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Place value is a foundational competency for primary school mathematics and for this reason we have sought to investigate what the recent and current academic conversations are around this important concept. In this paper we present a survey of literature presented in the Australasian, European and Southern African contexts through a review of purposively selected conference proceedings and journals to establish what the conversations have been about the teaching and learning of place value in these research communities from 2013 to 2022.

This collection of papers introduces the proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference-Eurasian Higher Education Leaders' Forum held on the 11-12 June, 2015 at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. Our presenters come from different professional backgrounds including higher education institutions, national business companies as well as international businesses that work closely with education stakeholders across Kazakhstan, the Central Asia region and beyond. The compendium offers papers grounded in theoretical argument and empirical research and written to provide debate and discussion among policy makers, university leaders, faculty and students. The themes of the proceedings reflect the structure of the Forum that has been divided into five panel sessions: (1) The Role of Global Skills in the Graduate Employability; (2) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy; (3) University-employer-community Relationships; (4) The Role of Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Career Development; and (5) Student Transitions and Careers Guidance. The Forum aimed at developing an international dialogue between higher education leaders, policy makers, researchers and practitioners from different parts of the world. The quality of debate and argument has benefited from the participation of local and international delegates that have shared their expertise, insights and visions on the current situation of graduate employability from local and global perspectives. More than 500 participants from twelve countries took part in the Forum's sessions and Q&A discussions. Keynote speeches in the proceedings include: (1) The Future of Graduates in the Global Labour Market (Hugh Lauder); (2) The Role of Tertiary Education in Addressing the Global Skills Challenge (Jamil Salmi); (3) A Perspective on Future Employability (Alper Akdeniz); (4) Transforming Tertiary Education for Innovation and Competitiveness: University of Central Asia (Shamsh Kassim-Lakha); and (5) TVET and Career Development (Geoff Hayward). Articles in the proceedings include: (1) Graduate Employability in the 21st Century (Aslan Sarinzhipov); (2) From a Competitive Education to the Prosperity of the Nation (Yerezhep Mambetkaziyev); (3) Career Planning for Future Opportunities (Tim Miller); (4) The Paradox of Emerging Universities (Simon Jones); (5) Nurturing Net Generation Graduates with Global Skills (Seeram Ramakrishna); (6) Practice--Oriented Learning--a Platform for the Formation of Global Skills (Jamilya Nurmanbetova); (7) Perceptions of Employability, Skills and Individual Aspiration in a Diversifying Economy (Alan Ruby); (8) Development of National Qualification System Based on Education Sphere and Labour Market Interface (Arstan Gazaliyev and Yuri Pak); (9) Understanding the Role of Fundamental Values in Serving a Larger Purpose (Aida Sagintayeva); (10) Creating Employability (Loretta O'Donnell); (11) Main Directions in Developing Corporate Partnerships: The Case of Rudny Industrial Institute, Kazakhstan (Abdakhman Naizabekov); (12) University/Industry Partnerships: Promising Practices from the Field (Matthew Hartley); (13) Technical Skills: Through Learning and Practice? (Sabyrzhan Madeyev); (14) Skills, Employability and University Graduates? (Rainer Goertz); (15) Transition from School to University: Some Issues for Kazakhstan and the Wider Region (David Bridges); (16) Soviet Legacy in Higher Education: Some Observations from Russia (Isak Froumin); and (17) Principal Learning Points (Sue Bennett). Individual papers contain figures and references. [This publication was produced by Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education.]

The International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project convened in Hiroshima City, Japan, January 24-25, 2014. It was jointly hosted by the Research Institutes of Higher Education at Hiroshima and Kurashiki Sakuyo Universities. The theme of the conference was "The Changing Academic Profession in Asia: The Formation, Work, Academic Productivity, and Internationalization of the Academy." Two keynote address and eight presentations were made by university professors from seven countries and regions. The present volume is a collection of the addresses and papers presented at the conference. Following a foreword by Fumihiro Maruyama, contents include: (1) Institutionalization of the R-T-S Nexus in the Academic Profession from an International, Comparative Perspective (Akira Arimoto); (2) Strong States, Strong Systems (William K. Cummings); (3) Quality of Education and Research at Higher Education Institutions in Cambodia: Results of the Survey on University Faculty Members (Yuto Kitamura, Naoki Umemiya, and Aki Osawa); (4) The Internationalization of the Academy in Asia: Major Findings from the International Survey (Futao Huang); (5) Effects of International Education Degree and Organizational Effectiveness Perception on Academic Research Productivity in China (Lu Li and Fengqiao Yan); (6) Career Prospects of the Malaysian Academic Profession (Aida Suraya Md. Yunus and Vincent Pang); (7) Academic Career Development in Vietnam (Pham Thanh Nghi); (8) The Self-Contained Academic Profession in Japan, a Matured Country (Akiyoshi Yonezawa); (9) The Impact of Research Productivity on Academics in Taiwan (Robin J. Chen and Ching-Shan Wu); (10) University Academic Staffs' Career and Research Productivity: Similarities and Differences in Six Asian Nations (Tsukasa Daizen); and (11) What Is a Mature University in This Competitive World? (Yumiko Hada). The conference program and list of participants are appended. Individual papers contain references. [Charles R. Barton edited the manuscripts in this report. For "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Realities and Implications. Report of the International Workshop on University, 2013. RIHE International Seminar Reports. No. 21," see ED574175.]

In alignment with the theme of the conference "Education in Developing, Emerging, and Developed Countries: Different Worlds, Common Challenges," this paper brings attention to the challenges associated with the implementation of sustainable research capacity building (SRCB) in the context of BRICS nations and African countries. Employing a comparative document analysis method to explore the unique contexts of developing nations, this research provides insights and recommendations to strengthen research capacity in academia, address shared challenges and promote national prosperity. The scholarly literature revealed that higher education institutions (HEIs) in developing countries have intensified their efforts in building the research capacity of their academics and institutions. Regardless of their commitment, HEIs face challenges such as gender inequalities, teaching workloads, doctoral program deficiencies, lack of multidisciplinary research approaches and funding constraints. Addressing the challenges will require improved funding for research training and research productivity. One of the main concerns is that instead of advancing knowledge and being producers thereof, most developing countries remain knowledge consumers. The findings revealed that developing the next generation of academics plays a critical role in the sustainability of an emerging country's research system. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

In recent years, the need for English as a foreign language (EFL) education in schools has become a priority worldwide. The aim of our paper is to investigate which countries currently focus on researching motivation to learn EFL and what potential reasons are behind the focus. We performed a topic search of the keywords "EFL" and "motivation" in the "Web of Science" database for 2020. In total, we found 61 Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) articles. Asia prevails, especially Eastern Asian Chinese speaking regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong). Policies in Asian regions such as China and Taiwan highly support EFL. There is the aim to develop Taiwan into a "bilingual nation". Likewise, the European Union promotes the establishment of the so-called European Education Area within which studying and training should be accessible and profitable for people living in the EU. Spain remains the European country with the highest number of EFL motivation publications. There were only a few papers from the Americas. In South America, we see evidence of the beginnings of a CLIL push, which has the potential to lead to expanded EFL motivation research in these previously under researched areas. [For the complete Volume 19 proceedings, see ED613922.]

COVID-19 has brought a substantial impact on women's livelihood around the globe, including women in Asia. Countries are trying to mitigate this disruption by applying various gender-sensitive policies and regulations during the pandemic. Yet, little is known about how Asian countries are prioritising this strategy. The current paper aims to navigate how countries are responding to the spread of the virus whilst ensuring women's welfare through gendersensitive policies, programs, and regulations. Using a dataset created by UNDP and UN Women, gender response policies are characterised into four main areas, namely Social Protection Measures, Labor Market Measures, Fiscal and Economic Measures, and Violence Against Women Measures. In addition, this paper aims to analyze the correlation of women's leadership in the COVID-19 national task force towards the policies that advocate women's interests. The findings suggest that women's low representation in the COVID-19 national task force is resulting in the lack of gender-sensitive policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the life cycle environmental impacts of copper beneficiation processes among different regions of the world. The analysis is done here using SimaPro software version 8.5 using the ILCD method and CED method. This paper compares among the seven regions or countries which are dominant in copper mining and processing: global, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and Caribbean, North America, Europe, Indonesia, and Sweden. The analysis results indicate that copper beneficiation has the highest impact on human health (non-cancer effects), human health (noncancer effects), and freshwater eutrophication. The results also indicate that copper processing in Asia and the Pacific region has the most detrimental process towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between the passion for entrepreneurship and corporate sustainability, considering that the desire for entrepreneurship is the fuel that entrepreneurs need to continue and achieve sustainability. This study aims to identify the nature of the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and corporate sustainability, an applied study in Asia Telecom. Passion is an important behavior, despite all the recent attention towards entrepreneurship passion, one particularly important question that has not been fully addressed What makes entrepreneurs passionate? The literature on the passion for entrepreneurship has almost universally focused on the passion towards "activities", as the current study aims to investigate a variety of activities related to the context of entrepreneurial passion (i.e. activities related to invention, establishment and development). As a result of the research, if the research sample consisted of (100) entrepreneurs, and a set of statistical methods were used for the Spss v.28 (Amos) program, standard deviations, arithmetic averages, correlations and variance analysis, and the study problem centered on the following essential question "What is the impact of the passion of entrepreneurship on the sustainability of companies," and the current study tried to verify the main hypothesis "there is a correlation between the passion for entrepreneurship and corporate sustainability. More about this source textSource text required for additional translation information. Design: Methodology: Approach The data was collected by designing a questionnaire distributed to (100) employees of the Asia Telecom Company. The hypotheses developed through the literature related to the research variables were tested. Results:The findings revealed a correlation and impact relationship between entrepreneurship passion and corporate sustainability, indicating the importance of entrepreneurship passion. The extent of its contribution to achieving success, discovering innovative opportunities, developing a new business intends to achieve corporate sustainability, and the method of effective performance in light of competition and unexpected environmental factors. Suppose it is based on three elements (Passion for invention, establishment, and passion for development and development). In that case, passion plays a critical role in creating new projects and their results, whichaligns with the sustainability requirements of a successful organization.Originality and value: This research develops and tests a model that explores the impact of entrepreneurship passion on corporate sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban landscape of today Ho Chi Minh is known as the significant increase of individual transportation. Extremely high-density living but inadequate levels of infrastructure provision create serious health problems and environmental impacts in HCM inner districts. In mid 1990s, many papers describe HCM is the city where traffic is transformed from bicycles to motorcycles. In mid 200s, it is labeled as "motor dependent city" and traffic congestion becomes more serious than ever. HCM as under the hyper urbanism are faced with the problem of traffic congestion on a large scale, like many other cities in Asia. Concerning this issue, a lot of solutions were applied but the traffic situation has not much improved. The study predicts that the next step of HCM traffic action will be the shift to cars. Moreover, the future reduction of car taxes in order to reach the globalization is threatening the city by shifting from motor-based to car-based system. In fact, a few years ago, the City Authorities started a series of initiatives and produced several political documents for future development. One of them is the Transport Master Plan for 2030 developed in 2004 and approved in 2013. To overcome HCMC's transport challenges, TMP is planned to modernize and extend the existing road and highway network, and especially an extensive public transport improvement program including metro line as Mass rapid transit (MRT) and bus corridor (BRT) encouraging friendly environment for cycling and pedestrian. This master plan based on the concept of sustainable urban transport towards the integrated approach between transit and spatial land-use. HCM city has potential of densities to support these mass transit systems, yet, the shifts in development are not yet in place and they need a long-term transformation to measure the impacts. Meanwhile, worsening congestion of motorized situation is adversely affecting the city's competitiveness and human life. By redefining the transportation and city interaction, can transit once again play a central role in HCM city after having been structured since colonial time? Would a future of HCM paired with integration concept be an alternative to the motorized city? Being considered as a means of public transport for those who cannot afford cars, what can be the prediction of advantages and disadvantages after Transport Master Plan towards 2030 are done? Transport differs from other problems developing societies face, because it gets worse rather than better with economic growth. While sanitation, education, and other challenges improve with economic growth, transport gets worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a collection of desludging and sanitation service models in sanitation value chain in south-east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The paper presents a holistic analysis on different desludging and sanitation service models, what worked in different geographical region of south-east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa and reflecting the best sanitation practices for creating an enabling environment making sustainable sanitation value chain. From the study and literature it has been observed that desludging schedule is different for dry and wet toilets from 24–36 months to 1–2 months respectively depending upon the institutional and domestic utilization and sanitation practices. Also, It is has been reflected upon the construction quality of containment and its issues with emptying practice by development of hard crust of sludge. The study also briefly comments on the overall desludging practices affecting the digestion process of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this research paper is to explore India as an important tourist destination in Asia. The tourism potential in India is enormous but still not fully utilized, especially by foreign tourists and travelers. Although the tourism potential is still to be more commercialized and improved, it is obvious that the tourism in India is increasing in comparison to the average World's growth. The aim of the research is to find out and describe the main tourist regions in India and to identify the resources and tourist attractions of each. Further on, the goal is to analyze and recommend the types of tourism and their characteristic features in eight tourist regions: Western, South-Eastern, Himalayan Northern, North-Western, Northern, Central, North-Eastern, Andaman, Nicobar and Laccadive islands. The methods used in this paper are historical, descriptive, analysis and synthesis. The research results indicate the preference of foreign tourists is towards Western, Northern, Himalayan Northern regions while Central, North-Eastern regions are still not visited sufficiently when it comes to their tourist potential. Contribution of the research is seen in providing the deeper insight in Indian tourism, development potential but also in rising awareness of its possibilities to improve less visited regions and the overall tourism perception to foreign tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is the most popular material construction which can be applied in broad construction projects. In addition, concrete is also featured with robust strength, durability, reflectivity, and versatility. However, concrete is prone to rupture that results in decreasing life span and its quality, so it requires additional cost for repair toward its damage. Self-healing concrete is one of the innovations developed by researchers to solve the cracks in concrete allowing the concrete to recover the cracks through the healing process. A self-healing concrete has more superior mechanical properties compared with normal concrete. Self-healing mechanisms can be divided into two types: autogenic and autonomic self-healing. Autogenic self-healing takes advantage of the formation of calcium carbonate crystals from unhydrated cement or mineral particles. Meanwhile, autonomic self-healing uses a healing agent capsulized into microvascular, microencapsulation, and pallets. Researchers applied self-healing concrete on a macro-scale, such as in panel walls, roof slabs, and river floodgates. This paper uses the literature review method to collect the data about self-healing concrete. This study aims to discuss self-healing concrete, its mechanical properties, durability, and analysis of the use of self-healing concrete from multi-perspective disciplines including economy, health and environment, construction, and public policy in Asia's countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musical education systems based on technology are well-known in Europe and especially in Asia and The United States of America. The countries with the most numerous online systems of musical education are Japan, Israel and The United States of America. In Romania these systems are much more modest with two universities where the system is implemented at higher education level, namely at Gh. Dima Music Academy in Cluj Napoca and Spiru Haret University in București (The Faculty of Music). Here, with all the progress that has been made, we cannot talk about notable performances in the field. At primary and secondary levels (in state schools or private schools) there are no schools where this system is used, not even partially. This paper is a research in the field comparing the level of digital musical educationin Romania and other countries, the benefits of implementing this type of musical education and the inconveniences of the eLearning musical education system in Romania. The present paper deals mainly with electronic and digital systems built in classical pipe organs, initially, in the key action and later in the stop action. Especially in the registration systems, the application of electronic and digital systems to the combination action revolutionized the organ building, the latest developments in digital technologies and systems that are used today in the manufacturing of musical instruments, especially in classical pipe organs. The sampling technology (based on pre-recordings) would necessitate, ideally, storing of significant amounts of audio material. Out of practical concerns, because of the cost factor, but also because of the technical limitations of the systems used, a compromise is usually made. More specifically, the sound recordings are very short, the sound is played back in a loop, the attack phase is synthesized and not the real attack of the pipe, there are no recordings for each individual note but only for a few notes in an octave (from one up to three or four), the others are obtained by applying digital signal processing. All these techniques are lowering the quality potential of the digital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation of post-socialist educational systems is perhaps one of the most interesting and at the same time underestimated in its importance, developments in the history of comparative education. After the three decades of post-socialist development one can note significant differences between the countries which once had identical or very similar educational systems. Perhaps the most interesting topic for comparativists to explore is the question: why instead of convergence do we observe the increasing divergence of education in the post-socialist area? One of the possible answers is that post-socialist countries perceived the new ideology, namely, the ideology of neoliberalism, in their own specific way, which was determined by their historical, cultural and religious heritage. The concepts of effectiveness and efficiency in education can be considered as one of the typical cases of recontextualization. The paper provides several examples showing that these concepts are still interpreted in different ways in the East and in the West. [For the complete Volume 16 proceedings, see ED586117.]

Climate changes have led to a new approach of the energy situation of Europe, Asia and the Americas that face the effects of pollution. Thus, wind energy, considered clean energy - zero emissions of carbon and greenhouse gases, has become a viable option for increasing the life sustainability on Earth. Wind turbines convert the air currents kinetic energy into either electrical or mechanical energy. By using the CFD methods, it is possible to make quantifiable views of the flows associated with physical phenomena for which experimental tests would be very expensive if not impossible. In this paper a vertical axis wind turbine, Lenz type, axis was numerically analyzed. To determine the wind turbine efficiency, CFD methods were used with the Ansys Fluent software, analyzing two cases where the current velocity of 12 m/s and 14 m/s was varied. The unstructured meshes with quad elements were performed in Ansys meshing. In terms of numerical results obtained from unsteady analyzes, using the URANS method, emphasis was placed on observing the vortexes evolutions from a blade and their influence on the others with impact on the wind turbine efficiency. Thus, the variations of the torque coefficients and variations of the vorticity magnitude for different blade positions are presented. For future work, the numerical results will be validated using an experimental model which will be tested in the aerodynamic wind tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia's emerging markets have been a growing force in the world economy since 2003, and currently remain a bright spot in the global picture. This paper investigates the impact of land use, labour supply and energy consumption with relation to gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and technology transfer in economic growth of Asia's Emerging Market and Developing Economics (EMDEs). The work covers 12 countries with 20 yearly samples provided for the period 1995 to 2014. Two stage least squares (2SLS) of panel data analysis determines the GDP growth function. Empirical results show, with high statistical significance, a marked increase in economic growth as a result of energy use, while land use has a significant positive effect on GDP. However, there is no impact of labour supply on GDP, and this might be due to entrepreneurs employing more technology and machinery rather than human labour. The results indicate that energy use and land use have an important role to play in decision-making policy with a view to improving economic efficiency within Asia's EMDEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and Technology Parks (STPs) have fueled many debates on their effectiveness in policies to enhance innovation and regional economic growth. Some authors put emphasis on advantages of physical proximity between onsite firms and the university, while others pay increasingly attention to benefits from social capital between the stakeholders involved. According to theory, social capital works as a ‘glue that binds’ stakeholders who may originally have different interests, visions and different power positions. Adopting the last point of view, the aim of the paper is to increase understanding of the role of social capital in performance of STPs. The paper explores the relationship between growth and innovativeness of STPs and social capital-related power position, trust, and shared visions, using regression analysis. We make use of a survey-based sample of almost 50 STPs in various Asian countries. With regard to stakeholders and social capital, we distinguish between STPs’ management, local university, local government and national government. We control for variation on country-level regarding innovativeness and planning culture and for variation in STPs’ land-size. Our results show that higher STPs’ growth (numbers of firms) tends to go along with some shortage in social capital, mainly on the local level concerning university and government. This situation may point to different opinions about growth, connected to physical limits regarding land and road system. In contrast, social capital on the local level but also national level, tends to be positively associated with degree of R&D orientation of STP firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the emergence of MOOCs, the expectations of students' ability to conduct their own learning processes emerged emphasising the advantages of flexibility in time and space; a promise of meeting the needs for the adult learner (Knowles, 1972). In this paper we discuss which student roles emerge from this setting. In previous work, we pointed out challenges regarding teacher roles and how different knowledge domains influence the educational design of learning activities (Andreasen and Buhl, 2015). Reflecting on preliminary results from an international collaborative research project on MOOCs in Asia and Europe, we noted that many of the examined MOOCs were developed in relation to national issues of solving local educational challenges combining local instructional designs with the overall vision of user flexibility. Online learning activities has often in general been divided between either facilitating communities of learning or supporting individual and independent study, but initiatives of combining these approaches are evolving (Anderson, 2008). Likewise, the concepts of e.g. instructional design, didactic design, and learning design have different roots, but may in their current use overlap and offer new possibilities of thinking educational development (Mor et al., 2015). This paper further examines the diversity of learning activities in MOOCs, with an empirical basis in 12 case studies on MOOCs in Asia and Europe (Kim, 2015) pointing at how instances of 'self-directed learning' are orchestrated in various ways? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 20th International Conference on e-Society (ES 2022) and 18th International Conference on Mobile Learning (ML 2022), organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, held virtually during 12-14 March 2022. Due to the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this year the conferences were hosted virtually. The e-Society 2022 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within the Information Society. This conference covers both the technical as well as the non-technical aspects of the Information Society. The Mobile Learning 2022 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. These events received 152 submissions from more than 28 countries. In addition to the papers' presentations, the conference also included one keynote presentation by Professor Pedro Isaias (Information Systems & Technology Management School, The University of New South Wales, Australia) and a Special Talk by Wilson Ramon Hernandez Parraci (Ph.D. Student, Northern Illinois University, USA). [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This paper explores the history of international schools in the Tokyo/Yokohama region and the role they played in helping to modernize Japan in the Western mold. The author argues that these schools and their alumni helped grow two empires: that of the Western powers in Asia and that of Japan itself.

Asia has witnessed robust economic growth since the 1960s. Today, emerging markets in Asia have managed to maintain rapid growth even when the world's main economies suffer from debt and banking crises. However, declining total fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, continuous change of birth and death patterns, and increasing share of old age population in the age distribution in Asia exert significant pressure on its economies. This paper analyses the relationship between population ageing and economic growth using 2 different panels of countries; one Asian and another the from the oldest countries worldwide between 1970 and 2014. The analysis is based on the Auto Regression Distributed Lag models. The MG (Mean Group) and PMG (Pooled Mean Group) estimations are applied in this analysis. The Hausman Test is conducted to decide between the MG and PMG estimators. We find that ageing will negatively affect the economy in the long run. The growing number of youths will initially have a negative effect on the economy but would eventually lead to a positive growth in the future. The old age dependency ratio has yet to have affect the Asian economy but is expected eventually to impose a negative effect as seen in the oldest nations of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to explore effect of service quality on students' satisfaction in private higher education environment in Syria. This research paper examines the adaptation of service quality scale developed by Parasuraman defined as SERVQUAL. The scale is applied in higher education sector in Syria. The applied scale examines perceived quality only without the measurement of service quality gap between perceived and expected quality. The research paper investigates the instrument at higher education sector. The planned methodology for the research employs a quantitative approach where the service quality instrument developed by Parasuraman and associates is employed in this research. The sample of the study follows a non-probability approach. The unit of analysis in this research is undergraduate students of private universities in Syria. Online self-administered questionnaires were distributed to undergraduate students in 3 private universities in Syria. The adjusted instrument scale employed a 5 points Likert scale where 1 indicates strongly disagree and 5 strongly agree. The original service quality scale comprises of five dimensions namely reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The instrument consists of 22 items. The level of analysis will investigate validity and reliability tests. Exploratory factor analysis is employed to measure relationships between research variables. The exploratory factor analysis produced three dimensions namely institution customer relationship, institution reliability, and institution tangible facilities. Cronbach alpha test for internal consistency is employed to measure the internal consistency of the scale. The regression analysis indicates a positive effect of service quality dimensions on students' satisfaction with decision to use the service. The research recommends the measurement scale to be applied for service quality in Higher Education institutions in Syria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the bibliometric characteristics and trends of articles on intelligent transportation systems (ITS) indexed in Scopus by all around the world authors. Data from the Scopus database were collected, published between 1960 and December 2020. The combination of terms. The combination of words used to find the article related to ITS were "intelligent transportation system" or "intelligent transport system". This led to the finding of 17,373 articles Descriptive analysis was carried out to demonstrate the increase of publishing in literature, the number of published articles each year, the open access type, the publication source and the major journal. Next, the bibliometric analysis was carried out using VOS-viewer software to visualize patterns of the co-authorship, citations of documents, co-occurrence of keywords (co-words analysis). According to the findings, the ITS study has grown in recent years. Articles on the ITS study have appeared in 160 institutions, 160 journals, and 198 countries. The bibliometric analysis revealed that Tinghua University had the most publications on ITS-related research, with a total of 274 articles. Asia, and especially Chinese institutions, dominated the top 30 institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to investigate differences in the academic achievement of students who report experiencing both bullying and a lack of belonging within their school settings as compared to their peers who report neither of these experiences. This study will expand upon existing research by using a cross-national sample of students from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011 to analyze two peer relational factors as they relate to mathematics achievement: (1) belongingness and (2) bullying. The purpose of the study will be to identify an international trend and examine education systems in which academic achievement increases or decreases with these two factors interacted, with each factor taken separately, and investigate the patterns amongst them.

Utilizing social network analysis, UNESCO international student mobility (ISM) data, and World Bank income classifications, this paper examines patterns of social reproduction in ISM within four established regional education networks from 2008-2012. Findings indicate that the global trend of uneven flows from developing to developed nations is replicated fractally within the Southern African Development Community, the European Higher Education Area, the Union of South American Nations, and University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific. Developed and/or higher income countries play a preeminent role in the regional networks as senders and receivers; whereas, developing (lower income) countries function primarily as source nations. This suggests that elite cultural capital is being centralized through ISM not only globally, but regionally as well.

The United Nation Sustainable Development Goal of quality education for ALL (Goal 4), calls for each country to ensure inclusive and equitable education for their citizens. In addition, Goal 4 also advocates that quality education should ensure that each individual is provided lifelong learning opportunities as a means to continuously address the challenges of being a citizen in a global society. In this regard, providing inclusive and equitable quality science education should be the focus, particularly among developing countries. Equity in science education is not a new educational concept, despite being intensively studied by researchers in the west; it has captured less the attention especially from educators in the Asian countries. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the state of the art of equity in science education in Asian countries to achieve SDG vision and for future research and policy implications consideration. A systematic literature review is conducted to critically analyze and synthesis the current trends in culturally relevant science curriculum research in Asia. Several databases such as Taylor and Francis, Springer Link, Sage E-Journal and Wiley were searched for articles on culturally relevant curriculum in Asia within 2010-2018 time frame. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be a useful resource for educators in designing authentic and meaningful science learning experiences that is culturally relevant to the students’ backgrounds, needs and interests. Furthermore, it is hoped that this study will provide a clear vision and strategy for establishing meaningful learning partnership between stakeholders in addressing inclusive and equitable science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constraints of the pandemic and rolling lockdowns eliminated opportunities to gather in person. Yet, for the learning cities movement, this period of coronavirus curtail was also a time of increased networking and creative collaboration. Where once human energies expended in "process work" left little retrievable trace, now artifacts accumulate apace in electronic clouds. What might a little excavation through material collected since the onset of COVID-19 reveal about ways localities and learning city networks mobilized to address the pandemic? For those on the resourced side of the digital divide, openly available content grants access to a gallery of community responses, transnational strategies, and future forecasting. [For the full proceedings, see ED625421.]

Although gender differences in mathematics are smaller than they have been in the past, prominent voices still attribute these differences to a variety of fixed individual factors, such as genetic characteristics of men and women. We hold the alternative view that these differences can be ultimately attributed to malleable factors. From this vantage, societies could influence gender differences in mathematics by changing students' experiences in school. In this study, we built on prior work suggesting that mathematics anxiety causes lower mathematics scores. In particular, we found that mathematics anxiety entirely explains the gender differences evident in mathematics scores from the 2012 US Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Furthermore, we found that gender moderates the mediating role of mathematics anxiety: math anxiety is more detrimental for male than for female students. Because math anxiety is a malleable individual characteristic, we conclude that gender differences reveal more about gendered societal experiences than they do about innate characteristics of men and women. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]

In March 2021, an ultra-large container ship, the M.V Ever Given, was stranded at the southern part of the Suez Canal and blocked the two ways of the canal and subsequently deferred more than 100 vessels traversing between Asia and Europe. The blockage was cleared within five days; however, notwithstanding the short period, the incident had caused huge world trade losses. One of the prevailing causes of ship groundings is manoeuvring difficulties due to ship-bank interaction. This study is therefore aimed at understanding the effect of the ship's size on the ship-bank interaction in a canal. In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to study the effects of ship-bank interaction on the manoeuvring performance of a large container vessel in a canal, with different ship parameters. The results showed that the increase in size and speed significantly influenced the bank-effect and contributed to the eventual grounding of the ship. The effect of rudder surface area to counter the bank-effect was also investigated. This study showed that increasing the rudder surface area can improve the counter-actions of the ship against the bank effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has focused on some basic Asian outlooks and inherited homogeneous characteristics, especially social & cultural traditions, values, ethnicity and emoticms. Ill ese are predominant factors for the peoples of Southeast, South and East-Asian countries that have influenced much on decisioiimaking matters in families as well as in societies. These influencing factors are also responsible for expanding tourism markets obally. Indeed, long period colonial exploitation & struggle and gradually sodal transformation have prepared Asian peoples growing their self-reliance, self-esteem and the economic uplift that have brought to changes more in their lifestyles and freethinking about the world and other societies. Asians' long economic backwardness, prejudice and dominated anti-ethic values have been disappearing with faster growing of individualism, nationalism and economic development of Asian peoples. All these issues are more or less responsible for changing the ouflook of Asian inhabitants and preparing them to be widened more their traveling perceptions about world tourism attractions and different society values. This paper has discussed elaborately on these factors and analysed the impacts on decisicn-makiiig matters for tourism participation based on study survey results and other documents. Asian societies have been accustomed to modern technology & communicatimi and the present obal interactions are influencing them much in the new way of thinking, creating demand for visiting other societies and western world Present young generations are thirst for sharing knowledge of unseen and unknown values with others. All these factors have some positive roles increasing the number of Asian travelers. This paper also presents a habitual marketing nature and limits of expenditure of Asian travelers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sago starch is a seasonal based plantation and widely found in Asia country. Its application mainly in cooking such as biscuits and as a thickener in jellies. To further utilize its application, bioplastic from sago starch was developed. Due to its highly hydrophilic characteristic and poor mechanical properties, the addition of cellulose fibers extracted from sago waste was studied and presented in this paper. The films were prepared by solution casting and their characterizations were carried out in term of tensile properties, X-ray diffractograms, thermogravimetric analysis, wettability and water absorption behavior. The incorporation of cellulose fibers has successfully increased the properties of the sago starch films. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased significantly with the increase of cellulose fibers content while the elongation decreased. Thermal stability improved with the introduction of cellulose fibers. XRD patterns confirm the presence of cellulose fibers in sago starch film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia has supremacy over World Table Tennis, with China in particular. Withal technical, physical, mental training in place, one crucial aspect they work on is "Specificities"! With more and more science and technology permeating sports, Notational Analysis is an empirical method that collects objective data, analyses player's performance and helps coaches to work on specificities. Franks and Millers, during research (in 1986, 1991), stated that post a match, coaches can recollect only 30% of the key factors that determine performance. Thus, capturing objective data and analyzing a match plays a pivotal role in determining an athlete's performance. The aim of this paper is to explain how advance data analytics is applied to notation analysis for creating "in-depth match analysis" solution and "athlete profiling". The in-depth "match analysis" solution, delves into every minuscule aspect of an athlete's performance, be it technical or tactical. Many matches have been analyzed for amateur and professional athletes from India, Junior & youth primarily during this study. The results from this match analysis were remarkable and the feedback from coaches was very encouraging. Further, a collection of the large set of athlete's data converges to "athlete profiling" that asserts trends, track patterns, errors and progress. This helps coaches in understanding the profound mistakes and anomalies of the players and planning a very specific training program accordingly. Additionally, player's reviews were also captured post their matches to substantiate discrepancies, if any. It is not strange but interesting that 80% of the players had presumptions about their performance that don't conform with match analysis. Such disparities clearly depict a strong role of in-depth match analysis and athlete profiling in redressing player's presumptions and apprehensions. Of course, the real value of notational analysis is not only in being able to measure performance but in delivering a blueprint to develop a specific training plan with a clear roadmap. Unlike traditional coaching, it is indispensable in assisting coaches and players in developing measurable improvements in their game skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the globalized world the convergence of economic growth processes in various sectors world-wide is expected. The authors focused on convergence of development processes in agriculture on global and regional scale with special focus on Europe. The main aim of the paper is to examine whether there is such convergence. Using yearly data from more than 100 countries and years 1992-2016, it was proven that there is globally significant beta-convergence when technical effectiveness indicators and the share of agricultural employment are taken into account. It is especially true for Europe. When share of agricultural employment is analyzed strong beta- and sigma-convergence is observed for every analyzed region. Still there is strong sigma-divergence and no sign of beta-convergence in the case of agricultural value added per worker. Europe and Asia are the only exceptions. The results suggest strong relation between overall economic development and development in agriculture. One can also conclude that substantial differences in agricultural sectors among analyzed countries are caused by the differences in capital equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish oil are currently high in demand due to its wide range of therapeutic benefits. High content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from various sources of marine life in fish oil are essential in human mental developments and metabolism. Swamp Eel Fish, scientifically known as Monopterus Albus is a freshwater fish that highly in demands across South-East Asia and can easily be found in Malaysia. This paper presents the study on the extraction of fish oil from the Monopterus Albus eel fish using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) process with ethanol as a solvent. The yield, acid value and free fatty acid (FFA) content of the Monopterus Albus eel fish oil were studied at different solvent concentrations (0 % v/v-100 % v/v) and solid-to-solvent ratios (0.04 g/ml-0.13 g/ml) with constant time, temperature and power of 30 min, 60 °C and 800 W, respectively. Concentrated Monopterus Albus fish oil was analyzed using 785 DMP Titrino Metrom and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the oil yield increases with the increases of solvent concentration and solid-to-solvent ratios with the highest yield of 14.60 % at 100 % v/v and 0.13 g/ml, respectively. Acid values and free fatty acid content recorded was 2.19 mg KOH/g and 1.14 %. Morphology of the before and after extraction process displayed significant structural changes on the surfaces of the sample indicated effectiveness of microwave-assisted extraction in extracting fish oil. The findings from this study suggested the best operating conditions to extracts fish oil from the Monopterus Albus eel fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines a comprehensive benchmarking strategy used for comparing policies, processes and strategies across national borders. Comparative benchmarking can empower nation states in the global South to review education systems, discover hidden sources of inequity, and establish comparative benchmarks for system reform. The utility of the benchmarking system is illustrated for the student assessment system. Both competitive and process/functional benchmarking were used to identify targets. The balanced assessment systems of high performing countries paid significant attention to classroom formative assessment even when examinations were central. This compares with the binding historical legacy of public examinations in the Anglophone Caribbean.

There are quite a few questions related to entrepreneurship education (EE). For example, why do we teach entrepreneurship? What should we teach? How should we teach, and how should we assess the learning? Previous studies have addressed the question of why, but in this study the aim is to address the questions of what and how. This paper reports a Problem-Idea-Product-Enterprise (PIPE®) model that aims to motivate and inspire students to actively learn along the multi-disciplinary process from discovering problems and generating new ideas to proposing new products and planning new enterprises. Creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship are interrelated during the entrepreneurship process, but research and education of the three generally occur in parallel, with little interaction. The PIPE model provides a systematic vehicle for students to go through the multi-disciplinary process of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship learning. The PIPE model is consistent with the outcome-based syllabus, as it covers learning objectives (problem, idea, product and enterprise plan), teaching and learning activities (use eyes to observe, use brain to think, use hands to make and move feet to search), capacities to nurture (discovery, creative thinking, innovation and planning) and assessment criteria (desirability, originality, feasibility and viability) at each step. The model supports problem-driven, team-based, project-based, student-centred and experiential learning (learning by doing). Culture has been identified by scholars as a major factor influencing innovation. The PIPE model has been enriched by considering Chinese culture along the process of teaching and learning entrepreneurship. The model has been implemented in regular courses over the past 10 years, and in a recently launched MOOC course. It has also been shared in over 100 seminars and workshops in Chinese and other Asian universities. The PIPE model and the MOOC course triggered many interesting discussions on cultures and innovation capabilities. The PIPE model can easily be adopted and implemented by any university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of central bank independence (CBI) has been widely accepted over the last several decades by many countries around the world, both developed and developing. As such, many countries around the world granted autonomy to their central banks during the 1980s and 1990s. Although the majority of past studies have primarily examined the impact of central bank independence on inflation, there is only now sufficient date to empirically determine whether many of these claims are true. This study examines central bank independence over the long-term (1960 to 2015) to determine to what extent central bank independence has helped to ameliorate not only inflation, but interest rates and unemployment in Latin America, Asia, and selected developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global increased of market integration for the past few decades has been staggering. Although numerous research have shown market integration as one of the main drivers of economic growth, existing literature has yet to find a conclusive result. Hence, this study examines the impact of stock market integration on economic growth in 32 countries of Asia and Europe regions. The study utilizes the Kalman Filter method to generate the stock market integration index and heterogenous panel models to investigate its relationship towards economic growth. Overall, the result shows that stock market integration has positive impact on economic growth in Asia and Europe high-income countries. However, the impact is not significant in Asia Middle-Income Countries, which suggest the insufficient absorptive capacities in these countries to benefit from the market integration. Such findings call for more appropriate market liberalization policies that fits the economic environment and geographical location of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia has witnessed robust economic growth since the 1960s. Today, emerging markets in Asia have managed to maintain rapid growth even when the world's main economies suffer from debt and banking crises. However, declining total fertility rate (TFR), increasing life expectancy, continuous change of birth and death patterns, and increasing share of old age population in the age distribution in Asia exert significant pressure on its economies. This paper analyses the relationship between population ageing and economic growth using 7 countries in Asia between 1970 and 2014. The analysis is based on the bound testing approach of co-integration advanced by Pesaran et al (2001). We find a significant negative long run relationship between the old age dependency ratio and economic growth in especially in India and a significant positive long run relationship between youth dependency ratio with economic growth in Japan. This implies that a phase of accelerated ageing to be expected and requires suitable remedial policies to balance the negative effects of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researches had proved the importance of the use of lexical bundles, described as the occurrence of combinations of words in certain sequences, in both speech as well as writing (e.g. Biber et al. 1999; Biber and Conrad 1999; Cortes 2002; Biber, Conrad and Cortes 2003; Cheshire 2005, Hyland 2008,). The present study investigates the use of such combinations in academic writings: particularly articles in linguistics written by native speakers of the English language in comparison with others written by non-native speakers of English. Fifty articles were examined, all written by academic writers from Europe, America, Africa, and Asia, depending on structural and functional classification of lexical bundles. The investigation was carried on a corpus of 150000 words. Results showed the most frequent types of lexical bundles used by each group, showing indications of usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the development institution for competitive advantage enter the ASEAN community by the year 2015. The data collection tools included participating observation, indepth interview and focus group discussion. Informants covered luminaries, executives of the educational institution and lecturers. It was found from the study that the development of educational institutions includes (1) increasing graduate capability to reach international standards;(2) strengthening higher educational institutions; and (3) enhancing roles of educational institutions in the ASEAM community. English and other ASEAN languages have been set in educational systems. It is collaborations with ASEAN countries on academic personnel and student exchange, research, training, curriculum and higher educational system development. Therefore, Thai higher educational has potential, education personnel has capacity on modern instruction and produce qualified graduate and international competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dealing with information in a new land is considered challenging for immigrants. Their adaptation process, including how to seek and share information, usually requires supports from several sources, including various social and community associations. This paper discusses immigrants' information sharing practices within community groups during their settlement processes. Data for analysis includes 197 questionnaires, 35 interviews, and 258 photos. The preliminary results show that Asian immigrants are involved in community associations and online links with both general and particular groupings. The main sharing activities relate to daily activities, culture and religion and knowledge/experience. The findings will provide insights of how sharing activities within community associations support immigrants' settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a portfolio selection framework exploiting exchange traded funds in ASIA considering different portfolio weight thresholds for individual asset within the portfolio of a safety-first model investor. Back-test result shows that the safety-first portfolios of exchange traded funds can significantly outperform the benchmark considered. It was also observed that safety-first investors who doesn't limit the portfolio weights of individual asset can significantly outperform the benchmark. Overall, this study offers an alternative equitable investment option for safety-first investors which, on the long run, can probably be considered as a generic investment procedure for any investor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze two novel datasets on capital controls and capital flows at aggregate level as well as for disaggregated asset classes such as equity, FDI, debt, and derivatives. The paper strives to investigate the effectiveness of capital controls in 31 Asian economies. We employed dynamic system generalized method of moment's model to test our objective. The examination of effectiveness of gross capital controls was found to be on account of capital control gross flows FDI and equity only. However, target inflow/outflow controls were found to be effective across asset categories such as debt, FDI, equity, and derivative barring direct controls on debt outflow and derivative inflow. Thus, economies can leverage capital controls on any asset class in accordance to their requirement. Further, the substitution effect of capital controls on different asset categories was found to be insignificant. Also, for any individual asset category the direct effects of controls were not offset by its counter balancing effects. This means trimming the controls will ensure greater integration and larger capital flows while upping the controls can potentially insulate the economy at times of crisis or capital reversals. Findings suggest that capital controls significantly affect the volume and composition of capital inflows as well as outflows. Further, the study finds no strong incentive for capital flight in the presence of higher capital controls. Prudent and rational capital control is not necessarily an instrument of trade war, rather can be a shield against capital flight and shock transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube or bir or bidara (Ziziphusmauritiana L.) is a arid and semi-arid plants of Asia and other countries which is natively grown in several areas of West Nusa Tenggara, including Dompu Regency. In Dompu, its found natively in various ecology, from unutilized lowland near the beach, in the savanna, near the forest, near cultivation land and in the backyard of urban and rural dwellings. This research was conducted to examine differential morphology and secondary metabolites of Jujube fruits from Dompu Regency. Jujube fruits were collected from 12 locations, and characterized based on quantitative and qualitative characters and secondary metabolite contents. There were distinct morphology between the Jujube fruits collected from the savanna and backyard of communal areas. Jujube fruits obtained from savanna of Dompu has different morphology and phytochemical contents. The wild Jujube in savanna has a small fruit with thin flash, and contain alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan phenol. The fruit obtained from Dompu city is larger with thicker flesh and did not contain alkaloid. These variations may reveals a degree of genetic variation in Jujube plants in Dompu, and this possibility needs to be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-existence of more than one regional space cooperation entity in Asia presents the competition on the cooperation of space affairs in this territory. Against this background, the Asian space powers take all possible measures to attract more space partners. The Belt&Road Initiative (B&R), which is defined as a comprehensive strategy for China to meet the challenges brought by the globalization, provides opportunities for the space field. However, legal improvements are demanded to be made on both domestic and regional levels for responding to the relevant legal challenges. On the domestic level, the Chinese space regulation which is intended to be formulated before the year of 2020 is recommended to encompass fundamental principles and provisions friendly to non-governmental entities and foreign partners. On the regional level, the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) is required to transform its role from Chinese platform to compete with its Asian rivals on space cooperation affairs to a co-builder and services provider of the B&R space programs (e.g., the SIC). Accordingly, legal coordination approached to ensure implementing the "co-sharing" principle is needed to be made between APSCO and the SIC sponsor; moreover, APSCO itself must do modifying jobs to improve its legal framework to adapt the requirements of its new role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results from studies carried out in the farming conditions. It has been found that with the application of rational norms of mineral and organic fertilizers used for growing various crops (barley, rape, flax, soybean), soil fertility could be stabilized and their effectiveness enhanced. The content of mineral nitrogen under rape crops was at the level of the control variant. Its content in the variant using liquid manure (biofertilizer) was somewhat lower than that of in the rotted manure - 29.3; 28.9; 29.2, and 31.2 mg/kg, respectively, under rotation crops. The least influence on the nitrogen content of the soil from among organic fertilizers was made by the straw incorporation (6t/ha). The amount of mineral nitrogen in the surface and subsurface soil decreased at the end of the growing season for the studied crops. Fertilizers in varying degrees affected the value of this indicator. The introduction of calculated rates of mineral fertilizers (NPK) increased the content of mobile phosphorus to 27.8-29.3 mg/kg, that is, by 6.6-6.8 mg/kg of soil compared with the control variant. Organic fertilizers also contributed to an increase in the mobile phosphorus content in soil. Of these, the manure application had a greater impact (30t/ha). On average, over 3 years of direct action and 2 years of aftereffect, application of 30 t/ha of rotted manure increased the content of mobile phosphorus under rotation crops by 3.5-4.8 mg/kg of soil compared with the control variant. The use of liquid manure had somewhat less effect on an increase in the mobile phosphorus content in soil. On average, over 3 years of action and aftereffect, it increased in the surface soil under rotation crops by 1.7-2.4 mg/kg compared with the control variant. The straw incorporation had no significant effect on this indicator, and its value under the crops was at the control level. The use of liquid manure also had a positive effect, when in the first year an appreciable increase in the grain yield of 0.70 t/ha was achieved, and in subsequent years the aftereffect was insignificant; on the whole, 1.04 t/ha of additional yield was obtained over 3 years, which is about 15% of the value in the control variant. An even lower yield increase was achieved due to the straw incorporation (0.50 t/ha over 3 years). The same mode of action of mineral and organic fertilizers also differs in the flax and rape crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a national and global scale problem on Covid pandemic, with number of cases 516,272 (2020) in Indonesia and 7.9 million in Asia. Resistance use of insecticides, increase doses that harm non-target organisms. This research aims to determine LC90 in toxicity test of synthesis Nanosilver, Carbamate, and Organophosphate. It uses controlled post-treatment design, with total samples of 40 of treatment of Anopheles larvae in malaria endemic areas. LC90 calculation based on estimates and plotting the observed data with the y = ax + b formula. LC90 in synthesis of Nanosilver nitrate and Organophosphate is (0.5 mg/lt + 0.87mg/lt mg). LC90 in synthesis of Nanosilver nitrate and Organophosphate Carbamate are (0.5 mg/lt + 2.235 mg/lt). The absorption of silver nanoparticle into the body of larva Anopheles sp. occurs through the spiracles. Synthesis of Nanosilver and Organophosphate is more effective than Carbamate due to the nature of the Organophosphate and Carbamate materials which influenced by the size of the compounds. Synthesis Nanosilver nitrate (Ag2NO3) has LC90, 0.5 mg/lt + 0.87 mg/lt, which is effective for controlling larva of Anopheles sp. and eco-friendly material as it is better than Carbamate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]