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For the forty-third time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented online during the annual AECT Convention. Volume 2 contains 15 papers dealing the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues. Papers dealing primarily with research and development are contained in Volume 1. [For Volume 1, see ED617421.]

For the forty-second time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains 37 papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume 2. [For Volume 2, see ED609417.]

Due to 'pressures' to publish research papers, a group of novice researchers (n = 9) was encouraged to attend a 'Write right' workshop. The participants were asked to fill out a self-report anxiety questionnaire to understand their worries in writing research papers in English. Afterwards, they were asked to write an essay on situations that provoke their anxiety when writing research papers. Descriptive analysis of the survey questionnaire revealed their worries on the process of research paper writing and evaluation. Additionally, responses of the participants in the open-ended question included their worries on the following situations: grammar usage (n = 6), appropriateness of word use (n = 4), weak English writing skills (n = 3), negative perception of the readers, writing arguments, writing the discussion, difficulty of the research topic, lack of research background, unsure of methods in writing 'arts' research, unsure if its research, difficulty of finding the topic, data analysis, writing a sentence, and designing the paper. Such worries were thematized into technical writing-related worries, research writing-related worries, research knowledge-related worries, and negative perception. Further, error analysis, which was used to explore their written outputs, showed grammatical, lexical and syntactic errors. Data triangulation confirmed that their writing apprehensions are due to lack of writing skill and lack of confidence in writing research papers. The responses of the participants were used to redesign the workshop as series of group and individualized sessions to respond to their needs. Some resources on technical and research writing, research methods and publishing papers are also recommended. [This paper was published in: "International and National Conference on Learning Innovation in Science and Technology" (ICLIST & NCLIST 2018). p171-180.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES) which took place on April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and science. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICRES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and science. The ICRES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and science, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and science. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This paper examines the expansion of higher education in Taiwan from 1950 to 1994, looking first at the patterns of the expansion and, secondly, attempting to account for these patterns. Higher education in Taiwan is defined as general universities and colleges, institutes of technology, and junior colleges with governance of the system under the control of the Ministry of Education. The study reviewed major historical events and examined documents and the literature concerning patterns of expansion in the number of institutions, in the number of students enrolled, and in expenditures. The study then reviewed the state's stated reasons--economic concerns, educational quality, social demands, and equal distribution of resources--for regulating expansion of higher education, and compared these reasons with other models of educational expansion and with the actual results achieved. The paper concludes by taking issue with the state's official position and suggests that the primary reason for its controlling growth was to keep unemployment rates among college graduates low. Further studies to examine educational policy making and educational supply and demand models are suggested. Appendices illustrate the structure of the Taiwan school system, list historical events related to higher educational expansion, list official documents reviewed, and provide graphical displays of trend data. (Contains approximately 100 references.) (CH)

In 1990, Milwaukee (Wisconsin) became the site of the first publicly funded school-choice program providing low-income parents with vouchers that could be used to send their children to secular, private schools. An evaluation of Milwaukee's school-choice experiment was conducted by a team of researchers, headed by John Witte at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, during the years 1991-95. That study concluded that choice was not an effective way to improve the education of low-income, central-city students. The data were made available on the World Wide Web in February 1996. This paper presents findings of a study conducted by the Center for Public Policy at the University of Houston (CPP) and the Program in Education Policy and Governance at Harvard University (PEPG) that analyzed the University of Wisconsin-Madison database and research methodology. The CPP/PEPG study examined student performance as measured by standardized mathematics and reading tests. It concludes that students enrolled in choice schools for 3 or more years, on average, did better on standardized tests than a comparable group of students attending Milwaukee public schools. The results indicate that the reading scores of choice students in their 3rd and 4th years were, on average, from 3 and 5 percentile points higher, respectively, than those of comparable public school students. Math scores, on average, were 5 and 12 percentile points higher for the 3rd and 4th years, respectively. The CPP/PEPG study also argues that the earlier researchers failed to use analytic techniques appropriate to experimental data; the bulk of their research focused on comparisons between choice students and a much less disadvantaged cross-section of public school students. Nine tables are included. (Contains 30 end notes.) (LMI)

This qualitative study examined the perceived impact of the president on organizational change at five community colleges in one state, and is part of a multiple case study which is addressing organizational change in community colleges. The methodology for the study was based on the literature of organizational change which suggests four constructs: change in the organizational paradigm, where underlying assumptions of participants have changed; change in organizational mission and purpose; change in organizational culture; and change in functional processes such as organizational structures, managerial practices, technology, decision making, and communications. Data collection and analysis involved interviews with presidents, administrators, faculty, and support staff; questionnaires; group meetings; and documents. The study found that community college presidents were seen to "make a difference," with the greatest influence being perceived during periods of leadership succession. Organizational changes attributed to presidents are summarized in two tables: the first covers data obtained during interviews and the second summarizes data obtained from the questionnaires. (Contains 33 references.) (CH)

This case study of a higher education policy-making process tested a conceptual model based on a combination of political systems, behavioral power, and influence theories. The study, which followed the course and outcomes of a branch campus policy formulated in Washington state over a four-year period (1985-89), sought to show that the ability of policy actors to influence decision making could be inferred by analyzing the various strategic efforts mounted during the stages of policy formation. Data analyzed included official state documents and tapes of hearings and floor activities, plus minutes of community group meetings, university memos, and newspaper articles. Major policy actors included the Higher Education Coordinating Board, community boards in various locations throughout the state, the University of Washington, and Washington State University. The study details positions and debate arguments, and the "inducing" coalition-building strategies that each of these groups employed to attain desired policy goals, with a table summarizing legislative actions taken. The report concludes that the data support the conceptual thesis evaluated: namely, it is possible to infer how a complex web of political exchanges and assurances woven by powerful policy actors can accomplish a strategic objective--in this case, establishment of a branch campus system. (Contains approximately 75 references.) (CH)

This document contains three papers presented at the 1995 Arizona Library Association conference. Papers include: (1) "ERLs and URLs: ASU Libraries Database Delivery Through Web Technology" (Dennis Brunning & Philip Konomos), which illustrates how and why the libraries at Arizona State University developed a world wide web server and a home page to expedite navigating and searching the library's electronic databases; (2) "A Process Improvement Approach to Interlibrary Loan" (Linda Dols and others), which explains how data workflow analysis, cost-benefit analysis, benchmarking, and statistics gathering aided an improvement team in doing needs assessment on interlibrary loan services at the University of Arizona; and (3) "Using Total Quality Management Tools to Improve Library Processes" (Barbara Allen & Deborah Smith), which chronicles the implementation of a process improvement team charged with improving physical access to library collections and with adapting total quality management techniques to work processes. (BEW)

This paper on postsecondary outcomes illustrates a technique to determine whether or not mainstream models are appropriate for predicting educational outcomes of American Indians (AIs) and Alaskan Native (ANs). It introduces a prominent statistical procedure to assess models with empirical data and shows how the results can have implications for theory, practice, and future research. The research design and assessment method involved a sample of 197 sophomores and 191 seniors from the High School and Beyond study conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics from 1980 to 1986. Theoretical implications and implications for practice based on the results of the assessment are discussed as well as implications for future research. The findings suggest that family background, postsecondary intentions (both prior to and during college), and formal and informal academic integration were central to postsecondary outcomes for both cohorts. In addition, important aspects of the Tinto model for the sophomore cohort included the effects of academic skills, personal abilities, and prior schooling on initial postsecondary intentions. For the senior cohort, initial postsecondary intentions and goal commitment were also important factors influencing academic integration. Contains 54 references. (GLR)

Using a sample of 738 students from 4 metropolitan universities--University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Louisville (Kentucky), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Wichita State University (Kansas), data from Pace's College Student Experience Questionnaire, and a modified form of Pascarella's general causal model, a study assessed the effects of background characteristics, differential college environments, and individual effort on student gains in intellectual and social skills. The model was augmented with variables descriptive of urban students, such as: part-time or full-time enrollment status, non-traditional or traditional age, on/off campus living arrangements, and marital status. The study found that such student background characteristics had no direct effects on gains, but they did have indirect effects via effort and environmental conditions. Overall, the study findings suggest that, in order to increase gains, non-traditional students at metropolitan universities must be approached by academic and student affairs professionals in ways different than their traditional counterparts at residential colleges. Appendices provide lists of College Student Experiences Questionnaire effort scales, environment scales, and estimate of gains scores. Contains 23 references. (Author/GLR)

This study attempted to validate the use of academic growth and development items from Tennessee alumni surveys as measures of program quality and effectiveness at the University of Tennessee (UTK), Knoxville. The argument is made that it is essential that the instruments used to assess students educational outcomes be valid measures of the goals of the education program being evaluated and that the empirical structure of assessment data reflect the structure of the outcomes being measured as well as being sensitive to the educational experiences of students. The validation methodology focused on three aspects of construct validity: (1) construct representativeness; (2) structural fidelity; and (3) criterion relatedness. Survey analysis of two randomly-selected samples of 500 alumni from both 1988 and 1990 revealed that the academic growth and development items on the survey represent approximately 50 percent of the goals of the general education program at UTK, had a stable structure that is generally consistent with the structure of the UTK goals, and were significantly related to college experiences. Contains 40 references. (GLR)

Responding to the call for higher education to adopt a new paradigm in managing its administrative processes, an Institutional Research Office at Delaware County Community College (DCCC) in Pennsylvania made a two-year effort to use a Total Quality approach in its management. Total Quality Management is a Japanese movement based on the teachings of American quality experts such as W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran and values continuous process improvement, obsession with customers, long term thinking, and data-driven management. At the DCCC Research Office, management worked on three particular areas. The first was identifying customer needs for information. Through data collection and a tracking process 238 requests were tracked and three improvements resulted. Second, the office studied the processes used for the annual high school senior survey, and was able to eliminate "complexity" (i.e, steps that add no value to the final product or service) thereby completing the project as scheduled without additional staff. Third, a focus on continuous process improvement forced a change in the day-to-day mode of management. Finally, under direction from an institution-wide effort the entire management approach has changed. Over all results include the office's ability to handle an increasing workload without an increase in staff or other resources. The report contains 13 references and 4 charts. (JB)

Despite increased efforts to assess the adoption rates of open science and robustness of reproducibility in sub-disciplines of education technology, there is a lack of understanding of why some research is not reproducible. Prior work has taken the first step toward assessing reproducibility of research, but has assumed certain constraints which hinder its discovery. Thus, the purpose of this study was to replicate previous work on papers within the proceedings of the "International Conference on Educational Data Mining" to accurately report on which papers are reproducible and why. Specifically, we examined 208 papers, attempted to reproduce them, documented reasons for reproducibility failures, and asked authors to provide additional information needed to reproduce their study. Our results showed that out of 12 papers that were potentially reproducible, only one successfully reproduced all analyses, and another two reproduced most of the analyses. The most common failure for reproducibility was failure to mention libraries needed, followed by non-seeded randomness. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829. Additional funding for this paper was provided by the U.S. Department of Education's Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN).]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 14th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2017), 18-20 October 2017, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2017 Conference received 72 submissions from more than 25 countries. Out of the papers submitted, 27 were accepted as full papers for an acceptance rate of 38%; 23 were accepted as short papers and 2 were accepted as reflection papers. In addition to the presentation of full, short and reflection papers, the conference also includes one keynote presentation from an internationally distinguished researcher, "Classroom Orchestration: From Practical Tips to Formal Models" (Pierre Dillenbourg). Full papers include: (1) Are Learning Logs Related to Procrastination? From the Viewpoint of Self-Regulated Learning (Masanori Yamada, Misato Oi and Shin'ichi Konomi); (2) Asymmetry in the Perception of Friendship in Student Groups (Luigi Lancieri); (3) Exploring Teacher Use of an Online Forum to Develop Game-Based Learning Literacy (Amanda Barany, Mamta Shah and Aroutis Foster); (4) Educational Assessment of Students in Primary School in Tunisia (Wiem Ben Khalifa, Dalila Souilem and Mahmoud Neji); (5) Impact of Early Numeracy Training on Kindergartners from Middle-Income Families (Carla Meloni, Rachele Fanari, Andrea Bertucci and Sara Berretti); (6) 360 Degree Videos within a Climbing MOOC (Michael Gänsluckner, Martin Ebner and Isidor Kamrat); (7) Cultivating Students' Reading Literacy Using Digital Textile-Based Reading in a Chinese Primary School (Patricia Norte, Joao Negreiros and Ana Correia); (8) How to Flip a Classroom and Improve Student Learning and Engagement: The Case of PSYC1030 (Pedro Isaias, Blake McKimmie, Aneesha Bakharia, John Zornig and Anna Morris); (9) Early Numerical Competence and Number Line Task Performance in Kindergartners (Rachele Fanari, Carla Meloni and Davide Massidda); (10) Exploring the Impact of the Informational Value of Feedback Choices on Performance Outcomes in an Online Assessment Game (Maria Cutumisu); (11) Refining Presentation Documents with Presentation Schema (Yuki Obara and Akihiro Kashihara); (12) The Knowledge Development Model: Responding to the Changing Landscape of Learning in Virtual Environments (Nan B. Adams); (13) Mobile Learning Analytics in Higher Education: Usability Testing and Evaluation of an APP Prototype (Matthias Kuhnel, Luisa Seiler, Andrea Honal and Dirk Ifenthaler); (14) Digital Competence Model of Distance Learning Students (Ketia Kellen A. da Silva and Patricia A. Behar); (15) How Dispositional Learning Analytics Helps Understanding the Worked-Example Principle (Dirk Tempelaar); (16) Pushing Buttons: A Sociomaterial Exploration of the Distributed Lecture (Anna MacLeod, Paula Cameron, Olga Kits and Cathy Fournier); (17) Multimodal Teaching and Learning with the Use of Technology: Meanings, Practices and Discourses (Vasiliki Papageorgiou and Petros Lameras); (18) Contrasts in Openness toward Mobile Learning in the Classroom: A Study of Elementary, Middle and High School Teachers (Rhonda Christensen and Gerald Knezek); (19) Classification of Learning Styles in Virtual Learning Environment Using J48 Decision Tree (Renato R. Maaliw, III and Melvin A. Ballera); (20) Using Short Videos as Testing Elements in Skill Matching--Test Design in the SMART Project (Marc Beutner and Frederike Anna Rüscher); (21) I Might Not Be as Tech as You Think: Collegiate Print versus Digital Preferences (Joan Ann Swanson, Susan L. Renes and Anthony T. Strange); (22) A Visualization System for Predicting Learning Activities Using State Transition Graphs (Fumiya Okubo, Atsushi Shimada, Yuta Taniguchi and Shin'ichi Konomi); (23) OCRA, A Mobile Learning Prototype for Understanding Chemistry Concepts (Tenku Putri Norishah Tenku Shariman and Othman Talib); (24) Teaching Strategies and Methods in Modern Environments for Learning of Programming (Slobodanka Djenic and Jelena Mitic); (25) A Lecture Supporting System Based on Real-Time Learning Analytics (Atsushi Shimada and Shin'ichi Konomi); (26) Characteristics of Effective Pedagogical Strategies for Self-Regulated Learning in Technology-Enhanced Environments: Towards Improving Learning Outcome (Ian S. McGowan); and (27) Pseudo-Haptic Feedback for Promoting Narrative Comprehension (Kazuaki Umetsu and Akihiro Kashihara). Short papers include: (1) Development of a Support Application and a Textbook for Practicing Facial Expression Detection for Students with Visual Impairment (Hirotaka Saito, Akinobu Ando, Shota Itagaki, Taku Kawada, Darold Davis and Nobuyuki Nagai); (2) Teaching Media Design by Using Scrum. A Qualitative Study within a Media Informatics Elective Course (Ines Herrmann, Sander Münster, Vincent Tietz and Rainer Uhlemann); (3) An Architecture to Support Wearables in Education and Wellbeing (Fernando Luis-Ferreira, Andreia Artifice, Gary McManus and João Sarraipa); (4) Differentiated Learning Environment--A Classroom for Quadratic Equation, Function, and Graphs (Emre Dinç); (5) Leveraging the Affordances of Mobile Learning for Vocabulary Gains (Michael Bowles); (6) Towards a Framework of Using Knowledge Tools for Teaching by Solving Problems in Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment (Sergei Kostousov and Dmitry Kudryavtsev); (7) Exploring Students' Learning Journals with Web-Based Interactive Report Tool (Yuta Taniguchi, Fumiya Okubo, Atsushi Shimada and Shin'ichi Konomi); (8) The Framework of Intervention Engine Based on Learning Analytics (Muhittin Sahin and Halil Yurdugül); (9) On the Use of E-TPCK for Situated Teacher Professional Development (Maria Mama Timotheou, Andri Christodoulou and Charoula Angeli); (10) Narb-Based Analysis of Tweets Related to United Airlines Controversy: Learning Beyond the Media (Ananda Mitra); (11) Learners' and Teachers' Perceptions of Learning Analytics (LA): A Case Study of South Hampton Solent University (SSU) (Osama Khan); (12) Issues of IT-Professionals Training in Traditional Educational Process (Farid Eminov and Irina Golitsyna); (13) The Isolation Emotion: An Emotional Point of View on Teaming and Group Tools in E-Learning Environments (Tarek Boutefara and Latifa Mahdaoui); (14) Development of Critical Thinking with Metacognitive Regulation and Toulmin Model (Yasushi Gotoh); (15) A Preliminary Investigation into Parents' Concerns about Programming Education in Japanese Primary Schools (Yukiko Maruyama, Hiroko Kanoh and Kinya Adachi); (16) Designing Philadelphia Land Science as a Game to Promote Identity Exploration (Amanda Barany, Mamta Shah, Jessica Cellitti, Migela Duka, Zachari Swiecki, Amanda Evenstone, Hannah Kinley, Peter Quigley, David Williamson Shaffer and Aroutis Foster); (17) Juxtapose: An Exploration of Mobile Augmented Reality Collaborations and Professional Practices in a Creative Learning Environment (Darren Menorath and Laurent Antonczak); (18) Gender, Games and Space (Suzanne de Castell, Hector Larios and Jennifer Jenson); (19) The Contribution of Collective Intelligence for the Analysis of the Phenomenon of Students Overcrowding (Dikagma Bassagou and Luigi Lancieri); (20) Integrated Collaborative E-Learning for the Global Management Education in the 21st Century (Barbara W. K. Son); (21) Relations between Cognitive Resources and Two Types of Germane Load for Learning (Kazuhisa Miwa, Hitoshi Terai and Yosuke Mizuno); (22) A Framework for People Re-Identification in Multi-Camera Surveillance Systems (Sirine Ammar, Nizar Zaghden and Mahmoud Neji); and (23) Connecting the Dots: Linking Creativity, Synthesis Skills, and the Students' Anxiety about the Future (Ioan Susnea, Emilia Pecheanu, Luminita Dumitriu and Adina Cocu). The two reflection papers are: (1) Localising Content for an XMOOC in the UAE (Jenny Eppard and Preeya Reddy); and (2) Academic Reading on a Collaborative, Online Platform (Jenny Eppard and Preeya Reddy). An author index is included. Individual papers contain references.

Twenty scholarly papers and fifteen abstracts comprise the content of the sixteenth annual Brick and Click Libraries Conference, held annually at Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville, Missouri. The proceedings, authored by academic librarians and presented at the symposium, portray the contemporary and future face of librarianship. The 2016 paper and abstract titles include: (1) Making Effective, Usable Research Guides (Joshua S. Welker); (2) The Beulah Williams Library Creation Lab: Creating a Technology Sandbox in an Academic Library (Lynn Klundt); (3) Establishing an Electronic Theses Repository using Digital Commons (Yumi Ohira and Deborah L. White); (4) Becoming the Center: Creating and Implementing a Unified Service Point (Michael Berry); (5) Developing a Research Proposal: Serendipity and Planning (Susan Sykes Berry, Marilyn Degeus, and Sarah Kartsonis); (6) Mentoring on Mars: Peering at the Landscape through a Variety of Lenses (Susan M. Frey and Valentine Muyumba); (7) Taking the ILS for a Walk on the Quad: Cross-Campus Collaborations for Tech Services (Kirsten Davis and Mary Ann Mercante); (8) How to Maintain Reserves through Departmental Cooperation (Hong Li and Kayla Reed); (9) Becoming the DH Team…Digital Humanities, Public History, and the Library (Amanda Langendoerfer and Janet Romine); (10) Celebrating International Students in the Library (Ayyoub Ajmi and Fu Zhuo); (11) Keeping in Step with the College"s Mission (Joyce Meldrem); (12) Catch Online Students by Design (Elise A. Blas, Gwen Wilson, and Jean V. Marshall); (13) 2015 Summer of Changes: Reducing Print Collection, Migrating to New ILS and Redesigning Space at Dibner Library of Science and Technology (Ana Torres and Gavin Paul); (14) Using Data to Drive Public Services Decisions (Cindy Thompson and Jen Salvo-Eaton); (15) A Practical Solution for Managing and Assessing Library Electronic Collections (Xiaocan (Lucy) Wang and Robert Black); (16) Library Space and Usage Studies Can Inform, Influence & Impact Our Buildings and Services (Dr. Susan Breakenridge Fink); (17) Pop-up Usability Testing--More Data, Less Time (and Money) (Kelley Martin); (18) Renovating Foundations: ArchivesSpace and Collections Management (Mary Ellen Ducey, Peterson Brink, and Stacy Rickel); (19) The Big Reveal: LibGuides Analytics and Why They Matter (Sarah E. Fancher and Jamie L. Emery); (20) Snap, Click, Chat: Investigating the International Student Experience (Melissa Burel and Sarah Park); (21) "But We"ve Always Done it This Way!": Managing Expectations of Blended Workforces (Nicholas Wyant and Melissa Mallon); (22) "I Got My Customer Service Badge!" Using Online Modules for Library Student Worker Training (Ashley Creek); (23) Singing a Different Tune: Moving the Traditional Cataloging Skill Set into non-MARC (Amanda Harlan); (24) Employing Students in Digitization: Leveraging Digital Projects as Valuable Learning Experiences (Christopher Jones); (25) Extreme Makeover: Information Literacy Edition (Abigail Broadbent and Rebecca Hamlett); (26) Make it Beautiful, Make it Usable: DIY Design for Librarians (Dani Wellemeyer and Jess Williams); (27) Winning the Steelcase Education Active Learning Center Grant: Strategies for Successful Grant Writing (Danielle Dion and Ashley Creek); (28) Confident Shifting for Complex Moves (Joshua Lambert); (29) Lost in the Stacks: Helping Undergraduate Students Navigate the Library Labyrinth (Andi Back); (30) Picking Favorites: Setting Up a Study Room Reservation System (Alissa V. Fial); (31) Building Instructional Labs for Tomorrow: Do Trees and Tablets Work (Stephen Ambra); (32) Implementing a Smartphone Scavenger Hunt at Mizzou Libraries (Goodie Bhullar, Rachel Brekhus, Rebecca Graves, Navadeep Khanal, Noël Kopriva, Kimberly Moeller, and Paula Roper); (33) Keeping the Baby AND the Bathwater: Supplementing Traditional ILL with an On-Demand Document Delivery Service (Rob Withers, Jennifer Bazeley, Susan Hurst, and Kevin Messner); (34) Innovating and Building New Things with Our Student Workers (Ayyoub Ajmi); and (35) Creating Without Crunching: Library Interactive Map (Adedoyin Adenuga). An author/title index is also included. (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2015 proceedings, see ED561244.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2016, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, 1-3 July, 2016. This conference is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems 2016, 1-4 July. The e-Learning (EL) 2016 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covers both technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning. These proceedings contain keynote lecture, "Twenty-First Century Skills, Technology and Open Learning: Re-Designing Teaching for the Digital Age" (Tony Bates) [abstract only] and workshop, "Making Sustainable Online Learning a Reality Informed by the Community of Inquiry Framework" (Susi Peacock and Lindesay Irvine). Full papers in these proceedings include: (1) Determining Factors of Students' Perceived Usefulness of e-Learning in Higher Education (Aleksander Aristovnik, Damijana Keržic, Nina Tomaževic and Lan Umek); (2) EvalCOMIX®: A Web-Based Programme to Support Collaboration in Assessment (María Soledad Ibarra-Sáiz and Gregorio Rodríguez-Gómez); (3) A Holistic Approach to Scoring in Complex Mobile Learning Scenarios (Marcel Gebbe, Matthias Teine and Marc Beutner); (4) Content Development for 72,000 Learners: An Online Learning Environment for General Practitioners. A Case Study (Dirk Pilat); (5) First Stages of Adult Students' Relationship to Scientific Knowing and Research in the Open University's Web-Based Methodology Course (Leena Isosomppi and Minna Maunula); (6) A Quantitative Analysis of the Role of Social Networks in Educational Contexts (Azam Shokri and Georgios Dafoulas); (7) Care Management: On Line-Based Approaches to Nurse Education in Ultrasound Imaging (Elena Taina Avramescu, Mitrache Marius and Adrian Camen); (8) Can e-Learning Change Work Practices? (Signe Schack Noesgaard); (9) A Practice of Mobile Learning Bases on Cloud Computing (Heng Wu and Zhong Dong); (10) Guidelines for Conducting a Post-Graduate Module within a Blended Synchonous Learning Environment, Facilitator and Student Perspectives (Christopher Upfold); (11) IT Tools in Initial Teacher Training (Dorin Herlo); (12) Application of a Reference Framework for Integration of Web Resources in DOLTRN--Case Study of Physics--Topic: Waves (Fabinton Sotelo Gomez and Armando Ordóñez); (13) Creating Micro-Videos to Demonstrate Technology Learning (Mark Frydenberg and Diana Andone); (14) An Analysis of Students Enrolled to an Undergraduate University Course Offered Also Online (Nello Scarabottolo); (15) How Do We Know What is Happening Online: A Triangulated Approach to Data Analysis (Marina Charalampidi and Michael Hammond); (16) Analysis of 3D Modeling Software Usage Patterns for K-12 Students (Yi-Chieh Wu, Wen-Hung Liao, Ming-Te Chi and Tsai-Yen Li); and (17) A Distributed Intelligent e-Learning System (Terje Kristensen). Short papers in these proceedings include: (1) Using Cognitive Maps to Promote Self-Managed Learning in Online Communities of Inquiry (Susi Peacock and John Cowan); (2) Automation in Distance Learning: An Empirical Study of Unlearning and Academic Identity Change Linked to Automation of Student Messaging within Distance Learning (Hilary Collins, Hayley Glover, Fran Myers and Mor Watson); (3) Developing the 1st MOOC of University of Porto: Challenges and Strategies (Isabel Martins, Nuno Regadas and Margarida Amaral); (4) Informal Language Learning in Authentic Setting, Using Mobile Devices and SNS (Ruthi Aladjem and Bibiana Jou); (5) Enhancing Third-Year Medical Clerkships: Using Mobile Technology for Teaching and Learning (Janette R. Hill, Michelle A. Nuss, Ronald M. Cervero, Julie K. Gaines and Bruce Middendorf); (6) Statistical Measures of Integrity in Online Testing: Empirical Study (Tom Wielicki); (7) The Complexities of Digital Storytelling: Factors Affecting Performance, Production, and Project Completion (Peter Gobel and Makimi Kano); (8) Collegewide Promotion on e-Learning/Active Learning and Faculty Development (Nobuyuki Ogawa and Akira Shimizu); (9) Training Portuguese Teachers Using Blended Learning--A Different Approach (Bertil P. Marques and Paula Escudeiro); (10) Gamify and Recognize Prior Learning: How to Succeed in Educators' Further Professional Training with Open Badges (Esko Lius); (11) How Do K-12 Students' Manage Applications on Their Mobile Devices? (Ruthi Aladjem and Sharon Hardof); (12) Digital Storytelling for Inclusive Education: An Experience in Initial Teacher Training (Marco Lazzari); and (13) Learning Factory--Assembling Learning Content with a Framework (Peter Steininger). Reflection papers in these proceedings include: (1) Equalizing Educational Opportunities by ICT (Ana María Delgado García and Blanca Torrubia Chalmeta); (2) The Acceptability of MOOC Certificates in the Workplace (Christina Banks and Edward Meinert); (3) Orchestration of Social Modes in e-Learning (Armin Weinberger and Pantelis M. Papadopoulos); (4) Information Competencies and Their Implementation in the Educational Process of Polish Universities. Exploratory Studies (Anna Tonakiewicz-Kolosowska, Iwona Socik and Monika Gajewska); (5) Virtual & Real Face to Face Teaching (Romeo Teneqexhi and Loreta Kuneshka); and (6) Virtual Scaffolding--Constructivism in Online Learning (Lachlan MacKinnon and Liz Bacon). The following poster is included: Active Learning Methods in Programming for Non-IT Students (Olga Mironova, Irina Amitan, Jüri Vilipõld and Merike Saar). An author index is included. Individual papers contain references.

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2015, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information and Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, July 21-24, 2015). The e-Learning 2015 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covers both technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning. The conference accepted submissions in the following seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; and e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. The conference included the Keynote Lectures: (1) "Fail Fast and Fail Forward--Embracing Failure as a Necessary Precursor of Success in the Delivery of eLearning Services," by Steven Duggan, Director, Worldwide Education Strategy, Microsoft; and (2) "A Different Perspective on the Singularity Point. How It Is Substituting Jobs in the Service Sector," by Jacques Bulchand-Gidumal, Professor of Digital Enterprises and Entrepreneurship, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Playing Music, Playing with Music: A Proposal for Music Coding in Primary School (Adriano Baratè, Luca Andrea Ludovico, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, and Alessia Rosa); (2) Learning through Telepresence with iPads: Placing Schools in Local/Global Communities (Bente Meyer); (3) Strategic Decision Making Cycle in Higher Education: Case Study of E-Learning (Blaženka Divjak and Nina Begicevic Redep); (4) Performance & Emotion--A Study on Adaptive E-Learning Based on Visual/Verbal Learning Styles (Jennifer Beckmann, Sven Bertel, and Steffi Zander); (5) A MOOC and a Professional SPOC (Xu Cui, Zhenglei Zhang, and Lei Sun); (6) Increase in Testing Efficiency through the Development of an IT-Based Adaptive Testing Tool for Competency Measurement Applied to a Health Worker Training Test Case (Janne Kleinhans and Matthias Schumann); (7) Cognitive Presence in Virtual Collaborative Learning Assessing and Improving Critical Thinking in Online Discussion Forums (Jennifer Beckmann and Peter Weber); (8) Developing a Mobile Learning Management System for Outdoors Nature Science Activities Based on 5E Learning Cycle (Ah-Fur Lai, Horng-Yih Lai, Wei-Hsiang Chuang, and Zih-Heng Wu); (9) Behavioral Feature Extraction to Determine Learning Styles in E-Learning Environments (Somayeh Fatahi, Hadi Moradi, and Elaheh Farmad); (10) Maximizing and Personalizing E-Learning Support for Students with Different Backgrounds and Preferences (Olga Mironova, Irina Amitan, Jelena Vendelin, Jüri Vilipõld, and Merike Saar); (11) Usability of a Web-Based School Experience System: Opinions of IT Teachers and Teacher Candidates (Zülfü Genç); (12) Methodological Proposal for Elaboration of Learning Materials in Sign Language in University Teaching (J. Guillermo Viera-Santana, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (13) Moodle E-Learning System and Students' Performance in Higher Education: The Case of Public Administration Programmes (Lan Umek, Damijana Keržic, Nina Tomaževic, and Aleksander Aristovnik); (14) Cada Día Spanish: An Analysis of Confidence and Motivation in a Social Learning Language MOOC (Michael Henry and Diana Marrs); (15) Creating Games as Authentic Learning in the Information Technology Classroom (Mark Frydenberg); (16) Assisting Tutors to Utilize Web 2.0 Tools in Education (Isidoros Perikos, Foteini Grivokostopoulou, Konstantinos Kovas, and Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis); (17) Evaluating Students' Programming Skill Behaviour and Personalizing Their Computer Learning Environment Using "The Hour of Code" Paradigm (Nikolaos Mallios and Michael Gr. Vassilakopoulos); (18) Using Immersive Virtual Reality for Electrical Substation Training (Eduardo H. Tanaka, Juliana A. Paludo, Carlúcio S. Cordeiro, Leonardo R. Domingues, Edgar V. Gadbem, and Adriana Euflausino); (19) Goal Setting, Decision-Making Skills and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Distance Learners: Implications for Retention and Support Services (Nebath Tanglang and Aminu Kazeem Ibrahim); (20) Transformations: Mobile Interaction & Language Learning (Fiona Carroll, Rita Kop, Nathan Thomas, and Rebecca Dunning); (21) Digital Resource Exchange about Music (DREAM): Phase 2 Usability Testing (Rena Upitis, Karen Boese, Philip C. Abrami, and Zaeem Anwar); (22) Research Suggestions in the Design of a Global Graduate Business Program Delivered by Online Learning (Amy Puderbaugh); (23) Electronic Education System Model-2 (Fatih Güllü, Rein Kuusik, and Mart Laanpere); (24) Use of Cloud-Based Graphic Narrative Software in Medical Ethics Teaching (Alan S. Weber); (25) A Proposal to Enhance the Use of Learning Platforms in Higher Education (Bertil P. Marques, Jaime E. Villate, and Carlos Vaz de Carvalho); (26) Cloud Computing and Validated Learning for Accelerating Innovation in IoT (George Suciu, Gyorgy Todoran, Alexandru Vulpe, Victor Suciu, Cristina Butca, and Romulus Cheveresan); (27) An OWL Ontology for Metadata of Interactive Learning Objects (Bruno N. Luz, Rafael Santos, Bruno Alves, Andreza S. Areão, Marcos H. Yokoyama, and Marcelo P. Guimarães); (28) Utilizing E-Learning Systems in the Libyan Universities: Case Study; Tripoli University, Faculty of Engineering (Aisha Ammar Almansuri and Rowad Adel Elmansuri); (29) Making Sense of Game-Based User Data: Learning Analytics in Applied Games (Christina M. Steiner, Michael D. Kickmeier-Rust, and Dietrich Albert); (30) Practicing Low-Context Communication Strategies in Online Course Design for International Students Studying in the U.S. (Sharon Lalla); (31) Innovation Diffusion Model in Higher Education: Case Study of E-Learning Diffusion (Sanjana Buc and Blaženka Divjak); (32) Demonstrating DREAM: A Digital Resource Exchange about Music (Rena Upitis, Karen Boese, and Philip C. Abrami); (33) A Study on Teacher Training to Incorporate Gamification in Class Design--Program Development and Implementation in a Teacher Training Course (Shingo Shiota and Manabu Abe); (34) A Case Study of the Feedback Design in a Game-Based Learning for Low Achieving Students (Ting-Ling Lai and Hsiao-Fang Lin); (35) Development and Evaluation of an Informational Moral Lesson to Promote Awareness in Children (Kyohei Sakai, Shingo Shiota, and Kiyotaka Eguchi); and (36) Development and Design of a Problem Based Learning Game-Based Courseware (Chiung-Sui Chang, Jui-Fa Chen, and Fei-Ling Chen). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. [For "Proceedings of the International Conference e-Learning 2014. Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Lisbon, Portugal, July 15-19, 2014)," see ED557189.]

These proceedings contain the papers and posters of the 11th International Conference on Mobile Learning 2015, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Madeira, Portugal, March 14-16, 2015. The Mobile Learning 2015 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. The following are included in these proceedings: (1) Evolution or Revolution? Diffusion and Adaptation of (Smart) Mobile Phones among Children and Adolescents (Gitte Bang Stald); (2) Wearables and the "Anatomy" of Information: Biodata, Privacy, and Ethics (Amber Hutchins and Jake McNeill); (3) Scaffolding Java Programming on a Mobile Phone for Novice Learners (Chao Mbogo, Edwin Blake and Hussein Suleman); (4) Implementation of an Intelligent Tutorial System for Socioenvironmental Management Projects (Gil Vera, Víctor Daniel and Gabriel Awad); (5) Patterns of Mobile Technology Use in Teaching: A Pilot Study (Tami Seifert); (6) Developing Students' Professional Digital Identity (Thomas Cochrane and Laurent Antonczak); (7) Impact of Contextuality on Mobile Learning Acceptance: An Empirical Study Based on Language Learning App (Stephan Böhm and Georges Philip Constantine); (8) Do Mobile Learning Devices Enhance Learning in Higher Education Anatomy Classrooms? (Kate Wilkinson and Phil Barter); (9) It's Not Just the Pedagogy: Challenges in Scaling Mobile Learning Applications into Institution-Wide Learning Technologies (Peter Bird and Mark Stubbs); (10) Mobile Learning and Teacher Education: Researching MLEARN Pilot Development (Don Passey and Joana Zozimo); (11) Mobile-Assisted Language Learning: Student Attitudes to Using Smartphones to Learn English Vocabulary (Neil Davie and Tobias Hilber); (12) Active Students in Webinars (Line Kolås, Hugo Nordseth and Jørgen Sørlie Yri); (13) Expanding the Media Mix in Statistics Education through Platform-Independent and Interactive Learning Objects (Hans-Joachim Mittag); (14) Research on Mobile Learning Activities Applying Tablets (Eugenijus Kurilovas, Anita Juskeviciene and Virginija Bireniene); (15) Learner Centered Experiences with Flipped Classroom and Mobile Online Webinars in Distance Education Program (Lisbeth Amhag); (16) Walk Like an Egyptian: A Serious, Pervasive Mobile Game for Tourism (Fatema Mohsen Gabr and Slim Abdennadher); (17) Educational Materials for Mobile Learning (Kosuke Kaneko, Yoshihiro Okada, Motofumi Yoshida, Hitoshi Inoue and Naomi Fujimura); (18) Boosting up JSL Learners' Outside-Class Learning Time with Learning Log System (Noriko Uosaki, Hiroaki Ogata and Kousuke Mouri); (19) An Integrated Learning Management System for Location-Based Mobile Learning (Christian Sailer, Peter Kiefer and Martin Raubal); (20) The Influence of Affordances on Learner Preferences in Mobile Language Learning (Maria Uther and Adrian Banks); (21) Microlearning as Innovative Pedagogy for Mobile Learning in MOOC (Despina Kamilali and Chryssa Sofianopoulou); (22) Cross-Platform User Interface of e-Learning Applications (Michal Stoces, Jan Masner, Jan Jarolímek, Pavel Šimek, Jirí Vanek and Miloš Ulman); (23) Technology Trends in Mobile Computer Supported Collaborative Learning in Elementary Education from 2009 to 2014 (Mia Carapina and Ivica Boticki); (24) Challenges of Using Learning Analytics Techniques to Support Mobile Learning (Marco Arrigo, Giovanni Fulantelli and Davide Taibi); (25) Effectiveness and Utility of Terminal Tablet as Electric Textbooks for Nursing Practicum (Yumiko Nakamura, Kaori Fukayama and Yukie Majima); (26) A Study on the Process of Development of Collective Intelligence for Utilization of Unused Space of Abandoned Schools (Uk Kim and Junyoung Yang); (27) Implementation of an Adaptive Learning System Using a Bayesian Network (Keiji Yasuda, Hiroyuki Kawashima, Yoko Hata and Hiroaki Kimura); (28) Mathematics and Mobile Learning (Fayez Sayed); and (29) A Framework to Support Global Corporate M-Learning: Learner Initiative and Technology Acceptance across Cultures (Wendy Farrell). An author index is provided. (Individual papers contain references.)

The NEAIR 2015 Conference Proceedings is a compilation of papers presented at the Burlington, VT, conference. Papers in this document include:(1) Strategies to Analyze Course and Teaching Evaluation Data (Kati Li); (2) Using a Mixed Methods Approach to Assess a Leadership Mentoring Program (Betty Harper); (3) Flagship Institutions and the Struggle to Complete (Brian Lashley); (4) Using Data Mining to Predict Freshman Outcomes (Nora Galambos); (5) Institutional Ethnography: A Methodology for the Study of Inequality (Elizabeth Seton Mignacca); (6) Understanding the Impacts of the Test Optional Admission Policy (Yuko Mulugetta); (7) Zoltar Speaks: Will You Complete Your Online Course? (Joseph King, Katherine Ostroot, and Joanna Ostroot); (8) Leading Institutional Change from Below: A Case Study (Carol Van Zile-Tamsen); (9) Increasing Connections to Increase Online Student Retention (Heidi M. Baez, Evgeniya Reshetnyak and Jennifer Sparrow); (10) Using Subsequent Course Performance to Evaluate the Effect of Differentiated Instruction in Math One College's Formative Experience (Jerome J. Dean); (11) Does Size Matter? Test Box Size in Online Surveys (Jennifer May and Lauren Conoscenti); (12) Using Rasch Analysis to Review the Quality of Rating Scales (Carol Van Zile-Tamsen); (13) Predicting Graduation Outcomes: Identifying Students at Risk of Not Graduating (Meg Munley); and (14) IR Practice: Using Analysis to Drive Decisions in Improving Retention (Shuang Liu). [Individual papers contain references.]

In the course of carrying out the technical tasks of the school, teachers encounter common problems that do not impose on those in managerial roles. School organizations are typically structured in such a way as to prevent the information sharing and processing necessary to confront these problems. A collective decision-making structure for teachers is needed to supplement the traditional institutional decision-making structure of the school system. This paper describes and evaluates a survey-feedback-based, problem-solving structural intervention originally conceptualized and tested in an earlier experiment. A three-year project using a refined version of an earlier design and a quasi-experimental research design is reported on in this document. Results of the project were generally favorable, with teachers taking a greater role in decision-making, but a need was seen for further work to make the system compatible with the existing wide range of school patterns and needs. (Author/PGD)

This paper describes an investigation of the effects of group interaction and consensus on information processing behavior when information is received sequentially or simultaneously by the information processing unit. Responses were compared to the Bayesian norm and further analyzed to determine the extent to which groups differed from individuals in processing information and how information processing behavior was affected by the mode of message transmission. Findings of the study showed that groups processed information more conservatively than "statistical" groups or individuals. Moreover, group conservatism was partially an artifact of the consensus process. In the aggregate, information received sequentially was also processed more conservatively than information received simultaneously. Neither risk attitudes of the information processing units nor perceived data credibility were related to information processing behavior. A number of statistical tables and graphs summarize various findings of the study. (Author/JG)

This paper describes an investigation of some effects of group interaction and consensus on information processing behavior. When individuals were asked to assess a hypothetical situation on the basis of various sequentially received data, a definite primacy effect was observed; individuals gave more weight to data they received first. This primacy effect, however, was vitiated by group interaction. The study also showed that after group discussion and consensus, individual opinions were closer to the group assessment than to the individual's original assessment. A tendency toward convergence within groups was also observed, although it was not statistically significant. Responses of the subjects were compared to the Bayesian norm and to utility and trustworthy data. A number of statistical tables and graphs summarize the findings of the study. (Author/JG)

This paper examines the application of different planning models to the new product development process. Various models are discussed in relation to the four principal stages of the process: product search, project development, market structure analysis, and investment analysis. The authors emphasize that all useful planning models must address a manager's real decision-making problems and must be sufficiently understandable to inspire managerial confidence. And since different firms face different problems, the application of a particular model must be evaluated in light of each firm's specific needs. Throughout the paper, the authors describe a number of planning models that they feel meet these requirements. (JG)

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union contains directions on how user data may be collected, stored, and when it must be deleted. As similar legislation is developed around the globe, there is the potential for repercussions across multiple fields of research, including educational data mining (EDM). Over the past two decades, the EDM community has taken consistent steps to protect learner privacy within our research, whilst pursuing goals that will benefit their learning. However, recent privacy legislation may cause our practices to need to change. The right to be forgotten states that users have the right to request that all their data (including deidentified data generated by them) be removed. In this paper, we discuss the potential challenges of this legislation for EDM research, including impacts on Open Science practices, data modeling, and data sharing. We also consider changes to EDM best practices that may aid compliance with this new legislation. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829.]

Students who take an online course, such as a MOOC, use the course's discussion forum to ask questions or reach out to instructors when encountering an issue. However, reading and responding to students' questions is difficult to scale because of the time needed to consider each message. As a result, critical issues may be left unresolved, and students may lose the motivation to continue in the course. To help address this problem, we build predictive models that automatically determine the urgency of each forum post, so that these posts can be brought to instructors' attention. This paper goes beyond previous work by predicting not just a binary decision cut-off but a post's level of urgency on a 7-point scale. First, we train and cross-validate several models on an original data set of 3,503 posts from MOOCs at University of Pennsylvania. Second, to determine the generalizability of our models, we test their performance on a separate, previously published data set of 29,604 posts from MOOCs at Stanford University. While the previous work on post urgency used only one data set, we evaluated the prediction across different data sets and courses. The best-performing model was a support vector regressor trained on the Universal Sentence Encoder embeddings of the posts, achieving an RMSE of 1.1 on the training set and 1.4 on the test set. Understanding the urgency of forum posts enables instructors to focus their time more effectively and, as a result, better support student learning. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829.]

This paper presents a tool for creating student models in logistic regression. Creating student models has typically been done by expert selection of the appropriate terms, beginning with models as simple as IRT or AFM but more recently with highly complex models like BestLR. While alternative methods exist to select the appropriate predictors for the regression-based models (e.g., stepwise selection or LASSO), we are unaware of their application to student modeling. Such automatic methods of model creation offer the possibility of better student models with either reduced complexity or better fit, in addition to relieving experts from the burden of searching for better models by hand with possible human error. Our new functions are now part of the preexisting R package LKT. We explain our search methods with two datasets demonstrating the advantages of using the tool with stepwise regression and regularization (LASSO) methods to aid in feature selection. For the stepwise method using BIC, the models are simpler (due to the BIC penalty for parameters) than alternatives like BestLR with little lack of fit. For the LASSO method, the models can be made simpler due to the fitting procedure involving a regularization parameter that penalizes large absolute coefficient values. However, LASSO also offers the possibility of highly complex models with exceptional fit. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829.]

Knowledge components (KCs) have many applications. In computing education, knowing the demonstration of specific KCs has been challenging. This paper introduces an entirely data-driven approach for: (1) discovering KCs; and (2) demonstrating KCs, using students' actual code submissions. Our system is based on two expected properties of KCs: (1) generate learning curves following the power law of practice; and (2) are predictive of response correctness. We train a neural architecture (named KC-Finder) that classifies the correctness of student code submissions and captures problem-KC relationships. Our evaluation on data from 351 students in an introductory Java course shows that the learned KCs can generate reasonable learning curves and predict code submission correctness. At the same time, some KCs can be interpreted to identify programming skills. We compare the learning curves described by our model to four baselines, showing that: (1) identifying KCs with naive methods is a difficult task; and (2) our learning curves exhibit a substantially better curve fit. Our work represents a first step in solving the data-driven KC discovery problem in computing education. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829.]

This paper reports on students' experiences of describing and representing variation in hypothetical data. Fifty-six students (8-9 years-old) experienced collecting and working with quantitative data for two years as part of a STEM education project. The task described here was an end-of-year survey question, with three parts about a hypothetical context for surveying students in two different Australian cities: recording the data, describing the potential variation in the data, and creating a representation of what the data might look like when only a descriptive account of the context and variables were provided. The data analysis framework utilised provides a means of determining students' readiness for further development of statistical ideas.

Data literacy is the ability to collect, manage, evaluate, and apply data, in a critical manner. It is a relatively new field of study, dating only from the 2010s. It includes the skills necessary to discover and access data, manipulate data, evaluate data quality, conduct analysis using data, interpret results of analyses, and understand the ethics of using data. This paper considers data literacy education across three frameworks: the competency model defining data literacy, the assessment of data literacy competencies, and methods for the development of data literacy in an organization. These principles are applied to a discussion of the development of an open online course supporting the development of data literacy in the form of a corresponding data structure encompassing the three frameworks identified in the literature. [For the full proceedings, see ED636095.]

This paper presents a mobile application aimed at enhancing the financial literacy of college students by monitoring their spending patterns and promoting better decision-making. The application is developed using the agile methodology with Android Studio and Flutter as development tools and Firebase as a database. The app is divided into sub-applications, with the home page serving as the program's integration point, displaying a summary of the user's financial progress. The app generates valuable insights into the user's current and future financial success, utilizing data analytics and machine learning to provide detailed and summary insights into the user's financial progress. The machine-learning algorithm used in this app is linear regression, which predicts the user's income and expenses for the upcoming month based on their historical spending data. In addition, the app highlights deals and student discounts in the user's vicinity and links to financial articles that promote better financial planning and decision-making. By promoting responsible spending habits and providing valuable financial insights, this mobile application aims to help students become financially literate and make informed financial decisions for future. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

In this study, we held a 12-hour workshop focused on training the Data-Driven Learning (DDL) approach for in-service Chinese teachers aiming to implement this pedagogy in Mandarin Chinese classrooms in the future. We analyzed data from a postworkshop questionnaire to understand how the individual-level traits of Chinese teachers (such as their experience, ability, and motivations) relate to their integration of corpus-based methods. The questionnaire results indicate that teacher confidence in using the corpus is critical for the future application of DDL in teaching Chinese as a second language. Teachers who use corpus-based pedagogies are more positive at designing and guiding DDL activities and are more willing to practice DDL in language classes. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The STRATOP algorithm was developed to help planners and proponents find and test effectively designed choice objects and communication strategies. Choice objects can range from complex social, scientific, military, or educational alternatives to simple economic alternatives between assortments of branded convenience goods. Two classes of measured input data are used, one cognitive and the other affective. In addition, data on brand choice are needed to fit the parameters of the choice model. The STRATOP technique and the assorted preliminary analytical methods used modest amounts of standard data and yield very extensive findings, explicitly tailored to the needs of strategists and designers. Further experience is being accomulated with the expectation that the methods will find application in a number of areas involving significant social and economic choices among competing alternatives. (Author/JG)

A computer-based simulation model is described that can be used in an interactive mode to analyze the effects of alternative hiring, promotion, tenure granting, retirement, and salary policies on faculty size, distribution, and aggregate salary expense. The model was designed to be adequately flexible and comprehensive to incorporate the array of faculty appointment and tenure types found in medical schools throughout the United States. It has been implemented and tested on historical faculty data from the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. The Monte Carlo method of simulation was chosen as the most effective technology. The present model is called the "Tenure and Promotion Policy Simulator" and is programmed in the BASIC language. The entry, promotion, tenure status, and departure of full-time faculty members of the School of Medicine was traced from 1944-45 through 1977-78, totaling over 1,850 individuals. A computer data file was then constructed containing encoded biographical and appointment history information. Six data aggregation and synthesis computer programs were written to display the data in forms appropriate for analysis of the interrelationships of each variable on others. Statistical tests were run to determine the independent variables that have a significant relationship with the probability of a faculty member receiving a promotion, tenure, and other actions. Validation of the model was also undertaken. (SW)

The document contains papers presented at a meeting to consider global population growth. The purpose of the conference was to promote the exchange of ideas relating to population growth between educators, government officials, and development agency personnel from developing and developed nations. Ten papers are presented. Topics discussed include ways to implement global population policies, social science research on population and development, progress toward new contraceptives, reproduction research, the role of international assistance agencies in family planning, trends in international population assistance, and international population policy. A summary of conference proceedings highlights findings. These include that the field of population studies is changing rapidly, there is more awareness of population problems in the developing world, experts are increasingly convinced that population problems are closely related to development, developing nations are beginning to increase funds for population research, and both developing and developed nations are experiencing a sense of urgency in coping with population problems. (DB)

The document contains papers presented at a conference on global population trends. Conference participants, who represented international agencies and governments in developing nations, investigated social determinants of population trends, population policy, and population program assistance. Eleven papers are presented. Topics discussed include status of population development, sociopolitical implications of family planning, population agency activities, social research and population policy, medical developments in the field of contraception, collection and analysis of demographic data, and population education programs. A summary of conference proceedings indicates that population problems are (1) closely related to each nation's development process, (2) more complex than is generally understood, (3) best understood by scholars in countries where problems are most severe, and (4) in need of more social research. (DB)

Two recent developments in management information system technology and higher education administration have brought about the need for this study, designed to develop a methodology for revealing a relational model of the data base that administrators are operating from currently or would like to be able to operate from in the future. Administrations of higher education have been forced to rely more heavily on information systems to respond to the demands for accountability and allocations of limited resources. Information systems technology through the advent of data base management systems is able to be more responsive to administrative information needs, provided the relationships within the data required by administrators is known. The analysis, conducted at the University of Minnesota, consisted of testing several data grouping techniques including four hierarchical clustering methods, factor analysis, and observation of summary matrices on the data. Complete linkage and average linkage cluster analysis provided what appeared to be the most reliable groupings of the entities and were applied to the data. The methodology does reveal the relationships that respondents perceive to be in the data. The methodology as it was tested was effective as an aid to the data base designer in establishing a relational model of the data base. (Author/JMD)

Equal pay for equal work by persons of equal qualifications is the concept behind laws against race and sex discrimination in salaries in the United States. However, determining the existence and extent of discrimination is not a simple matter. A four-step procedure is recommended that attempts to uncover the existence of discrimination and begins to rectify the problem wherever it is found. Major issues associated with the tools and structures employed during each step of the salary equity process are discussed. The model employed by the university of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is described. It suggests a four-phase process utilizing different types of judgment at each stage and making different sets of demands upon the institution during each of the four phases. The phases include: policy; data collection and analysis; salary adjustment determination; and follow-up and monitoring. (Author/LBH)

Seven potentially useful maxims from the field of human information processing are proposed that may help institutional researchers prepare and present information for higher education decision-makers. The maxims, which are based on research and theory about how people cognitively process information, are as follows: (1) more may not be better; (2) augment humans with models; (3) chunk data wisely; (4) know decision makers; (5) heuristics are not always helpful; (6) arrange tables by patterns; and (7) negative evidence and new hypotheses are okay. Cognitive findings underlying each maxim are given, with concrete examples of how institutional researchers can apply the maxims to improve the collection, analysis, and especially the presentation of information for academic decision-makers. In regard to maxim 1, it is suggested that researchers should remember that people have difficulty combining more than six or seven bits of information at a time, without some kind of decision aid. The use of computer models for a limited range of structurable and semi-structurable academic decisions is probably the major application of maxim 2 currently found in universities. Three of the most frequently used heuristics are examined: availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment. Four guidelines for arranging tables are as follows: round to four significant digits, use row and column averages or totals, present the main pattern of data in columns, and order the rows and columns by some measure of their size. It is suggested that when decision-makers remain open to alternative solutions and disconfirming evidence, their decisions may be more effective. (SW)

The Center for the Study of Evaluation, of the Graduate School of Education at the University of California at Los Angeles (CSE) hosted a two day conference on "Paths to Excellence: Testing and Technology" on July 14-15, 1983. Attended by over 100 educational researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, the first day of the conference focused on issues in educational testing; day two explored the status and future of technology in schools. This document presents the collected papers from the first day of the conference. Presentations focused on CSE's study of teachers' and principals' use of achievement testing in the nation's schools. The study provided basic data about the nature and frequency of classroom testing, the purposes for which test results are used, principals' and teachers' attitudes toward testing, and local contexts supporting the use of tests (e.g., amount of staff development, testing resources, leadership support). The findings were presented at the conference, and presenters were asked to provide their interpretations of the data and their perspectives on their implications for national, state, and/or local testing policies. One speaker, William Coffman, was asked to provide context for the conference by considering the study in the light of the history of research on educational testing. (PN)

These proceedings contain the papers of the 11th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2014), October 25-27, 2014, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2014 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aimed to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Designing Learning Environments in a Digital Age: The Quest for What to Consider," by Professor Jan Elen, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. The conference included a panel entitled: "Competencies, Challenges, and Changes: A Global Conversation About 21st Century Teachers and Leaders" by Lynne Schrum, Rose Dolan, Dirk Ifenthaler, Ronghuai Huang, Dale Niederhauser, and Neal Strudler. Papers in the proceedings include: (1) Interactive Application in Spanish Sign Language for a Public Transport Environment (José Guillermo Viera-Santana, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (2) A Game-Based Assessment of Students' Choices to Seek Feedback and to Revise (Maria Cutumisu, Doris B. Chin, and Daniel L. Schwartz); (3) Investigating Teachers' Readiness, Understanding and Workload in Implementing School Based Assessment (SBA) (Norsamsinar Samsudin, Premila A/P Rengasamy, Jessnor Elmy Mat Jizat, Hariyaty Ab Wahid, and Norasibah Abdul Jalil; (4) The Effects of Frequency of Media Utilization on Decision Making of Media Choice (Yasushi Gotoh); (5) Comparing Novices & Experts in Their Exploration of Data in Line Graphs (Bruce H. Tsuji and Gitte Lindgaard); (6) Assessment Intelligence in Small Group Learning (Wanli Xing and Yonghe Wu); (7) Collaborative Creativity Processes in a Wiki: A Study in Secondary Education (Manoli Pifarré, Laura Marti, and Alex Guijosa); (8) LSQuiz: A Collaborative Classroom Response System to Support Active Learning Through Ubiquitous Computing (Ricardo Caceffo and Rodolfo Azevedo); (9) Impacts of MediaWiki on Collaborative Writing Among Teacher Students (Said Hadjerrouit); (10) Teachers' Perceptions of the Individual Case Studies' Literacy Performance and Their Use of Computer Tools (Odette Bourjaili Radi); (11) Exploring Opportunities to Boost Adult Students' Graduation--The Reasons Behind the Delays and Drop-Outs of Graduation (Päivi Aarreniemi-Jokipelto and Asta Bäck; (12) Effective Use of a Learning Management System to Influence On-Line Learning (Xu Hongjiang, Sakthi Mahenthiran, and Kenton Smith); (13) Order Effects of Learning with Modeling and Simulation Software on Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children's Cognitive Performance: An Interaction Effect (Charoula Angeli, Nicos Valanides, Eirini Polemitou, and Elena Fraggoulidou); (14) Comparative Case Study on Designing and Applying Flipped Classroom at Universities (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Jihyun Lee, Hyeonsu Kim, and Hyeongjong Han); (15) Organizational Leadership Process for University Education (Ricardo Llamosa-Villalba, Dario J. Delgado, Heidi P. Camacho, Ana M. Paéz, and Raúl F. Valdivieso); (16) Academic versus Non-Academic Emerging Adult College Student Technology Use (Joan Ann Swanson and Erica Walker); (17) Creative Stories: A Storytelling Game Fostering Creativity (Antonis Koukourikos, Pythagoras Karampiperis, and George Panagopoulos); (18) An EVS Clicker Based Hybrid Assessment to Engage Students with Marking Criteria (Steve Bennett, Trevor Barker, and Mariana Lilley); (19) ICT Competence-Based Learning Object Recommendations for Teachers (Stylianos Sergis, Panagiotis Zervas, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (20) Improving Content Area Reading Comprehension with 4-6th Grade Spanish ELLs Using Web-Based Structure Strategy Instruction (Kausalai [Kay] Wijekumar, Bonnie J.F. Meyer, and Puiwa Lei); (21) Preparing Special Education Teachers to Use Educational Technology to Enhance Student Learning (Teresa Wallace and David Georgina); (22) ASK4Labs: A Web-Based Repository for Supporting Learning Design Driven Remote and Virtual Labs Recommendations (Panagiotis Zervas, Stefanos Fiskilis, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (23) Digital Storytelling: Emotions in Higher Education (Sandra Ribeiro, António Moreira, and Cristina Pinto da Silva); (24) Design in Practice: Scenarios for Improving Management Education (Lee Schlenker and Sébastien Chantelot); (25) Factors Influencing Students' Choice of Study Mode: An Australian Case Study (Dirk Ifenthaler, Maree Gosper, Matthew Bailey, and Mandy Kretzschmar); (26) Addressing Standardized Testing Through a Novel Assessment Model (Catherine C. Schifter and Martha Carey); (27) "It's Just Like Learning, Only Fun"--A Teacher's Perspective of Empirically Validating Effectiveness of a Math App (Ka Rene Grimes); (28) A User Centered Faculty Scheduled Development Framework (Shohreh Hadian and Nancy Sly); (29) Musical Peddy-Paper: A Collaborative Learning Activity Supported by Augmented Reality (José Duarte Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, Lúcia da Graça Cruz Domingues Amante, and Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes); (30) Undergraduate Students' Experiences of Time in a MOOC: A Term of Dino 101 (Catherine Adams and Yin Yin); (31) The Answering Process for Multiple-Choice Questions in Collaborative Learning: A Mathematical Learning Model Analysis (Yasuyuki Nakamura, Shinnosuke Nishi, Yuta Muramatsu, Koichi Yasutake, Osamu Yamakawa, and Takahiro Tagawa); (32) Using Five Stage Model to Design of Collaborative Learning Environments in Second Life (Sevil Orhan and M. Kemal Karaman); (33) Students' Reflections Using Visualized Learning Outcomes and E-Portfolios (Takatsune Narumi and Yasushi Gotoh); (34) The Efficiency of Different Online Learning Media--An Empirical Study (Franziska J. Kößler and Marco M. Nitzschner); (35) Microblogging Best Practices (Shohreh Hadian and Maria-Elena Froese); (36) DIY Analytics for Postsecondary Students (Timothy Arndt and Angela Guercio); (37) Project "Flappy Crab": An Edu-Game for Music Learning (Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, José Bidarra, and José Duarte Cardoso Gomes); (38) Higher Education Institutions (HEI) Students Take on MOOC: Case of Malaysia (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat, Norsamsinar Samsudin, and Rusliza Yahaya); (39) A Cross Cultural Perspective on Information Communication Technologies Learning Survey (Hale Ilgaz, Sacide Güzin Mazman, and Arif Altun); (40) An App for the Cathedral in Freiberg--An Interdisciplinary Project Seminar (Cindy Kröber and Sander Münster); (41) Possible Science Selves: Informal Learning and the Career Interest Development Process (Leila A. Mills); (42) A Case Study of MOOCs Design and Administration at Seoul National University (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Mihwa Kim, Songlee Han, and Seungil Seo); (43) Persistent Possible Science Selves (Leila A. Mills and Lin Lin); and (44) Towards a Collaborative Intelligent Tutoring System Classification Scheme (Rachel Harsley). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

The Association Supporting Computer Users in Education (ASCUE) is a group of people interested in small college computing issues. It is a blend of people from all over the country who use computers in their teaching, academic support, and administrative support functions. ASCUE has a strong tradition of bringing its members together to pool their resources to help each other, and continues the tradition of sharing through its national conference held every year in June, its conference proceedings, and its newsletter. ASCUE proudly affirms this tradition in its motto: "Our Second Quarter Century of Resource Sharing." The proceedings are divided into three sections. The first section contains the refereed papers. The second section holds papers from the sessions with paper. The last section holds only the abstracts for the other sessions. The following are included in the 2014 proceedings: (1) Recruiting Women into Computer Science and Information Systems (Steven Broad and Meredith McGee); (2) Library Databases as Unexamined Classroom Technologies (Allison Faix); (3) Losing the Red Pen: Video Grading Feedback in Distance and Blended Learning Writing Courses (Lisa Ann Jones); (4) Phishing E-Mails--Six Month Investigation into What People Click (Michael R. Lehrfeld); (5) The Academic and Social Life Styles of Students and Teachers of Higher Education Institutions in Bangladesh as Consequences of using Social Network Sites (Che Kum Clement); (6) Power monitoring using the Raspberry Pi (Robin M Snyder); (7) An overview of the past, present, and future of 3D printing technology with an emphasis on the present (Robin M Snyder); (8) Using Live Projects in the Classroom (Dewey A. Swanson); (9) Utilization of Social Networks in Teaching and Learning Process (Terri Austin); (10) 3 in 30 (Jean Bennett and Tracy Gaskin); (11) Let's Hangout! (Jean Bennett); (12) Leveraging the 3D Printing Revolution for Higher Education (Frances E. Bosch and Michael Kluge); (13) Navigating the Challenges of The Installation and Operation of the SMART LightRaise 60wi Projector (MJ Clark and Tom Marcais); (14) The Ins and Outs of Flipped Learning (Christine Davis); (15) The Hybrid Classroom: Staging for the Future with an Eye on the Now (Craig Gray); (16) Cool Tools: Here we go again! (Janet Hurn and Julie Straub); (17) Teaching my First Technology in Physical Education Course (Seth Jenny); (18) Photographer's Software and Hardware for the iPhone and iPad (Fred Jenny); (19) Flip your Hangout: Using Google+ to blend and flip your classroom (Lisa Ann Jones and Anthony Basham); (20) Become a Master of Disaster (Mark Jordan); (21) Establishing a Distance Learning Framework for the Institution (Sali Kaceli); (22) Data Analytics coming of age (Steve Knode); (23) "Bring Your Own Device" Techniques for the Classroom or the Campus Roundtable (Amanda Kraft); (24) Implementing Google Apps for Education (Christopher Laird); (25) Spectrum Industries--Innovative Furniture for Learning Environments (Jim Lloyd); (26) Eliminating Sneakernet: Low-cost and Free Solutions for Software Deployment and Remote Support/Administration (Matt Manous); (27) Designing Differentiated Technology Training Utilizing Flipped Classroom and Tiered Instructional Strategies (Tom Marcais and Holly Gould); (28) Painting on a New Canvas--Instructure Canvas! (A different kind of LMS) (Carmen Morrison); (29) Blackboard and Moodlerooms--Championing Learner Centricity (Brett Perlman and Ryan Francus); (30) High Tech vs Low Tech Classroom--A Mathematician's Experiences (Jack Pope); (31) ElearnReady: A Free Assessment Tool for Determining Student Online Readiness (Jenn Shinaberger and Lee Shinaberger); (32) 28%--What's Your Number (Pamela Silver); (33) Online Program Assessment Rubric and Process (Katherine Spradley and Jason Bennett); (34) Writing In Action: Using Technology to Emphasize the Activity and Process of Writing in a Hybrid Composition Course (Krista Stonerock); (35) Using MS Link to Replace the PBX (Tina Stutchell); (36) Breaking down Microsoft SharePoint--A practical guide to getting started and winning? (Luke VanWingerden); (37) Social Media Strategy in 3 Words (Steve Weir); and (38) Using Facebook to Engage Stakeholders (Steve Weir and Amanda Kraft). A presenters index is included. Individual papers contain references.

This paper explores the effect of using multitask learning for abstractive summarization in the context of small training corpora. In particular, we incorporate four different tasks (extractive summarization, language modeling, concept detection, and paraphrase detection) both individually and in combination, with the goal of enhancing the target task of abstraction summarization via multitask learning. We show that for many task combinations, a model trained in a multitask setting outperforms a model trained only for abstractive summarization, with no additional summarization data introduced. Additionally, we do a comprehensive search and find that certain tasks (e.g. paraphrase detection) consistently benefit abstractive summarization, not only when combined with other tasks but also when using different architectures and training corpora. [This paper was published in: "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021," Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021, pp. 1652-1661.]

This paper explores three simple data manipulation techniques (synthesis, augmentation, curriculum) for improving abstractive summarization models without the need for any additional data. We introduce a method of data synthesis with paraphrasing, a data augmentation technique with sample mixing, and curriculum learning with two new difficulty metrics based on specificity and abstractiveness. We conduct experiments to show that these three techniques can help improve abstractive summarization across two summarization models and two different small datasets. Furthermore, we show that these techniques can improve performance when applied in isolation and when combined. [This paper was published in: "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021," Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021, pp. 2043-2052.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference on Mobile Learning 2013, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, in Lisbon, Portugal, March 14-16, 2013. The Mobile Learning 2013 International Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Common Mobile Learning Characteristics--An Analysis of Mobile Learning Models and Frameworks (Umera Imtinan, Vanessa Chang and Tomayess Issa); (2) Walking towards Instrumental Appropriation of Mobile Devices. A Comparison of Studies (Maria José Hernandez Serrano and Lingling Yang); (3) Twitter Micro-Blogging Based Mobile Learning Approach to Enhance the Agriculture Education Process (Uvasara Dissanayeke, K. P. Hewagamage, Robert Ramberg, and G. N. Wikramanayake); (4) Designing Mixed Reality Mobile Games for Crisis Management Training (Ines Di Loreto, Simone Mora, and Monica Divitini); (5) From Learning Object to Learning Cell: A Resource Organization Model for Ubiquitous Learning (Shengquan Yu, Xianmin Yang and Gang Cheng); (6) Lingobee--Crowd-Sourced Mobile Language Learning in the Cloud (Sobah Abbas Petersen, Emma Procter-Legg and Annamaria Cacchione); (7) Media Creation and Sharing in Informal, Situated, Authentic Mobile Learning for Local Cultural Diversity Investigation (Jacek Walinski); (8) Text Messaging for Out-of-Class Communication: Impact on Affective Learning (Paul Hayes, Stephan Weibelzahl and Tim Hall); (9) Prisma-Mar: An Architecture Model for Data Visualization in Augmented Reality Mobile Devices (Mauro Alexandre Folha Gomes Costa, Bianchi Serique Meiguins, Nikolas S. Carneiro and Aruanda Simões Gonçalves Meiguins); (10) What Do Context Aware Electronic Alerts from Virtual Learning Environments Tell Us About User Time & Location? (Laura Crane and Phillip Benachour); (11) Tablet Computers on Trial: A Transformative Force in Education? (Skúlína Hlíf Kjartansdóttir and Sólveig Jakobsdóttir); (12) Development and Use of an EFL Reading Practice Application for an Android Tablet Computer (Yasushige Ishikawa, Craig Smith, Mutsumi Kondo, Ichiro Akano, Kate Maher and Norihisa Wada); (13) Mobile Learning Application Interfaces: First Steps to a Cognitive Load Aware System (Robin Deegan); (14) "Mobile Phones and Other Disturbing Objects..." (Torbjörn Ott); (15) Role of Passive Capturing in a Ubiquitous Learning Environment (Hiroaki Ogata, Bin Hou, Mengmeng Li, Noriko Uosaki and Kousuke Mouri); (16) Android Based Mobile Environment for Moodle Users (Gisela T. de Clunie, Clifton Clunie, Aris Castillo and Norman Rangel); (17) A Mobile Platform for Administering Questionnaires and Synchronizing their Answers (Maria Germana Ginardi and Giordano Lanzola); (18) Future Educators' Explaining Voices (Janaina Minelli de Oliveira, Pablo Buenestado Caballero and Mar Camacho); (19) A Framework for the Creation of Mobile Educational Games for Dyslexic Children (Juan Haladjian, Daniel Richter, Paul Muntean, Damir Ismailovic and Bernd Brügge); (20) Mobile Learning 4All (Secundino Correia, Paula Medeiros, Mafalda Mendes and Margarida Silva); (21) Location-Aware Mobile Learning of Spatial Algorithms (Ville Karavirta); (22) Learning with Smartphones: Students' Lived Experience of Using Smartphones (Nee Nee Chan, Alan Walker-Gleaves and Richard Remedios); (23) Investigation of Using Analytics in Promoting Mobile Learning Support (Videhi Visali and Niraj Swami); (24) Tablet Use within Medicine (Rebecca J. Hogue); (25) Benefits and Financial Impacts of Adopting Technology in Learning (Katri Grenman, Minna Isomursu, Maija Federley and Anu Seisto); (26) m-Learning for Qur'an Memorization and Teaching its Sciences (Ahmed Sameh); (27) Learning Potentials of the Ubiquitous Internet: Using Mobile Devices to Support the Individual, Social and Physical Context of the Learner (Christian Dalsgaard, Nicholai Friis Pedersen and Janus Holst Aaen); (28) Smartphones in Clinical Nursing Practice: A Multi-Phased Approach to Implementation and Deployment (Brad Johnson, C. J. Davison and Lisa Moralejo); (29) Transmedia Storybuilding in Sloyd (Annika Wiklund-Engblom, Kasper Hiltunen, Juha Hartvik and Mia Porko-Hudd); (30) Mobile Learning in Secondary Education: Perceptions and Acceptance of Tablets of Teachers and Pupils (Hannelore Montrieux, Cédric Courtois, Frederik De Grove, Annelies Raes, Tammy Schellens and Lieven De Marez); (31) Ondigita: A Platform for the Management and Delivery of Digital Documents (Riccardo Mazza, Andrea Baldassari and Roberto Guidi); (32) From Radio, to Satellite, to mLearning: Interactive Distance Education in Australia (Stephen Crump); (33) Flipped Approach to Mobile Assisted Language Learning (Junko Yamamoto); (34) Mobile Pedagogy (Lee Schlenker); (35) Context and Concepts in Mobile Learning (Jimmy Jaldemark); (36) m-Learning Systems Design--Technology and Pedagogy Aspects (Elissaveta Gourova, Asya Asenova and Pavlin Dulev); (37) The Potential for Mobile Learning in English as a Foreign Language and Nursing Education (C. J. Davison); (38) Promoting STEM Education through Mobile Teaching and Learning (Murali Krishnamurthi and Stephanie Richter); (39) A Learning Community Explores the Potential of Mobile Apps in Higher Education (Joan Van Duzer and Kathy D. Munoz); (40) Mobile Learning Application Based on RSS Feed Technology (Mahmoud Mohanna and Laurence Capus); (41) Mobile Learning Using Mobile Phones (Paula Vicente); (42) Suitability of m-Learning to Enhance Learning English Language (J. F. Fazeena, Y. Ekanayaka and K. P. Hewagamage); (43) Integrated Authoring Tool for Mobile Augmented Reality-Based E-Learning Applications (Marcos Fermín Lobo, Víctor Manuel Álvarez García and María del Puerto Paule Ruiz); and (44) Enhancing Mobile Working Memory Training by Using Affective Feedback (Kristina Schaaff). [Individual papers contain references. An author index is included. Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of these proceedings.]

This paper describes a preliminary study of how computational methods allow us to know more about citizen science and its connection with education. Citizen science is a practice involving a general public in scientific tasks and generating knowledge and scientific results. Previous studies have shown that the education sector can take benefit of the knowledge and activities organized or resources generated in CS projects. Previous studies have shown that the education sector can take advantage of the knowledge and activities organized in CS projects. In this paper, we analyze three citizen science platforms (Eu.Citizen science platform, Observatorio de la ciencia ciudadana and Oficina de la ciència ciutadana) with computational analytics techniques to provide initial insights of how educators can take benefit of the analysis of large amounts of data from CS. Finally, different visualizations and dashboards have been developed as illustrative examples of tools to support educators and learners. These tools provide information about citizen science projects, an overview of scientific vocabulary, access to validated resources and examples of technology used in scientific inquiry that can be used with educational purposes. [For the full proceedings, see ED621108.]

This paper summarises the contributions to EuroCALL's CorpusCALL SIG Symposium for the year 2020. In line with this year's EuroCALL conference theme, 'CALL for widening participation', the Symposium centred around the theme of "Data-driven learning for languages other than English." This paper gives a brief overview of developments and challenges when using Data-Driven Learning (DDL) to teach French, German, Italian, and Spanish. As research suggests, a DDL approach has been effectively utilised to teach these languages. However, there are differences in available DDL resources and corpora for the respective languages that are appropriate for language teaching. The main challenges for future developments are also discussed. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

Recommender systems in educational contexts have proven effective to identify learning resources that fit the interests and needs of learners. Their usage has been of special interest in online self-learning scenarios to increase student retention and improve the learning experience. In current recommendation techniques, and in particular, in collaborative filtering recommender systems, the quality of the recommendation is largely based on the explicit or implicit information obtained about the learners. On free massive online learning platforms, however, the information available about learners may be limited and based mostly on logs from website analytics tools such as Google Analytics. In this paper, we address the challenge of recommending meaningful content with limited information from users by using rating estimation strategies from a log system. Our approach posits strategies to mine logs and generates effective ratings through the counting and temporal analysis of sessions. We evaluate different rating penalty strategies and compare the use of per-user and global metrics for rating estimation. The results show that using the average number of lessons viewed per-user is better than using global metrics with a p-value under 0.01 for 4 of our 5 hypotheses, showing statistical significance. Additionally, the results show that functions that penalize the rating to a lesser degree behave better and lead to a better recommendation. [For the full proceedings, see ED623995.]

This work explores how population-based engagement prediction can address cold-start at scale in large learning resource collections. The paper introduces: (1) VLE, a novel dataset that consists of content and video based features extracted from publicly available scientific video lectures coupled with implicit and explicit signals related to learner engagement; (2) two standard tasks related to predicting and ranking context-agnostic engagement in video lectures with preliminary baselines; and (3) a set of experiments that validate the usefulness of the proposed dataset. Our experimental results indicate that the newly proposed VLE dataset leads to building context-agnostic engagement prediction models that are significantly performant than ones based on previous datasets, mainly attributing to the increase of training examples. VLE dataset's suitability in building models towards Computer Science/ Artificial Intelligence education focused on e-learning/MOOC use-cases is also evidenced. Further experiments in combining the built model with a personalising algorithm show promising improvements in addressing the cold-start problem encountered in educational recommenders. This is the largest and most diverse publicly available dataset to our knowledge that deals with learner engagement prediction tasks. The dataset, helper tools, descriptive statistics and example code snippets are available publicly. [For the full proceedings, see ED623995.]

The "2nd Annual WPI-UMASS-UPENN EDM Data Mining Challenge" required contestants to predict efficient testtaking based on log data. In this paper, we describe our theory-driven and psychometric modeling approach. For feature engineering, we employed the Log-Normal Response Time Model for estimating latent person speed, and the Generalized Partial Credit Model for estimating latent person ability. Additionally, we adopted an n-gram feature approach for event sequences. For training a multi-label classifier, we distinguished inefficient test takers who were going too fast and those who were going too slow, instead of using the provided binary target label. Our best-performing ensemble classifier comprised three sets of low-dimensional classifiers, dominated by test-taker speed. While our classifier reached moderate performance, relative to competition leaderboard, our approach makes two important contributions. First, we show how explainable classifiers could provide meaningful predictions if results can be contextualized to test administrators who wish to intervene or take action. Second, our re-engineering of test scores enabled us to incorporate person ability into the estimation. However, ability was hardly predictive of efficient behavior, leading to the conclusion that the target label's validity needs to be questioned. The paper concludes with tools that are helpful for substantively meaningful log data mining. [For the full proceedings, see ED607784.]