness. All activities in outer space are subject to the imponderables of its highly fragile environment and accompanying risks. Equally, all activities in outer space serve some aspect of our common societal needs; these include a continued interest in undertaking scientific research in outer space, whilst ensuring some capabilities that have meanwhile gained a status as essential civilian services. The concept and notions of resilience now span activities and measures that range from ensuring the safety of outer space assets and their integrity. They also include securing accessibility to space. The terminology is often generic. Resilience is also a technical attribute and core description of elements required to ensure the availbility of those operations that are meanwhile an essential part of today's daily services to civil society. The concept of resilience nevertheless deserves to be analysed and the contexts in which it is used further highlighted. This paper, in the form of a virtual poster presentation, reviews the various terminology, concepts and general principles applicable in the context of rules applying to the resilience of space operations in its current setting. The review includes measures adopted to secure the operational and informational benefits provided by outer space operations, as well as those that secure non-interference or interruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Brazilian National Program of Space Activities – PNAE (2022-2031): What to expect Pursuant to art. 1, III, of Law No. 8,854/1994, and Decree No. 1,332/1994, it is incumbent upon the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) to prepare, update, execute and enforce the Brazilian National Program of Space Activities (PNAE) and the respective physical and budgetary proposals. The Agency has recently approved the PNAE 2022- 2031, through the AEB Ordinance No. 756/2021. This working paper introduces the next decade's PNAE and analyses its elements from a space law and policy perspective. It examines the evolution of the Brazilian national program and assesses how PNAE 2022-2031 is expected to orient national space activities, enabling and incentivizing investments in the space sector and in specific sets of activities in accordance with the State's obligations under international space law and focusing on meeting the needs of the national society. The research methodology is bibliographical and documental, through qualitative analysis, and the historical and analytical methods are applied herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining Air and Space or How to Start Regulating Space Navigation at the International Level?: The paper focuses on one of the most crucial issues of International Space Law nowadays – the lack of space navigation regulation. It describes the current state of orbit congestion by the growing number of satellites and proves the critical necessity to modernise the existing regime of outer space. The author suggests the development of a special legal regime for space navigation by drafting the Convention on the Safety of Space Navigation and establishing the International Convent – an intergovernmental organisation responsible to operate and control further evolvement of human extraterrestrial travelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence, Space Liability and Regulation for the Future: A Transcontinental Analysis of National Space Laws The private sector is leading the deployment of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), which is used for various applications including satellite collision avoidance and spacecraft operations management. However, these technological advancements may pose a number of challenges for traditional space law. This paper will focus the concept of liability for damage caused by space objects that incorporate AI through the lens of national space legislation, examining examples from various countries including the Netherlands, Indonesia, Australia, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. Based on this analysis, recommendations will be provided for regulating AI in the context of space activities, taking into account the European approach to AI governance and liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forging New Space Law to Support Innovation and Sustainability of Space Resources: Preview of the 2023 World Radiocommunication Conference The blistering pace of innovation in space, including the unprecedented growth of the population of Low Earth Orbiting satellites continues to advance unabated. Accompanying this new space boom are increasingly urgent calls for governance of this regime, or at least norms, guidelines, or standards to ensure safety, security, and sustainability of space for the benefit of all. Since 1959, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), has been continuously developing new treaty law provisions to address the sustainability of spectrum and orbital resources while enabling new space services. The ITU's Radio Regulations are updated every four years by the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) to accommodate new services and technologies. The ITU will convene the next WRC in 2023 in the United Arab Emirates. This paper will inform how the ITU continuously updates space law to accommodate emerging space services while preserving sustainability of shared resources in the specific context of the challenging agenda of WRC-23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland Goes to Space: The Draft Polish Space Act Poland has a long history of space activities: As a former active participant of the Intercosmos program, it is a member of both ESA and UN COPUOS. To respond to the growing demand by research and industry, a national space law has been drafted which implements Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty, as well as aims to accommodate Poland's ambitions in the field of space resources and suborbital activities. The paper analyses the recent Draft, especially in view of the authorization procedure and liability for damage caused by space objects. It compares the outcome with the most recently adopted space law in Europe – the 2020 Space Activities Law of Luxembourg – and informs about the progress in preparing domestic space legislation in the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]