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Tumultuous changes in the world's economic and social orders and technological advances are transforming the world from an industrial society to a knowledge society. The globalization of markets and rise of high-performance companies are altering the workplace dramatically and changing the roles and responsibilities of vocational-technical institutions and educators as they prepare the work force of the 21st century. Historically, emphasis has been directed toward identifying very small units of work (duties/tasks) and then equipping workers with the essential hand skills to perform those duties/tasks repetitively. In the future, however, work will be organized into larger units of production, and workers will be expected to assume greater decision-making responsibilities in planning and performing the work to be done. Skills standards will become increasingly important as a tool for improving work force education. Ohio's vocational education community illustrates the increased emphasis on standards, quality, and lifelong learning necessary to prepare and sustain the work force of the 21st century. Among the essential characteristics of 21st century vocational-technical education and training are the following: career clusters accommodating a wider range of occupations; clearly articulated performance standards that are set by business, industry, and organized labor; varied, embedded, and authentic assessment strategies; problem-centered curriculum; and a worksite learning component. (Contains 11 references.) (MN)

This paper questions whether public concerns about educational quality and slow economic development in Appalachia are being addressed adequately and suggests that the problem of lagging educational performance is rooted in the social and economic environment within which schools operate. Recent high unemployment in south central Kentucky and its relationship to low educational attainment in the region is examined and research is cited which suggests that opinion-shaping leaders and power brokers who enter the region as a socioeconomic elite are very important to progressive, modernizing educational change. Thus, the significance of change to the community, such as a new industrial plant, is linked to whether it brings a significant component of educated, administrative personnel with aspirations congruent with the requirements of a modernized society. These people exert influence by way of example (before parents and children), and through participation in school-support activities, educational administration, and political action. The paper recommends reconsideration of development policies that welcome labor-intensive businesses with large numbers of unskilled jobs. Instead, it is suggested that a new emphasis on education--not on working to establish seniority in low-skill jobs--should be seen as the way out of poverty, and that policies should welcome industries that employ more educated people. It is concluded that there is a need "progressive" firms to the community. Five references, three tables, and one map are included. (TES)

Originally presented at a forum on participatory research, these theoretical papers and case studies represent an effort to place the overall work of participatory research within the larger theoretical context of research methods, education, and structural change. In the first paper Orlando Fals Borda explores the relationship between science and the masses. Covered in a paper by Ted Jackson, Greg Conchelos, and Al Vigoda are the dynamics of participation in participatory research. Also included in the collection are the following papers: "The Socio-political Implications of Participatory Research," by Francisco Vio Grossi; "Science as Human Behavior: On the Epistemology of the Participatory Research Approach," by Jan de Vries; and "The Methodology of the Participatory Research Approach," by Deborah Bryceson and others. Five case studies are presented. Their titles are "The Struggle in Dhulia: A Women's Movement in India," by Vijay P. Kanhare; "Land Ownership in Appalachia, USA: A Citizens' Research Project," by John Gaventa; "Rural Training in Traditional Communities of Peru," by Ton de Wit and Vera Gianotten; "The Role of Culture in Development: Jipemoyo Project Tanzania," by Kemal Mustafa; and "A Trade Union and the Case of Automation (Norway)," by Morten Levin. (MN)

Socioeconomic life is the theme of this third of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the western hemisphere. Of the document's 18 articles, 15 are written in English and 3 are written in French. Most selections offer summaries; one of the three articles written in French provides a resume in English. Bibliographies accompany many articles. Titles and authors are as follows: "Mentalites et Experiences Sociales: Les Conditions Socio-Historiques de la Scolarisation Obligatoire en Europe" (Wolfgang Schmale); "Compulsory Schooling and Ethnic Acculturation in Alberta: A Case Study--1890s-1920s" (Nick Kach and Kasper Mazurek); "Attitudes to the Elementary Schools System among Copenhagen Working-Class Parents (1870-c.1900). Description of a Research Project" (Ning de Coninck-Smith); "The Introducation and Enforcement of Compulsory School Attendance in 19th Century Prussia" (Hans-Jurgen Apel); "Compulsory Education for German Immigrant Children in the United States of America during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Rural Wisconsin" (Juliane Jacobi-Dittrich); "Le Recensement des Conscrits, le Reglement du Travail dans l'Industrie du Tabac et la Scolarite Obligatoire dans la Ville Hanseatique de Breme de 1841 a 1844" (Wiltrud Ulrich Drechsel and Franck Neumann); "A Social-Historical Approach Toward Mass Education in the Early 19th Century" (Klaus Wiese); "The Diminished Role of Formal Education in National Socialist Germany" (Geoffrey J. Giles); "Policy in Practice: Families and the Introduction of Compulsory Schooling in Essex Textile Districts" (Grace Belfiore); "Notes for a Pattern of Analysis of Compulsory Education in Latin America during the Nineteenth Century" (Gabriela Ossenbach-Sauter); "The Compulsory Education and the Mexican Revolution (1910-1924)" (Renate Marsiske); "Historical Context of Compulsory Education in Poland" (Jan Hellwig); "Social and Economic Aspects of Introducing Compulsory Education in the Czech Lands" (Dagmar Capkova); "The Political, Social and Economic Situation of Poland and Compulsory Education (to 1918)" (Lech Mokrzecki); "L'Obligation Scolaire au Portugal pendant la Premiere Moitie du XXe Siecle" (Aurea Adao); "Compulsory Schooling and Social Revolution in Spain 1936-1937: Considerations Concerning the Libertarian Position" (Pere Sola);"Compulsory Education and Child Labor in Spain in the Early 20th Century (Madrid, 1900-1920)" (Alejandro Tiana Ferrer); and "The Compulsory Curriculum in Industrial America: Connections Between Past and Present" (Thomas A. Mulkeen). (CJH)

This first of four volumes on the history of compulsory education among the nations of Europe and the Western hemisphere deals with historical antecedents and early development. Of the 29 total articles, 18 are in English and 2 have English summaries. Many selections include bibliographies. Titles and authors are as follows: "The Political Institutionalization of Compulsory Education" (Francisco O. Ramirez and John Boli); "L'Obbligo Scolastico e la Scuola di Base Nello Scritto d'un Pedagogista Cileno" (Alessandro Leonarduzzi); "Beginnings of Compulsory Education in the Republic of Columbia" (O. Negrin Fajardo and D. Soto Arango); "L'Obligation Educative en France des Origines a Nos Jours" (Paul Gerbod); "L'Introduction de l'Obligation Scolaire dans l'Allemagne Protestante du XVIe au XVIIIe Siecle" (Jean-Luc Le Cam); "Karl August Zeller (1774-1846). Aide-Camps pour la Prusse, Pays en Voie de Developpement en Matiere d'Education Nationale, dans le Contexte du Decalage Sud-Nord des Pays Germanophones" (Rudolf Koschnitzke); "The Historical Development of Compulsory Schooling in Germany" (Gabriele Weigand); "The History of Compulsory Education in Germany" (Karl-Heinz Guenther and Gert Geissler); "The Advent of Universal Compulsory Elementary Education in England and Wales" (D. K. Jones); "Gradual Regulation of Schooling Age and School Attendance in Hungary since 1777 up to Now" (Otto Vag); "The Debate about the Introduction of Compulsory Elementary Education of 1848 in Hungary" (Sandor Komlosi); "Compulsory Education in the Twenty Years after Italian Unification (1860-1880)" (Enzo Catarsi); "Chiesa e Obbligo Scolastico Nell'Italia Post-Unitaria (1860-1900)" (Carmela Covato); "Compulsory Education in The Netherlands" (J. F. A. Braster and N. L. Dodde); "School and Literacy. Introduction of the Elementary School in Norway in the 1730's and 1740's" (Knut Tveit); "The Idea of Unbroken Primary School in Norway" (Knut Jordheim); "L'Introduction de l'Obligation Scolaire dans la Pologne, la Prusse et l'Autriche" (Marianna Krupa); "Legal Foundation and Accomplishment of Compulsory Education in Poland in 1918-1939" (Jozef Zerko and Romuald Grzybowski); "L'Introduction et la Prolongation de la Scolarite Obligatoire au Portugal" (Joaquim Ferreira Gomes); "L'Enseignement Obligatoire dans les Constitutions Espagnoles due XIXe Siecle" (Federico Gomez Rodriguez de Castro); "Le Chemin Vers l'Enseignement Obligatoire en Espagne Avant 1857" (Anastasio Martinez Navarro); "Apport des Municipalites Constitutionnelles a l'Introduction de l'Enseignement Obligatoire en Espagne" (Julio Ruiz Berrio); "Compulsory Education in the Swiss Canton of Zurich from 1798 to 1859" (Fritz-Peter Hager); "La Reproclamation de l'Instruction Obligatoire, a Geneve, au XIXe Siecle: Du Refus de 1842 a l'Acceptation de 1872" (Charles Magnin); "Towards Compulsory Education: The School Revival Movement in the United States" (Jurgen Herbst); "The Roots of Compulsory Education in America" (L. Glenn Smith); "Compulsory Education in Utopia: Owen and Neef" (Dieter Jedan); "Compulsory Education in the Waldorf Schools in America" (Joseph A. Baust); and "Compulsory Education in Chicago" (Joan K. Smith). (CJH)

We currently find ourselves in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, a time when everything around us is evolving at an exponential pace, which is disrupting virtually every industry around the globe. With today's transformations and changes in the workplace, there are skills needed to remain employed. As we continue along this path, workplaces will require adaptable people whose jobs are reimagined, enriched, or facilitated by the technology they work alongside. This paper will begin with skillsets that will be needed by workers, followed by current descriptions of two of these crucial skills, and finally discuss how the two opposed skills can be brought together for learners. [For the complete proceedings, see ED597786.]

Asserting that developmental growth is easier to attain in developing countries than social change, this paper assesses the prospective impact of biotechnology on the developing nations. Biotechnology is defined as the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology, and chemical engineering to achieve the industrial processes of fermentation, enzyme reaction, and genetic engineering. This paper examines biotechnology's impact on agriculture, industry, health, and defense and considers its role in the processes of economic, social, and political change in developing countries in terms of: (1) the structure of the global biotechnology industry; (2) past lessons learned from the worldwide industrialization of agriculture (the Green Revolution); (3) current and future trends in the development of biotechnology; and (4) minimizing damage and maximizing benefits for developing nations' populations. (JHP)

This paper identifies the historical factors that played a key role in the rise of mass popular education and describes how these factors relate to education in Southern Africa in the 21st century. The broad overview of developments since the Renaissance begins with the Protestant Reformation, which established a theoretical basis for elementary vernacular education. Subsequent social forces that rivaled religious control of elementary schools are also discussed: the advent of modern science, the rise of nationalism and democracy, the decline of the feudal system, and the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the idea that global progress and equality could and should be achieved by integrating all nations into industrialized forms of civilization. Because the rise of modern systems of mass popular education is linked to the advent of "developed," industrial civilization, education has also played a role in destroying traditional ways of existence in agricultural societies. This leads to questions about the function of education in developing countries. On one hand, there is concern about uneven developmental patterns in the world and increasing social stratification. On the other hand, cynicism exists as to whether developing countries can integrate meaningfully into an industrial type of civilization. The paper ends with the following questions: (1) Is it imperative for Southern Africa to become integrated into the Western model of development, and if so, what are the implications for education?; (2) Does Southern Africa have the economic base, infrastructure, and developed manpower to sustain accelerated development and what are the implications for educational planning?; (3) How can educational provision be matched with Southern African developmental needs?; (4) How can educational costs be contained while taking Southern Africa's developmental needs and capacity into account?; and (5) What is the function of development aid within the Southern African context? (LMI)

This paper examines the experience of development in the advanced developing countries in Asia from a gender perspective and draws some lessons for women in development policy in middle income countries in the Asian and Near East regions. The nature of the paper is exploratory, asking many questions on which further research and information are needed. The policy recommendations also are tentative. The data analysis is primarily from the four counties of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. All are in the middle or upper national income level category, in world terms. Some data also are presented for Thailand, the Philippines, Egypt, and Jordan to indicate certain inter-country differences in women's economic status. The pattern of rapid economic growth in the four most advanced developing countries (4MADC) has been linked causally to a greater extent than usually is acknowledged with women's economic participation. These economies studied have a very high proportion of women in the formal labor force in general and in the industrial work force in particular. Work force participation by women in these countries reflects the export intensity of production in the industrial sector, and the fact that worldwide, expansion of export manufacturing by developing countries has demanded and created a female workforce. This paper includes an executive summary, seven chapters, and a bibliography. (EH)

This paper is further subtitled "Presentations of integrated units of instruction by interdisciplinary teams of pre-service teacher education students showcasing student-developed curriculum integration ideas." The units include the following: "Get Your Kicks on Route 66" (integrating Family and Consumer Sciences, Business, and Industrial Technology); "Depressionism" (integrating Business, English Literature, and American History); "Integrating Industrialization into the Future" (integrating English, Family and Consumer Sciences, History, and Business); "Expanding Our Horizons" (integrating Business/Accounting, History, and English); "Petroleum Refined" (integrating Business/Consumer/Sales, Social Studies, English, and Industrial Technology); "The Boom Years: Consumerism in American Society 1950-1960" (integrating Sociology, Business, History, and English); "Curriculum Integration of Cause & Effect" (integrating Mathematics, Business, Social Studies, and Science); "International Trade" (integrating Economics, History, and Business Law); "The Automobile: The Tie That Binds Society" (integrating History/Social Studies, English, Economics/Business, and Industrial Technology/Automotives); and "An Integrated Study of American Industrialization" (integrating Business, Family Living, History, and Literature/Composition). For each presentation, there is information on presenters, subjects integrated, objectives, rationale, resources needed, unit description and activities, evaluation, and references. (SM)

The roots of Appalachia's economic dependency go back to the region's first settlers in the 1730s. Historical and theoretical analysis of this phenomenon is useful in understanding the current status of the area, including, the status of education. The early settler sought a "competency"--enough productive property to support a family. Under preindustrial conditions, dependence on outside markets was not likely to cause impoverishment. But industrialization elsewhere in the United States led to far greater productivity outside Appalachia than inside, followed by unequal exchange of the time and work required to produce units of comparable economic value, thus cheapening the value-in-trade of Appalachia's labor. Appalachia's people could have avoided impoverishment by maintaining their competencies and sustaining themselves through self-sufficiency and local exchange. Unfortunately, farmers practiced partible inheritance and tended to produce large families that continually diminished their competencies. In the early 1900s many men worked away from home in mines, logging camps, and other enterprises, while women ran the farms. In macro terms, this amounted to a process whereby subsistence farming subsidized industrialization in Appalachia by furnishing non-monetized income to industrial workers' families. During the Depression, New Deal relief payments greatly increased Appalachia's import surplus, weaned many people from their customary self-supporting activities, and eroded the mountains' informal economy--networks of subsistence production, bartering, and borrowing. Today, non-monetized networking could be the basis for a new model of voluntary reciprocity that would increase Appalachia's internal purchasing power and subsidize grassroots economic development. This paper contains 25 references. (SV)

This study aimed to find out whether Singaporean secondary social studies textbooks contain global themes, in which grade level those global themes are introduced, the percentage of global themes in each textbook, and which global themes are emphasized. A checklist consisting of four main global themes was developed. Those are (1) global systems such as cultural, political, economic, ecological, technological, social, educational and healthcare systems, international organizations and international law; (2) global issues such as peace and conflict resolution, refugees; (3) human values like tolerance and cooperation, and (4) global history such as ancient civilizations, history of world religions, the industrial revolution, colonization and liberation movements. It was found that 33 % of the social studies themes in the four high school grades combined were global. Global themes constituted 16% of the first secondary grade textbook, 1.5% of the second secondary grade textbook, 65% of the third secondary grade textbook and 39.5% of the fourth secondary grade. It was also found that the first and second secondary textbooks mainly focus on world history. In the third secondary textbooks, 14% of the themes were allocated to global systems and 17% to human values, 27% to global issues, 7% to global history. In the fourth secondary grade textbook, 7% of the themes were allocated to global systems, 16% to global issues and 17% to global history. It was concluded that Singaporean secondary school social studies textbooks develop global awareness in Singaporean students through a theme-based approach and a selection of a variety of current global issues in well-designed textbooks that develop independent and critical thinking skills and participation goals.

This document contains 21 papers: "Land Grant University and Extension in the 21st Century" (Jon Wefald); "A Reality Check" (Bud Webb); "Land Grant Colleges and Universities of the Future" (Michael J. Phillips); "Vulnerability of the Land Grant Colleges of Agriculture: A Public Affairs Perspective" (Allen Rosenfeld); "The Future of Land Grant Universities: A Response to the Report of the National Research Council" (LeRoy Luft); "Priorities in the Changing World of Agriculture" (I. Miley Gonzalez); "Agricultural Policy at the End of the 20th Century" (Luther Tweeten); "The Realities of Agricultural Policy--A Producer Perspective" (Eugene Paul); "Opening Remarks by the Moderator" (James C. Webster); "Industrialization of Agriculture or a Realignment of the Food and Agriculture System" (Terry N. Barr); "Industrialization: A View from Agribusiness" (Ed McMillan); "Industrialization of Agriculture Roundtable Discussion" (Ed McMillan, Terry N. Barr, Marvin Duncan, James C. Webster); "Evolving Environmental Law: Impacts on Private Landowners and Public Uses" (Bruce Yandle); "Implementing Good Intentions: How Rules and Procedures May Alter Resource Policy Outcomes" (Lawrence W. Libby); "The Why and How of Welfare Reform" (Julie Paradis); "Welfare Reform: A State Perspective" (James Clark); "Welfare Reform: The Land Grant University Response" (Bonnie Braun); "The Changing Nature of Rural Communities" (Thomas G. Johnson, James K. Scott); "Impact of the Wal-Mart Phenomenon on Rural Communities" (Kenneth E. Stone); "Immigration and the Changing Face of Rural America" (Philip Martin); and "Impact of Services on Rural Communities" (Dennis U. Fisher). (MN)

This report assesses the changes in language use, based on political and cultural uses, around the world and specifically in Thailand. Early global theories divided the nations of the world into central, semiperipheral, and peripheral. Later, this classification was changed to developed nations, developing nations, and the Third World. Then came North versus South. Many nations of Southeast Asia embarked upon ambitious programs to reach the supposed completed level of achievement of the Northern, developed countries. Sustainable development has become a paramount philosophy in the West, while this concept is still in its infancy in Southeast Asia, especially where material goods are still highly desired. The social structures and cultural values that caused the North to change its definition of development and how this change impacts on Southeast Asia today, especially on Thailand, are reviewed. The language of development for sociologists, economists, and the common person are discussed in terms of culture and cultural language. (Contains nine references.) (NAV)

This two-volume set contains 165 papers presented at a conference that brought together over 1,100 telecommunications leaders and leading commentators from over 40 countries across the Pacific region. The papers indicate that the optimism of the telecommunications industry is possibly greater than during the 1980s, although tempered by a more comprehensive view of how telecommunications development must benefit society; that distance education, health care, and other social applications of new technologies are vitally important; and that the importance of telecommunications to infrastructure development in developing countries is now recognized as crucial. Topics include planning and implementing services, techno-applications, economics of telecommunications development, distance education, wireless technologies, regional satellite systems, broadband technology, mobile services, satellite services, restructuring telecommunications organizations, health care enhancement through telecommunication, enterprise networks, digital audio radio, international strategies, user perspectives, business strategies, network management, culture and communication, markets for services, future trends and projections, converging technologies that impact regulatory structures, fiber optic submarine systems, social impacts of telecommunication changes, technology transfer, regulatory concerns, and social impact studies. A comprehensive table of contents and indexes of topics and authors are included. Many of the papers include references. (SLD)

This article presents conference paper abstracts concerning management history, including a study on identifies the impact of Robert L. Katz's classic 1955 work on managerial skills and notes the continuing legacy of his work, an exploration of how relations between a firm and a local community evolved over one century, and an illustration of the value of searching for original documents and manuscripts.

The research paper delves into the importance of point cloud data obtained from 3D scanning technology ensuring quality control in industrial settings. It presents a new heuristic approach that utilizes the wavelet algorithm and other techniques to detect and characterize induced forming defects accurately. The proposed approach offers more flexibility, ease of use, and better results based on descriptive and prescriptive analyses from DRM. The results demonstrate that the wavelet algorithm was successful in identifying and characterizing forming defects in point cloud data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explore the relationship between the educational system of Sweden and its social class structure. The first section provides background information on Sweden's social democratic system which exhibits a strong tendency towards pragmatism, practicality, rationality, efficiency, competence, and educational planning. Section two focuses on changes in 1950 in the primary education system from the traditional two-tiered system to a nine-year comprehensive egalitarian system. Section III describes attempts of the secondary education system to play a modernizing role in society while initiating a smooth process of maximum student adaptation to an inherently unequal social system. Various realms and problems of post-secondary education, including educational structure, governmental role, industrial influence, American influence, decentralization, and faculty power are examined in sections IV and V. Curriculum and students are discussed in section VI, followed by a discussion of continuing education in section VII. In conclusion, Sweden's educational system is making strides towards increasing social justice and personal fulfillment through provision of appropriate educational opportunities for all students. Footnotes and extensive tables conclude the document. (Author/DB)

The argument for technology education and its relationship and relevance to teacher education courses is presented, and centers around three assumptions: (1) The term technology education can be defined, (2) technology has permeated our society, and (3) industrial arts education might not be able to withstand the complexities of a technological society. Viewpoints concerning the definition of technology education (assumption 1) are reviewed; the relevant consistencies among these definitions are enumerated, and a new definition is offered. Basic concern is then centered on the growth and expansion of technology in twentieth century United States and the implications that this has for industrial arts curriculum (assumption 2). It is noted that as a result of this growth, a need has developed for review of the directions that industrial arts has and will be taking (assumption 3). It is concluded that the responsibility for educational programs to reflect cultural trends and therefore technology exists, and that much of the apprehension would be dismissed if technology were considered a process rather than a thing. Also included in the paper is a rationale and outline of a technology education curriculum. (TM)

The mass media in the United States have played a major role in the emergence of a mass society resulting from the interaction of urbanization, industrialization, and modernization and have thus become an integral part of the total social fabric. Society's culture and social structure shape its system of mass communication so that the development, from the 1830s to the present, of urbanization has brought about an allied development in mass communications. First, the need for urban communication forms was met by the urban press. Then, as urban life became increasingly complex, the telegraph, telephone, and motion picture were developed, followed in the twentieth century by radio and television. As essentially products of an urban society, the contents of the mass media are concerned mainly with urban life and reflect urban values. (JM)

Five papers, three panels, and descriptions of six technical assistance workshops are presented from a national conference for sex equity coordinators and directors of vocational education for each state. The first section contains the five papers addressing the topics of vocational education's role in reindustrialization from one of five perspectives: historical, economic, planning, evaluation, and business. Papers focus on a history of working women, economic trends, critical issues in planning, developing criteria for sex equity programs, and economic/business recovery and education. A fact sheet following each paper summarizes major points. The second section includes three panel discussions expanding on two topics--planning and political perspectives. Titles of the first two are Implementing State Planning (4 presentations) and The Political Perspective on Reindustrialization (4 presentations). The third panel presents comments from the State Directors of Vocational Education. The third section presents descriptions of six technical assistance workshops (with information and materials used). Topics include mathematics as a basis of vocational education; promoting race and handicap equity; funding, implementing, and monitoring effective sex equity programs; survival strategies for postsecondary vocational education programs; political, social, and economic factors influencing progress of sex equity; and effective use of available state vocational education data. The agenda is appended. (YLB)

At the seminar reported in this paper, concepts related to three types of "mediators" whose impact on the development of the child was seen as crucial were examined in the keynote address, in three short papers, and in the discussions of the seminar's three working groups. This report, which was adopted unanimously at the seminar's closing session is divided into three main sections: (1) The Parent and Community as Mediator; (2) The Professional and the Trained Parent as Mediator; and (3) The Socio-Physical Environment as Mediator. Topics discussed in section 1, on the parent and community as mediators, include the concept of marginality, examples of marginality, differences between industrialized and traditional societies, changes in women's work, marginalization in industrialized settings, implications for the concept of marginality, the concept of parent education, combating the disadvantages of marginalization, child care workers in the community, the educative role of the family, and policy aspects. In section 2, the topic of the professional and the trained parent as mediators is discussed in terms of the influence of professionals' attitudes, developing new relationships, professionals, para-professionals, parents, essential skills and knowledge, community empowerment and whether such empowerment is always possible, universal principles in training, informal networks, and evaluation and advocacy. Section 3, on the socio-physical environment as mediator, deals with access to resources, itinerant peoples and land, housing and urban change, secure and defensible space, nutritional imperatives, misleading nutritional beliefs, health imperatives, the knowledge and information environment, and the community's own initiative. (RH)

The economic trend of deindustrialization and its effects on public school funding are examined in this paper. The first part describes deindustrialization and its causes, such as changing technology and tax laws, a shift toward more centralized and increasingly powerful corporations, the search for favorable business climates, and increased foreign competition. The next part describes Warren, Ohio, as an example of a community that was affected by deindustrialization. Serious economic problems, facilitated by widespread plant closures, negatively impacted the school district's ability to fund education. Ramifications of deindustrialization included less revenue from property tax levies, decreased community and student populations, and high unemployment, which contributed to a lack of community support for public schools. A conclusion is that the issues of school funding and deindustrialization remain closely tied to the growth and decline of American manufacturing. (86 footnotes; 58 references) (LMI)

In the software Industry Android applications are the most demanded software it is possibly because of the advancement of society and technology. The Technological development of society and the dependence of the people getting bigger day by day on the android application from alarms to fitness routines, or some industrial software development management application tool depends on these Applications. Considering the growing prevalence of smartphones while travelling with an incorporated map application in it, the information related to weather report with respect to a location can be represented through an android application. The purpose of this research paper is to study all software requirements, technologies and the development process involved in development of an android application using kotlin programming language which implements functionalities like location access of the user, current weather report, date etc. Analyzing the technologies involved in development and also why such an android application is important for the people? This paper discusses all assessed features and enhancements of kotlin language according to its implementation in app development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology and capital. Whereas globalization is centered on the rapid development of science and technology and increasing cross-border division of labour, economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization; the advance of science and technologies. It provides several things to several people with removal of all trade barriers among countries. Globalization happens through three channels: trade in goods and services, movement of capital and flow of finance. Globalization in India is generally taken to mean 'integrating' the economy of the country with the world economy. The real thrust to the globalization process was provided by the new economic policy introduced by the Government of India in July 1991 at the behest of the IMF and the World Bank. The current paper is an attempt to critically analyze of the impact of globalization on Indian Small-Scale Industries. The main theme of the paper is to evaluate the performance of SSI, after globalization and to know the impact of Globalization on the performance of SSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the worrisome problems of the world economy is the sustainability of the environment, which is increasingly threatened by industrialization. Green entrepreneurship is one of the significant mechanisms that drives sustainability and creates innovations in entrepreneurship in an environmentally sustainable way. Green entrepreneurs identify the interconnections between innovation and sustainability in directing business processes toward cleaner and more efficient production and consumption of renewable energy. The paper aims to point out the importance and possibilities of developing green entrepreneurship and the motives that drive entrepreneurs to develop green innovations. The methods used in the paper are induction and deduction. Investments in green programs must be carefully planned with the provision of adequate financial, technological, and human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need of institutions located within Africa, particularly institutions of higher education, to fulfill the task of generating and applying knowledge relevant to solving the economic, food, and health problems that plague the continent. The paper examines the nature of African universities and the historical context in which they have developed including the fervor of nationalism, the efforts of industrialization, and the rising expectations of the continent's people. Next, an outline is provided of the obstacles facing these institutions. Among the obstacles discussed are: (1) the volatile political situation on the continent; (2) the global negative impact from nations of the North; and (3) the underfunding of the universities. Finally, the paper highlights what are considered the main challenges and the prospects that are offered in trying to meet these challenges. Contains 4 references. (GLR)

This report comprises papers commissioned for the World Congress on Educating Engineers for World Development, sponsored by the International Division of the American Society for Engineering Education, and held in Colorado in June 1975. The purpose of the Congress was to bring about significant changes in the education of engineers and in the practice of engineering so that engineers will be more capable of attacking world development problems. Sixteen major papers from 12 countries are included and cover the following subject areas: energy resources development, industrialization, human settlements, planning and management of projects, agriculture and food systems, and technology and cultures. (MH)

This paper takes a critical look at a demographic study of Mexico, namely, Tad Fisher's "Mexico: The Problem of People". Fisher's study relies heavily on population growth as a poverty generating factor. The paper states that Fisher's study exhibited perceptual narrowness by not considering the Marxist interpretation that capitalist development necessarily results in displacement of labor rather than in rising living standards. The author maintains that Fisher's theory relating poverty to overpopulation is actually unwitting evidence against capitalist development in underdeveloped countries. Whereas Fisher viewed the paradox of high productivity and low employment as an enigma, this paper notes that the relationship becomes clear once private forms of investment are questioned. Namely, profit from privately owned farms accrues to the landowners who purchase additional farm machinery rather than hire additional workers. Much population research has been based on the Marxist view that overpopulation is only apparent and relative--that population does not increase too fast, but that it increases faster than the capitalist system can stand. The suggestion is that if Fisher had considered Marxian population research and population theories, his study would have contributed a more realistic interpretation of the relationship between exploitation, capital accumulation, and overpopulation. Other areas of concern with which Fisher failed to deal include consumption levels, economic growth rates, relative increments in per capita production, rates of accumulation of public capital, and public ownership of the means of production. The conclusion is that studies such as Fisher's tend to focus exclusively on the problem of human pauperization, but are insensitive to the growing impoverishment of natural habitats. (Author/DB)

This document contains 123 papers from an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The papers focus on the following themes: (1) societal and ethical issues; (2) human resource development and personnel training; (3) international issues; (4) information technology in VET; (5) partnership for VET; (6) program development; and (7) skills for the new millennium. The following are among the subthemes addressed in the individual papers: manpower planning; social issues; cross-border and culture issues; partnership issues; modeling and process; future directions; training effectiveness; language teaching; curriculum development and competency; curriculum and standards; leadership and professional development; distance education; program development; new information technology initiatives; teacher training; workplace initiatives; program outcomes; teaching and learning; VET in the workplace; modeling and training; teaching practice and assessment; educational approaches; industrialization and technological change; learning systems; management and planning; program design and teaching; competency and benchmarking; technological issues; knowledge development in VET; Web-based learning; impacts of VET; strategies and partnerships; pedagogical issues; skill testing, work-based training, and industrial partnerships; and international and multinational issues. Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

Industrial arts must consider its place in an environment which has changed in the past decade. It should be concerned with changes brought about by accelerating technological advances, increasing social problems, and the reappraisal of many personal values. Three important areas of thrust for industrial arts are (1) the study of industry, (2) career education, and (3) technological responsibility. The first thrust recognizes that industrial arts can provide a context in which to understand modern society, since industry is the vehicle through which technology is made available to all and is a dominant contributor to a high material standard of living. Industrial arts can play a part in career education (thrust two) because it can deal with many careers rather directly since the source of industrial arts content is the industrial world. The technological responsibility (thrust three) of industrial arts can be seen as providing the major educational element to focus extensive and intensive attention on technological/social problems and their solutions. Although industrial arts is a relatively recent addition to the curriculum, it has moved to a point of being capable of making significant contributions essential to survival. (TA)

The organization and development of scientific and technical libraries in the Soviet Union are natural results of the policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government for the intensive economic and cultural development of the country. Soon after the establishment of Soviet power, the libraries of the Supreme Economic Council were formed. Attached to various industrial and scientific institutions and under the centralized guidance of the Supreme Economic Council, they formed the basis of the present technical library network. These libraries have been and are developing as an indissoluble part of the general library system of the USSR, providing close coordination and cooperation within their own system, with other types of libraries, and with scientific and technical institutions. This well-planned development is the result of carrying out Lenin's principles of librarianship. It has resulted in the creation of a single multisection network of scientific and technical libraries, spread throughout the country and based on both technical branch and territorial principles. At present, a long term plan is being elaborated to carry technical library development through the year 2000, moving toward a single State library system. (Author/SL)

Williamsburg County, South Carolina, is an almost entirely rural area near the coast. Although nearly 50% of the population is under 21, there has been a sharp decline in population since its high in 1950. The outmigration, prounounced for black youth, is caused by a lack of industrial opportunities, although there is slow, steady industrial growth in the county. Although the economic base of the county is agriculture, the per capita income is low due to the seasonal nature of many jobs. Agriculture itself if changing, with fewer farmers on larger farms producing $57.5 million annually in farm crops. Crop diversification, introduced in the 1920's, has made the county a leader in agricultural production in South Carolina. The black population is twice that of the white but a "home rule" form of government, desegregation, and civil rights have caused an equitable racial balance in county government. Seven local leaders interviewed in 1978 are generally optimistic about current and future development in Williamsburg County. They note recent improvements in government organization and county services, including the Williamsburg Council on Aging. The Council, chartered in 1974, provides county-wide programs and services for the elderly on an annual budget of $185,000. (SB)

The photographs of Margaret Bourke-White and Lewis Wickes Hine are graphic accounts of the urban industrial United States during the Depression of the 1930s. Hine was a sociologist who initially used his camera to promote social reform and is best remembered for his photographs of immigrants at Ellis Island, New York, and of children laboring in coal mines and textile mills. He later concentrated his photography on Americans on the job, especially when that job meant working with machinery, hoping to depict the true dignity and integrity of labor. Documenting what was good about laborers--their control over themselves and their machines, and the dependence of one laborer upon another--motivated his earlier work. Margaret Bourke-White was more intrigued by architecture and industry, although she photographed a variety of subjects during her career with "Fortune" and "Life" magazines. Bourke-White seemed not to have appreciated or understood the worker's relationship to industrialized society. To her, machines were a series of beautiful patterns to which she attributed human qualities. In her photographs, humans merely served as reference points from which to judge the tremendous size of machines. Her lack of compassion in these early industrial photographs is what clearly distinguishes her work from that of Hine. (HTH)

In the People's Republic of China, science and technology policy is directed by the state and is an all encompassing managerial system through which courses of action are determined. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica), a national comprehensive research center was established in 1949 to train qualified scientists and technicians. The China Science and Technology Developmental Plan was promulgated in 1956. By 1962, the major goals of the plan had been accomplished. A second ten-year plan followed. In 1978, the Communist Party gave new directions to the science and technology community, and in 1983, the government apparatus implemented the National Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology, 1986-2000. The objective of this plan is accomplishing the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. The best way to describe the Chinese system for managing science and technology policy and its implementation is that it is a Chinese derivative of the 1950s Soviet managerial system. The State Council is at the top of the hierarchy followed by the Committee for Science and Technology of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, research institutions associated with the various ministries and committees, research and technology centers associated with the universities, and local research institutes. As an economically developing country, China must make hard choices as to resource allocations, especially personnel. Lack of trained, qualified personnel continues to be the biggest factor hampering development. Two charts and a 13-item bibliography are included. (JB)

A common mission for an acoustical consultant is to anticipate and minimize noise problems for a community area in transition. Changes and resulting noise problems may be triggered by an industrial area that is rezoned by a city to encourage residential and mixed-use development or an agricultural area that is rezoned by a town to host light or heavy industry. Either way, potential noise-sensitive receptors, which are usually private residents, may be adversely affected and lodge noise complaints. A specific noise issue is many times compounded by non-acoustic factors such as traffic, smoke, smell, or visual impacts from the industrial development. This paper discusses historical calls for proper planning to address the goals of interested parties, including industry, government, and community groups, while minimizing the risk of community noise problems. In addition, this paper describes several examples where rezoning presented challenges and essentially forced industry and community developments to adopt noise control measures. Although this paper does not discuss another potential challenge, we note that ambiguity in a project's design may be introduced when a noise ordinance does not match the wording of its associated zoning ordinance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronobiology studies physiological variations due to the time of day, an unexplored factor in design research. This paper explores the effect of time of day on designers' physiological responses in idea generation. Convergent (CT) and divergent (DT) thinking, as building blocks of designing, are explored using pupil dilation as a proxy for cognitive load. Time of day and educational background are explored for engineering and industrial designers. Results show a larger pupil diameter in the afternoon than in the morning, especially for DT, with higher values for industrial designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various industries use computer simulation for verifying product properties in early phases of development. Traditionally, such properties include the stability of mechanical structures or the efficiency of aircraft turbines. More recently, research also focuses on the mountability of industrial products using virtual assembly. While research on virtual assembly already started in the mid-1990s, the applicability in different industries remains largely unclear today. To advance the state-of-the-art, in this paper we present learnings from developing a virtual assembly environment for cooling cabinets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the opportunities for South Africa to promote economic activities in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. Hence, the study examined science, technology & innovation (STI) as the main driver of the fourth industrial revolution. Meta-analysis was conducted to elicit information from key government policy documents on STI since 1994 to check the political will of South Africa's government. Grey literature from government departments were also reviewed to examine the strength of South Africa’s Research and Innovation System. Based on the assessment of data and information gathered, the study concludes that though strong institutions characterize South Africa's research and innovation system, but the relatively low intensity of linkages and interaction among the key actors of the innovation system continues to pose a threat to South Africa taking a leadership position to significantly contribute to the fourth industrial revolution. However, strong coordination among South Africa’s financial, human, natural, physical, and institutional resources will situate the country in a position to develop the necessary capabilities for the fourth industrial revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document explores the evolution of the relationship betwen urban fabric and social one, by examming the various stages of the evlutionary process starting from the first interventions of the beginning of the 20th century, to the specialized districts (the self sufficient district) of the sixties, to present situation of the disused industrial areas abd their trasformation. For the first cases are underlined the fectors of urban degradation deriving from the gap between the culture at the basis of the project and the users'. For the last the proposed solutions are either the bulding of excusive quarters or their abandonment to the new social regects. The most interesting solutions consist in the correct use for the middle classes needing both residential and manufactoring areas. These choices effect the project and its need to allowe multiple uses in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods are discussed for providing foreign-born engineering students with a wider grasp of industrial development operations than that provided to American students. A course providing such instruction is described, along with materials used, several typical student reports, and observations about the course. (LMH)

The paper summarizes findings of a study of Mexican poverty (SO 010 522), and relates these findings to guidelines of the World Population Plan of Action. The study indicated that poverty in Mexico is based upon national and international economic, political, and social factors. Included among these factors are exploitation of labor, rapid population growth, a markedly differentiated class system, income inequalities, concentration of land ownership and economic productivity in the hands of a few, unequal patterns of food distribution, heavy foreign investment, and production for export at the expense of the national market. These factors are considered in light of the following ten recommendations of the World Population Plan of Action: (1) living conditions should be improved; (2) national and international politics should be based on considerations other than power; (3) environmental impact of socioeconomic development should be considered; (4) morbidity and mortality rates should be reduced; (5) fertility rates should be moderated; (6) employment opportunities should be created for the unemployed and the underemployed; (7) new technology should not be encouraged if it will benefit only the few that control it; (8) balanced consumption should be encouraged between rural and urban areas; (9) governments of developing nations should consider social justice in addition to short term economic gains; (10) training in population dynamics should deal with economic, social, and political influences. The conclusion is that Mexico can improve the condition of its economy by creating institutions which favor human development instead of the exploitation of the masses by the few. (Author/DB)

To determine whether the poverty which afflicts between 50% and 60% of Mexico's population can be described in an ideologically neutral perspective, the paper formulates ten questions about political and economic issues which are sensitive to both capitalist and Marxist theorists. The questions concern: (1) the balance between food supply and demand; (2) relative growth rates of the population, industry, and agriculture; (3) private ownership of production; (4) unemployment and underemployment statistics; (5) employment trends; (6) trends in land reform and capital concentration since the Revolution of 1910; (7) business profits and rates of return on foreign investment; (8) business cycles; (9) the relationship between business cycles and unemployment; and (10) the relationship of poverty to unemployment and underemployment. Discussion of each question generally involves the statement of a general picture based upon available information, a brief literature review, conjecture based upon historical trends, and conclusions suggested by the data. Analysis of data on these issues indicates that poverty in Mexico results from complex social, economic, and political factors such as exploitation of labor, heavy foreign investment, a markedly differentiated class system, and rapid population growth. The conclusion is that it is possible to gain knowledge concerning politically sensitive issues despite ideological influences. (Author/DB)

Current and approaching crises in man's inhabitation of the Earth are discussed and enumerated. Education is proposed as a method of alleviating the social, ecological, psychological, and eventual biological pressures created by man's increasing subjugation to technology. The emerging pattern of disaster for man as a species is delineated, and a humanistic and philosophical approach to education is suggested as the only effective means by which to develop individuals capable of making the types of decisions that man's monumental technology has put him in the position of having to make. An extensive bibliography is appended. (LH)

Using case studies of French-speaking West Africa and Southern Appalachia, this paper examines the role of traditional culture in developing regions by challenging current theories on that subject. The capitalistic and Marxist approaches that dominated well into the 1960s maintained that elimination of traditional social relations and values was necessary for progress in underdeveloped areas. The strategy was to introduce modernizing influences which would transform local independence and self-sufficiency by integration into a market economy. Residents would internalize this perception and see progress in relation to urbanization. The romantic approach toward development which appeared in the 1960s and 1970s blamed external forces rather than native residents for the lack of development. This theory attributed underdevelopment to imperialist expansion by industrialized societies. However, it is important to note that underdevelopment would exist even without external exploitation. A synthesis of the capitalistic, Marxist, and romantic ideologies seems to be the best approach to understanding the relationship between traditional values and modernizing influences in developing areas. Balanced, humane development goals will be achieved by people who recognize, respect, and work with existing cultural values, but do not over-glamorize them. (Author/KC)

Spanish American political and economic development has historically diverged from the other Western geographic areas. The economic systems of these nations have been characterized as dependent, and their political systems have reflected instability, authoritarian rule, and fraudulent democracy. In Peru, industrial progress began in the late 19th century as a result of growth in the exportation of raw materials. Textile production became the leading domestic industry, and a financial infrastructure began to develop. However, by the early 1900s, autonomous industrial development ceased to increase because prices of domestic goods rose faster than prices of imported materials, and the politically powerful elite and national leaders did not support domestic industrial growth. This paper proposes that the state plays a crucial role in industrial development, not as a result of economic or social forces, but as a side-effect of political functions and roles. (JHP)

This paper introduces an innovative agent-based intelligent framework aimed at modelling and facilitating simultaneous and parallel negotiations among organisations operating within the same industrial sector. The challenge lies in capturing the dynamic nature of the environment, where negotiations involving multiple attributes and participants are competing for a diverse array of resources. The quest for enhanced competitiveness has prompted companies to establish specialised business units to navigate the pursuit of new partnerships, necessitating seamless interoperability. However, the current state of Enterprise Interoperability is susceptible to the disruptive influence of external factors, making it vulnerable to fragmentation. To adapt to necessary changes, continual adjustments must be made, albeit at the risk of introducing conflicts with existing concepts, potentially jeopardising interoperability with partner organisations or necessitating widespread modifications. In response, this paper proposes a collaborative framework to facilitate negotiations aimed at enhancing interoperability among organisations operating within the same industrial domain, leveraging a model-driven, cloud-based infrastructure and services. The objective of this study is to provide assistance to autonomous microgrids that lack the capacity to secure large contracts independently. Addressing interoperability challenges, the paper advocates negotiation activities as a fundamental solution. Negotiation serves as a means for all microgrids within the collaborative network to reach mutually acceptable resolutions. The paper presents a negotiation approach wherein intelligent agents assess and modify offers and counteroffers, supported by a communication protocol among these agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As organisations grow, consequences of poor knowledge management are evident for new employees in product developing companies. The problem of leveraging existing knowledge between development projects and departments is still relevant. This paper presents an industrial case study of a traditional manufacturing company and extends prior research addressing the reuse of organisational knowledge in new product development. The paper outlines barriers that hinder effective reuse of codified engineering knowledge and suggest means to overcome those barriers by using A3-reports in the PLM-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need of improvement in the Russian Federation electronic industry enterprise competitiveness presents qualitatively new requirements to the instrumental means of economic analysis. To a certain extent, this applies to the problems of factor analysis. The paper suggests a method of using a Box-Jenkins model for possible production factor increment values forecasting. The paper contains interpretation of the results obtained. The proposed instrument of predictive factor analysis can be used in practice to support management decisions dealing with strategic development of industrial enterprises and increasing their economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]