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A utility scale energy storage plant can be used on the North American (NA) grid for the storage of solar (PV) electricity and/or to provide ancillary services. To help bankers and their engineers determine whether hydrogen (H2) energy storage is ready for prime time2, this paper presents a H2 storage plant (HSP) levelized cost of storage (LCOS) financial algorithm for a model HSP. The LCOS algorithm is based on engineering economics and financial accounting principles. The algorithm only uses S. I. energy units for both the HSP's kinetic (electricity) energy and its potential energy (H2). It converts US$ values into € values. The paper discusses HSP technology focusing on the three phases of all HSP; charging the HSP by using a H2 electrolyzer (HE) to produce H2, storage of the PV electricity as H2 in a "H2 "Tank", and discharging the PV electricity from the HSP by using the stored H2 as the fuel for a fuel cell (FC) to regenerate the PV electricity. The LCOS algorithm uses "project accounting" to compute a separate "LCOS" for each HSP phase. The LCOS algorithm is presented in the paper's Excel HSP LCOS Financial Algorithm Workbook. Based on the paper's LCOS algorithm and on the HSP specifications (specs, metrics) complied for a base case "data set" for the model HSP, H2 energy storage is not yet ready for commercial development on the North American grid. Low round trip HSP efficiency (n) and a high HSP CapEx do not allow a HSP to operate commercially on the North American grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents considerations regarding the realization of the experimental model of a sale system (vending machine), independent of energy, of cold and hot products. In the current context, in which desiderata such as: reducing energy consumption and reducing physical interaction, in the field of sales between customer and seller, are particularly important, the present paper presents the experimental research platform realized in order to test an innovative system of storage and delivery of cold or hot products, system powered by electricity obtained from renewable sources. This paper presents the tests performed and the results obtained regarding the sustainability of the proposed innovative system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009 United Arab Emirates (UAE) has engaged in an ambitious nuclear power program with the construction of four 1400 MWe pressurized water reactor units at the Barakah site. Fourteen years later, three units are in commercial operation, and the fourth one is in the final steps of commissioning. The four units will produce up to 5600 megawatts of electricity, supplying approximately 25% of the UAE's electricity requirements. To ensure in such a short period of time the building of the nuclear capabilities and support to the program, Khalifa University has been, since 2010, a key contributor to education and training activities as well as the development of R&D capabilities in the field of nuclear technology. This paper provides an overview of Khalifa University's activities implemented within the Nuclear Engineering Department, the Gulf Nuclear Energy Infrastructure Institute and the Emirates Nuclear Technology Center (ENTC). This joint Center, which embarks the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation and the Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation, is a hub that addresses the research requirements of the nuclear stakeholders for the delivery of safe and efficient nuclear energy as well as the deployment of advanced nuclear technologies in the UAE. The paper briefly describes the current research projects implemented at the ENTC and gives reference related recent publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-driving cars are one of the newly emerging technologies, nowadays. These cars are also known as Autonomous vehicles or driverless vehicles, etc., Sometimes, the self-driving cars may not be able to detect the median barriers in the road which led to the accidents. A machine learning algorithm can be developed which detects the median in the road and prevAents median accident. Self-driving cars are e-vehicle that uses electricity. For vehicles that run on fuels, we have fuel stations, but for e-vehicles, we do not have many stations to recharge the vehicle. This may cause the vehicle to stop anywhere in the middle of the road when the battery goes low. To solve this problem, this paper finds a way to recharge vehicles from the light resources such as sunlight, headlight from other vehicles and convert them to electrical energy which can be used to recharge the vehicle. This can be done with the help of Photovoltaic cells, which is also known as Solar cells (when sunlight is used as a source of light) that is used to convert light energy into electricity to recharge the vehicle by storing the electricity in the car‟s battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial and electricity burden caused by the electrification of domestic heating has been investigated and presented in this paper. The overall cost to achieve legacy housing improvement and widespread ASHP adoption is approximately £309 billion pounds between 2023 and 2050. The financial burden will vary for each household, but most of the burden falls on legacy housing from pre-1919 and gradually reduces as property age reduces to 1981-1990 period. Multiple fund schemes financed by UK Government and local authorities will ease the burden, but they are targeting low-income housing representing 21% of the domestic market and are only scheduled to operate until 2026. Further and clear financial support is required to encourage insulation refits and heat pump adoption. The increased electricity demand requires an installed plant capacity of 248 GW by 2050 with the generation split of 39% renewables, 32% CCCT with carbon capture storage and 29% nuclear, a 137% increase from the existing capacity. Despite no demonstrable case study for the scale needed, a cornerstone of the UK Government strategy is the deployment of carbon capture storage (CCS) technology as a reliance on natural gas is retained for secure grid flexibility while fulfilling the definition of 'Net Zero' (1). Without CCS, the total consumption of natural gas increases in an electrified society compared to retaining domestic natural gas boilers by 2.9%, thereby increasing annual emissions. If a completely renewable UK society was targeted by 2050 an installed capacity of 435 GW would be required, an increase of ten times the current renewable capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a case study of a single-family home to apply Six Sigma Problem Solving Methods and tools to reduce the electricity Bill and usage. The goal of the project was to identify and implement improvements that would reduce electricity usage and hence reducing electricity bill. The project team applied the Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) problem solving approach. Six Sigma is a framework to improve performance Process or Tasks. The author of the paper has been working on the topic over the past 1 year. The author was able to reduce the electricity bill by 50-60% by making some proper research and lifestyle change. The highest bill that was noted is $135 a month and lowest after performing the control measures came down to $57 a month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an agent-based model is employed to study urban farm interconnectivity, with the goal of increasing food availability for the population and efficiently managing food, energy and water resources. Urban farms are presented as a case study, that belong to community microgrids that generate electricity from renewables (solar, wind), in the province of Chiriqui in Panama, is utilized to investigate the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus. The idea of different farms serving different communities can be viable, however, sometimes there is a shortage of fresh food, or other times a surplus of fresh food, which leads to food wastage. Food waste has the capability of being transformed into fertilizers or into biomass energy, however when we consider the associated natural resources and costs used to produce food, avoiding waste would be a better alternative. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the food supply chain, and the interaction between different urban farms in a community shared agriculture fashion. An optimization model is employed to minimize food transportation cost between the farms within the agent-based framework. The results show that food availability is improved due to the exchange between farms while food wastage is reduced by 17,137kg. Furthermore, the simulations show that the sharing of energy through the microgrid employing renewable energy is economical and significantly reduced carbon emissions by avoiding 13,078 tonnes of CO2 and generating 16,560 Mwh of electricity through solar, and 2,333 Mwh of electricity through wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on analyzing customer load profiles and their impact on the electric distribution grid in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. With the increasing number of Filipinos working from home, energy consumption has surged, making it crucial for electric distribution companies to classify customer profiles based on energy usage. In this paper, we collected residential data from a Philippine electric distribution company during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective is to employ clustering methods, particularly the K-means algorithm, to group customer profiles and determine the optimal number of clusters using the multi-criteria model and elbow method. All simulation were performed using MATLAB platform. This study provides valuable insights for electric distribution companies in managing customer load profiles and optimizing the distribution grid amidst the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power to heat to power storage units, also known as Carnot batteries, are nowadays some of the most outstanding solutions for ensuring the response to the electricity demand in an energetic scenario based on non-dispatchable renewable sources like wind or photovoltaic technologies. One of the main challenges of this concept is how to store the electricity as heat in the most efficient way. In this paper the use of microwaves for converting electricity into thermal energy stored in molten salt is proposed. This paper explores the possibility of using microwaves for heating three different materials commonly considered as storage media in CSP applications: NaNO3, KNO3 and the solar salt mixture. The study focuses on permittivity measurements since this parameter allows distinguishing whether a material can be heated by microwaves or not. Further studies comparing both microwave and Joule heating methods will be presented in a future work at a later stage. The preliminary results of the feasibility of this CIEMAT's proposal are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With water and electricity as important scarce resources, it is important to conserve them and raise awareness on their usage, and as much as possible, avoid wastage. One way of conserving these valuable resources is by implementing a system that is able to monitor water and electricity usage, on an appliance level. This paper proposes a low-cost utility monitoring appliance-level system that can observe and monitor both power and water usages of common household appliances. The system has been implemented on a washing machine appliance operating on different modes, and it has been shown that speedy mode operates with an average power of 88W and consuming approximately 99 litres of water, in contrast to a standard mode, which operates with an average power of 43W and consuming 148 litres of water. This is a trade-off between less washing time for the speedy mode with power consumption. More importantly, the results have shown that the proposed low-cost system is able to monitor utility usage of common household appliances, and may be useful towards establishing an intelligent smart home system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-junction solar cells have inherent efficiency constraints that can be circumvented with multi-junction/tandem cells. The most recent iteration of tandem photovoltaic cells is the integration of perovskite top cells and silicon bottom cells. The perovskite top layer is superior in its ability to absorb blue light, while the silicon base layer is superior in its ability to absorb red light. Compared to their single-junction silicon counterparts, the combination of these materials greatly improves the efficiency with which sunlight is captured and converted into electricity. Numerous high-efficiency results are emerging from both commercial and scholarly research on Perovskite/Silicon tandem photovoltaic cells as an outcome of the intense interest in these materials. This paper provides an analysis of the current status of Perovskite/Silicon tandem photovoltaic cells. In this work, we take a look at where things stand with regard to the current state of Perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container stowage problems are rich optimization problems with both high economic and environmental impact. These problems are typically decomposed into a master bay planning phase, which distributes containers to bay sections of the vessel, and a slot planning phase, which assigns a specific slot within the bay section to each container. In this paper, we extend existing models for slot planning by considering containers with dangerous goods. An important contribution of this paper is that we provide a model closer to the real-world problems faced by planners, and thus solutions based on this model should be easier to implement in practice. We show that our model can be solved to optimality in reasonable time using standard software like Gurobi or CPLEX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic's discovery resulted in a profound shift in human lives, and it is now used in a wide range of critical applications. Despite its importance, the world is struggling to control plastic waste and prevent it from infiltrating the natural environment. This paper intends to evaluate the environmental burdens of various plastic waste management scenarios using life cycle assessment (LCA). This paper evaluated five options: landfill, incineration, mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, and combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis. The CML-IA Baseline approach is employed in this study for all scenarios, with OpenLCA software. The data for this paper came from the Ecoinvent 3.9.1 database and public reports. The last scenario, which is combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis was found to have the lowest environmental burdens, according to the LCA results. Furthermore, the combined scenario may absorb a greater range of plastic waste, improving the whole waste management system to transition to a circular economy. Therefore, it is advised to build a portfolio of plastic waste handling techniques that provide high quality recovered products to meet numerous consumer requirements. Since it was established in this study that renewable energy has a notable favorable environmental impact across all impact categories, using renewable energy for electricity generation was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is evident that photovoltaic installations are becoming more and more widespread globally, demand for them in the Russian market remains low. Considering recent changes in the legal framework, which are beneficial for households with renewable energy, it is crucial to evaluate photovoltaic installation's economic feasibility for the Russian context, which is evaluated in this article. First, the authors created an hourly electricity consumption profile for a typical Russian multifamily house. Then a PV installation was designed and scaled to reach annual net-zero balance and net-zero balance in July for different ways of installing PV modules. After that, a monthly energy balance, considering underproduction and overproduction of electrical energy, was calculated. Finally the costs of PV electricity were calculated including purchased equipment, costs for installation as well as cost for buying electricity not covered by the PV modules and sold electricity during hours of overproduction. The economical evaluation was performed assuming a 30 year lifetime for the PV installation. It is concluded in this paper that PV installations can be profitable in the Russian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation electrification is one of the most effective ways to reduce the emission pollution in metropolitans. For this reason, the government of many of countries defined an incentive based policies to increase the penetration of electric vehicles in the cities, especially in large cities. Although the electric vehicles can have a positive impact of emission reduction, their development have some strong challenges that should be considered in roadmap designing process. The electric vehicles have various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) that need to be analyzed. In this paper, the SWOT analysis of electric vehicles will be carried out from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. The challenges of electric vehicles integration on electricity networks will be investigated and the practical solutions to address these challenges will be presented. Moreover, from the economic perspective, the market challenges from the buyers, manufactures, and governments points of view will be analyzed. Finally, the impact of electric vehicles on emission reduction will be studied and the practical ways to increase their positive impacts will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the exploration in information technologies and the range of new technology developed every passing day green computing refers to using the energy efficiently without effecting and comprising the necessity of technology for the present day. It is also defines as the study of designing, engineering, manufacturing,using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their envionrnental impact. Data centers are a significant consumer of energy-both to power the computer as well as to provide the necessary cooling. This paper cover the study of green computing and new technologies in green computing, the ways through which we can able to reduce the green computing in these paper we have made research over the green computing by using solar technology to reduce the waste of electricity and to make environment Eco-friendly, “MAKE INDIA GREEN INDIA” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally benign energy technologies for production of electrical power worldwide. In India, the available potential of small hydro is at about 15,000MW and small hydro can provide electricity to 120,000 unelectrified rural villages. Hence, this paper focuses the status of small hydro development in India and discusses the barriers/obstacles to the development of small hydro in India by taking government policy, economical aspects and environmental benefits of few countries into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an ultra high-energy efficiency 2200W four-pole three-phase asynchronous motor which comprises a stator and a rotor. Design of external diameters, internal diameters, length of iron cores, number of punching sheet grooves, and shape and size of the grooves of the stator and the rotor is systematically optimized so that stator winding loss, rotor winding loss, and iron core loss are substantially reduced. Compared with existing similar products, the total energy loss amount is reduced from 505.5W to 291.4W, and the reduction is 42.4% under the premise of the same output power of 2200W. The required input power is reduced from the original 2.706kW to 2.491kW, the energy conversion efficiency is increased from 81.3% to 88.3%, and the increment is 7.0%. Compared with the standard of IE3-86.7% Efficiency is improved to by changing the stator/ rotor slot number for 2.2kW -4 poles in this paper. An analytical program will investigate average torque and efficiency with different geometrical parameters of rotor bars considering the saturation of magnetizing current. The Squirrel Cage Induction motor-SCIM with 36 stator slots/ 44 and 40 rotor bars are verified underrated power. Their electromagnetic characteristics such as electromagnetic torque, losses, and efficiency are compared in between three configurations. The paper contributes that the proper rotor slot number selection has a strong impact on the induction motor and the best design is applied for a 2.2kW induction motor with fixed stator and rotor diameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will present a comparison between two options for harnessing wind power. We will first analyze the behaviour of a wind farm that goes to the electricity market, having previously made a forecast of wind speed while accepting the deviation penalties that these may incur. Second, we will study the possibility of the wind farm not going to the market individually, but as part of a hydro-wind plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study of rooftop rainwater energy harvesting. The runoff water from rooftop rain gutters is used to spin a hydro turbine inside a cylindrical housing in order to help the permanent magnet generator to generate power on a small scale. The electricity produced by the generator is used to charge 12-volt batteries. The experiment investigates the affect of three main components: generator's torque rates, positions of the hydro turbine, and existence of a rainwater buffer. The position of hydro turbine is compared in two different positions, high position and low position from ground. A ball valve is used as passive rainwater buffer to compare the water flow in the pipe when the rainfall rainwater buffer is present or absent. Two permanent magnet generators with different torque rates are used as generators, and the voltage generated by each generator is compared. The experiment results found that rates of torque give more significant impact on the value of initial and final voltage output of the micro hydro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Above 60% of food in the UK is dependent on the cold chain and an estimated 2 - 4% of the UK's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is associated with food refrigeration [1]. Refrigerated vehicles are essential parts of the modern cold chain distribution system, particularly in linking farmers and consumers while extending perishable food's shelf life and helping meet the required regulatory temperature constraints. Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs) are presently primarily powered by diesel fuel. The UK government is committed to Net Zero emissions by 2050 from all sectors, including transportation, hence decarbonisation of this sector is paramount. The present paper aims to estimate the energy demand and emissions of the UK temperature-controlled transport using a bottom-up approach. Only energy and emissions associated with the TRUs of road refrigerated transport are considered, while traction-related fuel is excluded. Depending on their sizes, refrigerated vehicles were categorised into cargo (motorcycles and tricycles), vans (<3.5 tonnes), trucks (>3.5 = 18 tonnes) and trailers (>18 tonnes). The study estimates the number of temperature-controlled vehicles in the UK to be around 158,934 ± 46,326. This includes 4,391 - 8,004 E-cargo bikes; 44,877 - 81,802 vans; 21,561 - 39,301 trucks and 41,778 - 76,152 trailers. Depending on the number of vehicles, the total annual energy and emissions associated with transport refrigeration units varied between 5.13 - 9.36 TWh and 1.44 - 2.62 MtCO2e respectively. Scope I emissions vary between 1.44 to 2.62 MtCO2e (0.20 - 0.36 MtCO2e from refrigerant usage and 1.23 - 2.26 MtCO2e from fuel use). The Scope II emissions which is the emissions associated with electricity consumption also varied between 446.2 and 813.4 tCO2e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat transition is one of the central topics of future climate-neutral energy production and supply in Germany as well as in Europe. While renewable electricity already accounts for the largest share of German electricity generation at around 40 %, the renewable share in heat supply has stagnated at a consistently low level of about 15 % between 2010 and 2020. With a comprehensive implementation of innovative, sustainable, municipal heat supply solutions and the associated investments in the necessary heat generation and heating infrastructures, significant, previously unimplemented CO2 reduction potential and flexibility capacities necessary for sector coupling can be developed. The research project KoWa - 'Heat transition in municipal energy supply' in general aims to support municipal utilities in the development of sustainable heat supply systems. The focus points of the project include a stakeholder analysis as well as a multi-criteria sustainability assessment. In this paper the results of the stakeholder analysis are presented. For the purpose of the stakeholder analysis, a total of 45 semi-structured interviews were conducted in six study areas. The interview partners were chosen on the basis of existing studies, e.g. Dunkelberg et al. Content logs were prepared by the research team. These were analysed using a qualitative content analysis based on Mayring. In order to ensure a comparable and transparent procedure, a methodology report on the stakeholder analysis was published. This article presents the most significant results regarding stakeholder perspectives and the constellation of stakeholders which is necessary for the successful implementation of sustainable heat supply systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, we evaluate the existence of an operating condition of an integrated electricity and heating system in a campus of dormitories by the method of minimal paths and cutsets. The n-1 and n-2 criteria are employed to assess the reliability with the redundancy possibility considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous issues with existing domestic energy metre reading systems, including challenges in constructions, too narrow bandwidths, too low rates, poor real-time, and slow two-way communications, among others. This paper used wireless technology for an Automatic Meter Reading device to solve the problems described above. The proposed approach uses IoT to communicate between the Electricity Board portion and the user section, allowing the customer's electricity usage and bill information to be transmitted. The customer receives information about the bill amounts and payments through the Internet of Things [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an electronic instrument was developed that can detect electrical energy without using the conventional probes. The proposed system can detect the AC and DC voltage via wireless detector. The circuit design is based on the theory of an electronic circuit consisting of Darlington transistors that have a high gain, and a copper strip (or wire) is used as a probe. It is primarily concerned with the development of an electronic circuit for the safe handling of hazardous electrical, radiation and chemical substances. Furthermore, the proposed system offers multipurpose services such as short circuit prevention and troubleshooting as well as cable disconnection prevention. It also utilizes hazardous sensor services for any leakage voltages and currents since only DC voltages are used in the circuit design. The design is considered "green innovation" due to the fact that a DC voltage source is used rather than AC or high voltage. Intelligently designed and selection practices make efficient use of resources and minimize energy consumption by creating efficient environments. System analysis has been conducted using Python software since this language offers flexibility, and is simple to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for plastic has grown rapidly over the years as it finds application in various sectors. Intern caused the accumulation of waste plastic all over the world in landfills and water bodies. The generation of waste plastic harms the physical habitat; wildlife threatens aquatic life and humans. The economically efficient pollution-free electricity production is the need of the hour as the energy demand of India will be doubled in 2030, so it leads to the energy scarcity problem. As plastic is a petroleum-based product that has high calorific value like a normal petroleum fuel and non-renewable in nature which could be used in place of the already existing fuels. The utilization of plastic waste for energy generation has been addressed as the solution to the problem of enormous generation of plastic waste. Towards this solution, the novel idea of PYROCYCLING is proposed to generate plastic waste into electrical energy. The plastic waste burned in vacuum chamber in anaerobic condition to produce the steam which will help to generate the electrical energy in an effective way. The non-recyclable plastics precisely below 50 GSM are collected from Bhandewadi Dump yard, Nagpur, and waste is treated having successful generation of as much as 200-300 watts-hr energy. So by this technique, not only clean energy is generated but also some useful by-products such as pyrolysis oil and char are also generated. The overall novel process of Pyrocyling, methodology of implementation along with successful end results is discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming necessitates a replacement of traditional technologies based on fossil fuels. The number of options is rather limited. Renewable energies will play a dominant role in this process. Whereas biomass and hydro-electricity are limited, wind and photovoltaic power (PV) can be upscaled to large capacities. The technical side of CO2-free technologies has been covered in the bulk of these proceedings. In this paper, we concentrate on the main characteristics of an electricity system based mostly on wind and PV power and the consequences of integrating intermittent technologies. Most practical examples are taken from Germany. The question whether nuclear power can be considered as clean electricity source supplementing renewable energies will be discussed. Nuclear power will still play a role in 2050 and beyond in and outside of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of the paper, the basic features of nuclear fission and fusion energy are addressed. In the second part, an overview of energy consumption in the world is presented, which highlights the growing need for electricity from non-CO2 emitting sources, among which nuclear power is expected to play a role. The perspectives for the future of nuclear energy are then discussed, showing that it develops mostly in emerging countries and the small modular reactors are likely to have an increasing role. The third part is devoted to the question of nuclear waste management and to the non-radioactive environmental impact of nuclear energy in comparison with other sources of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable power grid integration is an option for the supply of constant electricity. The semiconductor technology-based advancement is improving loads of the power electronics penetration. This paper presents a new definition of optimum use of a unified conditioner for power efficiency. The show UPQC inverter is tested for simultaneous sag and swell compensation using three-leg inverters associated with the power transmission lines. The ZETA converter is proposed to enhance the dc-link capacitor voltage generated from the PV module's renewable energy system. The converter is maintaining constant power through the MPPT based PI controller. The control of the shunt and series compensators is accomplished. The results are improved compared to the conventional control systems. The PV energy is fed to the converter, which powering the inverter. The power inverter injects power in the power system lines in the form of shunt and series compensators. The results are obtained using the Simulink environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy rules are very important elements that should be taken consideration seriously when applying any fuzzy system. This paper proposes the framework of Mamdani Fuzzy Rule-based System with Weighted Subset-hood Based Algorithm (MFRBS-WSBA) in the fuzzy rule extraction for electricity load demand forecasting. The framework consist of six main steps: (1) Data Collection and Selection; (2) Preprocessing Data; (3) Variables Selection; (4) Fuzzy Model; (5) Comparison with Other FIS and (6) Performance Evaluation. The objective of this paper is to show the fourth step in the framework which applied the new electricity load forecasting rule extraction by WSBA method. Electricity load demand in Malaysia data is used as numerical data in this framework. These preliminary results show that the WSBA method can be one of alternative methods to extract fuzzy rules for forecast electricity load demand [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship, if any, between economic freedom, human development, electricity consumption, internet usage and economic growth. The annual panel data are collected for eleven developing countries in the period of 1995-2017. In the light of methodology, this research employs the panel VAR methodology and the Granger causality test. Empirical findings outline two-way causal linkage between human development and economic growth; economic freedom and economic growth; internet usage and economic growth. However, results of this study display one-way causality spanning from electricity consumption to economic growth. Herein, the selected eleven countries should promote economic freedom by providing a legal structure and a law-enforcement system that protect the property rights of owners. In addition, governments should focus on improving the lives people lead rather than assuming that economic growth will lead, automatically, to greater wellbeing for all. Overall, this study argues that a better understanding of how everyday practices are shifting, in concert with the provision and design of online services, could provide a basis for the policies and initiatives needed to promote economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world becomes increasingly aware of the devastating effects of climate change, national leaders have united to tackle the challenge of decarbonisation. Electricity production, being the highest carbon-intensive industry, has the largest share in global greenhouse gas emissions, making it an essential target for decarbonisation. Replacing fossil fuel-based power generation with non-carbon alternatives such as renewables or nuclear is crucial for deep decarbonisation of the electricity system. However, integrating these technologies is not without challenges. Nuclear plants pose risks such as radiation leaks, while renewables are dependent on the forces of nature and have variable generation. Effective supply-side management strategies are required to overcome these challenges and achieve carbon neutrality by 2040. This paper presents two scenarios developed to study the effectiveness of supply-side solutions in a transitioning electricity system. We have considered Karnataka electricity system (a state in India) as a base case which is rich in solar, wind and hydro resources endowments. The two scenarios developed are KASTATUSQUO, which assumes the existing supply-mix will continue with new capacity additions during 2019-2040 and, KARENNOTRADE, which assumes full retirement of coal-thermal capacity, zero electricity trade, and new capacity additions in renewable energy sources during 2019-2040. The model results suggest that phased retirement of existing thermal power plants and increased renewable capacity could achieve the goal. However, achieving a closed electricity system with no external transactions or inter-region electricity trade would require an additional investment of Rs. 1029 billion. KARENNOTRADE scenario is environmentally viable as there are no emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia and other electricity grids are facing many issues with the increase of asynchronous generation commonly associated with renewable energy. One of the concerns is that renewables will displace synchronous plant and associated inertia. Demand-supply imbalance is compensated by rotational energy stored using inertia. As inertia is reduced in the power system, the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following a system contingency or fault increases and at some point, the existing frequency standards cannot be maintained. Fast RoCoF has the potential to compromise the stability of the power system. Some reasons for this include: • Mechanical torque on rotors increases for rapid changes in frequency, which may cause damage or a turbine trip and this further exacerbates frequency control problems • Historical frequency control mechanisms such as load shedding and turbine governor control may be inadequate in low inertia systems due to their relatively slow speed of response in comparison to the rate of change of frequency. The transition from the current operating regime to low inertia power systems poses challenges and many utilities around the world including Australia are seeking to mandate minimum system inertia to ensure the grid continues to operate as it always has. Whilst this is one way to solve the problem, it incurs economic costs on all users of the power system and there are likely to be alternative solutions. As inverter-based generation systems are able to rapidly increase or decrease active power, they could potentially be made to respond quickly to frequency variations. Faster frequency control plant may be able to provide sufficient 'synthetic inertia' or act as an alternative for inertia. In terms of load response, fast communications systems could potentially be used to assist in load shedding when the detection of rapid rate of change of frequency is too slow. Inverter controlled load such as air conditioners, pumps and fans could also be programmed to respond to frequency variations and provide load relief that would otherwise not be available. This paper investigates the operation of a low inertia grid to examine the impacts on the frequency standard, system operations and viable options to ensure continued operation of the interconnected power system as inertia is reduced. The authors seek to investigate what would be required to operate a practical power system, consisting of a variable mix of new and old technology generation, with very low inertia compared with current levels. An interconnected 2 region grid will be configured to resemble a practical real-world example. The objective of the paper is to facilitate economic generation deployment and grid operation by offering an alternative to mandatory rotational inertia levels provided by synchronous machine technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global electricity consumption has continued to grow rapidly. This growth of consumption shows that energy will be one of the major problems in the future. Maintenance of the energy supply is essential, as the interruption of this service leads to higher expenses, representing substantial monetary losses and even legal penalties for the power generation company (Azam et al, 2021). Hydroelectricity is the basis of the Brazilian energy matrix. Therefore, it is clear the need to maintain the availability and operational reliability of hydroelectric plants, so as not to compromise the continuity and conformity (quality) of the electrical energy supply to the end consumer. Ensuring availability along with the reliability of hydroelectric plants can be maintained by employing appropriate maintenance policies that reduce the likelihood of failure or even eliminate its root causes, preventing failure from occurring. The aim of this paper is presenting a proposed smart maintenance system model that integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithm and FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects & Criticality Analysis) database automated by Power BI® for the development of consistent maintenance plans for hydrogenerators assets. This integrated innovative tool can identify the operational subsystem chronic failure modes supporting industrial managers to incorporate tasks aimed at strengthening and increasing the maintenance plan consistency in blocking failure modes before them occurrences. This work was applied to a case study in a 525 Kv transformer of a hydrogenerator unit type Francis to demonstrate its use and contribute to its understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, it is investigated about the application of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) that uses particles as heat transfer fluid at the receiver and as the storage medium to provide flexible electricity dispatch without any supplementary gas burning. The paper investigates two cornerstones' of concentrating solar power technologies (CSP); i.e., the application of highly efficient power cycles and the ability to meet grid demand throughout flexible dispatch strategy. Using particles for the solar loop allows meeting both requirements at the same time. On the one hand, very high temperature can be achieved on the solar receiver which enables the use of highly-efficient power cycles according to thermodynamics second statement. On the other hand, particles ease for handling and storage makes them suitable for thermal storage at CSP applications which results into flexible electricity dispatch of the power block. Results shown in this paper prove the feasibility of flexible electricity dispatch of particles-based ISCC following real curve demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power electronics has the ability to control electric power in the most effective and economical way and it plays a leading role in the transmission, distribution and application of electrical power, However, the non-linear properties of power electronic devices add harmonics which greatly reduces the power efficiency and hence the Power quality has become the severe issue for both customers and utility. Many devices are designed to increase the efficiency of electricity at the customer end. Now a days, UPQC has proven to be an effective device used to alleviate power quality issues in the distribution network. It has the ability to eliminate both voltage and current based problems simultaneously. This paper presents, 3-phase 3-wires UPQC system and 3-phase 4-wires UPQC system modelled using MATLAB which is used to eliminate the power quality issues. The shunt APF of UPQC uses PQ-theory based control technique and nonlinear adaptive filter is used in the series APF of UPQC. The THD analysis is used to determine the efficiency of UPQC. On comparing the results, it can be seen that the THD value with UPQC is less, suggesting an increase in power efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PV-CSP hybrid power plants have been proposed since several years and the first ones are currently planned or under construction. They can offer the combination of cheap and dispatchable solar electricity. In this paper such plants are simulated for three different sites and varying storage capacities. LCOE for these plants and sites is compared to standalone molten salt CSP plants and to PV-Battery plants. The results are plotted against the night time electricity fraction as characteristic number rather than against storage capacity since the same storage capacity does not necessarily lead to the same night time electricity fraction. The night time electricity production (or electricity production after sunset) is considered as major goal for these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substations are critical components of the electrical grid. Supplying electricity to users via overhead transmission and distribution lines. In today's world, rising energy consumption and the expansion of the power grid make substations increasingly vital, necessitating a greater focus on substation reliability, particularly for high-voltage substations. The basic goal in this paper is for determine if simply installation of an arrester at transformer side can adequately protect the 400kV substation. By examining the performance of four distinct installation options for surge arrester placement. PSCAD/EMTDC software is used to simulate appropriate components of the 400kV transmission line and substation. The model was created using real data for simulation the effect of a lightning strike on a phase conductor on a transmission line at various distances from the substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by the generators that are pushed by the water movement. This is one of the widely used sustainable power. One of the major advantages of the hydro power after constructing the plant is wastage is not created.22% of the word power is generated by hydroelectricity, which constitutes around about 78% of power from inexhaustible natural resources. The yearly hydroelectric creation of India is 115.6 TWh with an introduced limit is 33.6 GW. Miniature hydro is a word utilized for hydroelectric force establishments that commonly produce a power up to 300 KW of intensity. These establishments can give capacity to a disconnected home or little network of sloping territories, or are here and there associated with electric force organizations. There are a considerable lot of these establishments around the globe, especially in agricultural countries as they can give a prudent wellspring of energy without acquisition of fuel. In the current paper an endeavor is made to portray the different parts of miniature hydro for creation of power in uneven regions like site evaluation, development and attributes, job of miniature hydro in supportable improvement and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an innovative hybrid CSP – Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) combined cycle power plant configuration that provides very competitive electricity storage technology with long lifetime, which is highly competitive with respect to battery electric storage (BES). The concept initiates a new era of adaptive renewable power plants for optimum power grid management, enabling higher shares of renewables. Due to the fact that cheap off-peak electricity is used to provide the air compression work of the topping Brayton cycle, the overall peak solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of the proposed power plant may reach 40%, which roughly doubles the peak efficiency with respect to state-of-the-art CSP technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zimbabwe is considered as one of the developing countries in Africa. Analytical statistics show that as the country will be developing, the power demand in that country will also increase. Currently, the amount of the power that is being generated in Zimbabwe is lower than that required for consumption. The power utility company in Zimbabwe, ZESA, prefers load shedding when such a scenario that consumption exceeds generation occurs. Load shedding can be an intentionally engineered electrical power outage where electricity supply is stopped for non-overlapping period over a particular zone. Currently, load shedding is done manually where an electrician will be assigned a task to go to the substations and isolate as well as restore power when the intended period of the shedding is reached. This has never been an effective method since it doesn't allow operations to be done effectively in emergency scenarios which is leading to equipment failure. This has also caused a lot of accidents to the operators since the reclosers are prone to many hazards such as explosions and arcs when being operated. This paper is intended to phase out manual load operations and allow load operations to be performed remotely using low cost GSM module or RTC technology that if the period of shedding is foreknown, the system can be hardcoded so that it will isolate power and restore power when the set period is reached automatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a critical analysis of performance and impact of regulated ancillary service environment on Indian electricity grid introduced through Reserves Regulation Ancillary Services (RRAS) by CERC. It includes the analysis of qualification criteria for participating plants, scheduling process, criteria for invoking ancillary services, components of cost for providing ancillary service, settlement mechanism and financing of overall ancillary service system. The paper also discusses about the impact on grid frequency profile, management of congestion and ramps due to RRAS. The paper also proposes a future roadmap for RRAS in India based on the undertaken analysis in order to better integrate the increasing share of RE in the electricity mix in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a critical analysis of performance and impact of regulated ancillary service environment on Indian electricity grid introduced through Reserves Regulation Ancillary Services (RRAS) by CERC. It includes the analysis of qualification criteria for participating plants, scheduling process, criteria for invoking ancillary services, components of cost for providing ancillary service, settlement mechanism and financing of overall ancillary service system. The paper also discusses about the impact on grid frequency profile, management of congestion and ramps due to RRAS. The paper also proposes a future roadmap for RRAS in India based on the undertaken analysis in order to better integrate the increasing share of RE in the electricity mix in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper has the main objective to study in Smelter Mining in Indonesia. Energy contributed more than 30 Percent of total cash cost production Smelter. Due to This Condition, Smelter Plant must be controlling budget power plant to reduce cash cost production of plant. Existing Power Plant PT Antam, Tbk consumed Fuel Oil as fuel to produce Electricity. In order to get efficiency and then excellence Operation must be analysis the other option for fuel to produce electricity. Case Study research is conducted by reviewing secondary data from PT Antam, Tbk. This case to implementing diversification strategies. The Expectation gives positive Impacts on the financial and operation to the PT Antam,Tbk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is widely used to manufacture goods and services in all sectors of the economy. While a country's standard of living and degree of economic development is primarily determined by its energy use, electricity generation and distribution influence productivity and overall economic growth. Unfortunately, many developing nations, like Nigeria, are still unable to supply their populations with enough long-term power, which is essential to enhance their standard of life and fuel economic progress. Despite being Africa's largest economy, only around 60% of the Nigeria's 200 million residents has access to electric power. With a rapidly expanding population, it is critical to increase electrical supply to satisfy demand. The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) wants to boost access to power from 45 percent to 90 percent by 2030. This paper examines policies created from 2001 to 2020 to investigate how they increased the country's generation and supply of electricity. The findings demonstrate that, because Nigeria is still in the early phases of economic development, it would be sensible to promote renewable energy to boost the economy, decrease energy poverty, and protect the environment. This may be accomplished by diversifying the country's energy mix and constructing renewable energy power plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas has been identified as part of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia to play an important role in diversifying the power mix away from oil. Studies have shown that if Saudi Arabia would meet its domestic gas production and renewable energy targets then it would be enough to meet its demand for power until 2030 (Matar and Anwer 2017). While developments are underway to ramp up domestic natural gas production, supplementing domestic supply with LNG imports could be an option to consider. Using a global gas model, this paper examines the issues and implications that come with opening up the economy for LNG imports and what specifications and market configuration are required if such a policy was adopted. The paper reaches the following conclusions: i) LNG imports can provide a marginal benefit to Saudi Arabia's economy but it could also be a strategic fuel, used in a transition period, to support announced targets for domestic energy sources; ii)The electric load profile in Saudi Arabia is highly seasonal with peaks during the summer months for space cooling. This is counter-cyclical to major LNG importers and offers a value proposition for importing LNG during the summer when prices are lower; iii) An LNG import terminal for Saudi Arabia is best situated in the west coast to alleviate the western and southern regions from the high liquid fuel use; iv) Opening up the economy for LNG imports can further develop the gas markets in Saudi Arabia by introducing a gas benchmark price to create a conducive environment or roadmap toward further gas market liberalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide transition to renewable wind and solar electricity generation leads to more complex and decentralized energy systems. It is no longer sufficient to centrally optimize large controllable units. As electricity systems cannot be controlled from a top-down perspective anymore, the consumer behavior moves into focus and it is becoming an increasingly important factor as individual choices have a growing impact. However, behavioral studies in power systems have traditionally been limited to very few research streams. In this paper we propose a framework for behavioral studies in electricity systems and suggest an according research process. We classify existing literature along the framework and provide four case studies to illustrate the intended process. In doing so we aim to motivate and formulate behavioral studies within the energy domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is a very important energy in the modern civilization. It helps us to be productive and improves the quality of living. Kappadi region of Udupi district in Karnataka India, faces many difficult to get access the electric energy. Therefore, it is very important to find new solutions for electric generation in the rural areas (at load centers) which are cost effective and sustainable. This project aims to make use of renewable resources such as hydro energy and convert it into useful electric energy by installing a micro hydro power plant at kappadi. As per the research and based on the calculations there is a probability of generation up to 20kw power from a head of 1.5 to 3.34 meters using bulb turbine. This paper comprises all the data which will help to analyze how power can be generated with less head, also it reveals all methods which were carried out well enough to ensure that this proposal is eximious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While technological innovations are being introduced to different domains and markets, societal debates about this technology-driven attitude continue to grow. Digital platforms that connect content providers and users are in the focus of this debate, since some of them emerge on previously restricted markets breaking up or ignoring existent structures. This process is often accompanied by legal and sometimes moral uncertainty. To create socially and technically sustainable artifacts, it is crucial to consider legal and social aspects as early as in the artifact design phase. In this paper, the complex relationships between the platform actors are externalized as a role model and their legal dimension is explored and specified. It discusses the legal and ethical aspects of setting up a nonprofit information platform on the topic of electricity and mobility. In addition, this research lays out which concepts practitioners need to consider when designing and governing platform ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Thermal Electricity (STE/CSP) Tower Plants suffer a reduction on the solar field efficiency when their size increases. As plant-size is an important driver for the reduction of generation costs of STE plants - due to the relative impact of the power block and the O&M costs - plant-size could be a big disadvantage for tower plants. To cope with this issue a new rationale is proposed for designing the new generation of large tower plants. This paper demonstrates the performance benefits of the multitower approach, with single storage and power block and with northern fields versus large surrounded type; all at different latitudes and different atmospheric transmittance conditions. Field sizes of 50 MW equivalent - for plants with medium storage - appears to be a kind of standard for locations with relatively clear atmosphere while, in hazy locations, smaller sizes around 30 MW should be preferred. Besides the efficiency advantages, standardizing the designs and making them modular could also contribute to reduction of soft costs for this technology. As the improvement achieved in the solar field seems to offset the investment of an additional but smaller tower and receiver, the multitower approach might lead to a certain cost reduction of STE tower plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]