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Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. The manufacture of sugarcane bagasse paper may help to minimize deforestation in the development of paper utilizing wood, which also contributes to the creation of biodegradable, biocompatible, and eco-friendly paper utilizing non-wood fibre. This would help the industry to develop sustainable technology in the current economy and environmental order. In the meantime, the magnetic material inside the paper acts as a filler can improves the quality and strength of the paper. While the incorporation of paper radiation will also improve the quality of pulp production, by preventing the presence of fungi on paper. This will be widely used on food wrapping or packaging that is clean is the most important aspect that should be taken to prevent food from being damaged. Biodegradable implies that it can be spontaneously broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi under some circumstances such as temperature, humidity and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of insecticides on local product filter paper can be made in three ways: droplet use pipette, manual spray, and printing spray. Insecticides play an essential role in a paper, mainly used for testing susceptibility. The way the insecticide is applied affects the distribution on the paper surface. The purpose of calculating the distribution of insecticides on local filter paper is to determine the amount of insecticide in the cavity volume of ordinary paper. The research aims to get the data quality of impregnated paper local production with various spray techniques. To determine the volume of voids on paper and determine the distribution of insecticides can be using ImageJ software. The type of paper used is locally produced filter paper with insecticide lambda cyhalothrin with a predetermined concentration. The study results showed that with the spray machine method, the distribution of insecticides was more evenly distributed than the standard spray method. The range of paper cavity volumes with a spray machine is shorter than the volume range of paper cavities sprayed manually (0.005113), while those with ordinary sprays are (0.007349). These differences indicate that the spray machine is better than the manual spray method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the characterization of pulp and paper from sago fiber waste. The process has several stages: preparing a solution, sago fiber analysis, pulping process, and printing process. The required solutions are NaOH solution (technical), 10% BaCl2 solution, 0.1 N HCl solution, 60% ethanol solution, phenolphthalein indicator solution, 1% starch indicator solution, sindur methyl indicator solution of NaOH titration, borax solution, Na₂S solution (technical), and THIO solution (1 N; 0.1 N). The pulping process is carried out by inserting sago fiber and solutions into a rotary digester machine for 4 hours (170oC). Then, it is removed after 24 hours and dried by a spinner machine. Characterizations on the sample include: chemical and physical properties, mechanical properties, and optical properties. The result shows that sago fiber waste can be used as raw material for paper. The value of grammage of 62 g/m2, thickness of 0.1294 mm, water absorption capacity of 627.27 g/m2, water content of 9.83%, ash content of 26.26%, pH of 7.9, tensile strength of 14.22 MD and 13.33 CD, brightness of 19.8%, and opacity 22.78. The pore diameter of the paper is 4.608 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super teak is a fast grown species of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) derived from several clones. This has facilitated plantation rotations as short as 5 years. The main target of conventional plantation teak was initially for high value logs. Young teak wood from plantation forest usually has a small diameter. Moreover, the wood from very young stems is unsuitable for direct utilization, but advance wood processing technology can improve the wood properties of small diameter logs. This study aimed to assess the potential utilization of young super teak for high quality products namely furniture, flooring, and veneer, and assess the possibility of the use of manufacture waste for pulp paper and wood pellets as side products. The evaluation were carried out according to the National Indonesian Standard and other international standard requirements. 18 logs from wet (Bogor) and dry (Magetan) sites representing large, medium, and small diameter classes were collected. According to SNI 01-0608-1989 Timber for Furniture, 5-year-old super teak was suitable for furniture production. Furthermore, according to SNI 7732.1: 2011: Teak Veneer, the super teak was classified as Grade C because of the presence of sapwood, pinholes, tight and lose knots. According to Australian Timber Flooring Association, 5-year-old super teak was classifiesd as soft flooring group, the same group as mature teak & radiata pine. The young super teak was classified as Class Quality/Group II with very low active alkali consumption and low Kappa Number according to Indonesian wood fibre criteria for pulp and paper materials and Association of Pulp and Paper in Brazil. Finally, based on SNI 802: 2014 Wood Pellet, the super teak was recommended as by-products for utilising the wood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant demand has been placed on the building material industry, especially in the last decade due to the increasing population, which causes a chronic shortage of building materials. The current study aims at utilizing waste paper to produce papercrete bricks and study their engineering properties, a step towards sustainable development. Papercrete is rapidly gaining popularity in the building construction industry worldwide because of its environmental friendliness, low-cost and lightweight. The study considered literature and related ideas up to conceptualization and design of the trial ratio used in testing. Trial mixes of paper sludge, sand, and cement at different proportions made papercrete bricks of dimensions 220×110×102 mm. The tests conducted included compressive strength and water absorption. The mixes of paper sludge, sand, and cement in the ratio of 50, 35, and 15%, respectively, gave the best results. The compressive strength increased with the increase in the curing period. The rate at which the papercrete bricks absorbed water reduced as the curing period increased for all the papercrete trial mixes. It was concluded that percentages of paper sludge less than 50% are recommended for non-load bearing walls such as parapet walls and partition walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovation in paper technology that is totally different from the papermaking technology that has been known now, has been found in the 21st century in China. This new discovery paper does not use cellulose fibers as its raw material, and does not use water at all in its production process. Because it is made of inorganic mineral coming from calcite rocks, this paper is called 'rock paper' or stone paper. The process of stone papermaking in principle mixes fine powder of calcite rock with non-toxic resin, one of which is HDPE (high density polyethylene), as well as other additives, then melted at high temperatures and formed into a sheets like paper. The properties of stone paper are very similar and even have advantages compared to conventional paper. This type of paper is claimed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional paper because it does not use plant fibers as raw material, which means there is no trees cut. It can be recycled and produces low greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is biomass made from lignocellulose, the main raw material for pulp production, both species of hardwood and softwood. Utilization of as much wood as possible, including less-known wood species, is widely open because the availability of good quality wood for industry raw materials is increasingly limited. In general, all wood species can be used for paper pulp. But the selection of types of lignocellulosic material with specific properties, such as physical, anatomical and chemical, play an important role in efficiently using wood as raw materials for pulp and paper. This research was carried out to examine wood properties (specific gravity, fiber quality and cellulose content) of four less-known hardwoods from natural tropical rainforest in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia and assessed their potential use for paper pulp. Those hardwood species comprised of cempedak (Artocarpus integer Merr.), jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Hav.), saling-saling (Artocarpus teysmanii Miq.) and simpur (Dillenia serrata Thunb.). The specific gravity determined by the weight of oven dried wood and volume of air dried wood where the wood volume be measured by water immersion method, the fiber dimensions measured through maceration preparations which was made using the Franklin procedure, while TAPPI method used for chemical analysis. In condition to paper pulp raw material, the specific gravity (0.40 – 0.69) is categorized as moderate, the fiber quality is classified as good (class II), and cellulose content (40.12% - 52.47%) is categorized as moderate to high for all those less-known hardwoods. All four less-known hardwoods studied potentially use for paper pulp raw materials. But simpur has the most potential due to long fiber and higher specific gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target of this idea is to plan the paper cutting machine utilizing Geneva component. This machine is utilized to decrease the manual work of paper cutting, and furthermore efficient. This machine is exceptionally valuable for paper fabricating industry likewise we can keep away from the human blunders and it can be used in schools, collages stationary shops, paper stores, etc. This project is designed by chain drive, Geneva mechanism, paper cutter, hinge joint and spring. This machine will minimize the errors occurred while cutting papers using hands and it will also reduce the risk of paper cutting.Thisventures is fixated on the plan and manufacture of an Automatic paper cutting machine utilizing some privately discovered materials. Paper is one of the significantly utilized material in our everyday exercises in bringing data's down essential data's, it is vital that there is a machine that can deal with it at a homegrown level to give the ideal structure for different use.The machine is tried and the yield is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a shortage of paper and paper products in Uzbekistan. In this regard, this work presents the results of studies of the possibility of obtaining paper from cotton cellulose and using cotton cellulose in combination with waste paper. Were studied methods of making prototypes of paper from cotton cellulose obtained from different varieties of cotton linti, as well as from a mixture of this cellulose in combination with waste paper at different ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality and productivity are the things that are most often the focus of discussion in the production process. PT. Papertech Indonesia is one of the companies producing cardboard products or paper board industry (hard paper). The products produced in addition to core paper also produce other types of paper including: Chip Board, Super Chip Board, Cone Board, Core B. In producing paper, the thing that most affects the quality of a product is the change grade or the change in the type of product. If at the time of change grade there is an error in the settings it will cause problems, namely sheet break or broken paper. Sheet Break is broken paper which can cause a decrease in machine productivity and add defective products in the warehouse, this defect product is meant to not meet the specifications of the consumer. Six Sigma approaches and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) used in this study to determine the sigma level value for sheet breaks, factors that cause sheet breaks and find solutions to reduce risk. The results showed that there are two machines that often experience Sheet Break, namely Couch Roll & Lumbreaker and Dryer 1st Group machines which are caused by various factors. Based on the value of the Risk Priority Number which is the largest for the cause of Sheet Break, namely unstable vacuum during Change Grade, Lack of understanding and skills in the Change Grade state, Lack of understanding of the steps for Change Grade. Based on these results, recommendations are given to minimize the causes of priority Sheet Breaks carried out for each category and each cause, one of the recommendations given is the use of appropriate vacuum equipment, conducting regular monitoring, training employees and implementing Kaizen. With these recommendations, PT. Indonesian papertech can use these recommendations as a form of improvement in order to minimize the occurrence of sheet breaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Briquettes produced from scrap paper are known for their low calorific value. The calorific value of briquettes from waste paper is in the fourth rank after waste wood, charcoal, and sawdust. Therefore, the correct ratio of composition mixture to create a higher calorific value is required. Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) has been selected as an added material in the composition of biomass mixture since SCG has a high calorific value and is easily found. The purpose of the study is to find the correct ratio that may increase the calorific value of the bio-briquettes made of scrap paper, based on comparative testing and analysis. There are four composition mixture samples used in the study. The first composition mixture is 90% of scrap paper and 10% adhesive; the second one is 70% of scrap paper, 20% of SCG, and 10% adhesive; the third composition mixture is 50% of scrap paper, 40% of SCG, 10% of adhesive; and the fourth composition mixture includes 30% of scrap paper, 60% of SCG and 10% of adhesive. The study shows that the greater ratio of SCG used in the composition will result in a higher calorific value. The research concludes that briquettes achieve their best performances in the composition mixture of 40% of SCG. In the proposed ratio, briquettes are not brittle and produce 5.366 kcal/kg of calorific value; 6.58% of water content; 5.37% of ash content; 28.28% of volatile matter; and 8.91% of shatter index. Therefore, the studied composition can be considered to produce the most efficient biomass briquettes made from scrap paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the possibility of removing residual optical brighteners in paper, caused by the migration of OBAs from commercially available papers through water during an instance of water damage. From the standpoint of conservation treatment, this OBA removal experiment was conducted in the hope of providing a treatment method for the removal of OBAs as a reference point for the conservation community. This study presents an example case of removing offset OBAs, and the results of the removal experiment are discussed in order to explore the feasibility of the proposed treatment method. The results demonstrated that the removal of offset OBAs using a compatible conservation treatment is feasible. A combination of daylight bleaching with alkaline water and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is recommended, and the time of exposure to sunlight should be shortened as much as possible if performed on a bright, sunny day. However, performing such treatment on the actual cultural artefact will require careful assessment with regards to necessity and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work relates to the development of recycled paper from waste paper with the objective of optimization of the composition. The paper properties are much affected with composition like amount of waste paper, fresh paper, cotton shreds, adhesives and water. Samples were made by taking different composites and tests were performed to evaluate properties i.e. thickness, coefficient of friction, moisture content, scott bond strength, tensile strength. The testing concluded that the samples which were having cotton shreds and adhesives showed very good results closer to the fresh paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulase enzymes in the refining process in paper making are known to reduce energy and grinding costs. The industry requires large amounts of cellulases related to the low activity of cellulases produced. The optimization process is known to increase the value of cellulase activity produced. In the process of cellulase production, carbon sources based on cellulose waste, such as grass and bagasse, can reduce production costs. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum fermentation carbon source that produces the highest cellulase activity between grass and bagasse by actinomycetes ID07–287. It also aims to increase the value of cellulase activity by optimizing the concentration of selected carbon sources and the pH of the fermentation media. This research includes the preparation of grass biomass and bagasse, the production of cellulase enzymes for the selection of the optimum carbon source, and the optimization of the production of carbon source concentrations and the pH of the fermentation media. Based on the research results, it is known that grass is the best fermentation carbon source, with an activity value of 0.086 U/mL. The results of optimization of production, at a concentration of 2%, is the optimum concentration with an activity value of 0.099 U / mL and the pH of the fermentation media 9 produces an optimum activity value of 0.107 U/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to use enzymes as a substituting chemical to enhance the properties of pulp and paper. However, there is a limited match between the material and the enzymes applied. Therefore, this research aims to increase pulp and paper properties enzymatically by adding papaya latex bio-activator in the recycled pulp process using the hydrolyzing method. The results showed that this bio-activator made the fiber bulky due to the storage of more water in the pulp, thereby expanding the fiber surface, which facilitated tearing and increasing fibrillation in the refining process. This process led to changes in the surface morphology of fiber and structure of pulp fibers, which were determined from the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test. It also increased fiber fibrillation, which led to a rise in bond strength between fibers capable of raising paper properties. In conclusion, papaya latex bio-activator reduces the use of chemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), increases fibrillation in the refining process and reduces environmental liquid waste pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation of fly ash and pulp paper composition at 110°C for 6 hours was carried out to discern the effect of fly ash and pulp paper addition in papercrete. sixth variations in paper pulp and fly ash composition were employed to perceive the characteristic that occurs in the sample. The papercrete material composition was weighed, mixed until it became homogeneous and then casted in a mold with a size of 18 x 5 x 2 cm3. Papercrete samples were allowed to stand within the mold at room temperature for 24 hours and released from the mold to stand again for the next 24 hours, after which it heated at 110°C for 6 hours. Characterization using XRF, SEM-EDX as well as Mechanical and physical tests carried out after the samples was cold. Papercrete with sample code K6 has the highest flexural strength and density value of 2.03 MPa and 2.4 gr/cm3 while papercrete with sample code K1 has the lowest flexural strength and porosity value of 0.4 MPa and 17.89%. Characterization shows that the chemical composition of the samples was dominated by the oxide compound CaO and SiO2 in papercrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structure of silk fibers and ways of efficient use of fiber waste. Based on the analysis of the composition and structure of the fibers, it is possible to use them for paper production. The use of short staple fibers in the production of stock paper and the processes of preparing them for incorporation into paper pulp are widely covered. Information is provided on the technological process of cleaning fibers before adding them to paper pulp. The influence of the mass fraction of fibers in paper on its strength, breaking and tearing has been thoroughly analyzed and illustrated by means of graphs. For the production of high-quality paper, for example, valuable paper, for the preparation of paper used in printing, drawing, painting, etc. Fiber semi-finished products must be cut to the required length and separated into individual fibrils before crushing (grinding). The technology of preparation of natural silk waste as raw material for paper production is presented. In addition to silk fiber cotton fiber was also studied in the research work. Theoretically, the effect of fibers in tearing and breaking of paper is shown in the pictures. The use of fibers in the production of anti-counterfeiting paper and the process of adding them to the pulp are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based food packaging serves to maintain product quality for a longer period. The addition of nanocellulose as a coating agent on paper can improve the quality of the recycled paper. Modification of nanocellulose with Al3+ can occur due to the interaction between Al3+ ions and the electrostatic negative surface charge of nanocellulose which can degrade microbial cells. Modification of nanocellulose was carried out by soaking it in AlCl3 solution then homogenized by an ultrasonic wave which was used for defibrillation of nanocellulose and encourage crosslinking of nanocellulose and Al3+ ions. The paper coating technique uses a deep coating by immersing the paper in modified nanocellulose suspension. The variations of AlCl3 concentration used were 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 N as much as 25 ml on 1 g dry base nanocellulose. The concentrations of nanocellulose used were 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g in 25 ml of Al3+ solution. The results of paper water absorption and WVTR test showed that modified nanocellulose can reduce the absorption of water vapor and water absorption from the paper, so it has water resistance. Nanocellulose coated can increase the hydrophobicity of the paper based on contact angle test. Antimicrobial test on coating paper also showed antimicrobial activity on E.coli test bacteria and not on S. aureus bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karnaphuli Paper Mill (KPM) is the country's largest and state-owned paper mill, located at Chandraghona, Chattogram, alongside the Karnaphuli River. At present, 10 to 12 tonnes of paper are being produced daily, resulting in approximately 1000 to 1200 tonnes of waste effluents every day. The water of the Karnaphuli River is being polluting due to untreated effluents discharged from KPM outlets, posing a threat to the Karnaphuli River's aquatic lives. Thus, this research is carried out to test the raw effluents of KPM and the Karnaphuli River water, to compare the water quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Environmental Conservative Rules (BECR, 1997) standards to find out the effects of this water on aquatic lives and to suggest remedial measures. Raw effluents were collected from three points of outlets of KPM, and the river water were collected from ten points at upstream and ten points at downstream of outlet at an interval of 100 m each to test the water quality parameters, such as, pH, BOD, COD, total dissolved solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Turbidity, Fecal coliform, Al, Sn, and Co. The test results were found to be satisfactory, except a few parameters at few locations, which might have negative impacts on river water and aquatic lives. To mitigate the unacceptable concentrations, it is suggested to set up an effluent treatment plant (ETP) to treat the KPM effluents before discharging into the Karnaphuli River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]