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This paper states that there are two fundamental reasons for the comparative absence of computer use for parks and recreation at the present time. These are (1) lack of clear cut cost justification and (2) reluctance on the part of recreation professionals to accept their role as managers and, consequently, to utilize modern management tools. The paper attempts to describe the most effective use of the computer and telecommunication technologies for the leisure service provider. It seeks to make the part and recreation professional recognize that the ultimate effective use of the technology will be in the hands of those professionals who combine a basic understanding of their own profession with that of the technology itself. The paper contains a primer on computers for the recreation/park professional. A section on the primary applications of computer technology to recreation and parks is followed by examples of specific application to these areas. More detailed examples are appended. (Author/DDO)

This proceedings contains 80 full papers, 12 posters/demonstrations, 108 short papers, one panel, and one tutorial, all focusing on World Wide Web applications. Topics include: designing hypertext navigation tools; Web site design; distance education via the Web; instructional design; the world-wide market and censorship on the Web; customer support via the Web; VRML; tracking Web users; developing adaptive electronic textbooks on the Web; developing secure Web accessible databases; automating hypermedia course creation and maintenance; innovative resources for educational and public information; interactive justice trough the Web; 3D visualization of Web semantic content for browsing and query formation; Web authoring tools; the impact of the Web on education; multilingual font service; networked learning environments; Web conceptual space; the impact of Web publication on a child writer's development; concurrent manufacturing on the Web; browsing; virtual office hours; designing digital libraries for post-literate patrons; electronic commerce; a distance education how-to manual; media, multimedia, and language learning; managing the virtual classroom; a course in multimedia technology for non-computer science majors; full-text retrieval; collaborative learning/teaching on the Web: the web as a teaching tool; computer mediated communication; active messaging in Java; an electronic shopping agent; helping teachers use anti-virus Web sites; teaching personally sensitive material over the Internet; global distance learning and the transformation of knowledge construction; gender and the human computer user interface; school participation in the development of commercial, Web-based curriculum resources; a virtual campus on the Web; authentic activities and the Internet; a tool for creating and browsing in case libraries; providing real-time instruction on the Web; discursive networking; Web language teaching; and how to set up and maintain an image database on the Web. (DLS)

Students enrolled in postgraduate degree programs such as M.Tech. and Ph.D. are required to learn research methodology and to contribute in the body of knowledge. They spend considerable amount of time in literature survey which involves going through published articles and research papers to identify their domain of interest and issues to be addressed. While going through these publications, they underline/color one or more sentences or write their comments, observations, queries or explanation about the contents either on separate sheets of paper or on the document itself. These annotations on research articles represent important components of personal knowledge of the research scholars. It is highly desirable to have a tool which provides assistance to research scholars in management of their personal knowledge assets. In this paper, we present a web based tool which provides facilities to annotate research papers, to manage and share these annotations and to infer characteristic features of annotators and maintains a personal knowledge base of research scholar which includes research papers of their interest (both annotated and unannotated), annotations on them, relationships between annotations and network of research peers. This tool has been designed based on a survey conducted with Ph.D. scholars and teachers from different discipline of engineering to identify types of annotation markers, their purposes and usage. Our analysis of annotated research papers indicated that underline and coloring of the sentences are dominant annotation markers and they serve same purpose of indicating importance and relevance of annotated content. Comments and observations were primarily used to either as an explanation or as an opinion about the contents. We have designed a RDF schema for the above knowledge base which is stored as RDF document. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This four-section paper begins with a brief description of videotex and the paths its development has followed during its short lifespan. The second section examines how videotex systems should present and display information, and how such information should be internally organized so that it is maximally useful for the reader/user. The analysis, which draws heavily on work done during several videotex field trials in the United States, Canada, and other countries, incorporates insights from human factors studies of video display terminals, research on typography and graphic display, and work on the design of interactive systems and computer help facilities. The third section addresses some significant policy issues that affect instructional uses of videotex, including questions of equity, privacy, and secrecy. Finally, several possible future scenarios for the development of videotex as an instructional medium are discussed, and the suggestion is made that the convergence of videotex with other emerging technologies may result in novel arrangements for electronic publishing and new opportunities for improved instructional design. Fifty-six references are listed. (LMM)

There is increasing evidence that information system development and personnel development within an institution must not only be parallel in sophistication and noncontradictory in design, but also that concurrently developing programs are mutually supportive and increase the effectiveness of each far beyond the capability of either. Management information system (MIS) design, implementation, report format, and use have become much more manager-oriented. Its purpose and uses are described, and various personal attitudes and skills related to the use of MIS are identified, including: (1) capability to manage "operations" efficiently and effectively; (2) provision of a comprehensive picture of the institution; (3) development of an awareness and a sense of availability regarding details within each institutional unit; (4) stimulation of an increased sense of the relationship between institutional units; (5) stimulation and facilitation of goal-oriented management; (6) encouragement and facilitation of multiyear management; and (7) stimulation and facilitation of vertical and horizontal communication. (LBH)

This report describes a set of procedures for analyzing communication networks in large organizations. The procedures include the identification and evaluation of various kinds of networks, assessment of the organizational hierarchy, appraisal of various departments within the organization, and evaluation of individual communication behavior. The report begins by describing and illustrating the essential concepts of network analysis, thereby providing a vocabulary for talking about the process. In the second chapter several comparative techniques are described for evaluating the network, including overlaying the actual network on the organizational chart and comparing different networks. Several important network metrics, called communication structure variables, are identified, and their relationships to important aspects of organizational processes are suggested in the third chapter. Finally, information is provided to enable a reader to gain access to and utilize existing software for conducting a large-scale network analysis by computer. (Author/RB)

The paper descibes a compact and highly efficient disk file management system responsible for the management and allocation of space on moving head disk drives in a medium-scale time-sharing system. The disk file management system is a major component of the Experimental Time-Sharing System (ETSS) developed at the Learning Research and Development Center. ETSS has been successfully operating for nearly two years and is a multilanguage general-purpose time-sharing system based on Digital Equipment Coporation's PDP-15. (Author)

New technical specialties are emerging within the computer industry at a rate threatening the ability of educational institutions to train those who would understand and apply them. The industry's ability to undertake more ambitious projects and to thereby solve more complex problems is limited by an inadequate force of skilled manpower. Thus, it finds itself in the following position: (1) there exists a distressingly large number of poorly qualified people at all levels; (2) those who are now competent are becoming less so every day as technological developments continue; (3) long-term career prospects for data processing people in most user organizations are not sufficiently promising to attract the talented; (4) universities are turning out far too few computer-oriented problem-solvers; and (5) the industry is having a difficult time achieving professional maturity. The solution of these problems will require considerable effort. (Author/WCM)

For the past 15 years there has been a serious interest in the processing of natural language (English) by researchers in Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). This processing has included machine translation, question-answering systems, man-machine dialogue, and speech understanding. This interest has engendered an awareness of and a concern with the ongoing activity in contemporary linguistics. Therefore, it may be of interest to linguistis to discover what has seemed important for A.I. and how it has been adapted and used. Thus a brief history of the relation (almost always one-way) between A.I. and linguistics is presented. Some of the works in A.I. surveyed range from those of the early sixties, such as Lindsay's SAD SAM, Green et al BASEBALL, and Bobrow's STUDENT, to more recent efforts, including Wood's transition network grammars, Winograd's SHRDLU, and Schank's conceptual dependency models. In one way or another, these computer programs and others depend on the work of Chomsky, both "Syntactic Structures" and "Aspects," Halliday's systemic grammar, and some of the ideas of generative semantics as developed by G. Lakoff, McCawley, and Fillmore. (Author/KM)

The first of information science is in something of a jumble, because there is no universally accepted definition of the field, much less an agreement on what the core information is or what curriculum should be followed. Information science teachers must decide what kind of graduate they are trying to turn out in order to be competitive with business and computer science graduates. The job market for information science graduates is potentially larger than the current one composed of libraries and information marketing companies. In order to be competitive in this larger job market, information science curriculum should be strengthened so that library science graduates know information technology and how to use it on an equal basis with computer and business graduates. An attempt should be made to attract more business and science students into the field of information science. (KKC)

An on-line information system was designed and implemented in an elementary school using a time-sharing DEC-15 computer system to facilitate the management of individualized instruction. The system stores students' background information, test data, and instructional tasks. Teachers and researchers were able to retrieve desired data using either the standardized reports or the flexible QUERY program. The paper emphasizes how the data base structure contributes to retrieval speed and output format flexibility, and how the organization of the system facilitates data base updating and student data utilization for monitoring student programs. (Author/SK)

The most promising and significant utilization of computer science in school districts is said to be in the domain of curricular decision making. The potential for humanizing instruction for students and refining the content and make-up of curricular offerings is particularly emphasized. A step-by-step decision making method is advanced as follows: identifying and sequencing skills and processes; referencing skills and processes to curricular materials; constructing representative test items; referencing test items to skills and processes; and establishing decision rules. Methods for improving more effective delivery of services to students are described, along with the use of computers in curricular material organization and cost-effectiveness analysis. (SK)

When a grammar is expressed in augmented transition network (ATN) form, the problem of detecting syntactic ambuguity reduces to finding all possible paths through the ATNs. Each successfully terminating path through the ATN generates an acceptable parsing of the input string. Two ATN forms, minimal-node and pseudo-tree, are described along with the conventions for traversing each. The two forms are compared in regard to efficient use of computer time and space and in regard to appropriateness for each of the three path-finding techniques. Three techniques are discussed for finding all acceptable paths through ATNs. The techniques are "Backtracking,""Simultaneous Parallel Analysis," and "Amputate And Re-enter." Relative merits of the three techniques are discussed in terms of computer execution time, required data storage, programmer time, and amenability of the program to modification. A rudimentary ATN-based parser for English has been written in SPITBOL to test the implementation of these techniques. (Author)

Drawn from a survey of engineering departments known to be teaching microprocessor courses, this paper shows that the adoption of microprocessors by Electrical Engineering Departments has been rapid compared with their adoption of minicomputers. The types of courses that are being taught can be categorized as: surveys of microprocessors, intensive study of one microcomputer, inclusion of microprocessors in a general course, project courses, and specific applications courses. (MLH)

The 15 papers in this collection discuss various aspects of computer use in libraries and several other aspects of library service not directly related to computers. Following an introduction and a list of officers, the papers are: (1) "Criminal Justice and Related Databases" (Kate E. Adams); (2) "Software and Hard Thought: Searching with a Microcomputer" (John Montag and Michaelyn Burnette); (3) "Converting to ALIS II--Cure-All or Snake Oil?" (Anita I. Cook and Sandra S. Herzinger); (4) "Trouble Shooting or Shooting Your Trouble" (Joseph A. Starratt); (5) "The Role of Statistics in Managing Library Instruction Programs" (abstract only--Scott Stebelman); (6) "Systems Dynamics and Libraries: Proof of Concept" (John Paxton and Carol A. Singer); (7) "New Loan Policy: A Prescription for Calvin T. Ryan Library" (Sharon L. Mason); (8) "A Beginner's Guide to Compiling Journal Lists for High Usage Subject Indexes via the Microcomputer" (Gale K. Gember); (9) "Library Systems in Nebraska" (Ella Jane Bailey); (10) "The Library International Affairs Committee at the University of Nebraska at Omaha" (Carole A. Larson); (11) "The Great Plains Experience in Northeast Nebraska--An Academic Outreach" (Jack L. Middendorf); (12) "Integrated Library Systems in Context" (Carroll Varner); (13) "Scenes from the Reference Desk: A Social Interactionist Account" (Virginia Moreland); (14) "Microcomputer Selection for Academic Libraries: A Guide and Checklist of Methodologies" (Mel Bohn); and (15) "Using the Microcomputer for Library Management Functions" (Marjorie B. Wannarka). (THC)

The borrowing of words by computer sciences from the field of English implies a widespread interest in the relationship between technology and language. To confirm the genealogy of "technological literacy," it would be useful to understand better linguistic literacy. To be literate is to be able to participate in the linguistic interchanges that constitute the social life, work, art, and government of a culture. From that definition follow certain policies about the teaching of literacy. First, believing that one learns to participate in cultural dialogue by degrees, many educators argue that literacy should be taught throughout the curriculum, rather than only in introductory English courses. Second, insofar as English teachers bear a particular responsibility for literacy, many of them try to draw students into dialogue rather than drilling or lecturing them. Third, recognizing that literacy will not automatically promote individual development and critical thinking, many English teachers now pursue those goals deliberately by leading students to take responsibility for their own topics and styles. Technological literacy should be reconceived on the analogy of linguistic literacy, as participation in cultural dialogues about and through technology. The ends of literacy can best be served by teaching the languages of technology "as" languages: symbolic means of understanding and controlling reality. (MS)

Cloud computing refers to the on-demand distribution of the applications to storage facilities and computing services over a network through any browser to the users or an organization. And the companies that distribute these services are called CSPs (Cloud Service Providers). The idea of cloud computing is with us as back as the 1960s and over the decades' cloud computing has shown substantial growth especially in past few years and has revolutionized the field of computer science. Having the potential to severely cut down the cost of purchasing and maintaining IT infrastructures, it has been extremely useful for small businesses, banking, educational establishments, and healthcare institutes. This paper focuses on highlighting the benefits of various types of cloud computing along with its definition, how it has evolved and its advancement over the decades with changing needs of the world, and its application in above mentioned sectors furthermore paper will be discoursing the growth and future of the cloud computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review aimed at identifying the pedagogical approaches, aligned with Education 4.0, used to support teaching computer science courses with undergraduate and graduate students in Europe. A three-step coding process was conducted to identify and analyse 20 papers. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the selected papers revealed a three-cluster solution with common characteristics that could be used to describe those pedagogical approaches. The review also showed that the term Education 4.0 is still relatively new and has not been conceptualised in terms of computer science courses, although the characteristics of Education 4.0 are visible throughout the pedagogical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent few years, ICT Tools are popular in education to increase student's knowledge and interest. There is still lack of awareness of what kind tools are available. This paper presents a review of some applications/tools used for educational purposes and to improve student's educational growth and knowledge especially for computer engineering students. In this digital world, tools like animation, polls, quizzes, etc. are very amazing thing to include as part of subject activity. We wrote in this paper about different ICT tools along with their pros and cons to help faculties to decide the type of tool they can embed with their teaching learning methodologies according to their subject need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational community is recognizing that it has had little direct control over or knowledge of educational data collection. The objective of this paper is to present a description of presently collected financial data collected by a state education department. An entity set model is used to create a relational view of the data to facilitate development of an integrated data base. Methodology includes analysis of data collection instruments, interviews with users, and creation of relational models. The scope, structure, response burden, and adequacy of the financial data system are described. A neglected methodology is introduced to educational data description. (Author/MLF)

The first section of this course on programming introduces LISP as a programming language designed to do symbol manipulation, with consequent prevalence in auto-instructional (AI) work. A programming language specifies in its description a number of primitive operations which the computer knows how to perform. An algorithm is the set of instructions which constitutes a description of the method by which the task can be performed. This algorithm must be written in the programming language which the computer can deal with. The constructs (elements of LISP) that work in algorithms are described and an example task provided. LISP is a functional language, in that its instructions consist of directives to apply some function to some argument. Part 1 of the course concludes with a description of some of LISP's functions, and Part 2 deals with its symbol manipulation functions, specifically in manipulating LISP constructs known as lists. Part 3 gives instruction in writing inherently recursive functions non-recursively. Practice exercises follow each section of the course. (CLK)

Geosystems are computerized techniques for matching information to places. They correlate demographic and socioeconomic information with locations on the surface of the earth. Using geosystems the college administrator can: (1) improve his overall planning, (2) define college service areas, (3) assist in site selection for new programs and facilities, and (4) develop grant proposals. A geosystem contains a geographic base file and a file containing the information to be mapped. In addition, a program for merging the two files is needed. When the computer is fed the base map, the pertinent information file, and the program, the desired map is automatically produced. Computers may eventually assist in the process of student counseling, i.e., students would receive periodic mailings of suggested changes in program, vocation, occupation, or even career. Such a counseling service could be extended to nonstudents as well as students, and the college would thus become a clearinghouse for community-wide job placement, provide essential vocational training and retraining, and guide citizens through the complex lattice of job opportunities. (DB)

A study was made of the aims governments have with respect to computers and what methods they have at their disposal for achieving these aims. The Canadian experience provided an example. In general, throughout the world, governmental objectives with regard to computers come under three headings: (1) to use computers effectively in governmental operations, (2) to promote an indigenous computer industry, and (3) to direct and regulate computer growth. The methods available for promoting these objectives involve passing legislation and allocating money. In Canada, a redefinition of the powers and a desire to establish a distinctive "Canadian" approach has resulted in a conscious and intense study of information processing and related technologies. However, although it is not difficult to agree on general principles and goals, it is enormously difficult to translate these principles into programs which further national goals. In Canada, the federal government has adopted a decentralized approach of computer services, while at the provincial level, the trend is toward centralization. The general position in Canada is that computer services and software industries are to remain largely unregulated; the problem of whether to participate in a computer network remains unresolved. (WCM)

This publication includes the proceedings of the June 5-8, 1974 curriculum development workshop of the Cooperative Academic Planning (CAP) program. Emphasis is placed on curriculum change and improvement. Topics discussed include indicators for academic planning; competency-based education; research centers as a mechanism for strengthening academic programs; college reading and the content areas; innovative computer services for colleges; and the problems, prospects, and promises for black colleges offering multicultural education. Abstracts of documents by 20 of the 25 CAP participating colleges and universities are included. (MJM)

Prior to the relatively easy access to computers which began in the mid-1960's, simulation was a tool only of researchers. Even now, students are frequently excluded from direct laboratory experiences for many reasons. However, computer simulation can open up these experiences, providing a powerful teaching tool for individuals, for small and large groups, for laboratory experiments, for independent enrichment activity, or for classroom use. To be effective, classroom use requires a display of the computer output which can be viewed by the entire class through the use of video converters, cathode ray tube terminals, opaque projectors, or overhead projectors. As computers become easier for teachers to acquire and use, the potential of computer simulation can be realized. A number of computer simulations, along with their various applications, are presented. (KKC)

Students in two biostatistics courses at the Cornell Medical College and in a course in applications of computer science given in Cornell's School of Industrial Engineering were given access to an interactive package of computer programs enabling them to perform statistical analysis without the burden of hand computation. After a general discussion of the possible educational impact of the package, a brief report is given of its use in the above mentioned courses at Cornell. (Author)

Minicomputer networking can be an alternative solution to the problem of implementing various computer systems in universities. In its simplest case, networking takes the form of multiple small computers communicating over telephone lines to a larger host minicomputer which in turn communicates with the central mainframe. Using computers in this manner allows the small user to share the centralized peripherals on host minicomputers and to access the computational power of the central mainframe. (CH)

A brief case study of the resistance to technological change is presented using DOG, a small scale deterministic business game, as the example of technology. DOG, a decision mathematics game for the purpose of providing an environment for application of mathematical concepts, consists of assignments mostly utilizing matrix algebra but also some calculus, linear programing or free form modeling. It is a simulated environment originally written in BASIC, and now also available in FORTRAN IV. The problems involved in implementing DOG into the undergraduate curricula of the Georgia State University School of Business are discussed. It is concluded that it is possible to successfully introduce computer applications into large multi-section undergraduate courses, but not painlessly. If only the physical and technical aspects of the problem receive serious attention, then the likely outcome is disaster. Only careful coordination, much support, some sugar coating of the pill, and occasional genteel bullying will assure success. (Author/KKC)

Briefly described is a numerical calculus course which provides (1) experience and practice in programing and the use of the computer in problem solving, (2) intermediate and/or advanced techniques in FORTRAN IV programing, (3) elementary error analysis, (4) programing efficiency, and (5) documentation of programs. The course, designed to fulfill the needs of several departments at Texas Christian University--background for physics, chemistry, and accounting majors, as well as for students who plan to enter graduate study in mathematics--enables the student to experience, early in his training, some of the ways in which computers can be used, and to see some of the considerations which must be taken in using the computer as a problem solving tool. (Author/KKC)

Educational Facilities Laboratories is developing a computer-based technical service--The Public Schools Energy Conservation Service (PSECS). As presently envisioned, PSECS would be capable of providing each participating district with information in five areas: (1) guidelines and instruction for establishing an energy usage data base; (2) a comparison of the energy usage at each of the district's plants with guidelines established by computer simulations and a nationwide data base of similar schools; (3) a "self-help" plant operations audit; (4) a cost-benefit analysis of modifications requiring capital investments tailored to each school plant; and (5) guidelines for monitoring the results of district decisions in each area of modifications. (Author/MLF)

The New Paltz, New York, school district has used the IBM Vehicle Scheduling Program (VSP) for scheduling its bus runs. In the process the district has reduced its transportation costs by 33.9 percent over a two-year period. (IRT)

The AAMP (administrative abilities matched to problems) system is simply one or more school administrator(s) designated by the school system's computer information system as having those abilities, preferences, and characteristics required to solve a particular system problem. An AAMP is formed on the basis of information provided concerning the characteristics of the problem in relation to the stored model of the school system and the stored information about each administrator. Once an AAMP is formed, the objective is to design a solution to the problem and to relate the solution to the existing school system. During the process of designing a solution, AAMP has available an information model of the school system as well as problem-related information from a variety of sources stored in or retrievable by the computer system. (Author)

The economic crisis of the mid-1970's is a symptom of a major social transition caused by the shift of the major industrial societies to postindustrial societies. The postindustrial society is one in which the dominant labor activity is information processing rather than industrial production. This shift has great significance for the resolution of social problems of society, particularly in the economic sector. The information based society is a more efficient user of energy and resources; furthermore the information industry itself is not an intensive user of energy and resources. This shift also requires the re-examination of key areas of economic policy problems such as productivity, natural resource constraints, information, international interdependence, and social issues (such as the distribution of information technology, privacy, property rights in information, and the use of leisure time). Computer telecommunication technology will impact a variety of applications areas of concern to governments: education, funds transfer, trade, consumer information, public administration, teleconferencing, and health services. In turn the structural change will require consideration of questions in relationship to research and policy analysis, economic infrastructure, research and development, network intercommunication, and right to access. (JY/SK)

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) during the decade of the 60's was characterized by a number of limiting factors: insufficiently powerful computers and terminals, restriction to a few rigid "teaching strategies," and the splitting of resources among too many projects below critical size. During the present decade, CAI has undergone a remarkable change, due to a fair extent to two large-scale projects, PLATO and TICCIT, which differ in significant respects from earlier approaches to CAI. Some key aspects of this large-scale experiment involving PLATO and TICCIT are discussed, and some tentative conclusions, based on limited experience with actual instruction, are drawn. As an example of the use of such large systems, an automated system developed on PLATO for teaching computer science is discussed. (Author)

This is a description of the motivation and overall organization of the OWL language for knowledge representation. OWL consists of a linguistic memory system (LMS), a memory of concepts in terms of which all English phrases and all knowledge of an application domain are represented; a theory of English grammar which tells how to map English phrases into concepts; a parser to perform that mapping for individual sentences; and an interpreter to carry out procedures which are written in the same representational formalism. The system has been applied to the study of interactive dialogs, explanations of its own reasoning, and question answering. (Author/AM)

This proceedings, which includes 52 papers and abstracts of 13 invited and nine tutorial sessions, provides an overview of the current status of computer usage in education and offers substantive forecasts for academic computing. Papers are presented under the following headings: Business--Economics, Tools and Techniques for Instruction, Computers in Humanistic Studies, Computer Literacy, Science and Engineering, Structured Programming, ACM Elementary and Secondary Schools Subcommittee, Computer Science Education, Integrating Computing into K-12 Curriculum, Mathematics, Testing-Placement, Pre-College Instructional Materials, Minority Institutions--ECMI, Computer Laboratories in Education, Computer Games in Instruction, and Computing Curricula. Abstracts are provided for 13 invited sessions dealing with such topics as microcomputers in education; research in microcomputer uses; personal computing; educational computing: past, present, and future; the Open University; CAUSE program and projects; funding academic computing programs; computer-based resource sharing; computers and instruction; improving utilization of 2-year college computer centers; teaching computer ethics; data sets available from the federal government; and MIS education, as well as nine tutorial sessions designed to provide attendees with the opportunity to expand their appreciation of and involvement in educational computing. (CHC)

This keynote address was presented at Women's Career Day in Computer Sciences at the University of Southern California on October 7, 1978. It gives evidence for the increase in participation of women in science and engineering programs at colleges and universities, as well as the job market. Opportunities for women in the field of computer science are discussed. (BB)

In spring 1984, a study was conducted at the University of Maryland's University College to evaluate the effectiveness of computer studies faculty. The student ratings of these faculty members were compared with the ratings given to mathematics faculty and to all other faculty teaching that term. On all three evaluation criteria (i.e., encourages help, grades fairly, and stimulates interest), instructors in computer studies were rated lower than the other two faculty groups. To address the problems revealed by the study, several workshops were organized and administrative procedures were instituted to improve the teaching-learning process in computer studies. A coordinator was assigned to review course syllabi for mandatory features; convene regular faculty meetings to discuss curricular issues; serve as an advisor for textbook selection; and act as a resource for faculty members. Workshops were organized on presentation skills, syllabus construction, and individualized learning styles and their impact on teaching. Information on the analysis of the evaluative data and a teacher evaluation form are appended. (AYC)

The papers in this document follow the order of the meeting and consist of two guest lecturers and reports from four working groups; two topic group presentations are noted but not included. One lecture, delivered by Peter Hilton, discusses the nature of mathematics today and implications for mathematics teaching, while, in the other paper, Stephen I. Brown explores the nature of problem generation in the mathematics curriculum. Working group reports concern statistical thinking, training in diagnosis and remediation for teachers, mathematics and language, and the influence of computer science on the undergraduate mathematics curriculum. Topic groups heard presentations by Daniel Kahneman on intuitions and fallacies in reasoning about probability and by Tom Kieren on mathematics curriculum development in Canada. A list of participants is given. (MNS)

Like most two-year colleges, Chipola Junior College has had to respond quickly to the impact of the microcomputer revolution. A demanding clientele of students and community members, a faculty and staff unprepared for microcomputer technology, and limited equipment resources dictated the rules of change. After it was determined that computer literacy efforts would emphasize a practical understanding of computers and applications software, a series of one credit-hour courses was developed on the use of the microcomputer as a personal or professional tool for school, home, or work. Most of the time in class was devoted to hands-on activities in a microcomputer laboratory. The first course developed, "Microcomputer Literacy: An Introduction," was designed for individuals with no previous computer experience. Additional courses were developed in word processing, spread sheeting, programming, and using integrated software packages. The one-hour computer literacy course was also chosen as the basis for a systematic training program for the vast majority of the faculty who were not computer literate. Participating faculty received a stipend for taking the basic computer literacy course and an additional independent study course focusing on discipline-based competence. The final phase of Chipola's computer literacy training efforts was a structured inservice course for career service personnel. Evaluations conducted for each of the program components revealed that the emphasis on short applications courses worked well for the college and its constituencies. (LAL)

Developed from presentations given at a 3-day invitational meeting of 31 leading online catalog designers from both public and private sectors in North America, these papers provide information about online catalogs--their present form, their use, and the questions that need to be considered in their future refinement. All of the papers in this volume have been edited from transcripts or orignal texts. In a few cases, papers have been extensively reworked. The document comprises: (1) "Data Structures and Resource Consumption" (John R. Schroeder and Jessie J. Herr); (2) "Search Retrieval Options" (James F. Corey); (3) "User Feedback in the Design Process" (Charles Hildreth); (4) "Screen Layouts and Displays" (Joseph R. Matthews); (5) "Command Languages and Codes" (Michael Monahan); (6) "Online User Prompts and Aids" (Clay Burrows); (7) "Linking of Systems" (Ray DeBuse); (8) "Telecommunications Considerations for Online Catalogs" (Edwin Brownrigg); and (9) "Summary Questions and Discussion" (Brian Aveney). An agenda of the meeting and a list of participants are appended. (THC)

Evaluation models are being developed for assessing artificial intelligence (AI) systems in terms of similar performance by groups of people. Natural language understanding and vision systems are the areas of concentration. In simplest terms, the goal is to norm a given natural language system's performance on a sample of people. The specific program under study is a natural language query system, IRUS--an interface between the user and the information desired. IRUS is designed to serve as a general purpose interface to a broad range of databases and expert systems. A pilot study is discussed, which was conducted with early elementary school and preschool students to determine the appropriate language understanding level at which to administer the IRUS test. In the vision area, common measures of visual tasks are being analyzed in terms of their appropriateness to the vision system. This is the inverse of the language exploration that began with the tasks and created the measures. A review by the vision community of approaches they would use to compare human and machine vision will determine if looking for consistent benchmarks is a feasible approach. (SLD)

This study was an examination of the usefulness of a statistical regression approach to identify prospective Engineering and Information and Computer Science (ICS) applicants most likely to succeed at the University of California at Irvine (UCI). The specific purpose was to determine the extent to which preadmissions measures such as high school grade point average (GPA) and admissions test scores could be used to predict college GPA. Multiple regression was used to maximize the correlation between the criterion variable (GPA) and predictor variables (preadmissions measures). Results indicate that cumulative GPA and major GPA of the presented samples of UCI Engineering and ICS majors can be reliably predicted using a linear combination of two preadmissions measures: high school GPA and the College Board Mathematics Achievement Test. None of the other three predictor variables (Scholastic Aptitude Test-Mathematics, Scholastic Aptitude Test-Verbal, and the College Board English Composition Achievement Test) added significantly to the predictions. Some shrinkage in the size of multiple correlations is expected when the equations of this study are applied to subsequent samples. However, in general, colleges that use the SAT and the high school record to predict freshmen GPA generally find that the results are fairly stable from year to year. (PN)

A case study approach is used to document the on-line information system developed by the Office of Management Information and Computing at the University of Vermont. Stanford University's Project INFO On-Line Administration Information System, OASIS, was chosen as a model. The administrative system is one of two on campus, the other designed for academic use. Appendixes provide organization charts of the university and the Office of Management Information and Computing, a schematic diagram of the computer system, the current systems being used, the file structure, and examples of the use of the computer inquiry service, QUERY. (WH)

The introduction and diffusion of automatic computing facilities during the 1960's is reviewed; it is described as a time when research strategies in a broad variety of disciplines changed to take advantage of the newfound power provided by the computer. Several types of typical problems encountered by researchers who adopted the new technologies, together with the solutions adopted by the researchers, are described. It is shown how the local computing facility expanded to the centralized facility as a result of these problems; new types of needs and uses for computers continue to favor evolution and change. One result was the growth of large-scale computer networks. An alternative to established forms of networks--hierarchical computing systems--is suggested as providing better answers to more kinds of needs. The Minicomputer Interfacing Support System (MISS), developed at the University of Chicago, is briefly described as a prototype system allowing minicomputers to be used in a hierarchical system which would provide more powerful capabilities when they are needed. Finally, it is suggested that traditional attitudes of researchers toward computation facilities should be reevaluated, as new possibilities are being developed and made available. (WDR)

The computer center of the University of Iowa is the topic of this informal panel presentation. The present structure of the facility is described in terms of batch and remote terminal services. The job scheduling method used is shown to provide acceptable turn-around times, but usage is unexpectedly low, in spite of the low cost to student users. Plans for a large number of remote terminals are reviewed, and the allocation of terminals to departments within the university is described. Finally, a line drawing showing the interconnections between the main processor, the small minicomputers, and the remote terminals is provided. (WDR)

This proceedings contains summaries of sessions on topics related to the use of computing across a wide range of disciplines and levels of education, including curriculum and instructional strategies, current and emerging technologies, social and ethical issues, library/media, technology implementation, exhibitors, teacher education and training, staff development, computer science, distance learning, using technology to facilitate learning, and laptops. The following research papers are included: "Using Higher Order Computer Tasks with Disadvantaged Students" (Neil Anderson); "Simulations for Lifelong Learning" (Gina Cherry, et al.); "A League of Their Own: Gender, Technology, and Instructional Practices" (Dorothy Valcarcel Craig); "BEN:LINCS: A Community Model for the Pennsylvania Education Network" (Scott Garrigan); "Difficulties Bring Wisdom: Online Learners Learn How Online Communities Learn" (Lisa Herman, et al.); "A Computer Game To Teach Programming" (Ken Kahn); "Parent-Completed Screening Test for Developmentally At-Risk Young Children" (Sang Seok Nam); "Web-Based Instruction: Business Courses" (Kwi Park-Kim); "Are Academic Behaviors Fostered in Web-Based Environments?" (Mary Jo Parker); "A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Online Distance Learning for Introductory Computing" (Kris Powers); "Students Learning Mathematics through Computer-Aided Presentations" (Lawrence Sher and Patricia Wilkinson); "Infusing Technology into a Teacher Education Course: Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Conceptions" (Maria Timmerman); "Equity: Ownership by Minorities and Women of Research Projects" (Patricia Wilkinson and Lawrence Sher). Descriptions of NECA (National Educational Computing Association) member societies are also included. (AEF)

This monograph includes nine papers delivered at a National Educational Computing Conference (NECC) preconference workshop, and a previously unpublished paper on gender and attitudes. The papers, which are presented in four categories, are: (1) "Report on the Workshop: In Search of Gender Free Paradigms for Computer Science Education" (C. Dianne Martin); (2) "Understanding Gender Biases in Computer-Related Behavior: Are We Using the Wrong Metaphor?" (Robin Kay); (3) "Gender Differences in Human Computer Interaction" (Charles W. Huff, John H. Fleming, and Joel Cooper); (4) "Gender and Attitude Toward Computers" (James R. Aman); (5) "Female Students' Underachievement in Computer Science and Mathematics: Reasons and Recommendations" (Lesley S. Klein); (6) "Implications of the Computer Culture for Women of Color" (Carol Edwards); (7) "Strategies for Involving Girls in Computer Science" (Valerie Clark); (8) "A New Introduction to Computer Science" (Danielle R. Bernstein); (9) "Restructuring Departments for Equality" (Henry Etzkowitz, Carol Kemelgor, Michael Neuschatz, and Brian Uzzi); and (10) "Gender Equity--A Partial List of Resources" (Cindy Meyer Hanchey). An additional paper and report are appended: "Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices within the Computer Culture" (Sherry Turkle and Seymour Papert); and "Becoming a Computer Scientist: A Report by the ACM Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Science" (Amy Pearl, Martha Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth Wolf, and Alice Wu). The gender equity resources listed include books, articles, and brochures; training modules; technical assistance modules; publications from the National Science Foundation; and organizations. (ALF)

Piaget's theory of the cognitive development of the child is related to the recently developed non-linear "chaos" model. The term "chaos" refers to the tendency of dynamical, non-linear systems toward irregular, sometimes unpredictable, deterministic behavior. Piaget identified this same pattern in his model of cognitive development in children. Piaget hypothesized that development is not a linear accumulation of discrete units of knowledge. Rather, he believed that periods of relative stability exist, which are necessarily followed by change, with a return to stability at a higher level of equilibrium. Piaget's notion of self-regulatory assimilation-accommodation is explicated. Attraction to the strange in the equilibrium process and iterative processes of cognition, both forwarded by Piaget, also fall into line with the chaos theory. Recent advances in computer technology have made it possible to simulate the behavior of complex systems, and as a result, the chaos model returned the physical sciences to the ideas of information theory. Using these tools, it may be possible to make sense of the aspects of Piaget's model that can not be supported using linear research models. A 27-item list of references is included. (TJH)

Computational Thinking (CT) is an important skill to master in the 21st century. There are several ways that are believed to be able to improve students' CT skills, one of which is the use of block-based programming. Thinking concepts in CT include problem-solving, systems design, and understanding human behavior in terms of basic computer science concepts. Block-based programming is relatively easy to teach because the interface is easier to use, uses natural language, can perform block searches and uses drag and drop interactions. Given the importance of CT skills for students as well as some of the conveniences offered by using block-based programming, it is surprising that this topic has not been explored much. This paper provides a review on 20 papers with a systematic review method, which provides evidence of the influence of block-based programming to computational thinking skills. This systematic review has adopted Chitu Okoli and Kira Schabram framework as the premise for defining and identifying the influence of block-based programming to computational thinking skills. The main findings in this paper is used of block-based programming can affect some of students CT skills through several different delivery methods but there are still some different opinions about the effect on students problem-solving abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]